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ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia118 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 110–118
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2017 2nd International Conference on Advances on Clean Energy Research, ICACER 2017,
2nd International Conference on Advances on Clean Energy Research, ICACER 2017,
7-9April
7-9 April2017
2017,Berlin,
Berlin,Germany
Germany

Research
Theon Optimizing
15th Operation
International Symposium of Hybrid
on District HeatingPV Power and
and Cooling
Pumped Hydro Storage System
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
temperature Miaoa, Zhiming
Miao function for aWu
b
long-term
b
district
*, Suhua Lou Wangb forecast
heat demand
, and Yongcan
a
Qinghai Province Electric Power Company, Xinning Road 14, Xining, 810008, China
a,b,c a a b c
I. Andrić Huazhong
*, A.University
b
Pina of, P. Ferrão , J. Fournier
Luoyu Road.,1037,
B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Considering the more and more capacity of PV generation installed in China. A model for optimizing operation of the hybrid PV
power and pumped hydro storage system (PV-PHS) is proposed, which integrates and formulates operating factors such as the
Abstract
fuel cost, total unit start-up cost, and the pollutant discharge cost, etc. In this model, the objectives that optimization pursues
include minimizing not only the overall operating cost but also the cost of PV energy curtailment. The optimization based on the
District heating
IEEE-RTS 96 systemnetworks are commonly
is studied by applyingaddressed in themodel
the proposed literature as results
and the one of prove
the most
it toeffective
be more solutions
adaptable for
anddecreasing the
effective for
greenhouse
the sustainablegas emissions from
development the building
of future sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
power systems.
©sales.
2017 Due to the changed
The Authors. climate
Published conditions
by Elsevier Ltd. and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
© 2017 The
prolonging Authors.
the Published
investment by
return Elsevier
period. Ltd
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICACER 2017.
Peer-review underofresponsibility
The main scope this paper is of
to the scientific
assess committee
the feasibility of thethe
of using 2ndheat
International
demand – Conference on Advances
outdoor temperature on Clean
function for heat demand
Energy Research.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
buildingsphotovoltaic
Keywords: that vary in(PV)both construction
power, a model forperiod and operation,
optimizing typology.theThree
hybridweather
PV power scenarios
and pumped(low, medium,
hydro high) and
storage system three district
(PV-PHS).
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
1.The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Introduction
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Under the dual pressure of fossil energy exhausting and environmental pollution issues, there is an urgent need to
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
improve
decrease the
in theutilization
number ofofheating
renewable
hours energy sources
of 22-139h and
during theoptimize the power
heating season structure
(depending instead
on the of theofhigh
combination energy
weather and
consumption, high pollution and extensive mode in traditional electricity industry. With the vast exploitable
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the amount
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding author.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
E-mail address: 1848333066@qq.com
Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICACER 2017

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102  2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Advances on Clean Energy Research.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.023
 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118 111
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

and low environmental pollution, solar energy is recognized as one of the most competitive new energy sources.
However, the randomness and volatility of photovoltaic (PV) power may give rise to frequent starts and stops of
thermal units, insufficient reserve capacity problems, etc. And it get exacerbated with the increase in penetration of
PV resources.
Energy storage technology provides a promising way to solve the problems above. Currently, the pumped storage
power station (PSPS) is more and more widely used because of its mature technology, relatively low cost per unit
storage capacity, and great capacity [1,2]. Hence, this paper studies co-operating PV power and PSPS, which can
make full use of the flexibilities of PSPS to reduce the impact of the randomness and volatility of PV power and
store surplus electricity for use at peak times, in another word, peak shaving and valley filling. In view of the
situation that more and more PV power systems are connected to the grid, the hybrid PV power and pumped hydro
storage system (PV-PHS) does well in minimizing the level of PV energy curtailment and improving the reliability
and economy of the power system operation.
Now there have been many research efforts focusing on optimal operation of hybrid wind power and pumped
hydro storage system (WP-PHS) [3-7]. However, faced with the more and more installed capacity of PV power
plants, there is few studies about the optimizing operation of PV-PHS [8,9]. In order to solve the PV energy
curtailment problem and help thermal units generate electricity in an economic condition, there is a need for us to do
a further research on optimizing operation of PV-PHS.
For this purpose, this paper describes the benefits of co-operating PV power and PSPS at first. And then a model
for the optimal operation of PV-PHS to minimize the operation cost and the cost of PV energy curtailment is
proposed. An illustrative example based on IEEE-RTS 96 system is analyzed by applying the proposed model.

Nomenclature

NE number of the air pollutant

di , j pollutant discharge coefficient
Kj pollutant discharge unit cost
N pv number of solar PV power plants
P , Ppv
k ,t
pv
k ,t the max PV power and the PV grid-connected power, respectively
NH , NP number of thermal units and the number of PSPS, respectively
P gen
n ,t , P pum
n ,t the generated power and pumping power, respectively
P h
m ,t the generated output of the mth hydropower unit at time t
PL ,t the load power at time t
, power consumption rate and line loss rate, respectively
tE the expected utilization hours of installed capacity
E pv , EQ the grid-connected electricity and the abandoned electricity, respectively
PHpum
n ,e
, PHgen
n ,e
the rated pumping power and the rated generated power, respectively
 Hpum,t ,  Hgen,t
n n
the state variables of PSPS
EH ,t the water storage of PSPS at time t
EH ,min , EH ,max the minimum capacity and the rated capacity of PSPS
 pum
, gen
the pumping efficiency and the generating efficiency of PSPS
112 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

2. The model for the optimizing operation of PV-PHS

To maximize the comprehensive benefits of PV-PHS, the objectives that optimization pursues include minimizing
not only the overall operating cost but also the cost of PV energy curtailment. Based on this, a model for optimizing
operation of PV-PHS is proposed in this paper, which considers the relevant factors of the operation of PV-PHS,
including the network constraints in the system, the PV power generation constraints, the power balance constraints,
and generator operating limits.

2.1. Objective Function

The model takes minimization of the overall cost as the objective function, including the fuel cost f i ( Pi ,t ) , total
unit start-up cost Si ,t , and the pollutant discharge cost f i e ( Pi ,t ) . And the model take the PV energy curtailment cost
into consideration as the penalty fee, which can be expressed as:

T NG
min F min  ( ( f i ( Pi ,t )  Si ,t  f i e ( Pi ,t ))  Fpv (1)
t 1 i 1

where F is the total cost of PV-PHS, f i ( Pi ,t ) , Si ,t , f i e ( Pi ,t ) , Fpv can be formulated respectively as follows:

fi ( Pi ,t )  ai Pi ,2t  bi Pi ,t  ci (2)

NE
f i e ( Pi ,t )= di , j Pi ,t K j (3)
j 1

T N pv

C pv . ( Pkpv,t Pkpv,t )

Fpv = (4)
t 1 
k 1

where ai , bi , ci are used for calculating the thermal units’ cost. N E is the number of the air pollutant. And
di , j , K j are pollutant discharge coefficient and pollutant discharge unit cost, respectively. N pv is the number of
solar PV power plants. Pkpv,t , Pkpv,t are the max PV power and the PV grid-connected power, respectively. C pv is the
PV energy curtailment unit cost.

2.2. Constraints

 Electric power balance constraints in each period

NG N pv NH NP

 Pi,t +  Pkpv,t +  Pmh,t +  ( PHgenn ,t  PHpum

i 1 k 1 m 1
n ,t
n 1
) = PL ,t (1     ) (5)

where N H , N P are the number of thermal units and the number of PSPS; Pngen pum
,t , Pn ,t are the generated power
and pumping power, respectively; Pmh,t is the generated output of the mth hydropower unit at time t. PL ,t is the
load power at time t;  ,  are power consumption rate and line loss rate, respectively.
 Operation constraints of PV power plants
a) the minimum and maximum production levels
 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118 113
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

0  Pkpv,t  Pkpv,e (6)

where Pkpv,e is the rated capacity of PV power plant.

b) PV power plant electricity quantity balance

Ppvtotal t E
E pv  EQ  (7)
where tE is the expected utilization hours of installed capacity. E pv and EQ are the grid-connected electricity and
the abandoned electricity, respectively.
 Operation constraints of PSPS
a) the minimum and maximum production levels

PHpum
n ,t
= Hpum
n ,t
 PHpum
n ,e
(8)

0  PHgen
n ,t
  Hgenn ,t  PHgen
n ,e
(9)

where PHpum
n ,e
, PHgen
n ,e
are the rated pumping power and the rated generated power, respectively.  Hpum
n ,t
,  Hgenn ,t are the
state variables of PSPS, when  Hpum
n ,t
=1 , it generate electricity. And when  Hpum
n ,t
=1 , it consumes power to pump water.
 the reservoir capacity of PSPS

EH ,min  EH ,t  EH ,max (10)

NP PHgen
EH
,t EH ,t 1 t   ( pum
Ppum
H n ,t  n ,t
) (11)
n 1  gen
where EH ,t is the water storage of PSPS at time t. EH ,min , EH ,max are the minimum capacity and the rated
capacity of PSPS. △t is the length of time.  pum ,  gen are the pumping efficiency and the generating efficiency of
PSPS.

3. Case analysis

3.1. The test system

For further illustrating the proposed model, the case based on IEEE RTS-96 [10,11] was taken as an example to
optimize operation of PV-PHS. The test system consists of 26 units with a total capacity of 3105MW. In this case,
the maximal load is up to 2800MW and the PV power penetration rate is 30%. The output curve of PV power plants
were chosen from the historical data of Qinghai province. The PV energy curtailment unit cost is $100/MWh.
Considering about the power source structure and the load characteristics of the test system, usually the PSPS
capacity accounts for 5%~10% of the total. Hence, the text system in this paper has a pumped storage power station,
with a rated power of 250MW, an overall capacity of 1000MWh, and a minimum capacity of 200MWh.
The optimal operation of PSPS in this paper was regarded as the mixed integer programming problem, which we
solved by using Cplex on MATLAB platform.
114 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

3.2. Optimal results and analysis of PV-PHS

To explain the more technical and more economic advantages of PSPS than the others, this papers designs three
options of different power sources, with every option having the same installed capacity. The three different options
can be described as follows:

Table 1. Specifications of Different Power Sources

Option Power sources
1 Thermal generating units
2 Thermal generating units +PV power
3 Thermal generating units +PV power+PSPS

To explain the differences of power sources, this paper chose thermal generating units as Option 1, thermal
generating units and PV power as Option 2. On the basis, we replaced part of thermal generating units with the same
installed capacity of PSPS, that was chosen as Option 3. Then we simulated the 24h optimal operation of every
option. And the optimization results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Economic indices of different power sources

Fuel Pollutant discharge PV energy curtailment Total

Option
cost(104$) cost(104$) cost(104$) cost(104$)
1 267.84 10.65 0 278.49
2 237.47 9.39 0.18 247.03
3 214.74 8.44 0 223.18

Based on optimization results, it can be obviously inferred that both fuel cost and pollutant discharge cost of
Option 1 are more than the others because only thermal units play a role of peak shaving and valley filling. There
are thermal generating units and PV power in Option 2, and thermal generating units reach the limit of peak shaving
and valley filling. Option 2 can’t make full use of PV electricity. It can be seen from Table 2 that Option 3 did well
in peak shaving and valley filling because it the replace part of thermal units with the same capacity of PSPS.

Fig. 1. Optimization results of plan 1

 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118 115
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

Fig. 2. Optimization results of plan 2

Fig. 3. Optimization results of plan 3

Fig 1 and Fig 2 show the output power results of Option 2 and Option 3. From Fig 2, it can be inferred that PSPS
stores the surplus electricity by pumping water from 1:00am to 5:00am and 12:00pm to 4:00pm. And PSPS
generates electricity at peak times, from 6:00am to 10:00am and 6:00pm to 10pm. Therefore, PSPS plays a key role
of peak shaving and valley filling and it helps thermal units generate electricity in an economic condition. Thus,
adding the appropriate capacity of PSPS will do good to the optimal operation results of power system.
In the optimizing operation of PSPS, the relationship among PV power penetration rate, the installed capacity of
PSPS and optimal operation results should be taken into consideration. Next sections will be devoted to analyses of
the impacts of different penetration rate of PV generation and different installed capacity of PSPS generation.

3.3. Sensitivity analysis of different penetration rate of PV generation

The penetration rate of PV generation has an effect on fuel, pollutant discharge, and the utilization rate of PV
power. So it will affect the optimal operation results of PV-PHS. Table 3 shows the Economic indices of different
penetration rate of PV generation.
From Table 3 and Fig 4, it can be inferred that as the penetration rate of PV generation increases, fuel cost and
pollutant discharge cost decrease, on the opposite, PV energy curtailment cost and PV energy curtailment rate
increase because of the power source structure and the load characteristics. Based on that, the total cost decreases at
first, and then increases after reaching a minimal value ($2179.8 thousand) when the penetration rate of PV
generation is 38%. And PV energy curtailment rate increases as the penetration rate of PV generation increases.
116 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

Table 3. Economic Indices of Different Penetration Rate

PV energy PV energy
Penetration Fuel Pollutant discharge Total
curtailment curtailment
rate(%) cost(104$) cost(104$) cost(104$)
cost(104$) rate(%)
0.1 247.94 12.02 0 259.97 0
0.2 227.07 9.62 0 236.69 0
0.3 214.74 8.44 0 223.18 0
0.4 206.88 7.77 4.11 218.77 4.89
0.5 201.74 7.16 16.72 225.61 15.90
0.6 198.67 6.89 33.47 239.03 26.53

Fig. 4. Cost comparison analysis of different penetration rate

3.4. Sensitivity analysis of different installed capacity of PSPS generation

The installed capacity of PSPS do well in peak shaving and valley filling, so it will help increase the grid-
connected capacity of PV power and affect the optimal results of PV-PHS. Using the presented method, the
Economic indices of different installed capacity of PSPS generation are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Economic indices of different installed capacity of PSPS generation

Installed PV energy PV energy
Fuel Pollutant discharge Total
capacity curtailment curtailment
cost(104$) cost(104$) cost(104$)
(MW) cost(104$) rate(%)
150 218.57 9.56 0.58 228.72 0.92
200 215.96 8.60 0 224.56 0
250 214.74 8.44 0 223.18 0
300 214.63 8.55 0 223.18 0
350 214.59 8.58 0 223.17 0
 Miao Miao et al. / Energy Procedia 118 (2017) 110–118 117
Miao Miao et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000

Fig. 5. Cost comparison analysis of different installed capacity of PSPS generation

From Table 4 and Fig 5, fuel cost, pollutant discharge cost, and PV energy curtailment cost generally show the
downward trend, which helps the total cost decrease. However, when the installed capacity of PSPS is near 300MW,
the total cost appears to have reached a turning point, after that, the total cost doesn’t obviously decrease.

4. Conclusion

A novel model for optimizing operation of PV-PHS has been proposed in this paper, which can make full use of
PV generation. The proposed model was applied to an analytic study of the operation of PV-PHS based on the
IEEE-RTS 96 system. The optimization result was analyzed to show that the model proposed is rational and
comprehensive. In addition, the impact of different penetration rate of PV generation and different installed capacity
of PSPS generation is analyzed to reveal the model’s adaptability and feasibility.
This research in this paper is a new explore especially when considering large-scale PV energy integration, and
lots of efforts should be made to improve the model and modeling approach. Hopefully, this paper could provide
some new ideas in the research area of power system operation and to promote the sustainable development of
electric power industry.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Science and Technology Project of State Power Economic Research
Institute of Qinghai “Research on the characteristics of new energy output and the peak shaving problem in Qinghai
province”.

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