Pressure vessels may theoretically be almost any shapes made of section spheres and
cones are usually employed. A common design is a cylindrical with hemispherical ends caps or
heads.
When the vessels walls is thin, the stresses distribution throughout its thickness will not
vary significantly and so we will assume that it’s uniform or constant.
The design rule in the codes and limited to vessels of cylindrical or spherical and ellipsoidal
shapes under internal or external pressure and to head and nozzles attachment for such vessels
rules for more complicated types of construction and for loading other than that due to pressure
are beyond the scope of the codes to include such rule would turn the code in to design hand
book and it would restrict the designer in working out his design in accordance with acceptable
engineering principles. The code receives that the shell provided details of construction that will
be as safe as those provided by the rules of the code. Some problem of designers of ellipsoidal
pressure vessels that have their axis vertical and subjected to applied forces in addition to
internal and external pressure the vertical forces considered are the weight of any attachments
to vessels.
Finally, pressure vessel are refers to those reservoirs and apparatus which work under
internal and external pressure and operate under the pressure.
The pressure vessels according to their dimensions may be classified as thin shell or thick
shell the ratio of equal thickness (t) of the shell to its diameters (D) deciding factor.
t 1
a) Thin shell: - if the ratio of is less than is called a thin shells.
D 10
t 1
b) Thick shell:- if the ratio of is equal or greater than is called thick shell used in
D 10
high pressure cylinders, gun, barrels and other equipments where as thin shell are
used in boiler, tanks and pipes.
1.2.2. According to the end construction
This can be classified in to two groups:-
a) Open end construction pressure vessels
b) Closed end construction pressure vessels
1.2.3. According to the geometrical shapes
b) Conical and
A. head
B. shell
C. nozzle and
D. support
A. HEAD
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the
heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a
vessel. Head are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical,
conical, toriconical and flat are the common types of heads.
B. SHELL
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are
welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel
shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and
are fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.
C. NOZZLE
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel.
The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:-
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight, wind, and earthquake loads [3]. Calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage
and foundation for the pressure vessels.
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt
is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near
the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that
radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with
the skirt
1
10 pD 45 45
pD po po 10
100
49.5 N/mm 2
Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable
design stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the
design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material,
with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
Then T 0 15O C
From typical design stress table find the stress for low alloy steel:-
Design stress: - D 240 N/mm 2
Tensile strength: - t 550 N/mm 2
2.1. Design of shell
For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be determined from
the formula. Now assume outer diameter of the shell is 1M . Then check for which option that
our pressure is safe.
3 z 1
pD 0.385 SE.........................use t Ro ..........................(1)
z
If
pD R
pD 0.385SE.........................use t ..........................(2)
SE 0.4 pD
E = joint factor
pD R
t
SE 0.4 PD
49.5 N / mm2 500mm
t
240 N / mm2 0.449.5 N / mm2
24750
t mm
259.8
t 95.26mm 95mm
For carbon and low alloy steel corrosion allowance is 2mm should be used
Therefore,
L
K. for P 3.43MPa
D
where k cons...... 4 K 6
L 4D
Then, 4 1000mm
L 4000mm
V
Do Di L
2 2
but Di Do 2t
4
1000 2(97)
Di 806mm
V
1000 806 4
2 2
4
V 1.10014m 3
Most standard ellipsoidal are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of 2 : 1 the
following equation can be calculated required thickness.
1) To calculate thickness
PD R
t
SE 0.9 PD
49.5 N / mm2 500mm
t
240 N / mm2 0.9(49.5 N / mm2 )
t 86.97 mm 87 mm
Do
D Where h
4
Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the
design is safe. Now to calculate the value of stress.
a) Tangential stress
PD Ri RO
2 2
t 1
RO Ri Ri
2 2 2
b) Radial stress
PD Ri RO
2 2
r 1
RO Ri Ri
2 2 2
c) Longitudinal stress
2
PD
L 2D i 2
DO Di
49.5 N / mm2 (806mm) 2
1000mm2 806mm2
L 91.78 N / mm2
2.3. Design of Nozzle
The formula that I am going to calculate is the same as thickness formula to calculate for
shell, the only difference is the diameter we use. At Di 300mm
E 1
PD Ri
t
SE 0.4 PD
49.5 N / mm2 150mm
240 MPa 1 0.4 49.5 N / mm2
28.58mm Length of nozzle
L
k where k 4 k 6 L 4 300mm
D
L 1.2M
D0 2t Di
57.16mm 300mm
357.16mm
Here no need of volume b/c its function is to as way of a fluid.
The stress developed on nozzle.
p d 49.5 N / mm2 300mm
c 259.8 N / mm2
2t 2 28.58mm
c t 259.8Mpa 550MPa Then the design is safe.
Where WS total weight of the shell, excluding internal fittings, such as plates, N,
CV A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal supports,
Etc; which can be taken as
1.08 For vessels with only a few internal fittings,
1.15 For distillation columns, or similar vessels, with several man ways,
HV Height, or length, between tangent lines (the length of the cylindrical section)
t Wali l thickness, mm
Dm Mean diameter of vessel
Di t 103 m
Dm 0.806m 0.097m
0.903m
Thus WS 240 1.15 0.903m4m 0.8 0.903m0.097m
WS 114.165 N
To find the weight of fluid which score the maximum weight?
The density of ammonia from the table we see 604kg / m3
WF m f g
vf f g
Where v f the volume of fluid in the vessel
f The maximum density of ammonia
WF Weight of fluid
f 604kg / m3
WF 1.23114m3 604kg / m 3 9.81m / s 2
Thus,
WF 7294.82 N
To find the total weight of the system will be
W WS WF
114.165 N 7294.82 N
W 7408.98 N
I choose round bar as support that is skirt support is preferable to vertical position. The three
o
skirt support is welded at 120 c the cylindrical part of the shell.
Wtotal
Therefore weight each support carries 3 of load.
Wtotal 7408.98 N
Let Weach P 3
P
3
2469.66 N
The length of weld part (x) is subject to pure shear and the bar weld at two part
y
allo n factor of safty
Where 3n
n 3.2
y 540Mpa
allo
3 n 3 3.2
97.43Mpa
Take S 10mm
p 2 0.707 S allo x
2469.66 N
x
2 0.707 10mm 97.43Mpa
x 17.93mm
x 10.2mm 17.93mm
x 28mm
2 EI
Pe Where pe bulcking load eulerian load
N2
E elastic mod ules of stainless steel
N length from the ground
I 2 nd moment of inertia
Pe n p
3.2 2469.66 N Take N= 2m
7902.91N
pe N 2 D4
I But I
2 E 64
Pe N 2 64
D4
Then diameter of support is. 2 E
7902.91N 2m
2
64
3.14 210000 N / mm 3.14
2 2
D 42.65mm
n = number of bolt
Here we know that the upward face acting on the cylinder cover is:
F D .........................................1
4
This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts is
2
FR dc tb n..................................2
4
F 8062 49.5 F 25243230.87 N
4
FR dc 2 tb n
4
Here select the material for the bolt low alloy steel. So, tb 550 N / mm and the core
2
FR 53.177 2 550 n
4
FR 1220899.77 n Since F FR
F 25243230.87
n 20.67 21 bolts
1220899.77 1220899.77
Standard flanges will be specified for most applications. Special designs would be
used only if no suitable standard flange were available; or for large flanges, such as the body
flanges of vessels, where it may be cheaper to size a flange specifically for the duty required
rather than to accept the nearest standard flange, which of necessity would be over-sized.
Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are
used extensively for pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels.
Nom. pipe
size o.d. Flange Raised face Drilling Boss
d1
D b h d4 f d2 k d3
Based all the above mentioned factors considering the operating temperature and
corrosiveness of the process fluid will be the controlling factor in gasket selection. Vegetable
fibre and synthetic rubber gaskets can be used at temperatures of up to 100 o c.
Summary
This course provided an overview of pressure vessel mechanical design
requirements. It summarized the main components of pressure vessels. Materials of
construction, design requirements and considerations, fabrication, inspection and
testing. Participants now have a good overall understanding of pressure vessel
mechanical design requirements, are prepared to use this knowledge in their jobs, and
have sufficient prerequisite information to take more detailed pressure vessel courses.
Acknowledgements
First of all I would like to thanks for my Advisor Ato Abdul hakim Shukutea for that
he has given me all the information and the procedure, all the data and for he has given
the reference books.
Secondly I would like to thanks my dormitory for giving me the chance to talk with
them about my design and I would thanks for 5th year Mechanical engineering student
wondem to give the information.
REFERENCE BOOKS
R.K. Sinnot, Coulson & Richardson’s, Chemical Engineering, volume 6, Third
Edition.
Paul Buthod and Tulsa, Oklahoma, pressure vessel handbook, Tenth Edition.
Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Third Edition.
Mr. G. Ghanbari, Mr. Mohammad Raza Lazadi and M. Serai. Pressure Vessel
Design Guides & Procedures.
Table content
CHAPTER- I
CHAPTER-II
DESIGN PROCEDURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCE