Quantum Field Theory

Schwinger Parametrization :
Z ∞
1
= −i eis(A+i) ds
A + i 0

Proof:-
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 i
e is(A+i)
ds = e−s(−iA+) ds = =
0 0 −iA +  A + i
Some Points Which Are Not Clear Yet

1. Energy is not measurable in non gravitational physics so we can renormalize or rescale zero point
energy in flat space.(BirrelDavies p.16)
2. Lorentz invariance allows us to identify unique vacuum state for the theory in flat space time.(A.A.Saharian
p.67)
3. There does not exist a unique vacuum state for curved space time.(A.A.Saharian p.67, Lots of places)
3.Freely falling detector
4.Modes are positive frequency with respect to the timelike conformal Killing vector ∂η ,

L∂η uk (x) = −iωuk (x),

ω > 0.
Poincare’ Invariance
 Canoniacal Quantization
We consider the action as a minimally coupled Maxwell field with covariant gauge,

√ h1
Z
1 i
S=− d4 x −g Fµν F µν + (∇µ Aµ )2
4 2
Equation of motion by varying the action
 δS 
∇ρ =0
δ(∇ρ Aσ )
µ
Using [∇α , ∇ρ ]Aβ = −Rβρα Aµ ,

g σα ∇2 Aα − Rµσ Aµ = 0

If A1µ an A2µ are two solutions of the above equation then

A∗2ν ∇µ ∇µ Aν1 − A∗2ν Rµν A1µ = 0

and

A1ν ∇µ ∇µ Aν2 ∗ − A1ν Rµν A∗2µ = 0

which leads to

∇µ (A∗2ν ∇µ Aν1 − A1ν ∇µ Aν2 ∗ ) = 0

So that we define the invariant scalar product (orthonormalization condition in the gauge ∇µ Aµ = 0 ?)for
the vector field
Z p
dD x |h|nµ (A∗2ν ∇µ Aν1 − A1ν ∇µ Aν2 ∗ ) = 0
Σ

in D + 1 dimension. Where Σ is the space like hypersurface, nµ is the future directed normal to the hyper-
surface, and h is the determinant of the induced metric hµν = gµν − nµ nν . Taking the hypersurface t=const.,
nµ = (n0 , 0, 0, 0) and g00 n0 n0 = 1
Z p
dD x |g|g 00 (A∗j 0 ν ∇0 Aνj − Ajν ∇0 Aνj0 ∗ ) = 4iπδjj 0
Σ
Different Vacuuam State In Curved Space-time
Some other relevant things