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Experiment 12 - PCt encoding
Preliminory discussion
As you know, digitol tronsmission systems ore steodily replocing onolog systems in commerciol
communicotions opplicotions. This is especiolly true in telecommunicotions. Thot being the cose,
on understonding of digitol tronsmission systems is crucial for technicol people in the
communicotions ond telecommunicotions industries. The remoining experiments in this book use
the Emono Telecoms-Troiner 101 to introduce you to severol of these systems storting with
pulse code nodulation (PCM).

PCll is o system for converting onolog messoge signols to o serial streom of 0s ond ls. The
conversion process is colled encoding. At its simplest, encoding involves:

. sompling the onolog signol's voltoge at regulor intervols using o somple-ond-hold scheme
(demonstroted in Experiment 11).

. Comporing eoch sompfe to o set of reference voltoges called quanfisotion levels.

. Deciding rvhich quoniisotion level the sompled voltoge is closest to.

. Generoting the binory number for thot quontisotion level.

. Outputting the binary number one bit ot o time (thot is, in seriol form).

. Toking the next somple and repeoting the process.

An issue thot is cruciol to the performonce of the PCM system is the encoder's clock
frequency. The clock tells the PCM encoder when to somple ond, os the previous experiment
shows, this must be ot leost twice the messoge freguency to ovoid oliosing (or, if the messoge
contains more thon one sinewove, ot leosi twice its highest freguency).

Another importont PC[i\ performonce issue relates to the difference belween the somple
voltoge ond the quontisotion levels thot it is compored to. To exploin, most sompled voltoges
will not be the some os ony of the guontisotion levels. As mentioned obove, the PCM Encoder
ossigns to the somple the guontisotion level thot is closest io it. However, in the process, the
originol somple's volue is lost ond the difference is known os quontisation error. fmportontly,
the error is reproduced when the PCM doto is decoded by the receivee becouse there is no woy
fo? the receivet to know whot the originol somple voltoge wos. The size of the error is
offected by the number of guontisotion levels. The more guontisotion levels there ore (for o
given range of somple voltoges) the closer they ore together ond the smoller the difference
between them ond the somples.

t2-2 o 2OOg Emom fnsirumenls Experinent 12 - PCM e coding

A little information obout fhe Encoder module on the Emono Telecoms-Troiner 101
PCttA
The PCM Encoder module uses o PCM encoding ond decoding chip (colled o codec) to convert
anolog voltoges between -2V and +2V to on 8-bit binory number. With eight bits, it's possible to
produce 256 dilferent numbers between O00O00O0 ond 11111111 inclusive. This in turn meons
thot there ore 256 guontisotion levels (one for eoch number).

Eoch binory number is tronsmitted in seriol form in franes. The number's most significont bit
(colled bit-7) is sent first, bit-6 is sent next ond so on to the leost significont bit (bit-O). The
PCM Encoder module olso outputs o seporote Frane Synchronisation signol (F9 that goes high
ot the some time thot bit-0 is outputted. The F5signol hos been included to help with PCM
decoding (discussed in the preliminory discussion of Experiment 13) but it con also be used to
help'trigger" o scope when looking ot the signols thot the PCM Encoder module genetates.

Figure 1 below shows on exomple of three fromes of o PCM Encoder module's output doto (eoch
bit is shown os both o 0 ond o 1 becouse it could be either) togeiher with its clock input ond its
F.5 output.

Figurc I

The experiment
In this exp€riment you'll use the PCiA Encoder module on the Emona Telecoms-Troiner 101 to
convert the following to PCM: o fixed DC voltoge, o vorioble DC volioge ond o continuously
chonging signal. fn the process, you'll verify the operation of PCM encoding ond investigote
quontisotion error o little.

It should toke you obout t hour to complete this experiment.

Experineri 12 - PcM encoding O 2OOg Emom Instrunents 12,3

Eguipment

. Emono Telecoms-Troiner 101 (plus power-pock)

. Duol chonnel 20MHz oscilloscope
. three Emono Telecoms-Troiner 1O1 oscilloscope leods
. ossorted Emono Telecoms-Troiner l0l potch leods

Procedur.c

Port A - An introduction to PCIIA encodirg usir,rg o stotic DC voltoge

L. Golher o set of the eguipment listed obove.

2. set up the scope pet the instructions in Experiment 1. Ensure thot:

the Trigger Source control is set to the CHl br fND position.

the tl4ode control is set to the CHI posilion.

3. Locote the PCAI Encoder module ond set iB lUode switch to the PCtll position.

4. Connect the set-up shown in Figure 2 below.

Mte: fnsert the block plugs of the oscilloscope leods into o ground (6ND) socket.

DOEtrDD
o6) ot
O

Figurz 2

124 o 2OO8 Emom Intfruments expetinent 12 - PCM encoding

The set-up in Figure ? can be repr*ented by the block diogrom in Figure 3 below. The PCM
Encoder module is clocked by the Moster Signols module's SkHz DfOITAL output. fts onolog
input is connected to 0V DC.

FS
To Ch.1

OV
PCM doto

PCM clock
To Ch.Z

Moster
Signols

Figrc 3

5. Adjusf the scope's Tinebase control to view three pulses of the PC}l Encoder module's
F5 output.

6. Sef the scopes Slope conlrol to the '-" position.

Setting the Slope control to the '-' position mokes the scope stort its sweep ocross the screen
when the F5signol goes from high to low insteod of low to high. You con really notice the
difference between the two settings if you flip the scopes Slope control back ond forth. If
you do this, moke sure thot the Slope control finishes on the "r' position.

Experiment 12 - Pclrl encoding g 2OO8 Emom Insirumenls t2-5

7. Adjust the scope's Horizonfal Position conlrol so that the stort of the troce oligns with
the left-most verticol line on the screen.

8. Set the scope's Tinebose conlrol to the

0.lns/div position.

9. Adjust the scope s Varioble Sweep control

until the FS signal look like the signol in
Figure 4.

Mte: This control is called different

things on differenl scopes. If you con't find
it or if you're not sure you hove the right
control, osk the instructor for ossistonce.
Figuru 4

Adjusting this scope's control in this woy will moke it eosier for you to drow the woveforms
thot you'll be osked to shortly. However, you should be owore thot the screen's horizontol
divisions ore no-longer equol to the Timebdse control's setting. In other words, the scope's
Tinebase is no-longer colibroted. This is o problem when measuring the period of signals ond so
you must return the control to its locked posifion ot the end of the exp€riment.

10. set the scope's tllode conlrol to lhe DUAL position to view the PCM Encoder module s
CLK input os well os its F5output.

11. Drow the two woveforms to scole in the spoce provided on poge l2-8 leoving enough room
for o third digitol signol.

Tip, Dro* the clock signol in the upper third of the groph poper ond the F5signol in the
middle third.

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

12-6 O 2008 Enom Instrumerts Expe.imer$ 12 - PCM ercoding

12. Connect the scope's Chonnel 2 input to the PCM Encoder module's outPut os shown in
Figure 5 below.

Remembcr: Dotted lines show leods alreody in ploce.

ooo ooo
ee otl
l}

.6,tr
*@ {- t+ -t"
(.al

F@ ryl-l 1j,ll
,-fJ
o otr
odo @

E[@-,
rE
trE

Figurc 5

This set-up con be represented by the block diogrom in Figure 6 below. Chonnel 2 should now
disploy 10 bits of the PCAA Encoder module's doto outPut. The first 8 bits belong to one frome
ond the lost two bits belong to the next frome.

F5
To Ch.1

PCM doto
To Ch.Z

Figure 6

Experiment 12 - PcM ehcoding o 2008 Emom Insl.uments t2-7

13. Drow this woveform to scole in the spoce thot you left on the groph poper.

Tip: ff you're hoving trouble triggering the CRO set ils Trigger Source Coupling control
to the HF PE f position.

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

t2-a o 2008 Enom Inrtrumerts Experiment 12 - PCM elcodirg

 Question I
fndicote on your drowing the stort ond end of the frome. Tip: If you're not sure where
these points ore , see the preliminory discussion.

Question 2
Indicote on your drowing the stort ond end of eoch bit.

Question 3
Indicote on your drowing which bit is bit-o ond which is bit-7.

Question 4
Whot is the bimry number that the PCM Encoder module is outpuitang?

Qlrestion 5
Why does the code chonge even though the input voltoge is steody?

Question 6
Why does the PCM Encoder module output this code for OV DC ond not O00O0O02

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

Experiment 12 - PCM encoding o 20OB Emom Instru,nents t2-9

Pori B - PCiA encoding of o raorioble DC voltogc
5o for, you hove used the PCM Encoder module to convert o fixed DC voltoge (0V) to PCM. The
next port of the experiment lets you see whot hoppens when you vorY the DC voltoge.

74. Set the scope's tllode control to the CHl Position.

15. set the scopes Trigger Source control to the EXTposition.

16. Set the scopes Trigger Source Couplingcontrol to the HF PEJ position.

17. Modify the set-up os shown inFigureT below.

scope is being used. This input is usuolly lobelled

l.lot": i{otice thot o third input on the
EXT or EXTERNAL but its Position vories from one scoPe to onother. If you con't find it,
osk the instructor for help.

oor6ro
[-+-t
oll 1

Ftgurc 7

This set-up con be represented by the block diogrom in Figure 8 on the next Poge. The
Vorioble DCV module is used to let you chonge the DC voltoge on the PCM Encoder module's
input. The scope's externol trigger input is used so that you con view the DC voltoge on its
Channel l input os o stoble disPloy.

t2-to o 2008 Emond fnstruments Experiment 12 - PCM encodirg

 Vorioble DC
To Ch.1
FS
To Ext.

PCM doto
To Ch.Z

Figul"" 8

18. Set the scopes Chonnel 1 Vertical Attenuation contrcl to the lv/div positio^.

19. Set the scope's Chonnel I fnpuf Coupling control to the 6ND position.

?O. Use the scopes Chonnel 1 Vertical Position control to olign the Chonnel I troce with one
of the horizontal lines on the scope's screen.

l.lote: This line on the scopes screen is now your zero volt reference which you con use
to see whether the Vorioble DCV module's output is positive or negative.

21. set the scope's Chonnel l ond Chonnel ? fnput Coupling controls to the DCposition.

22. Set the scope's Llode control lo the DUAL position.

23. Adjust the Varioble DCV modules Varhble DC control until the PCii\ Encoder module
outpuis the code thot you drew earlier.

?4. Use the scope io mansure the Vorioble DCV module's output voltoge.

Mte: ft should be very close to 0V.

Ask ihe instructor to check

your work before continuing.

Expe.iment 12 - Pcrrl encoding o 2OOB Emono Instruments 12-l

25. Turn the Vorioble DCV module's Variable DC control clockwise while wotching the scope's
disploy.

Qgestion 7
What hoppens to the Vorioble DCV module's output?

Question 8
In whot woy does the binory number thot the PCM Encoder module outputs chonge?

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

26. Continue to turn the Vorioble DCV module's Variable DC control clockwise ond stop the
moment the PCM Encoder module's output is 11111111.

?7. Use the scopeto meosure the Vorioble DCV module's output voltoge. Record your
meosurement in Toble 1 on the next poge.

28. Return ihe PCii\ Encoder modules output io the code for OV.

29. Turn the Vorioble DCV module's Variable DC control onti-clockwise while wotching the
scoPe's disPloy.

Qgcstion 9
Whot hoppens to the Vorioble DCV module's outputZ

Question 1O
Whot hoppens to the binary number thot the PCM Encoder module is outputting?

t2-12 o 2008 Emom Instrumenls Experime^t 12'PcMercoditg

 Continue to turn the Vorioble DCV modules Variable DC control onti-clockwise ond stop
the moment the PCM Encoder module's output is 00000000.

Meosure ond record the Vorioble DCV module's output voltoge.

Toble 1

PCIrI Encodcrs PCIA Ettcoder's

ogturl code inoui voltoo€
11111111

00000000

Qgestior I I
Bosed on the information in Toble 1, whot is the moximum ollowoble omplitude (peok-to-
peok) for on AC signol on the PCM Encoder module's ENPUT?

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

Experiment 12 - PCM encoding o 2OO8 Emono Inslrunents 12-13

Porf C - Qgontisation
This next port of the expe?iment lets you investigote guontisotion.

32. Return the Vorioble DCV modules Vorioble DC control to obout the middle of its trovel.

33. See if you con vory the Vorioble DC conlrol left ond right without cousing the output
code to chonge.

The sompled voltoge con be chonged without cousing the output code to chonge becouse it is
compored to o set of guontisation levels but 'there are a fanite number of them. This meons
thot, in proctice , there's o range of somple voltoges for eoch guontisotion level.

Qgcstion 12
Whot's the nome for the difference between o sompled voltoge ond its closest
quontisotion level? Tip: If you're not sure, see the preliminory discussion.

ft's possible to work how for oport o PCM encoder's guontisotion levels ore using the
informotion you've gothered so for. To do so, onswer the following guestion.

Question 13
Colculote the dilference between the quontisotion levels in the PCII\ Encoder module by
subtrocting the volues in Toble 1 ond dividing the number by ?56 (fhe number of codes).

Qt estion 14
To reduce guantisotion error it's better to hove

tr fewer guontisation levels between tZV.

E more quontisotion levels belween t?V.

Ask the instructor to check

your n ork before continuing.

t2-14 o 2008 Emom Instrumerts E)qeriment 12 - Pcrrl ercoding

Port D - PCiA e.tr,oditg of continuorsly chonging roltoges
Now let's see whot hoppens when the PCM encoder is used to convert continuously chonging
signols like o sinewove.

34. Return the scope s Trigger Source control to the CHl (or fNI) position.

35. Return the scope s Trigger Source Coupling conlrol to the Acpsition.

36. Set the scope s Chonnel 1 ond Chonnel 2 Vertical Aftenuation contrck to the ?V/div
Positaon.

37. Locote the VCO module ond set its Pange control to the Hfposition.

38. Turn the VCO module's Freguency Adjustcontrol fully onti-clockwise.

lrloie: The VCO module will be used to provide the PCM Encoder module with o 50kHz
(opprox) clock.

39. Disossemble the current set-up.

40. Connect the set-up os shown in Figure 9 below.

otroooo
i9l:3
:()oY
trF EFB t:+:t
c -llr
'"iF @
's"o o
#trtr tn"
lUl6
,*o
"*.E o-o

Figurc 9

41. Set the scope's Tinebase control to the 5o1s/div position.

42. Wotch the PCM Encoder modules PCl,l DATA output on the scope's disploy.

Experihent 12 - PCM encoding O 2OO8 Emorc Instrumehts t2-15

 Qtiestion 15
Why does the PCM DATA chonge continuously?

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

43. Return the scope's Vormble Sweep control to the detent (locked) posiiion.

Ask the instructor to check

your work before f inishing.

12-16 @ 2008 Emono Inslruments Experimenl 12 - PCM encoding

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Experiment 13 - PC,l decoding
Prcliminory discussion
The previous experiment iniroduced you to the bosics of pulse code modulotion (PCM) which
you'll recoll is o system for converting messoge signols to o continuous seriol stream of binory
numbers (encoding). Recovering the messoge from the seriol streom of binory numbers is colled
decoding.

At its simplest, decoding involves:

. Identifying eoch new frome in the doto streom.

. Extrocting the binory numbers from eoch frome.

. Generating o voltoge thot is proportionol to ihe binary number.

. Holding the voltoge on the output until the next frome has been decoded (forming o pulse
omplitude modulotion (PAM) version of the originol messoge signol).

. Reconstructing the messoge by possing the PAM signol through o low-poss filter.

The PCM decoder's clock freguency is cruciol to the correct operotaon of simple decoding
systems. ff
it's not the some frequency os the encoder's clock, some of the tronsmitted bits
are read twice while others ore completely missed. This results in some of the tronsmitted
numbers being incorrectly intetpteted, which in turn couses the PCIA decoder to output on
incorrecf voltoge. The error is oudible if it occurs often enough. Some decoders monoge this
issue by being oble to 'self-clock".

There is onother issue cruciol to PCM decoding . The decoder must be oble io detect the
beginning of eoch frome. If this isn't done correctly, every number is incomectly interpreted.
The synchronising of the fromes con be monoged in one of two woys. The PCM encoder con
generote o speciol frome synchronisotion sig^al thot con be used by the decoder though this
hos the disodvontoge of needing on odditionol signol to be sent. Alternotively, o frome
synchronisotion code con be embedded in the seriol doto streom thot is used by the decoder
to work out when the frome storts.

13-? o 2008 Emono Instrumenis Experinent 13 - Pcrrl decoding

A little informotim obout the TII{S Decoder module
PCAII
Like the PCM Encoder module on the Emono Telecoms-Troiner 101, the PCM Decoder module
works with 8-bit binory numbers. For 0000OO00 the PCM Decoder module outputs -?V ond for
11111111 it outputs +2V. For numbers in between, the output is o proportionol voltage between
t?V. For exomple, the number 10000000 is holf woy between 00000000 ond 11111111 ond so
for this input the module outputs 0V (which is holf woy between ,2V and -2V).

The PCM Decoder module is not self-clocking ond so it needs o digitol signol on the CLK input to
operote. fmportontly, for the PCM Decoder module to correctly decode PCM doto generoted
by the PCM Encoder module, it must hove the some clock signol. In other words, the decoder's
clock must be 'stolen" from the encoder.

Similarly, the PCAI\ Decoder module connot self-detecl the beginnang of uach new frone ond so
it must hove o frome synchronisation signol on its F5inpui to do this.

The cxpcrimcat
In this experimeni you'll use the Emono Telecoms-Troiner 1O1 to convert o sinewove ond
speech to o PCit doto streom then convert it to o PArll signol using the PCIA Decoder module.
For this to work correctly, the decoder's clock ond frome synchronisotion signol ore simply
'stolen'the PCM Encoder module. You'll then recover the messoge using the Tuneable Low-poss
filter module.

It should toke you obout 45 minutes to complete this experiment.

Eguipment

Emono Telecoms-Troiner 101 (plus power-pock)

Duol chonnel 20MHz oscilloscope

two Emono Telecoms-Troiner 101 oscilloscope leads
ossorted Emom Telecoms-Troiner 101 potch leods
one sel of headphones (stereo)

Experim€It 13 - PCM decodirB O 2008 Emom Instruments l3-3

Proccdurc

Port A - Sctting
up thc PCll crcodcr
To experiment with PCM decoding you need PCllr doto. The first port of the experiment gets
you to set up o PCill encoder.

1. Gather d set of the eguipment listed on the previous poge.

2. Set up the scope per the instrtctions in Experiment 1. Ensure thot:

. the Trigger Source conlrol is set to the CHI(or IN7) position-

. the tl4ode control is set to lhe CHl position.

3. Locote the PCM Encoder module ond set its tl1ode s itch to the PCfil position.

4. Connect the set-up shown in Figure 1 below.

Ilotc: Insert the block plugs of the oscilloscope leads into o ground (6ND) socket.

otroooo
ue.g
H
'so
'Eo
rffir E
lu
#-tr
""..
!*@

Figir" f

This set-up con be represented by the block diogrom in Figure 2 on the next Poge. The PCtl/l
Encoder module is clocked by the Aloster Signols module s lOOkHz DIGTTAL output. Its onolog
input is the Vorioble DC module's VDC outPut.

13-4 o 2008 Emono Instruments Experiment 13 - PcM decodiry

 F5
Io Ch.1

PCM doto
To Ch.?

Mosier
Signals

Figre ?

5. Set ihe scope's Slope conlrol to the '-" position.

6. Adjust the scope's Timebase control to view one pulse of the PCrtil Encoder module's F.5
output.

Tip: fhs 101s/div setting is probably the best to use.

7. Set the Vorioble DCVmodules Varbble DC control to obout the middle of its trovel.

8. Set the scope's tl,lode control to the DUAL position to view the PCM Encoder module's
PClil DATA output os well os its Fsoutput.

9. Vory the Vorioble DCV module's Variable DC control left ond right.

ffyour set-up is working correclly, ihis lost step should couse the number on pCM Encoder
modules PC^H DATA output to go down ond up. ff it does, corry on to the next step. If not,
check your wiring or osk the instructor for help.

10. Disconnect the plug to the Vorioble DCV module's VDC output.

11. Locote the VCO module ond turn its Frequenql AdJustcontrol fully onti-clockwise.

l?. Set the VCO module's Pange control to the LOposition.

13. Modify the set-up os shown in Figure 3 on the next r4ge.

Remamber; Dotted lines show leods olreody in ploce.

Experiment 13 - PCM decoding @ 20OB Enono Insirunenis 13-5

 oooootr
'ol'8
o-o,-o,-6
EFI t-*-f
Io oo oll 1

Firyrc 3

Thas set-up con be represented by the block diogrom in Figure 4 below. Mtice thot the PCM
Encoder modules input is now the VCO module's SfAlEoutput.

FS
To Ch.l

PCM doto
To Ch.2

Figure 4

As the PCri\ Encoder modules input is o sinewove, the module's input voltoge is continuouslY
chonging. This meons thot you should notice the PC4U DATA oulPut chonging continuously olso.

13-6 o 2OO8 Emono Instrumenis Experiment 13 - PCM decodir€

 Ask the instructor to check
your work before continuing.

Port B - Decodirtg the PCIA data

14. Return the scope's Slope control to the '+" position.

15. Set the scope's tl,lode control to CHl position.

16. Modify the set-up os shown in Figure 5 below.

oooooo
o gllo t
O
EFtr EF ;Ua):
l.i

f:+:t
^ ^ r.l

Iol .ll r

JPT E
t;-;'1"

Figurr 5

The entire set-up con be represented by the block diogrom in Figure 6 below. Mtice thot the
decoder's clock ond frome synchronisotion informotion ore "stolen" from the encoder.

Messooe
To Ch:l
"Stolan" Fs
PCM Decoder

OUTPUT
To Ch.?
"Siolen" CLK

PCM Encoding PCM Decoding

Figure 6

Experiment 13 - PCM decoding O 2OOB Emoho fnstruments 13-7

17. Adjust the scope s Timebase control to view two or so cycles of the messoge.

18. Set the scope's Mode control to the DUAL position to view the PCM Decoder modules
output os well os the messoge signol.

Qgestion I
Whot does the PCM Decoder's 'stepped" output tell you obout the lype of signol thot it
is? Tip: If you're not sure, see the preliminory discussion for this experiment or for
Experiment 11.

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

The PCM Decoder modules output signol looks very similor to the messoge. However, they're
not the Some. Remember thot o Sompled messoge contoins mony sinewoves in oddition to the
messoge. This con be better opprecioted if you compore the messoge ond the PCM Decoder
modules output by listening to them.

lg. Add the Buffer module to the set-up os shown in Figure 7 below lercving the scopas
connections os they ore.

+
DE@

nO
Et-
-o
so
.do
tr
EO
EX(3

Figure 7

13-8 o 2OO8 Emom Inslruments Expe.iment 13 - PCM decoding

20. Turn the Buffer module's €ain control fully onti-clockwise.

27. Without weoring the heodphones, plug them into the Buffer module's headphone socket.

22. Put the heodphones on.

23. Turn the Buffer module s 6ain control clockwise until you con comfortobly heor the PCM
Decoder module's output.

24. Disconnect the Buffer module's lr-nd where it plugs to the PCM Decoder modules output.

?5. Modify the set-up os shown in Figure 8 below, ogoin leoving the scopes connections as
they ore.

FE El-
o "o
so
4o
o
lFlr

Figra 8

26. Compore the sound of the two signals. You should notice thot they're similor but cleorly
different.

Questior 2
What must be done to the PCM Decoder modules output to reconstruct the messoge
properly?

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

Experimenl 13 - PCM decoding o 2OO8 Emono Instrumenls 13-9

Port C - Encoding ond decodiry specch
So for, this experiment hos encoded ond decoded o sinewove for the messoge' The next port
of the experiment lets you do the some with sPeech.

27. Completely remove the Buffer module from the set-uP while leoving the rest of the
leods in ploce.

28. Disconnect the plugs to the VCO module's SlNEoutput.

29. ,rlodify the set-up os shown in Figure 9 below.

ooo oDo
'e1'8
oo9
+
lJ j

E}Eh
Brd

Fi$rG 9

3O. Tolk, sing or hum while wotchirg the scope's displcy.

Ask the instructor to check

your work before continuing.

13-10
o 2008 Emom Instrumenis Experiment 13 - PCr{ decoding
 Port D -
Recoverirg the messoge
As mentioned arlier, the messoge con be reconstructed from the PCM Decoder module's
output signol using o low-poss filter. This port of the experiment lets you do this.

31. Locote the Tuneoble Low-poss Filter module ond set its 6ain conlrol to obout the middle
of its trovel.

32. Turn the Tuneoble Low-poss Filter module's Cut-off Frequency Adjust control fully onti-
clockwise.

33. Disconnect the plugs to the Speech module's output.

34. Modify the set-up os shown in Figure 10 below.

ootrooo
o gllo fr
,D

EH 4 + DO
tlll :EI
6r oEx tr
Fl" o tr@
EO tr@

Fig.rre 1O

Experinent 13 - PCr{ decoding o 2OO8 Emom Instrumenis 13-11

t.
The entire set-up con be represented by the block diogrom in Figure 11 below. The Tuneoble
Low-poss Filter module is used to reconstruct the originol messoge from the PClil Decoder
modulss PAM output.

Tuneoble

A,lessooe
To Ch2

PCM Encoding PCrli Decoding Reconstruction

Figunc 11

35. Slowly turn the Tuneoble Low-pass Filter modules Cut-off Freguency control clockwise
ond stop the moment the messoge signol hos been reconstructed (ignoring phose shift).

The two signols ore cleorly the some so let's see whot your heoring tells you.

36. Add the Buffer module to the set-up as shown in Figure 12 below leoving the scope's
connectaons as they ore.

Figure 12

t3-12 @ 2OO8 Emom Instruments Experiment 13 - PCM decodirE

37. Turn the Buffer module's 6ain control fully onti-clockwise.

38. Put the heodphones on.

39. Turn the Buffer modules 6ain conlrol clockwise until you con comfortobly heor the
Tuneoble Low-poss Filter module's output.

40. Disconnect the Buffer module's lead where it plugs to the PCM Decoder modules output
ond connect it to the VCO module's output (like you did when wiring Figure 8).

41. Compore the sound of the two signols. You should find thot they're very similor.

Qgcstion 3
Even though the two signols look ond sound the some, why isn't the reconstructed
messoge o perfect copy of the originol messogez Tip: ff
you're not sure, see the
preliminory discussion for Experinent 12.

Ask the instructor to check

your work before f inishing.

Experiment 13 - PCM decoding o 2008 Emom Inttrunents l3-13

l3-14 o 2OOB Enom fnfrumenls Experimert 13 - PCM decoding