Chapter 1 Chapter 2

1.3 - Points, Lines, Planes 2.1 - Conditional

1.4 - Segments, Rays, Statements
Parallel Lines, Planes 2.2 - Biconditionals and
1.5 - Measuring Definitions
Segments 2.3 - Deductive
1.6 - Measuring Angles Reasoning
1.8 - The Coordinate 2.4 - Reasoning in
Plane Algebra
2.5 - Proving Angles

Chapters 1 & 2 Congruent

Christina Lowther, Andie Braithwaite,

& Evin Goodwin
 Use Figure 1 to complete
Warm Up: each statement or answer
each question:

points
1. F, A, B, and O are ______

2. L, I, and C are _______

coplanar

3. Name the green plane: _____

FAC

4. Are F, A and B on the same

plane? ____NO
Chapter 1
1.3 Points & Lines
Point: A specific location; has no size; represented by a small dot and is labeled with a capital letter.

Line: A series of points extending in two opposite directions without end; labeled with a single lowercase
letter or by naming two points on the line with a symbol on top.

Collinear Points: Points that lie on the same line.

Points: A, B, C, D
Line: n or line BC = BC , BD , DC
B Collinear Points: B, C, & D
A C

D
n
 1.4 Segments, Rays, Parallel Lines, Planes
Segment: The set of two endpoints (AD), and all the points in between A and D.

Ray: A line with a single endpoint that extends infinitely in one direction.

Plane: A flat, two dimensional surface that extends forever in two directions (left and right OR up and down).

Parallel Lines: Two lines that never intersect or meet at any point on the same plane.

Can you figure out what pictures

correspond with each term?
1.5 Measuring Segments
Postulate 1.5: The points of a line can be put into one-one correspondence with the real numbers, so that
the distance between any two points is the absolute value of the difference of corresponding numbers...

↳ You can turn a line into a number line by subtracting the coordinates to find the distance between the
points; the distance should always be positive Vocabulary:
Congruent- equal in measure, symbol is ≅
* measurements will be equal, but segments and angles will be
congruent
A B
-2 -3 Bisect- a line, ray, or segment that cuts an angle or segment into 2
congruent parts
AB = |3-(-2)|
Midpoint- (M) a point that divides a segment into two congruent
= |3+2| = 5 ✓ segments

*AB is the distance between A and B* Postulate 1.6: Segment Addition Postulate - If three points; A, B and C are
collinear, and B is between A and C, then AB + BC = AC
*segments with the same number of hash marks
means that they are the same length, or congruent*
1.6 Measuring Angles
Angle: Two rays with the same endpoint

Types of Angles

● Acute Angle: Any angle with a measure between 0° and 90°

● Right Angle: 90° angle
● Obtuse Angle: Any angle with a measure between 90° and 180°
● Straight Angle: A 180° angle
● Complementary Angles: Two angles that add to 90°
● Supplementary Angles: Two angles that add to 180°
● Vertical Angles: Two angles whose sides are opposite rays
● Adjacent Angles: Two angles that share both a side and vertex

Adjacent angles
1.8 The Coordinate Plane
X-Axis: The horizontal plane that stretches from left to right.

Y-Axis: The vertical plane that stretches from up to down.

Coordinates of a plane: A set of two numbers

Origin: the location in which both the y-axis and the x-axis intersect. The coordinates for the origin are often
(0,0)

Distance Formula:
*notice that here we
are taking the
average of the x’s
Midpoint Formula:
and the average of
the y’s*
Chapter 2
2.1 Conditional Statements
Conditional Statement: an “if then” statement

↳ ex: If something is a carrot, then it is a vegetable

Hypothesis Conclusion
Truth Value: The process of asking yourself if the statement is true or false.

Converse: Switch position of hypothesis and conclusion.
↳ ex: If its a vegetable, then it is a carrot
You know this is FALSE, because not all
vegetables have to be carrots! There are many
more vegetables clearly, like broccoli,
asparagus, etc, which are both counter
examples and prove that the statement is false

Inverse: Made by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional

Contrapositive: Made by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of the converse

Negate: To take the opposite truth value, do this by inserting “not”

2.2 Biconditionals and Definitions
Biconditional: Can be formed when both a conditional and its converse are true, and uses the phrase “if
and only if”

↳ An angle measures 180, if and only if, it is a straight angle.

* Either the hypothesis or conclusion can come first, it doesn’t matter in a biconditional *

Ex: Conditional- If an angle is a straight angle, then it measures 180 ➝ TRUE

Converse- If an angle measures 180, then it is a straight angle ➝ TRUE

Biconditional- An angle measures 180, if and only if, it is a straight angle ➝ TRUE

Inverse- If an angle is not a straight angle, then it does not measure 180

Contrapositive- If it does not measure 180, then it is not a straight angle

2.3 Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning: Drawing conclusions based on patterns

Deductive Reasoning: Drawing conclusions based on real statements

Law of Syllogism: If p ➝ q and q ➝ r are true statements, the p ➝ r is also true

Ex: If something is a carrot, then it is a vegetable

If something is a vegetable, then it is food Law of Syllogism says…

p r If something is a carrot, then it is food

q q
Law of Detachment: If a conditional is true, and you find yourself in a situation where the hypothesis is true,
then you also know that the conditional is true

Ex: If a figure is a triangle, then the sum of its angles is equal to 180 degrees. Figure ABC is a triangle. Then,
the sum of the angles in figure ABC is equal to 180 degrees.
2.4 Reasoning in Algebra
Properties of Equality Properties of Congruence

Reflexive Property: <A≅<A

Addition Property: If a = b, then a+c = b+c
Symmetric Property: If PQ≅RS. then RS≅PQ
Subtraction Property: If a = b, then a-c = b-c *whatever you do on
one side, you have to Transitive Property: If <A≅<B, and <B≅<C,
do to the other* then <A≅<C
Multiplication Property: If a = b, then ac = bc

Division Property: If a = b, then a÷c = b÷c

Reflexive Property: a = a
Example:
If x = 7, y = 2x+1
Symmetric Property: If a = b, then b = a 2(7) + 1 = y
14+1 = y
Transitive Property: If a = b and b = c, then a = c (uses the entire side of an equals sign) 15 = y

Substitution Property: If a = b, then b can replace a in any equation or expression

Distributive Property: a(b+c) = ab+ac

*Note: You can use substitution every time and be right; you
never have to use the transitive property
2.5 Proving Angles Congruent
Theorem: A statement that can be proven to be true

Vertical Angles Theorem: If you have vertical angles, then they are congruent

↳ ex: 1) Given information: <1 and <3 are vertical angles

Prove: <1 ≅<3

Statements Reasons

1. <1 & <3 are vertical 1. Given

angles 2. Angle Addition Postulate
2. m<1 + m<2 = 180 3. Angle Addition Postulate
3. m<2 + m<3 = 180 4. Substitution Property
4. m<1 + m<2 = m<1 + 5. Subtraction Property of
m<2 Equality
5. m<1 = m<3 6. Definition of Congruence
6. <1 ≅<3
Any questions?
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