PELAPORAN 4

Deskripsi
IV. Laporan kemajuan Belajar Mandiri Ke- empat
Sumber Belajar Bidang Studi
A. Ringkasan materi (sepertiga pertama dari keseluruhan materi pada
sumber belajar bidang studi)
Chapter IX
Discussion
It is a problematic discourse which presents different points of
view. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and
information from different view points. A discussion text provides
information about controversial issues and present arguments from two
sides: the pros and cons. The generic structure of discussion text are issue,
supporting argument, argument against, and recommendation or
conclusion. Its language features are relating to verb or to be; using
thinking verb; using additive; contrastive, and causal connection; using
modalities; using adverbial of manner and conjunction or transition.
One of the practical tools that can help improve the coherence of
our writing is to use a concept map. it is also known as reverse outline. It
organizes our ideas effectively. Cohesion is also a very important aspect of
academic writing which connect our ideas at he sentence level and at the
paragraph level. In short, coherence refers to how easy it is to understand
the writing. While, cohesion refers to connectivity in a text

Chapter X
Hortatory Exposition
A hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text to
persuade the listeners or readers that something should or should not
happen or be done. This kind of text can be called as argumentation
because the speakers or writers need explanation to strengthen his/ her
arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea.
 The difference of analytical and hortatory exposition is on the
term of its generic structure in the last part that is called as reiteration in
analytical and recommendation in hortatory exposition. In analytical
exposition, reiteration is used to give emphasis on the writer’s opinion by
restating point of view. While in hortatory exposition, recommendation is
used to give advice or such a suggestion to the readers to make a choice by
considering the presented argument.
The generic structure of hortatory are thesis (it is the author’s
point of view to present the announcement of issue of concern or
arguments that will follow in the next section), arguments (it is a series of
argumets which lead to recommendation to convince the audience),
recommendation (it presents the statement of what ought or ought not to
happen).The arguments need some requirements. They are a new
paragraph for each argument, each topic sentence for new paragraph, after
topic sentence comes the details to support the arguments and emotive
words are used to persuade the audience into believing the author.
The lexicogrammatical features of it are focus on generic human
and non- human participants, the use of material processes, using present
tense, and using conjuction. The language features of hortatory exposition
includes abstract nouns, action verb, temporal connective, and modal
auxiliaries.
Some examples of hortatory exposition are: editorial, letter to the
editor, and letter to a politician.
There must be cohesion and coherence in making academic
writing. Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level
(statement development). It will support your argument, synthesize and
support reading, organize and clarify ideas. there are four ways to achieve
coherence. They are repeating key nouns and using pronouns, use
transition signals, and arrange the sentences in logical orders. Meanwhile,
cohesion focuses on the grammatical aspects of writing. There are two
types of cohesion. firstly, the grammatical cohesion consists of reference,
subsitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Secondly, the lexical coesion
consists of reiteration, and collocation.

Chapter XI
Critical Reading and Writing
Critical reading is a subject matter in any single text which lead to
particular understanding by offering example, argument, sympathy, or a
contrast to clarify a point. On the contrary, non- critical reading is any
single text which provide facts by restating a text.
The types of reading and discussion are analysed on the three steps.
They are what a text says (restatement), what a text does (description), and
what a text means (interpretation). The goals of critical reading are to infer
content and language, classify the language choice and classify choice of
content and language.
Critical writing is typical comments to feedback on writing which
needs critically engagement in the source material. The characteristic
features of critical writing are a clear and confident refusal; a balanced
presentation of reasons; a clear presentation of your own evidence and
argument; and a recognition of the limitations in your own evidence,
argument and conclusion.
There is a difference between descriptive writing and critical
writing. The descritptive writing is simple which only represent the
situation without any analysis or discussion. Whereas, critical writing is an
academic debate. We need to weigh up the evidence and arguments of
others and our own. It needs a much higher level of skill. For example, we
must consider the quality of the evidence and argument, indentify key
positive and negative aspect, assess the relevance and usefulness to the
debate, and identify the woven of our argument. Moreover, critical writing
invlves considering evidence to make reasoned conclusions. It uses more
than one source in developing and argument. It also evaluates and analyses
the information from different sources.
B. Materi yang sulit dipahami
Critical writing is little bit difficult to understand. We critically have to be
able to analyze and evaluate the text. We create some questions to break
our mental block. The questions should be relevant to the topic issues in
terms of the language feature and element of critical writing text. In short,
we must be able to recognize the levels of critical writing. Firstly, a
description level provides a background of the discussion of the essay.
Secondly, analysis questions some evidences and arguments concerning
the issue. Lastly, evaluation raises some implication, solusion, and
recomendation which pinters to the future.

C. Materi esensial apa saja yang ada dalam sumber belajar

All the material in chapter 9 until chapter 11 are esensial for an academic
writing. They really support the students’ writing skill. In fact, academic
writing skills are necessary in today’s world. Academic writing skills
develops students’ abilities to compose college- level essays. Likely, it is
appropriately learnt by senior high students. As a matter of fact, senior
high students are charged to be able to formulate problems by asking some
question. It means that the student not only solve the problem but also
train to think analytically . It hopefully direct them to make decisions. As a
result, they are introduced to gain their logical thinking to compose critical
reading and writing which is logically organized through the process of
ensuring the information in their essays.

D. Materi apa saja yang tidak esensial namun ada dalam sumber belajar
Materi
We can say that all of the material in these chapters (9 until 11) are not
essential for junior high school students. On the one side, students can
trully express their ideas and feelings to be read by others by writing. On
the other hand, the junior high students meet some difficulties in writing a
short essay in terms of choosing the right theme, and building their
vocubulary in developing sentences into a unified paragraph. In my
 opinion, it is hard for the english teacher in junior high school to motivate
their student in achieving writing competency since the students do not
have enough knowledge to bring about their ideas. They do not have
reading interest. Consequently, the writing competency may becomes the
last stage of the English syllabus for junior high school. In addition, The
junior high students are not focussed on developing critical thinking via
writing skill. They are not broadly triggered to learn subject matter by
digesting and analyzing a topic issue in an essay. However, they are only
charged to describe some pictures in English writing. The teacher should
not assess their students in the point of grammar. He/ she only judges their
English sentence patterns whether they good enough in describing the
pictures.

E. Jawaban latihan soal uraian

Soal Uraian Bab 9
1. Analyze the generic structures of the following discussion text!
The Rise of Oil and Electricity Price
The government has declared that fuel price, electricity and
telecommunication service rates are increased. This decision was effective
since early January 2003. The policy has had good and bad effects and
impacts on social situations.
On one hand, the government policy on the increase of prices has
good impacts on strengthening the national economy, avoiding smuggling
and increasing the competitiveness of national economy. Firstly, the policy
has strengthened the national economy. Indonesian economy has so far
been much dependent on the oil price. The government has subsidized the
price of commodity for domestic use. This is prone to crisis. In other
words, the huge amount of subsidy so far has put more burden on national
economy. The increase of fuel of price is due to the lift or lessening of the
subsidy.
Secondly, the domestic oil price is much lower than that overseas.
The consequence, is that smuggling of the commodity overseas from
 Indonesia is a common practice, particularly by those who are adjacent to
the neighboring countries like Malaysia.
Thirdly, the increase of oil price has induced the competitiveness of
Indonesia economy.
Answer:
The generic structure of discussion text are based on four elements
as follow.
Generic
No. Note
Structure
1. issue The first paragraph contains of statement and
preview about the government policy to rise oil
and electricity price which impact of social
situation.
2. supporting The second, the third and the forth is supporting
argument arguments. They present the argument to support
that the government policy to rise oil and
electricity price which impact of social situation is
agreeing. They are elaborations of the view point
in issue.
3. argument There is not argument against in the discussion
against text above.
4. recomendation There is no recommendation or conclusion in the
or conclusion discussion text above. In other word, it does not
include a statement to solve impact of the
government policy concerning the rise oil and
electricity price which triggers supporting
argument and against.

2. Categorize the whole sentence connector on the discussion text above!

A connectors are connecting words used to connect two sentences or more
into one sentence. The connectors are different from conjunctions in term
of use. Conjunction is used to connect words, sentences or clauses into one
sentence. Meanwhile, connector indicates a connection between one
sentence and another sentence (semantic bridge) which connects two ideas
and marks the transition from one sentence to another. The category the
whole sentence connector on the discussion is presented as follow.
Type of
No. Sentence Connector in the Given Text
Connection
1. List of point Firstly, secondly, thirdly
 2. clarification In other words
3. Cause and reason Due to

3. Write a discussion text in at least 400 words on one of the following

topics!
a) Social effects of social networks on young viewers
b) Social effects of bullying on children
c) Impacts of rubbish in Medan
The Social Effects of Legal Punishment for Bullying Issues

Bullying of children in Indonesia is not a new problem in the

education environment. This behavior is usually done on the basis of
differences in race, religion, gender, sexuality, or ability. There must
be control and strict sanctions against this behavior.
Bullying has been considered as a crime. The threat is a prison.
Head of Public Relations of Polda Metro Jaya, Kombes Pol Rikwanto
said bullying is in the criminal act and the criminal could be incharge
Article 281 about the violation of decency and courtecy in public.
Beside violating the Criminal Code Law, bullying may also be
subjected to Article 82 of the Child Protection Act and other related
Laws. That is, the perpetrators of bullying should be firmly followed
up through legal law. The reason is that they continuely tend to bring
about criminal activities. In fact, as adults they dominantly tend to be
anti-social and engage in violence, drug and alcohol abuse
For example, the decision to issue nine bullying students in
Thamrin City as an action against the case of bullying is expected to
anticipate some similar cases continually happen. Another fact
mentioned, Gunadarma University provided legal sanctions against
three students who did bullying against students with special needs in
the university. As a follow up, the campus will make special rules
about children with special needs. In addition, bullying reporting
applications have also been created.
 Educational Psychologists assume, removing bullying offenders
from schools is an act that does not educate children to correct their
wrong behavior. According to them, the sanctions do not
totallyprovide deterrent effect for the perpetrators who come from
economically high level. There should be a stage in giving sanction to
the bully's perpetrator. There should be a wiser punishment which pays
attention to social aspects.Theinvolved bullying children should be
given the opportunity to improve themselves. Basically, someone will
surely be able to change to a better behaviour later on.
The problem of bullying in education environment is the
responsibility of parents and all of the educational elements. There is
ideally integrated policy and action that involve all components of
education which are aimed at stopping bullying and ensuring a sense
of security for the victim. In addition, anti-bullying programs in the
educational environment are conducted among others, by intensively
supervising and appropriatelypunishing to the
perpetrators.Further,lerning bullying materials will have a positive
impact on the students' personal development.

Soal Uraian Bab 10

1. Analyze the generic structures of hortatory exposition below!
A Campaign of the Importantce of Reading
Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people
haven’t realized the importance of reading. Reading is important to
transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He
or she will understand. Realizing the importance of reading will make
someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very
important because it can give us valuable information. A good
understanding toward the importance of reading can be achived by well
organized and effective. Therefore, a nation- wide effective campaign of
the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done,
facilitated by the government.
 Answer:
The hortatory exposition has three elements of generic. They are elaborated
as follow.
Generic
No. Note
Structure
1. thesis The thesis of the hortatory exposition above is
“Reading is important to transform knowledge
and technology .“ It is the author’s point of view
to announce the important of reading which
leads to some arguments that will follow in the
next section
2. arguments Knowing the world, giving valuable
information, are a series of supporting
arguments of the author’s view that will
convince the audience
3. recommendation The last sentece in the hortatory text above
presents a statement that the importance of
reading should be done and facilitated by
government based on the given arguments.

2. Compare the analytical and hortatory exposition text!

The differeces between analytical and hortatory exposition text are as
follow.
Comparison
No. Analytical Hortatory Exposition
Element
1. Meaning Analytical exposition Hortatory exposition is
text is a text that a type of spoken or
elaborates the writers’ written text that is
idea about the intended to explain the
phenomenon listeners or readers that
surrounding. something should or
should not happen or be
done.
2. Purpose  to persuade the reader/ The purpose is to
listener that there is persuade the readers
something that that something should
certainly needs to get or should not be the
attention case or be done

 to analayze a topic and

persuade the reader
that this opinion is
correct and supprted
by arguments
4. Sources It can be found in news It can be found in
editorial, advertisement, scientific books,
pamphlet etc. journal, magazines,
newspaper articles,
academic speech or
lectures, research report
etc.
5. Generic  Thesis introduces the  Thesis which
Structure topic or main idea that presents
will be discussed annoucement of
which is in the first concern issue
paragraph.  Argumentswhich
 Argument presents present the reason for
more than two concern
arguments or opinions  Recommendation
to support the idea of which presents the
the author statement of what
 Reiteration contain ought or ought not to
rewrtiting or happen
replacement of ideas in
the first paragraph. It
is called conclusion
which sometimes
contains
recommendation.
5. Lexicogramma  It focusses on generic  It focuses on generic
tical Features human and non- human and hon-
human participants human participants
 Use mental processes  Using material
 Need material processes
processes  Using simple present
 Use of relational tense
processes  Using modals
 Use of internal  Using action and
conjunction to state thinking verb
argument  Using adverbs
 Use of simple present  Using adjective
tense  Using technical
 Reasoning through terms
causal conjunction or  Using general and
nominalization abstract noun
 Using connective
words or translation
3. Write an hortatory text in at least 300 words!
The Parents’ Involvement toward Students’ Learning Achievement
The family is the first educational environment that has an
important role in determining the process of child development. Parents
who are less concerned about the growth of their children have
implications for the students’ low achievement. the problems are probably
experienced by students in schools such as the students’ low achievement
and the success or failure of student learning process is continually a result
of the family situation which is not harmonious and the unproperly
parents’ role.
Firstly, the parents’ participation gives a good influence on the
teacher's assessment to the students. Parents have a role to play in
initiatives, structured activities at home to complement school education
programs. In addition, a communication networks which is built by parents
are very important in determining the students’ success in school.
Secondly, family situation influents on the children’s success.
Parental education, economic status, home, relationships between parents
and relatives, parental guidance, parental support, greatly affect the child's
learning achievement.
Another reason, parents who do not pay attention to their children's
education, will not certainly pay attention to their children's interests and
needs in learning. They will not manage their children’s time to study,
provide and complet their children’s learning tools, know their children’s
progress and difficulties in learning. These make their children less or even
not successful in learning. The children’ learning achievement will not
satisfy or even fail in school.
From the fact above, it is obvious that parental involvement had the
greatest impact on student success by reading and communicating with
one's child, as well as holding parental expectations. As parents, we should
participate in the development of child achievement by giving attention,
motivation and encouragement about the importance of education for their
future by facilitating all their educational needs. By the parents’
 participation, children's learning achievement in school will reach the
progress and improvement.
Soal Uraian Bab 11
1. Try to compare between critical reading and non- critical reading! Then,
give the example!
No. Critical Reading
1. The text portrays the subject
matter by providing analytic
activities.
2. It leads to a particular selection
of facts to particular
understanding by evaluating and
analyzing the evidence.
3. It reflects on what text does by
offering example, arguing,
appealing for sympathy, making
a contrast to clarify a point.
4. For example:
Smoking habits can lead you
to death. There have been many
victims who died from smoking.
Every 10 minutes, there are died
people due to smoking in
Indonesia. Based on data
presented by the Ministry of
Health, it was recorded every 10
minutes once an individual died
due to cigarette in the country of
Indonesia.
Indeed, the effects of death
caused by cigarettes cannot be
felt directly by smokers but it
takes a long time to several
years. According to dr. Aria
Nugraha, the smoke will
undermine their respiratory
organs such as throat, lungs and
others. It causes several diseases
such as bronchitis, heart attacks,
and pregnancy disorders in
pregnant mothers.
The longer they smoke, the
Non- Critical Reading
The text gains the readers’
knowledge by by memorizing
the statements within a text.
It learns the facts of the
situation or to discover an
accepted interpretation of those
events
It recognizes what a text says
and restating the key remarks.
For example:
Smoking habits can lead
you to death. There have been
many victims who died from
smoking. Every 10 minutes,
there are died people due to
smoking in Indonesia.
Indeed, the effects of death
caused by cigarettes cannot be
felt directly by smokers but it
takes a long time to several
years.
The longer they smoke, the
more they speed up their death.
Then, why is smoking so
dangerous? A cigarette
contains of harmful chemicals
that it resembles toxins.
Not only the cigarettes but
also smoke and tar are
dangerous which cause cancer.
The content of nicotine is very
harmful to our bodies.
Therefore, smoking can cause
death because smoking can
 more they speed up their death. cause various diseases that can
Then, why is smoking so kill you.
dangerous? A cigarette contains
of harmful chemicals that it
resembles toxins, such as floor
bleach and fuel for rockets.
Not only are the cigarettes
but also smoke and tar
dangerous which cause cancer.
The content of nicotine is very
harmful to our bodies.
Therefore, smoking can cause
death because smoking can
cause various diseases that can
kill you.
As a society that is aware of
health, we have to do something
in socializing the dangers of
smoking. To create a healthy
life, smoke-free life should start
now. We would better leave
cigarettes now in a state of
healthy. We must leave a
cigarette which will lead to
death. For the sake of the people
we love, it's good to stop
smoking from now on.

2. Analyze the following text! Then, decide whether it is a critical writing or

non- critical writing?
Students’ Demonstrations against the President’s Policy
University students are always aggressive and responsive to social
changes. In early January 2003, students staged demonstrations against
President Megawaty’s policies. The demonstrations were triggered by
Megawaty’s government policy on increasing prices of oil, electricity and
telecommunication service rates. As the government did not sympathize
with the hardship faced by the people, the demonstrations escalated. Very
often demonstrations have resulted in betterment of th epeople. However,
the student’s reactions may create other problems. The students’
demonstrations against Megawaty’s administration have resulted various
impacts on different people such as students, businessmen, riot police, bus
drivers and food vendors. The students say that they should be socially
aware of the changes which cause bad effect to all people. They are in the
front line to maintain social stability. Thus, they say that they have right to
stage demonstrations against President Megawati in order to maintain
social norms and social wefare.
Business persons hold an opinion that any social confrontation will
have bad effects on business. As business means profit as long as
demonstrations yield in benefit the businessmen approve students’
demonstrations. However, when the demonstrations end up with violence
business will be badly affected.
Whereas demonstrations give advantages to some people to some
others they mean problems.

No. Answer Note

1. Analysis The style of the text is informal academic writing. It

flows well. It means there is connection among the main
ideas in the text. The first paragraph provides a
description. It presents about students’ demonstration
against President Megawati’s policy in early January
2003. It should lead to the critical analysis by presenting
some evidences as supporting arguments.
The text above is not likely a deep debate. It
contrastedly interpretes two arguments concerning the
issue. Further, it identifies positive and negative aspect of
the subject matter. on the one side, the demonstrantions
maintain social norms and social welfare. On the other
side, the demonstrations end up with violence which
badly affect to business persons. The evidence (various
impact of students’ demonstrations) and argements (the
arguments of students and business person) leads to a
reasoned conclusion as it states in the last paragraph. The
writer applies inderect speech to introduce evidence from
the source. Yet, the author does not use literature to
support his/ her statements. Likely, the text gain the
readers’ knowledge by memorizing the statements within
the text.
The topic analysis is not done in great depth. It does
not question or evaluate the evidence from the literature.
In short, the text does not sufficiently provide evidence.
The writer maybe blind to the issue. Consequently, the
writer does not totally convince the reader
 2. Decision Based on the analysis above, We finally decide it as a
non- critical writing text.

3. Desigtn a good critical reading text and critical writing text!

No Answer Explanation
1. A good Many people do not understand clearly with the
critical influence of alcohol they drink. It actually endangers
reading themselves. Liquor is regarded as a thing to increase
body temperature as well as to give a feeling of pleasure
to those who drink it. Actually, there are adverse effects
to the health of stomach, liver, kidneys, and brain. Most
who like to consume alcoholic drinks is a young child.
Harrington, (2000) confirmed that young people’s use
of alcohol has paid particular attention to ‘under-age’
drinking. They are totally unaware of the physical
dangers that will be faced. For example, alcohol
eliminates a sense of self-control and nourishes one's
senses.
Personally, drinking alcohol can lead to death.
Rehm et al. (2009b) declared that alcohol consumption
has been identified as an important risk factor for
illness, disability, and mortality As in the book of
Internal Medicine Disease published by Internal
publishing, it states that the consequences of drinking
alcoholic beverages can cause epidemiological pain.
Overall outbreaks of cirrhosis in America are estimated
360 per 100,000 population causes. Most of the illness
are caused by liver disease because of drinking alcohol
and chronic infection. Elizabeth's book stated that
alcoholic drinks will cause cirrhosis. Alcohol is the
toxin that most commonly causes injury and
inflammation of the liver. The next disease is Hepatitis.
The total number of cases of liver disease due to
alcoholic steatohepatitis was reported 0.3%. In
Indonesia, the total numbers of cases of liver cirrhosis
have not existed. It is only reported from some
education centers. In 2004, Dr.Sardjito Hospital
Yogyakarta treated 4.1% of patiens in the Internal
Medicine Section within one year. In Medan, there were
819 (4%) patients of liver cirrhosis within four years.
In this modern era, most people may think that
going to night clubs and drinking alcohol are ordinary
thing. However, they do not think about the impacts.
Their health will be threatened. They will often get sick
because their body condition is no longer fit. If you do
not want to damage yourself. Then, you should not
touch alcoholic beverages and drink plenty of mineral
 water. Healthy is expensive. Alcoholic drinks will
disrupt our health later.

Refferences:
Harrington, V. 2000. Underage Drinking: Findings
from the 1998–99 Youth Lifestyles Survey.
Research Findings, No. 125. London: Home
Office

Rehm, J.; Room, R.; Graham, K.; et al. The relationship

of average volume of alcohol consumption and
patterns of drinking to burden of disease: An
overview.Addiction 98(9):1209–1228,
2003b. PMID: 12930209

2. A good The writer’s main point is to view that consuming

critical alchohol can endanger the readers’ health. She uses
writing some adverse effects or illness which is caused by
consuming alchohol as examples to support the thesis
main idea in the first paragraph. These examples are
useful because they sufficiently provide some facts
concerning the topic issue (the danger of consumming
alchohol). It In addition, she presents some data such as
the data of cirrhosis outbreak in America, alcoholic
steatohepatitis, patiens in the Internal Medicine Section
within one year and liver cirrhosis patients within four
years as her evidences to support her arguments that
there are so many alchoholic illness which will danger
at our health.
The writer also convey two literatures as alternative
ways of interpreting the evidence. It is the writer’s way
to involves the strength of her idea and to compare with
other relevant theories. Besides, the writer presents an
evaluation by giving possible solution to avoid the bad
impact of consumming alchohol (the problems) as
general recomendation for the future.
Personally, I do agree with the writer’s view
because the evidences really convince me that alchohol
harms our health which lead us to the death. I think
consumming alchohol result some major problems in
the long term. Consequently, a range of social harms
and physical health problems lead to premature death,
property crimes, violent crime and mental health
problem. As a matter of fact, the writer is on the pros
position. In short, she agrees with the mean idea of the
issue that consumming alchohol dangers our life.
The writer’s stated in the first paragraph
concerning the use of alchohol as a substance to
increase body temperature as well as to give a feeling of
pleasure to those who drink it. It can be an evidence of
bias because it is contradicted to the writer’s topic issue.
The pros and cons are likely a debate. They actively
increase the readers’ action by responding the issue.
Focussing on language feature, the tone of emphaty
which is addressed to the alchohol abuse is expressed
by the writer. The use of cohesion and coherence
contextually made a flow among the main ideas in the
text above. It means that there is a connectivity in a text.
As a result, the text is comprehandable. The writer uses
simple present, modal, adverbs and adjective to build
her ideas in a good critical reading. The writer uses
action and thinking verbs to express her arguments. The
writer rhetorically convinces the readers by presenting
the contra at the begining and pros later as the
evidences to support her arguments. The text above
applied technical term by using madical word choice
(diction) such as cirrhosis, epidemiological, and
nourishes within the text. The text trully implied the
readers that alchohol is danger for their heath.