SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

GEOTHERMALWELL LOG ANALYSISAT DESERTPEAK, NEVADA

By

W. R. Benoit, Geothermal Operations, Phillips Petroleum, Reno, Nevada,

Darshan K. Sethi and Walter H.-Fertl, Dresser Atlas,DresserIndustries,Inc.,
Houston, Texas, Mark Mathews, LASL, Los Alamos,New Mexico

ABSTRACT

In the northernHot SpringsMountainsof the westernpart of ChurchillCounty,

Nev., the geothermaltest well, DesertPeak B-23-1,t&minated at 2939meter~”
(9642ft) with BHT of 212°C (413°F)afterpenetratingsedimentaryrocksof
Upper Triassicto LowerJurassicage which were regionallydeformedand meta-
morphosedprior to intrusionand contactmetamorphismby graniteduringthe
Cretaceus period. Subsequentlyuplift and erosionoccurredup to earlyter-
tiary. During the Mioceneabundantash-flowtuffsand lava flowswere deposit-
ed over the Mesozoicrocks. After a prolongedhiatusduringwhich the basin
and range structuredeveloped,the mafic flowsof the ChloropagusFormation
filleda largedepressionand apparentlylappedup onto the pre-existingrhy-
oliticrocks. After anotherhiatus the sedimentsof the TruckeeFormation
were depositedin the PlioceneEpoch.

The presentpaper discussesin detail the geologicframework,loggingopera-

tionsand formationevaluationconceptsbased on well logs and cuttingsas en-
counteredin this geothermaltest well. Severallog responsesare relatedto
variousrock types. Supportingdata includefrequencycrossplots,histograms
and cuttingdescriptions.

INTRODUCTION

The DesertPeak geothermalfield is locatedapproximately50 miles east-north-

east of Reno, Nev., in the northernportionof-theHot SpringsMountainsof
northwesternChurchillCounty,Nev. (Fig.1) DesertPeak well B-23-1 is the
fourthdeep geothermaltest well drilledby PhillipsPetroleumCompanyin the
DesertPeak area. The Departmentof energysupplied50% of the fundingfor
B-23-1 in exchangefor informationfrom the well. This information,including
cuttings,is availableat the Universityof Utah ResearchInstitutein Salt
Lake City, Utah.

A reporton this well has been publishedby the Departmentof Energyas report
DOE/ET/27099-l.The geothermallog interpretation programwas managedby Los
Alamos Scientificlaboratoryand sponsoredby the U.S. Departmentof Energy,
Divisionof GeothermalEnergy (DGE). DresserAtlas was awardedan advanced
loggingand interpretation contract. This contractwas for auxiliarylogging
and interpretationof all logs in well B-23-1. (Sethiand Fertl,1979)1

GEOLOGY

The DesertPeak geothermalfield is a “blind”geothermalfield in that there

is no evidenceexposedat the surface,such as hot springs,fumaroles,hydro-
thermalalterationor sulfuron mercurydeposits,which might indicatea geo-
thermalreservoirto be presentat depth. The reservoirwas discoveredsolely
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

by temperature-gradientdrill holes (13enoit,

1978).2 Other geophysical
surveyshave met with littleor no successin locatingthe geothermal
reservoir.

The DesertPeak geothermalfield is locatednear the westernmarginof the

Basin and Range Provincein an area which has had a long and complexgeologic
history. A simplifiedmap of the regionalgeologyis shown in Figure1. The
oldestrocks shown on the regioml geologicmap are scatteredoutcropsof pre-
Tertiaryrock believedto be Triassicand/orJurassicin age (Willdenand
Speed,1974).3 These rocks are regionallymetamorphosedsedimentaryand
volcanicrockswhich have been intrudedand occasiomlly contactmetamorphosed
by graniticplutonsof Cretaceus and Tertiaryage. The pre-Tertiaryrocks
are significantin regardto geothermalexplorationbecausethe DesertPeak
reservoiris locatedin similarrocks.

Whereverexposed,the pre-Tertiarymetamorphosedsedimentaryand volcanic

rocks dip steeplyand often show complexsmall-scaledeformation.Occasionally,
evidencefor multiplestagesof deformationcan be found in rocks the size of
hand specimens(Figure2). At the presenttime, littleis known about the
gross structureand stratigraphyof the pre-Tertiaryrocks exposednorth and
west of DesertPeak. Consequently, no simplecorrelationscan be made between
the pre-Tertiaryrocks intersectedby the DesertPeak geothermalwells and
thoseexposedin nearbyranges.

Overlyingthe pre-Tertiaryrocks is a sequenceof Tertiaryvolcanicrocks.

Usuallya siliceoussequenceof Oligoceneor Mioceneash-flowtuffswith some
lava flows is foundover the pre-Tertiaryrocks. The four deep geothermal
wells at DesertPeak have shown this rhyoliticunit to be quitevariableboth
laterallyand in thickness.

Overlyingthe rhyoliticunit is a mafic unit, the ChloropagusFormation,con-

sistingof lateMioceneand Pliocenebasaltand andesiteflows,brecciasand
tuffs. This unit variesgreatlyin thicknessand can containconsiderable
interbeddedlacustrinesediments.

In the northernpart of the Hot SpringsMountains,a largearea is underlain

by Pliocenelacu trinedepositsof the DesertPeak and TruckeeFormations
(Axelrod,1956).3 These rocks are relativelyunimportantin B-23-land will
not be furtherdiscussedhere.

The youngestTertiaryrock in the region is anandesitic ash-flowtuff which

overliesthe easternthirdof the north part of the Hot SpringsMountains.
This unit is not presentin B-23-l.

The geologyof the no thpart of the Hot SpringsMountainshas been mapped in

detail (Hiner,1979).t Apart of this map, which also shows the locationof
the deep wells at DesertPeak, is shown in Figure3. The Hot SpringsNtmntains
have no outcropsofpre-Tertiaryrocks. This fact clearlylimitsthe useful-
ness of the geologicmap in understandingthe reservoir. However,it is
possiblethat structurescuttingthe Tertiaryvolcanicpile are in part related
to the resewoir. A model, involvingrhombohedral-ihaped blocksat a structural
intersection, has been proposalto accountfor the locationof the reservoir.
A simplegeologiccross-sectionthroughthe DesertPeak reservoirand B-23-1

2
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

showsthe major known geologicrelationships(Figure4). The gross strati-

graphy is relativelysimple. The structureresemblesan anticlinebroken
into severalfaultblocks. The geothermalreservoiroccursin the highest
faultblocks.

WELL B-23-1

In understanding a well such as B-23-1,which encountereda greatvariety

of rock typesnot well understoodby the loggingindustry,it is first
necessaryto have a reliablelithologiclog. The lithologiclog from B-23-1
is shown in Figure5 and 6. This lithologiclog, however,was not constructed
withoutassistancefrom the geophysicallogs. In particularthe Ga.ma ray
log was very useful in accuratelylocatingcontactsand in determiningthe
relativepotassiumcontentsof the volcanicrocks. The names given to the
individualuni,tsare primarilybased on the Gamma ray log as no thin section
or chemicalstudiesof theserockshave been undertaken. In a similar
manner the locationof the carbon-richphyllitesis based on the electrical
logs.

The lithologiesand thicknessencounteredin B-23-1are similarto those

presentin the threepreviousdeep wells.

The top 12 m (40 ft) of B-23-1consistof Quaternarysand,graveland

boulders. From 12 m to 69 m (40 to 225 ft), limestoneand tuffaceoussedi-
ments of the PlioceneTruckeeFormationare present.

Between 69 m and 404 m (225 and 1325 ft) basalt, basaltic andesite and
andesite flows and breccias of the Mio-Pliocene Chloropagus Formation (Axelrod,
1956)4 are present. Three lacustrine units are present between 116 and 122 m
(380 and 400 ft), 151 and 174 m (495 and 570 ft), and 180 and 198 m (590 and
650 ft). These units are composed of fine-grained tuffaceous sediments which
have been locally silicified.

From 404 to 1288 m (1325to 4225 ft), a seriesof andesiticto rhyoliticash-

flow tuffsand lava flowsare present. Eightmajor subunitsare shown in
Figure5. Severalof these subunitscan be furtherdividedon the basis of
the Gamma Ray Log. The unit is mostly dacite in compositionwith lesser
amountsof rhyodacite,andesiteand rhyolite. Two thin basalt flowsor dikes
are also present. More detaileddescriptionsof similarsiliceousvolcanic
units in westernNevadacan be found in Bingler (1978)6and Proffettand
Proffett(1976).7

From 1288 to 1719 m (4225 to 5640 ft) regionally metamorphosed, highly de-
fcmned pelitic sedimentary rocks arc present as shown in Figure 6. These
rocks are believed to be Triassic and/or Jurassic in age and may be correlative
with the widespread upper Triassic Auld Lang Sync group (Johnson, 1977;8
Burke and Silberling, 1973).9 Shale which has been regionally metamorphosed
to phyllite and argillite is the dominant lithology. This regional metamorphism
has been further complicated by contact metamorphism associated with the
emplacement of the granite. This contact metamorphism has turned the pelitic
sequence close to the granite into hornfels and fine-grained chloritic schists.
Undoubtedly emplacement of the granite has further deformed the surrounding rocks.
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

From 1719 to 2210m (5640to 7250 ft), the sectionconsistsof rougliLy equal
amountsof graniteand chloriticschistsand hornfels. At a depth of 1747m
(5730ft) many chips of biotiteschistwere presentin the cuttings. The
natureof this interbeddingover a depth of about 500 m (1700ft) suggests
that B-23-1may be locatedclose to a steeplydippingintrusivecontactor
that the contactis gradationalwith many dikes extendingout from the pluton
and many largexenolithsimbeddedwithin the pluton (Figure4).

Below 2210m (7250ft) graniteis the dominantlithology. It is interesting

to note that the graniteintervals,between1747 and 2054m (5730and 6740 ft),
where most of the interbedding
with chloriticschistoccurs,is substantially
more radioactivethan the massivegranitebelow 2210m (7250ft). The granite
has been hydrothermallyalteredin that the biotitehas changedto chlorite
and the feldsparshave partiallychangedto clay. Betweena depth of 2490 and
2939m (8170and 9641 ft) the rocks consistof a mixtureof moderatelyalter-
ed granite,faultgouge,minor chloriticschistsandsome iron-stained granite.
The faultgouge is a highly sheared,soft,waxy-lookingclay. In this inter-
val lost circulationproblanswere chronicwith up to 2500 barrelsof drilling
fluid lost every day.

LOGGINGOPERATIONS

DresserAtlas loggedwell B-23-1 in two stageswith the depth intervalsof

differentloggingruns being shown in figure7. The first stageof logging
occurredon April 5 and 6, 1979 over the intervalof O-935m (0-3068ft).
The logs recordedwere:
1: FourArm CaliperLog
2. Spectralog
3. CompensatedDensilog/GR-Neutron with one arm Caliper
(CDL/CN/GR/Cal)
4. Dual DetectorNeutro LifetimeLog (DNLL)
5. InductionElectrolog R with spontaneouspotential(SP)curve
(IEL/SP)
6. BHCAcoustilogR
7. Fraclog (variabledensity/GR)
At the time of logging,the drillingfluidpropertieswere as follows:

Type Density Viscosity pH Fluid Loss

Gel Water 1.11 g/cm3 55 sec 10.3 20 Crr#

(9.3ppg)

The well fluid resistivity at the bottom hole temperature of 70°C (158°F)was
0.23 ohm-m. The well had been cased to a depthof 135.3m (444 ft) by 508 m
(20 in) casingand drilledto 935 m (3068ft) depth with a 444.5mm (174in)
bit.

On April 5, 1979,circulationwas partiallylost when the depth reached935m

(3068ft). It was decidedto log the well prior to runningcasingor resuming
furtherdrilling. Loggingstartedat 1100 hrs, just after circulationstopped.
Threemaximumrecordingthermometers were run with each log. A relativelylow
readingof 70°C (158°F)on the first run and the short time (5.5hrs) since
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

last circulationled to the decisionto cancelthe temperaturelog originally

scheduled. Instead,a correlationof the time lapse sincecirculationand of
maxti temperaturesobservedwith each loggingrun was recorded.

Electronicsproblemsoccurredwith the DNLL tool;however,usablelog was

obtainedafte~ repairsand environmentalcalibration.Amaximum temperature
of 103°C (218F) was recordedin the first stage.

The secondstageof loggingoccurredMay 24 and 25, 1979,over the intervalof

935-2939m (3068-9642ft). The logs recordedwere:
1. InductionElectrolog,with SP (~EIJsp)
2. BoreholeCompensatedAcoustilog /GR Log with caliper
3. Fraclog (variabledensity/signature/GR)
4. Densilog(longspaceand short spacecounts)
5. DifferentialTemperatureLog (tworuns)
The technicalconditionof the well at this stage follows:

Casing Casing
Size Depth Bit Size From To

340 mm 908.3 m 444.5mm 908.3m 935 m

(l~j3~8)in) (2980ft) (17% in) (2980ft) (3068ft)
. .
311 mm 935 m 1613m
(124 in) (3068ft) (5292ft)

216 mm 1613m 2490m

(8% in] (5292ft) (8168ft)

200 mm 2490 m 2939m

(7-7/8in) (8168ft) (9642ft)

At the time of logging,the boreholefluidpropertieswere as follows:

Type Density Viscosity pH Fluid Loss

Water 1.11 g/m3 10

(Aerated) (9.3ppg)

High boreholetemperatureand severaltool failuresreducedthe numberof logs

recordedfor the secondstage. A spectralGamma Ray log and neutronlog were
not obtainedand the seconddifferentialtemperaturelog was only recordedto
a depth of 2560m (8400ft).

LOG QUALITY

The logs recordedduring the first stage are generallyof good quality,but
theywere affectedby the oversizeboreholediameter. Accordingly,readings
in the washed-outsectionsare not so reliable. However,no depth correlation
problemswere encountered.Repeatabilityof the logs and sensitivityof the
scalesappearto be good. In the washed out sections,the s 11OW investigat-
ing logs--particularly %
Densilog$ NeutronLog and Acoustilog--havebeen
affected. The washedout boreholediameterwas large,often exceeding533.4
mm (21 in). To providegood contactwith the boreholewall up to a diameter
of 559 m (22 in), the Densilogwas run with an extensionarm.
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

Except for the BHC Acoustilog,the logs recordedduringthe secondstageare

also generallyof good quality. The BHC Acoustilogshowsa 10 to 20 micro-
secondsper foot oscillationover much of the log. Extensivecycle skipping
occurreddue to the high attenuationof acousticsignalsin the borehole
fluid,which was aeratedwater. This becomesapparentalso by comparingthe
Acoustilogreadingswith the first arrivaltimesof acousticwaves on the
variableintensityor signaturedisplayof the Fraclog. Excessivelyhigh
temperaturein the boreholesomewhataffectedthe log quality.

LOG RESPONSEAND ENVIRONMENTAL

EFFECTS

Igneousand metamorphicrocks exhibitentirelydifferentpetrophysical

properties(porosity,density,acousticvelocity,resistiit and radio-
activity]from thosepresentedby sedimentaryformations. ~0,11,14Both
mineralogyand petrophysicsof non-sedimentary rocks are importantconsider-
ationsin order to developan understandingof the log response. Standard
logs are designedand keenly tuned to the needs of the petroleumindustry.
Conventionalloggingand interpretive methodsare not entirelyadequatein
the case of geothermalwells drilledin volcanic,igneousand metamorphic
rocks. Standardcalibrationof most well logs is satisfactoryfor sedimen-
tary lithologies.However,for geothemnalapplication,the logginginstru-
ments need to be calibratedfor igneousand metamorphiclithologiesand for
fracturedporosity. Severaleffectson the log responsessuch as thosedue
to mineralization, degreeof metamorphism,fracturesystemand hydrothermal
alterationhave to be taken into consideration.

Resistivitymeasurementin a granularrock is affectedby porosity,type of

fluid in the pore spaceand by its petrophysicalcharacteristics.The math-
ematicalrelationsare well establishedfor all typesof sedimentaryforma-
tionsusuallyencounteredin the evaluationof oil and gas resources. How-
ever, there is limitedvalidityin using such standardequationsas Archie’s
equationor the Humble formulain a fracturedgeothermalreservoir. Inter-
pretationof resistivityand/orSP curves in igneousand metamorphicrocks
is largelya matter of knowledgeof the area and the amountof corroborating
data available.

Figure8 shows the replottedgeophysicallogs recordedin this well versus

lithology. The InductionElectrologrun in DesertPeak Well B-23-1 includes
the conductivityand resistivitycurvesof the inductionlog of 1.016m (40
in) spacing,0.4 m (16 in) normalcurve and spontaneouspotential. The well
was drilledto the depth of 935 m (3068ft) with gel-waterof weight 1.11 g/
cm3 (9.3ppg) and of calculatedresisitivityof 0.23 ohm-m at 70°C (158°F).
Furtherdrillingto the targetdepth was accomplishedwith water. To about
1722m (5650ft) deep, inductionlog resistivityis observedto be in the
range of 1 to 30 ohm-m. Below that depth, it is generallymuch higher,ex-
ceeding100 ohm-m in most of the bottom section. Figures8 (a) to (c) show
the replottedgeophysicallogs recordedin this well versuslithology.

The ResistivityLog has been particularlyuseful in the delineationof the

black carbon-richphyllites, which occur sporadicallybetween1288m (4225
ft) and 1722m (5650ft) depth. InductionLog resistivityin the phyllite
beds is typicallyless than 10 ohm-m.

The SP curve is broadly featureless through most of the section and has a
positive excursion around 1036 m (3400 ft) which indicates a possible thermal
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

Aquiferand largenegativeexcursionsat 1295m (4250ft), 1387m (4550ft),

1494-1524m (4900-5000ft) and 1646-1707m (5400-5600ft). These negative
anomaliesprobablyrepresentsharpchangesin the lithologicalcolumnand
petrophysicalvariationsassociatedwith the phyllitelayers.

A CompensatedDensiloginstrumentwas run on a 1.65 to 2.65 g/cm3 scale

above 935 m (3068ft) depth. From 935 m (3068ft) to TD, Densilogwas
recordedas a dual traceof short and long spaceddetectorcount rates. The
logs show good repeatabilityin the zoneswhere repeatsectionswere run.
The shortand long spacedcount rateswere convertedinto bulk density (g/cm3)
by the use of the appropriatecalibrationchart.

The Densilogappearsto be quantitatively less useful in metamorphicand

igneousrocks than in sedimentaryformations. The densitiesare usually
so high in intrusiverocks and so low in volcanictuffs that recordeddensity
valuesmay not be as accuratewhen theirreadingsfall outsidethe calibration
rangeof the probe. Relativelyunknownmineralcontentdoes not permitmatrix
or Z/A effects(Z=atomicnumber,A=atomicweight)to be determinedfor accurate
derivationof bulk densities.(24) Fracturesand alteredzonesfrequently
cause hole enlargementand rugosityof the boreholewall that significantly
affectthe log response.

In the first stage, the Compensated Densiloginstrumentwas run in a borehole

with a diameterrange between432 mm (17 in) and >559mm (22 in). The compensa-
tion (Ap)curve shows large,positivecorrectionsappliedthroughmost of the
section. Consequently, the log shouldbe consideredreliablein the sections
of uniformdiameteron the caliperlog and of small amplitudeson the correction
curve. In washed-outintervals,the limitationsassociatedwith the correction
capabilityof the equipmenthave to be kept in mind.

In the secondstage,the Densilogis a presentationof the shortand long spaced

detectorcount rates for which no compensationhas been applied. The borehole
diameteroften exceeds254mrn (10 in) above a depth of 1615m (5300ft), but the
well diameteris mostly,close to bit-sizebelow this depth. Althoughthe bore-
hole diameterwas smaller,in this sectionthe convertedbulk densitiesing/cm3
are likelyto be subjectto the same effectsof wall rugosity. The drillbit
was stuck for threedays at 2450m (8035ft) and when the bit was retrieved,a
smallpiece of graniterock (32 grams]was recoveredthatwas wedged in the drill
bit. Measurementsmade by Terra Tek on this sampleyieldeda bulk densityof
2.56 g/cm3,a grain densityof 2.63 g/cm3 and effectiveporosityof 3.34%. The
bulk densityrecordedby the Densilogat 2450m (8035ft) is 2.52 g/cm3. This
recordedbulk densityis very close to the measuredbulk densityand indicates
the Densilogis reliablein the deeperportionof the well.

A compensatedNeutronLog was run in the first stageonly. The log shows excess-
ivelyhigh neutronporositybeacuseof the boreholeeffects. The bit diameterin
the sectionloggedas 444.5mm (174 in). Overmuch of the well the caliperlog
showsan enlargedboreholewith the well diameterexceeding533 m (21 in). At
certainplaces the Four-ArmCaliperLog shows a largerboreholediameterthan
does the singlearm caliperof the sidewallcompensateddensity/neutron combim-
tion logginginstrument. This is usuallypossiblein a rugoseboreholewhere
the 7 m (23 ft) long combinationtool is pressedagainstone side of the bore-
hole wall and where the singleeccentricarm touchesthe oppositeside.Borehole
diametereffectsand the properporositycorrectionson the CompensatedNeutron
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

Log are shown in Figure9 to a maximumboreholediameterof 14 in.26 In order

to apply correctionsneededfor largerdiameters,the chart has been extra-
polatedby the empiricalrelation,

$COIT = 0J1-0.WCA.L-7.
WI
-{0.885(CAL-7.875)}
X{l.O.OS(CAL.T.STS)}
(1)

where @c ~ is the correctedvalue of the apparentCompensatedNeutro~~

reading8a (inpercent)and CAL is the boreholediameterin inches.
approximaterelationis equallyapplicablein the range of boreholesizes
from 120 to 356 m (4-3/4in to 14 in). For a 20 mm (7-7/8in) diameterlxne-
hole, for which the equipmentwas originallycalibrated,the correctionis
zero. In well B-23-1the apparentneutronporosityreadingswere corrected
by the use of equation(1).

Neutronlogs are calibratedin fresh-water-bearing limestonesand are scaled

in apparentlimestoneor sandstoneporosityunits. In this case, the Compensat-
ed NeutronLog is recordedin sandstoneporosityunits,which means it would
read zero in pure quartz. Quantitativeevaluationof porosityfrom the Neutron
Log alone cannotbe made for lack of calibrationdata in igneousand metamorphic
lithologies.However,in combinationwith other logs, the NeutronLog may be
used to evaluateporosityand to identifyzonesthat are rich in hydrogenous
minerals. Field test studiesof comparativeruns of thermaland epithennal-
type neutronlogs are recommendedfor additionalinformationon lithologyand
hydrothermalalteration.

The boreholeCompensatedAcoustiloginstrumentwas run centralizedin the bore-

hole,which was drilledwith a 444.5nnn(17+in) bit. Cycle skippingis pre-
dominantfrom 914 m (3000ft) to TD, thus affectinglog quality. Aeratedwater in
the boreholeappearsto be the main cause. Acousticlogs are highlysensitive
to aeratedor gas-cutfluidsbecausethe lattersignificantly attenuatethe
acousticwave amplitudes.

Acousticlogs can be quiteuseful in metamorphicand igneousrocks. Interval

transittimes in intrusiverocks tend to be quite low whereasthe values in
fracturedand hydrothermallyalteredzoneswould be higher.

The other type of acousticlog run in DesertPeak Well B-23-1was the Fraclog,
which displaysthe full acousticwave train in amplitudeas a functionof time.
The firstrun to 935m (3068ft) recordeda variableintensitylog, whereas
the secondrun to 2929m (9610ft) recordedthe displayformsas a variable
intensityas well as a signaturelog. The firstarrivaltime on the variable
intensitylog couldbe easilycorrelatedwith the BHC Acoustilogreadingsrun in
the first stage. Becauseof frequentcycle skipping,such a correlationwas
more difficultin the case of Acoustilogin the secondstage. Fraclogis a
singlereceiversystemwith a 122 mm (.4 ft) spacingbetweenthe transmitter
and receiver. Assuminga two-layerrefractionmodel, formationvelocityor
specificacoustictime can be calculatedfrom Fraclogusing its tool dimensions
and the boreholediameterfrom the CaliperLog. The followingrelationfor the
specificacoustictime can be used.
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

XT-2h~ A~2(X2 + 4h2) - T2

At.
(2)
X2 + 4h2

where At = specificacoustictime for the formationin microsecondsper foot

A% = specificacoustictime for the boreholefluid in microsecondsper

foot
h= standoff in feet, (d-3.375)/24
d= boreholediameterin inches
x= transmitterreceiverspacingin feet
T= firstarrivaltime on Fraclogin microseconds

If care is taken to pick an intervaltransittime from the Acoustilog,where

the log readingis unaffectedby cycle skipping,we find the time to be about
55 microsecondsper foot in a typicalgranitesectionof the bottompart.
This correlateswell with the transittime calculatedby the use of equation
(2) fran the firstarrivaltime of the compressionalwave on the Fraclog.

For lithologyidentification, gamma ray logginghas been found to be as useful

in igneousand metamorphicrocks as it is in sedimentaryrocks. The standard
ganma ray log is readilyable to distinguishdifferentigneouslithologies
such as rhyolitefrom andesiteor gabbrofrom dioriteaccordingto their
potassim contents.

DresserAtlas Spectralog,a naturalgamma ray spectraldevicewhich measures

potassium-40,uraniumand thoriumconcentrations, was run in DesertPeak well
B-23-1over a few intervalsin the upper sectiononly. The Spectralogprovides
a substantialadvantageover the normalga.ma ray log in that it can distinguish
betweentwo separateunits with very similarpotassiumcontents,such as two
differentrhyoliteash flow tuffs.

The potassium-40contentin igneousrocks is generallydependentupon the

abundanceof potassiumfeldspar. A listingof “
averagepotassiumcontent,is given in Table I.??P= ~!&~~~~~~in_
creaseof potassiumfrom basic to acidic (gabbroto graniteor basalt to
rhyolite)igneousrocks and impliesthat if the potassiumcontentcan be
measuredthen one of the main parametersfor igneousrock identificationwill
be known.

TABLE I

AveragePotassiumin IgneousRocks
PlutonicRocks K(%) VolcanicRocks K(%)
Olive Gabbro 0.33 TholeiiticBasalt 0.28
Gabbro 0.46 High-almia Basalt 0.32
QuartzGabbro 1.31 AlkaliOlivineBasalt 0.94
Diorite 1.10 QuartzBasalt 1.16
Granodiorite 2.55 NephelineBasalt 1.72
Monzonite 3.89 Andesite 0.92
AlkaliGranite 4.26 Dacite 1.16
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

Table I continued

Nepheline Syenite 4.43 Rhyodacite 2.50

Alkali Syenite 4.91 Alkalirhyolite 3.93
Trachyandesite 3.68
AlkaliTrachyte 4.59

Uraniumand thoritnnmay showa largevariationdependingu n the typesof

igneousrock or concentrationof minerals (seeTable II). ?? For instance,
two graniteswith similarpotassiumconcentrationsmay be distinguishedon
the basis of theiruraniumor thoriumcontents.

Uraniumis quitemobile in an oxidizingenvironment;therefore,fracturing

plays a significantrole in its migrationand precipitation.Thus, the
Spectralogoffersa possibilityof locatingfracturestransmittinghot water
in a geothemal well. At the same time,potassium-40may be selectively
removedfrom hydrothermaly alteredzonesand precipitatednear the bound-
1$ The Spectralogcould also be used in such cases
aries of such intervals.
to define zonesof hydrothermalalteration. In desertPeak Well B-23-1,the
Spectralogwas run only over a few selectedintervalsabove 914 m (3000ft);
whereas,the GammaRay Log was run in both stagesthroughthe entiredrilled
section.

TABLE II

Potassium(K),Uranium (U), and Thorium (~) Distribution

in some IgneousRocks and Minerals

Rocks/Minerals K(%) U(ppm) Th(ppm)

Granite 2.75-4.26 3.6-4.7 19.-20.

Granodiorite 2.0-2.5 2.6 9.3-11.0
QuartzDiorite 1.1 2.0 8.5
Diorite 1.1 2.0 8.5
Gabbro 0.46-0.58 0.84-0.90 2.70-3.85

Rhyolite 4.2 5.0

Andesite 1.7 0.8 1.9
Basalt 1.05 0.9 3.22

Bentonite <0.5 1.-20. 6.-50.

Montmorilloni
te 0.16 2.-5. 14.-24.
Kaolinite 0.42 1.5-3. 6.-19.
Illite 4.5 1.5
Mica 7.3-9.1 <().()1

Plagioclase 0.54 <().()1

Orthoclase 11.8-14.0 <().()1
Microcline 10.9 <0.01

Least affectedby the adverseboreholeenvironment,gamma ray logs are of

extremelygood quality. In the middle sectionaround1830m (6000ft) are
granitedikes characterizedby very high (>200API) gamma readingsand
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1

interspersed with rocksmainly composedof chloriteschistsand hornfels,

which are markedby medium gamna response(around100 AII). In the absence
of the superiorSpectralog,the mtural Gamma Ray Log providesthe most use-
ful basic informationin pickingthe boundariesbetweengraniteand chlorite
schist.

LOG INTERPRETATION

The present status of well log interpretation techniques for geothermal

exploration is still in its infancy, especially for wells drilled in igneous
and metamorphic formations. Although work in this direction has been re-
ported in recent years, there remains a notable gap between petroleum and
geothermal applications of log interpretationmethods. There are peculiar
problems associated with log interpretation in geothermal wells, such as
unknown matrix response, unfamiliar lithology, and effectsof hydrothermal
alterationand fracturesystems.14

DesertPeak Well No. B-23-1has encountereda lithologicalsequencethat

variesfrom lacustrinesedimentsto volcanicflowsand tuffsrangingin
compositionfrom basaltto rhyolitein the upper half of the well. The lower
half of the well consistsofphyllites and chloriteschistswith hornfelsand
graniteat the bottom. The responseof variousloggingtools in such litholo-
gies is quiteuncertainand the main approachhas been to identifyand cor-
relatethe differentlithologicalunits on the basis of crossplotsand histo-
grams for the log data available.

The log suiterun during the secondstageof loggingis inadequate.A

neutronlog is one of the importantlogs for lithologyidentification
and
crossplot studiesin additionto densityand acousticlogs. Gamma ray spec-
tral loggingalso providesnecessarysupplementary informationin such un-
usual lithologiesfor the detectionof certainminerals.

A multitudeof crossplotconceptsis availablefor the studyof the rocks

based on well log data.13,17 Applicationsof specificcrossplottechniques
are well developedfor petroleumprovincesand can be usefullyemployedfor
the studyof rock sequencein a geothermalwell under favorableconditions.
An understandingof the basic log responsefunctionsgreatlyassistsin de-
finingand evaluatingthe potentialof crossplottingtechniques.Three basic,
usefulloggingparametersare the density,neutronporosityand specific
acoustictime.

In the case of granularformations,differentcombinationsof these logging

parametersprovidestraightforward solutionsin the quantitativedetermination
of porositiesand in identification of lithology. In metamorphicand igneous
rocks,thesecrossplotsalone are not enoughto understandthe lithological
characteristics and pore structuresin such rocks.14 It is necessaryto
combinethe statisticalapproach,standardcrossplottingtechniquesand pattern
recognitionwith a close studyof the drill cuttingsinformationto arriveat
the characteristic propertiesof the differentlithologicalunits.

The conventionallithe-porosity
crossplotinvolvesa two-dimensionaldisplay
of the threebasic loggingparameters--density,
neutronporosityand specific
acoustictime. The effectsof porosityon theseparametersis removedby
definingthe slopesof the matrix-to-fluid-point
lines as two lithology-

11
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

dependentvariables,
17 M and N.

A crossplotof thesefunctionsM and N can be seen in Figure10.25 The

locationof differentlithologypoints is shown,includingthe areas usually
occupiedby volcanictuffs. This crossplottechniquewill be useful in the
identification of lithologywhen volcanicash flow tuffsare present. A
basic requirementis that the log responsesfor the particularmatrixmust
be known and that completelog data from all threeporositylogs are available.

Anotherapproachis the plottingof data for each intervalon the basis of the
numberof pointswith an identicallog response. Dependingupon the relative
contrastin the log response,theseplots or histogramscan be quiteuseful in
distinguishing
betweenthe lithologicalunits in the rock sequence.

Both these procedures have been followed in the present study. The log data
of Desert Peak Well B-23-1 were digitized for analysis, including gamma ray,
density (only the long spacing counts per second for the lower section con-
verted into bulk density in g/cm3), specific acoustic time, induction resist-
ivity, compensated neutron porosity (for the upper section only), caliper,
potassium-40, uranium and thorium (for the upper section only). Additionally
available log data were used qualitatively. Digitization was done at a half-
foot sample frequency. Environmental borehole diameter corrections on the
Compensated Neutron Log readings were made. Other normalization of the data
was not attempted because of the uncertainties involved. Computer crossplots/
histograms were made for a number of zones selected on the basis of probable
lithology and consistency of log data. Lithological inferences from these
studies are quite illustrative and well-correlatedwith the information obtain-
ed from the drill cuttings.

Log responsesfor the matrixmaterialsencounteredin this well are not very

well known. These valuesmay vary over a wide range dependingupon rock
composition,temperature and pressure. Typicalvalues for density,acoustic
and neutronlogs for some of theserock typesare listedin Table 111.15,22

TABLE III

Matrix and ResponseCharacteristics

Acoustic Resistivity
Density (p sec/ft) Neutron
Rock (g/cm3) A$ wet (% porosity) ~0.3flmat 700F

RockvilleGranite 2.697 50.1 1194

LacdubonnetGranite 2.632 52.3 1741
CharcoalGranite 2.73 50.1 1196
Granite 2.667 50.8
2.52-2.81 46.8-53.5
QuartzNbnzonite 2.64 56.5
2.63-2.65 52.4-59.8
Granodiorite 2.63 69.3
QuartzDiorite 2.88 57.5
2.80-2.93 55.4-59.8
Diorite 2.97 57.1
2.91-3.02 55.0-59.8
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1

TABLE III continued

Gabbro 2.976 42.4 800-100,000

2.85-3.12 42.2-47.6
Rhyolite 2.39 74.3
2.05 93.2
Andesite 2.62-2.70 53.8-58.3
Basalt 2.55 61.1
2.0-3.0 47.0-101.9
Mica 2.79 60.0 6.5(bmp)
Schist 2.83 49.5
Phyllite 2.79 58.5 8(Sidewall
2.89 47.5 Epithermal)
Tuff 1.38 213.1
VolcanicBreccia 2.19 72.2
Ash Flow Tuff 2.69 72.2

The wide range over which the physicalparametersfor theserock typescan

vary limitsany quantitativeanalysisof the zones. Lack of knowledgeas to
which petrophysical model would apply in the vesicularvolcanicrocks and the
influenceof boundwater in associatedmineralsmakes the attemptto estimate
the water chemistryin such rocks a formidabletask. Even if it is postulated
that Archie’sbasic relationwould apply,the value of the porosityexponent
and that of porosityitselfremainuncertain. This is particularlytrue in
the case of vesicularrocks or alteredand fracturedformationswhich exhibit
differentdegreesof metamorphism. The complexnatureof the pore structures
in such rockswould necessitateextensivework in definin the relativebe-
haviorof the formationresistivityfactor and porosity. ?6

RESULTS

In spiteof the incompleteresponsedata for the rocks penetratedin Desert

Peak well B-23-1,it has been possibleto performmeaningfulsemi-quantitative
log analysisby computercrossplots/histograms.

Figure 11 shows lithe-porositycrossplot in the interval 792-915m (2600-3000

ft). The basalt dike around 792 m (2600 ft) is characterized by low potassium-
40 response (2-3%) on the Spectralog, reducing the total ganunaray value to the
minimum (25-30 API) level (Figure 12). While the bulk density exceeds the
maximum on the log scale (2.65 g/cm3), the Compensated Neutron Log response,
although corrected empirically for the large borehole diameter, reads rather
high (20%). The Mvs. N plot in Figure 11 indicates the values of the para-
meters M from 0.7 to O. 8 and N around 0.5 in basalt. The higher than expected
neutron response is probably due to the presence of some hydrogenous mineral in
the rock. The zone encountered at 899-908 m (2950-2978 ft) falls in the “shales”
region of the lithe-porosity crossplot (Figure 11). It consists of soft
bentonitic clay, which is underlain by rhyollite tuffs. They can be easily
distinguished both on the M vs. Nplot and histograms in Figures 11 and 12.
Rhyolite tuffs contain biotite and feldspar crystals, which enhance the
potassium-40responseon the Spectralog. The resistivityand densityhisto-
grams in Figure13 also distinguishbetweenthe two lithologies,
while the
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

neutronresponseis unable to resolvethem, Averagedensityof the bentonitic

clay is 2.45 g/cm3,while the intervaltransittime and compensatedneutron
porosityare 100 microsecondsper foot and 22% respectively.In the low
densitytuffs,thesevaluesare 2.0 g/cm3,80 microsecondsper foot and 18%.
The points for the rhyolitetuffsare locatedin the low densitytuffsarea
on M-N plot in Figure11. These tuffs are consideredto have high vesicular
porosity. Both boreholerugosityand largehole size have greatlyaffected
the Densilogresponse,becauseboth parametersM and N increasein value,
shiftingthe data points in the NE directionon the M-N plot. A smallnega-
tive SP is observedand the caliperlog reads less than the nominalbit dia-
meter.

The zone 951-971m (3120-3186ft) is markedby high radioactivity(GR around

160 API), probablydue to increasedpotassiumcontentwithin the rhyolite
section. Gamma ray, densityand resistivityhistogramsfor this zone can be
seen in Figures12 and 13. Other crossplotand statisticalmethodsin this
intervaland below could not be employedbecausethe NeutronLog was not
recordedand the AcousticLog was extensivelyaffectedby cycle skipping.
Since the Gamma Ray SpectralLog also was not run in the secondstageof log-
ging, it is difficultto resolvethe uncertainties, due to inadequatedata.

Daciteash-flowtuffs,encounteredbetween978 m (3210ft) and 1256 m (4120ft),

vary widely in compositionand grain size as indicatedfrom the drill cuttings.
Accordingly,the log responsealso changesto a large extentwithin the inter-
val. Varyingamountsof feldsparand biotitecrystalswere noticedin the
cuttings,and the degreeof alterationand silicification with sporadicpre-
senceof gravelswere observed. The zone 1204-1241m (3950-4070ft) showsa
typicallow to medium GR response(50-85API) in dacite-flowtuffs,while the
densityis relativelyhigher (around2.30 g/cm3). Resistivityis around 20
ohm-m. Histogramsin Figures12 and 13 show thesecharacteristics for the
zone.

Immediatelybelow the thick sequenceof rhyoliteand daciteash-flowtuffs,a

seriesof phyllitelayersare encounteredfrom 1280-1722m (4200-5650ft).
These layerscan be identifiedprimarilyby lower resistivityon Induction
Electrolog. Both GammaRay and DensityLogs are unable to distinguishthem
from the adjacentlayerscomposedof ash-flowtuffs in the upper part and
chloriteschistin the lowerpart. Figure 14 presentsthe GR, densityand
resistivityhistogramsfor the zone 1286-1305m (4220-4280ft). The GR and
densityreadings(around75 API and 2.2 g/cm3)are about the same as in dacite
tuffs,whereas,the resistivity(<10ohm-m)is much lower. The phyllitelayer
at 1500-1537m (4920-5044ft) is characterizedby sli htly higherreadingson
the GR log (85-105API)and Densilog(2.2to 2.6 g/cm5). The resistivityis
extremelylow, decreasingto less than 1 ohm-m. The lowerpart of this zone
is washedout. The GR, densityand resistivityhistogramsare shown in Figure
14.

Anotherphyllitelayer is markedby low densitycoupledwith very low resist-

ivityaround1646 m (5400ft). While the GR responsedoes not distinguish
phyllitefrom chloriteschist,densityand resistivityclearlydistinguishthe
two lithologies.

The rock sequencebelow 1719m (5640ft) consistsof graniteand chlorite

schistswith hornfels. A numberof granitedikes are noticedintermittently
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1

withinmassive chloriteschistsand as the depth increases,granitebecomes

predominanttowardsthe bottomof the well. Both lithologiesare markedby
higherdensityand resistivityvalues. The Densilogand ResistivityLog,
therefore,cannotbe employedin order to distinguishbetweenthese litholo-
. The GammaRay Log, however,appearsto be very usefulto distinguish
~~~een these two rock types,since graniteis characterized bymch higher
radioactivity than is chloriteschist. In the interval1722-1823m (5650-
5980 ft), the GR log reads >200 API in a numberof granitedikespresentin
the section,while the layersof chloriteschistswith hornfelsare marked
by a GR responsebetween70 and 115 API units. While the GR histogram
depictstwo distinctsets of values,only a singlepeak (hence,no different-
iation)is shown in the densityhistogram(Figure14). The large concentra-
tion of pointsaround 200 API value is due to the fact that the GarmnaRay Log
goes out of scaleover graniteat a numberof placesand that no back-upscale
valueswere recordedon the log.

In the bottom section 2216 m (7270 ft) to TD, typical density and GR values
are around 2.60 g/cm3 and 125 API units. These zonesconsistof slightly
alteredgranite,rich in quartz.

The zonesselectedfor conventionalcomputerprocessedcrossplots/histograms

exhibitedreliabilityand consistencyof the log data. This has been done to
illustratethe drasticvariationsin mineralcompositionof the rocks en-
countered,to show their effectson the log responsesand to defineproblems
of log interpretationin unusuallithologies.As pointedout previously,
detailedanalysisas to the quantitativedelineationof permeablelayers,
lithologicalcompositionand fluidproductioncapacitywould requiremore
completeloggingdata and additionalexperiencein the particulargeologicen-
vironment. To provideaccurateinterpretiveanswersto the geologicaland
petrophysical problemsin unusuallithologies,it is necessaryto have calibra-
tion data for hydrothermallyalteredrocks and realisticgeologicalmodels.
Core analysisdata plottedagainstlog responseswill be a basic requisitefor
meetingthis objective. Boreholegamma ray spectralanalysiswill providean
invaluableaid in the analysisof rock typesand mineralcontentas well as in
identifyingzonesof hydrothermalalteration.

AcousticFracloghas been run over the total sectiondrilledin DesertPeak

Well B-23-1. The two displaysin the form of variableintensityand signature
logs depictthe completeacousticwave trainas it reachesthe receiverof the
loggingtool. The amplitudeof the receivedsignalis recordedover a certain
time range as the variableintensitylog or as the signaturelog. Usuallythe
interpretation of the AcousticFraclogis qualitativeand empirical. It is
largelybased upon the amplitudeof shearwaves,which are recordedsometime
after the firstarrivalof compressional waves. Such log-derivedinformation
must also be corroboratedby core and drillingdata becauselayerboundaries
and healedfracturesmay give a responsesimilarto open fractures.18,19,20

An equilibriumtemperatureprofileof B-23-1 is shown as curveNo. 4 in Figure

15. This singleprofile,however,does not presenta clearpictureof the
thermalstructurein the well. The additionalnon-equilibrium temperature
profilesaid greatlyin understandingthis well.

To a depth of 975 m (3200 ft) tie equilibrium temperature profile is nearly

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-II, 1981J

linearand has an averagegradientof 17°C /100 m (9.3°F/100ft). Between

975 and 1585 m (3200and 5200 ft), the gradientsmoothlydecreasesto zero
at a temperatureof 2090C (4090F). Between1585 and 2713m (5200and 8900
ft), the temperatureis nearly isothermal,varyingonly about 3.3oC (60F).
Below 2713m (8900ft) the temperaturegradientis consistentl~~sitive at
1.5oc/loom (o.8oF/looft). The bottomholetemperatureof 212 C (413°F)
makes this the hottesthole drilledto date at DesertPeak.

There is some correlationbetweenchangesin the temperaturegradientand

major changesin lithology. The temperatureprofilebecomesisothermalat
a depthof 1585 m (5200ft). At a depth of 1579 m (5180ft) the Mesozoic
rocks change from predominantly
phylliteto schist,perhapsbecausethe
schistis slightlymore competentthan the phylliteand able to maintain
fracturesallowingreservoirfluidsto freelycirculate. In the softer
phyllite,fracturesprobablyheal too quicklyto allow significantconvec-
tion.

At 2713m (8900ft) the temperaturegradientchangesfrom isothermalto

1.37°C/100m (0.75°F/100ft). At about 2560m (8400ft) the granitehas
abundantfaultgouge and chroniclost circulationproblemsdevelopedwith
lossesas great as 2500 barrelsper day throughoutthe rest of the hole.
Theremay or may not be a relationshipbetweenthe two featuresbut it is
interestingto speculatewhetheror not this representsthe bottomof the
reservoir. The positivegradientsegmentat the bottomof the hole could
indicatea deeperand hottersourceof heat in the area.

Two non-equilibrium temperatureprofileswere run 8* ~ 37% hours after

drillingcirculationceased (Figure15). The most significantfeatureon
theseprofilesis the sharp temperaturereversalwhich occursat a depth of
1036m (3400ft). This reversaloccursquicklyafter circulationceases
(becauseit is well developedafter only 8% hours). Mass transferof heat
in a moving thermalwater is requiredfor this reversalto occur so quickly.
However,once the reversalhas formed,this intervalappearsto heat by
conductionat about the same rate as the rest of the hole. Evidenceof this
comes from the profiletaken 374 hours after circulationand the equilibrium
profile. The equilibriumtemperature, of this aquiferis 189°C (372°F),yet
37% hours after circulationceasedthe maximumtemperatureof the reversal
was 171°C (340°F). Figure16 shows the temperatureanomalyplottedagainst
well logs and lithology.

This aquiferat 1036 m (3400ft) plays an importantpart in determiningthe

shapeof the equilibriumtemperatureprofilein B-23-1. Is was previously
noted that at a depth of 975 m (3200ft) the temperaturegradientbegins to
decreasefrom 170C/100m (9.3°F/100ft) to zero. Therefore,nearlyall the
intervalbetweenthe aquiferand the surfaceis at a steadystate thermal
equilibrium.This indicatesthat this aquiferhas been activefor a con-
siderableperiodof time.

Between960 and 1585 m (3150and 5200 ft) the temperaturegradientsmoothly

decreases,giving a convexupwardprofile (Figure1s). This part of the
temperatureprofilerepresentsa late stage in the approachto thermalequil-
ibriumin the rocksbetweenthe aquiferat 1036m (3400ft) and the top of the
isothemnalsectionof reservoirat 1585m (5200ft). Urban and others (1978)23
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1

have reportedon a similarcase in the East Mesa GeothermalAnomaly.

Well B-23-1intersectedthe geothermalreservoir>but to date has yielded

littleinformationabout the reservoiritself. A detaileddiscussionof the
loggingand log interpretation of B-23-1canbe found in Sethi and Fertl
(1979).1 As thiswell was being drilledwith water and aereatedwater,no
completelossesof circulationoccurred. At depthswhere the reservoir
exists,small fluidlossesoccurredat 1916 and 1929 m (6285and 6330 ft).
At 2586m (8485ft) the well began taking1500’barrelsa day of drilling
water, and this increasedto 2600barrelsa day at 2809m (9215ft) when the
use of aereatedwater commenced. It is possiblethat all the largecircula-
tion losseswere ina small intervalnear 2560 or 2590m (8400or 8500 ft).

The logs run in B-23-1 have not clearly located any fractures in the reser-
voir. The Acoustic Log was run, but due to high attenuation caused by
aerated drilling fluid, it is of little value (Sethi and Fertl, 1979).1 The
resistivity and SP logs show no obvious conductive zones or SP shifts where
the reservoir is believed to exist.

The best availableevidenceconcerningthe reservoirin Well B-23-1comes

from the temperaturelog. Between1585 and 2682m (5200and 8800 ft) the
temperatureis quite constantand close to reservoirtemperatures
presentin Wells B-21-1and B-21-2. The reservoiris thereforebelievedto
exist in this interval. This suggestsa reservoirthicknessof about 1100m
(3600ft). Between1585 and 2225m (5200and 7300 ft) about half the rock is
chloriteschistand hornfels(Figure 6 ) and the other half is granite.
Between2225 and 2939m (7300and 9642 ft), graniteis the dominantrock type.

The flow rate of 100,000to 140,000lbs/hourin Well B-23-1 is quite low. At

the presenttime there is an obstructionin the well bore at the bottomof the
casing;however,the severityof this obstructionis unlmown. If the obstruc-
tion is minimal,then B-23-1 is probablya sub-commercial well. This raises
some obviousquestions,such as, “Is the geothermalreservoirnear B-23-1
capableof only limitedproduction,or was it simplya matterof bad luck that
the well never intersectedfractureslarge enoughto producecommercialquan-
titiesof fluid?” At the presenttime the qualityof the producingzonesin
the reservoirnear B-23-1remainslargelyunknown.

CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. GeothermalDesertPeak Well B-23-1has been successfullyloggedto the

drilleddepth of 2939m (9642ft), where the boreholetemperatureexceeds
204.4oC(400°F). The qualityof the logs run is generallyquite good,
exceptfor the Acoustilogrun in the secondstage,which was affectedby
the presenceof aeratedboreholefluid.

2. Althoughthe log data obtainedis limitedand a more completelogging

suitewould have greatlyassistedlog interpretation, combinationof drill
cuttingsdata with Gamma Ray Log, Spectralog,Resistivityand Porosity
Logs alloweda semiquantitative analysisof a rathercomplexlithological
sequenceby the use of an empirical,statisticalapproach.

3. The well logs and drill cuttingsdisplayedbasicallytwo sets of lithologies

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

The upper sectionconsistsof both mafic lava flows,brecciasand siliceous

ash flow tuffsand lava flows. The lower sectioncontainsphylliteand
chloriteschistwith hornfels,interspersed with granitedikes and massive
graniteat the bottom.

4. Phyllitesexhibiteda distinctresponseon the InductionElectrolog/SP

Log, showingmarkedlylowerresistivitiesand negativeSP deflections.
Chloriteschistand granitelayerscouldbe easilyidentifiedby their
characteristicgammaray responses.

5. Temperaturelogs prove the presenceofa permeablezone around3400 ft.

6. The equilibriumtemperatureprofilesuggeststhe geothemal reservoirto be

presentbetweenthe depthsof 5200 ft and 8900 ft.

7. Geophysicalwell logs provideimportantinformationabout the lithological

propertiesof volcanic,metamorphicand igneousrocks,but have failedto
locateproducingzoneswithin the reservoir. Upgradingof resultsrequires
calibrationdata in such geologicalmodels and in hydrothermally
altered
rocks.

8. On futuretestwells it is recommendedto run all threeporositylogs, such

as Acoustilog,Densilogand NeutronLog. Their combinedinformationis
essentialfor a more completeevaluationof the rockspenetratedin a
geothermalwell.

9. Naturalgamma ray spectraldata can be of imnensevalue in wells penetrating

unusuallithologicalsequences. Gamma ray spectralinformationshouldbe
an integralpart of geothermalloggingsuitesin igneousand metamorphic
rocks.

10. Comparativeresponsestudiesof thermaland epithermalneutronlogs is

recommendedin futuretestwells.

11. Properplanningof geothermalloggingsuitesand 10R calibrations. and

correlationof-geol~gic,drilling-andlogginginfor&tion is a must.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was supportedby PhillipsPetroleumCompanyand the U.S. Departmentof

Energy,Divisionof GeothermalEnergy.

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 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

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11. Fertl,W.H., “GammaRay SpectralData Assistsin ComplexFormationEvalua-

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Porosity Relations”, SPWLA 20th Annual Logging Symposium Transactions,
Tulsa, Okla., June 19~.
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

17. Burke,J.A., Campbell,R.L., Jr., and Schmidt,A.W., “The Lithe-Porosity

Crossplot”,The Log Analyst,November,1969.

18. Shanks,R.T., Kwon, B.S., and DeVries,M.R., “AReviewof Fracture

Detectionwith Well Logs”,Paper-SPE6159,October1976.

19. Heflin,J.D., “FractureDetectionin West Coast ReservoirsUsingWell

Logs”,Paper-SPE7976,April 1979.

20. Sanyal,S.K.,Wells,L.E., and Bickham,R.E., “GeothermalWell Log Inter-

pretation- State-of-the-Art”,
Los Alamos ScientificLaboratoryReport
LA-8211-MS,February,1980.

21. Clark,S.P.,Jr., editor,“Handbookof PhysicalConstants”,The Geological

Societyof America,Memoir 97, 1966.

22. Mathews,M.A., “CalibrationModelsfor FracturedIgneousRock Environ-

ments”,SPWLA 21stAnnual LoggingSymposiumTransactions,Lafayette,La.,
July, 1980.

23. Urban, T.C., Diment,W.H., and Nathanson,M., “EastMesa GeothermalAIIOIIHIy,

ImperialCounty,California: Significanceof Tanperaturein a Deep Drill
Hole Near ThermalEquilibrium”,Transactions,GeothermalResourcesCouncil
AnnualMeeting,1978,p. 667-671.

24. Sethi,D.K., “CompensatedDensilog”,DresserAtlas Publication,1980.

25. DresserAtlas Log Interpretation

ChartManual,1977.

26. DresserAtlas Log Interpretation

ChartManual,1979.

-20-
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1

WALTERR.(DICK)BENIT receivedB.S. in Geologyfrom WesternWashington

Universityin 1970 and M. S. in GeologyfromUniversityof Montanain 1972.
Since 1973,he has been workingin geothermalexplorationwith energyminerals
divisionof PhillipsPetroleumCompanyat Reno,Nevada.

DARSHAN KUMAR SETHIobtainedhis B.S. and M.S. in Physicsat PunjabState

Universityand Agra University,India in 1954 and 1958. He workedas Field
Engineer,Managerof LoggingOperationsand as a SeniorLog Analystin
differentregions,both onshoreand offshore,for 19 years. He is currently
with DresserAtlas as a SeniorLog Analystin the Departmentof Interpreta-
tion and FieldDevelopmentin Houston,Tex. Darshanis a member of SPWLAand
SPE ofAIME.

WALTER H. FERTL is Director of Interpretationand Field Development with

Dresser Atlas in Houston, Tex. He holds advanced engineering degrees from the
Mining University at Leoben, Austria, andM.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Texas at Austin. His 14 years formation evaluation experience
includes field operations, research, and training on a world wide scale. A
registered professioml engineer, he has long been active in several technical
societies. He is past-president of the Society of ProfessionalWell Log
Analysts and served as Chairman of the SPE-AIME Well Logging Committee for
1978-79.

MARK M4THEWSobtainedhis B.S.,M.S. and Ph.D. in geophysicsat the Colorado

Schoolof Mines in1965, 1970 and 1973,respectively.He has worked in
surfaceand boreholegeophysicsin the oil, uraniumand geothermalindustries.
He becameprojectmanagerfor the GeothermalLog Interpretation Programwhen
he joinedLos AlamosScientificLaboratoryin December1977.
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

.+h

., . - ,! SCALE 1 ?50 000

36°~< —- — . ~ ! 36 ,,

5
0 5 10
- b 3

1’60’\\ ~+ “4” ‘5 — MILES

0 50 100 >50 MILES o
\: 5 10 15
w w - F 4 1
KILOMETERS

INDEX TO MAP OF NEVADA SHOWING CONTOUR INTERVAL 200 FEET

WITH SUPPLEMENTARY CGNTL)URS AT 100 FOOT INTERVAL<
LOCATION OF CHURCHILL COUNTY DATIJM IS MFAN SEA L[Vf I

FIGURE 1 Regional Geology (Explanations in Figure l(a))

22
 SPWLATWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

IQs I
I I
Youngeralluvium Dune sand
a
L, I kr Ltt hcmla It dewnif.m PIOU,I m
d*wwitw <Zd WIIIV .i,, tt
Basalt and basaltic
pra twls
sediments
Qo
n
Pedimentgravels
r I

Qoa
II
I I
Older alluvium
D,..wf,d ,11,<
.,,,1 .f.,,.w I.nd.lide.; nm{ w,,,,, <,..,,.
“J. PPd! “w?,I g,” td”

El Ow

m
Older gravels

Ta

younger sedentary
El Tys

rocks
Tvb
Tai

Younger basalt and andesite

la. ,rnd##;l@ .flou,m
Tat. intrt,an,e bodk%

m
Dacite
Td

Td, ,11’IIW,IJUII”.IT<,,,,>
Tdi

Tdo,ir,!ru.iw bvflw
a
Tru~

Qil
Tr

El
Tql
10$ CTrd; I
Trl
... .Tri
. . .....
Older wiimentars rocks
Rhyolite to rhyodacite
Tr, vftrf,n,w rhgvltte units, ,,,,,,,..
,,* JIWN, t ?(fla, and Weldd ttt,!’rs
T,,, ,,, tr,,a ),,, h.(l),,
III l)twt(w R,, w.. Tr. .s((h,l!wd.d
($, 1“;
Tr., ttpper I+o,wl,fP
?Tob~

lilE!l
TCJ,qwrtz htt?tv
Tov Trd. rhuwfacife
Tor Trl, lower rhvolite
In (%,, Alp’ne RIt w.Tr. / I<<III(IP.
Tol
Trd, rhvmiwit.
T,l, lu,,,er rhwl?tc
Older volcanic rocks TO
To”, ,,,, ,1;,,,/,{/ Prllw t,!< , r,, h, ,,,WII(, IU,wlt (Id
m
#, ,,11,c,?fl,

Tot,, /,,,.<,/! #!,,</ !!)/!/, .,11 /,, St,llt,l,t.r R,,,( I’, Granitic rocks
TrJ,, ,h ,,,,1 ;1,-
t,,
rh wad,,., !<, ,,vldd 1!t.iin Ill Gr,txtte 10 am nodiorile I,t
.s/;/l,l.! 11(! Rfl w/f,. nouthwn Slillwnler Rftw,v
Tel, Iafl t.Iwidl,l!
t@ l,,
Sl;lf,l,,,t.r
~,,wp

0
Granitic recks
m
Jlh
>

Pv,w,wIIu ,,.owdw.,tf (Ind qtd(zrtz fm, nzonite 01 El

(.1’,. t,,.,. <,,d. ( /) ,I,JP .SI, w MICS w u he Trrt;. ru ~
Limestone and marble
,,, <,0,
ng

JW)h $;
El 2$
Homfels, phyllite, and schist ~J
ml
<
E
F
m
Metavolcanic rocks ,

FIQURE 1 (a) Explanations - Ragional Gaology

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

ROBERT L. COLBY is the Region Log

Analyst for Cities Service Companyin
the Western Region office, Denver,
Colorado. He holds a B.S. in Geology
from the University of Oklahoma.
Before joining CITCO, Bob was Division
Log Analyst for Sinclair Oil Company
in Denver. He joined CITCO in 1969
as a log analyst in Bartlesville, and
has been in the Denver office since
1970. He is a member of SPMLA.

-14-
 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

2000’ 0 2000’ 4000’ 6000’ 8000’

1“=2000’ I :24,000
FIGURE 3 Geology of the Northern Hot Springs Mountains
(Explanations in Figure 3 (a))
SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

QUATERNARY

[
D Qal
Alluvium: Includes playa depos!ts, eollan sands, pediment
Lake Lahontan sediments, fan deposlfs
gravels

El ~] Andesite. hornblende
Younger volcanlcs.
plagloclase
ollvlne basalt,
ash-flow tuffs (Ta)
gray plag(oclase porphyry (TyvI

UNCONFORMITY

Truckee Format Ion, undliferentlated (Ttf) upper member tan

sandy hmestone, volcanic pebble conglomerate (Ttu)
middle member thin to massively bedded dlatomlte
with light gray v[tric ash beds and thin fine-gratned
sandstone (Ttm), lower member-basalt breccla,
olive-green sandstone and pebble conglomerate,
basalt tuffs and palagonlte (Ttl), with local thin
basalt flows (Ttv), and fossiliferous sandy hmestone
locally differentiated (Ttlm)

E
Desert Peak FormatIon, undifferentiated (Tdp): upper member
TERTIARY Tdu
thin. bedded opalized diatomite, thin diatomite
I units, and basalttc tuffs (Tdu), lower member-
Td p brown massive bedded shale, silictfled shale, thin
basalt flows, basalt tuffs, with basal olive-gray
Td I dense, aphanltlc basalt west of Desert Peak (Tall).

Chloropagus Formation: black, brown, greenish, and reddish

vesicular basalt and andesite flows, commonly
amygdaloidal (Tb), wtth light gray to greenish-brown
andesittc tuff breccta and agglomerate, gray. white
tuffaceous sandstone and breccia (S,), Interbedded
tan tuffaceous shale and sandstone, siliceous shale
and andesltlc tuff-brecc!a (S2), green, green.
yellow and brown tuffaceous sandstone, andesitlc
Iapill tuff, locally minor limestone and shale beds (Tbs).

UNCONFORMITY

El
Siliclc volcanlc rocks: predominantly red-brown to purple rhyolitlc
Tr to dacitlc Itthlc, crystal-l dhlc, and crystal tuffs
-f’

FIGURE 3 (a) Explanations - Geology of the Northern Hot Springs Mountains

 Strat. Test
#4 A
o
B23-I
— -– 8
---: :-- -.. _ 2

2000

4000
=

\\\”~v7-L>r’ >. >.<

8000

10,000

1 “ = 2000 ~ Horizontally and Vertically

FIGURE 4 Cross-Section of Desert Peak Geothermal Field

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

COLLAR ELEVATION= 4595’

o SAND AND BOULDERS

LIMESTONE - FRESHWATER
TUFFACEOUS LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS- SOME CLAY AND IMPURE OIATOMi TE WITH
OCCASIONAL SILICIFICATION (TRuc KEE FORMATION)

500’ BASALTIC AN DE SITE AN OESITE AND BASALT WITH OCCASIONAL IN TERBEDDED

FIN E- GRA INED LACUS+RINE DE PD’SITS
(CHLOROPAGUS FORMATION]

1000’

1500’
DACITE ASH-FLOW TUFF. GENERALLY BLUE-GREEN IN COLOR WITH ABUNDANT
BIOTITE AND FELDSPAR CRYSTALS

BASALT DIKE
2000 ‘
RHYOLITIC TUFFS THIS UNIT APPEARS TO CONSIST OF FROM 3 TO 6 SUBUNITS
RANGING IN COMPOSITION FROM DACITE TO RHYOLITE

DACITE ASH-FLOW TUFFS GENERALLY GREY IN COLOR WITH FEW BIOTITE AND
FELDSPAR CRYSTALS. LITHIC FRAGMENTS ARE COMMON.

2500’
BASALT DIKE

OACITE ASH-FLOW TUFFS. THIS IS THE SAME UNIT AS BETWEEN 2275’ ANO 2560’
THE BOTTOM PART OF THIS UNIT IS COMPOSED OF SOFT BE NT ON ITIC CLAY
THERE ARE NO EASILY VISIBLE CRYSTALS IN THIS UNIT

3000’ RHYOLITE TUFFS WITH COMMON BIOTITE FELDSPAR, ANO QUARTZ CRYSTALS
THIS UNIT IS PROBABLY COMPOSED OF’ 3 OR 4 SUBUNITS

DACITE TO RHYOOACITE TUFF, LIGHT GREEN, VERY FIN E- GRAINED A FEW QUARTZ
FE LO SPAR , AND BIOTITE CRYSTALS ARE PRESENT, THIS UNIT IS PARTIALLY SILICI;

3500’
DACITE TUFFS AN O/OR FLOWS, PREDOMINATELY PURPLE WITH ABUNDANT SMALL
ALTERED FE LOS PAR CRYSTALS, SOME GRAVELS ANO FIN E- GRAI NED GREEN TUFFS
IN TERBEODED IN THE UPPER PART OF THIS UNIT

4000’
DACITE TUFF , FIN E- GRAIN EC, NONCRYSTALLINE, LIGHT GREEN

GRAVEL, TALUS (9), AND SOIL(?) CONTAINS BOTH PHYLLITE ANO VOLCANIC CHIPS

FIGURE 5 Lithologic log in tertiary section of Desert Peak B23-1

 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

COLLAR ELEVATION =4595’

PHYLLITE
ME TASEDIMENTS OR ME TAVOLCANICS FIN E- GRAIN ED, MASSIVE, GREY- GREEN CHIPS

4500’ PHYLLITE

OUARTZITE AN O/OR AR GILLITE NON CA LCAREOUS , FIN E- GRAINED WHITE TO LIGHT

i’-..“-’-;
1 GREEN
SCHIST
TO GREY IN COLOR THIS UNIT CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF MICA

5000’ PHYLLITE

CHLORITE SCHIST ANO HORN FELS THIS UNIT APPEARS TO BE CONTACT METAMORPHOSEO

5500’ PHYLLITE WITH SOME IN TER BEDDED MICA SCHIST AND IMPURE 12UARTZITE OR ARGILLIT

CHLORITE SCHIST AND HO RN FELS THIS UNIT HAS BEEN IN TRUOED BY FOUR GRANITE
DIKES. THE FIRST GRANITE IS PRESENT AT 5730 FEET. CHIPS OF BIOTITE SCHIST
ARE ABUNDANT
GRANITE VERY LOW IN MAFIC MINERALS. COMPOSED OF FELDSPAR, QUARTZ, AND
BIOTITE ALTERED TO CHLORITE
6000 ‘
CHLORITE SCHIST ANO HO RN FELS WITH GRANITE DIKES ANO SOME BIOTITE SCHIST

GRANITE

CHLORITE SCHIST, HORN FELS, ANO GRANITE

GRANITE
6500’
GRANITE ,CHLORITE SCHIST , ANO HO RN FELS

CHLORITE SCHIST ANO HO RNFELS

GRANITE
CHLORITE SCHIST ANO HO RN FELS
7000’
GRANITE

CHLORITE SCHIST ANO HO RN FELS

7500’

GRANITE

8000’

GRANITE , CHLORITIC SCHIST AND HORN FELS , AND FAULT GOUGE

8500’

GRANITE ON THE LOGS THIS UNIT APPEARS TO BE FRESH AND RELATIVELY

HOMOGENEOUS, HOWEVER THE CUTTINGS ARE A MIXTURE OF FRESH GRAtJITE,
IRON-STAINED GRANITE , AND FAULT GOUGE THE BOTTOM OF THE INTERVAL APPEARS
TO BE RELATIVEY FRESH. FAULT GOUGE IS ESPECIALLY ABUNDANT BETWEEN 8470
AND 8630 FEET. BELOW 9120’ FAULT GOUGE APPEARS TO BE LESS COMMON
9000’

9500’

TOTAL DEPTH =9641 ‘

FIGURE 6 Lithologic log in Mesozoic section of Desert Peak B23-1

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

FIRST STAGE LOGGING SECOND STAGE LOGGING

ON APRIL 5-6, 1979 ON MAY 24-25, 1979
TEMPERATURE DEPTH
135m CASING 508 mm o.d. (20 in)
(444 ft]
244 m

T
(800 ft)

2ASING 340 mm o.d. (1 3-3/8 in)

.- -. . ----- ----
- —
I03°C 935 m
(218”F) (3068 ft:

*
*

●
☛

*
●

1 2560 m
(8400 ft)

>204 “C 2939 m
(>400 “F) (9642 ft)

TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATINGS

* 177 “C (350 “F) 138 MPa (20,000 psi)

● ● 204 “C (400 ‘F) 138 MPa (20,000 psi)
t 204 “C (400 ‘F) 172 MPa (25,000 psi)
tt 260 “C (500 “F) 172 MPa (25,000 psi)

FIGURE 7 Geophysical well logs run in Desert Peak Well B-23-1

 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

500

6.0

1
700
Ii I

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500
1
1600
I ‘., 1

I
1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

.’ .<-<.. ‘ 2300

l-----i
“.<
.’ .’. 2400
>~’.’-’
. . ,: .6,..
~.
<’,,~.... ... , , 2500
,. <,4.,.., ‘.’
>.. ,. .,,..
. . . . . . . . ,, 2600
.> F. <r>,. ,’
,., ,; 4..+>,. ,’.
. . 2700
1
,, ..,.., .. 2800
., ;r’.
. . . . . .
Lr,
.
,<.,
. . .
J

....’~,.. ,. 2900

I u k
, .,..’<... ,. 3000
c .!

3100

3200
.. ., ””’”’
..>.
3300

A
3400
~“. <,,

..6 3500
.M “ . ..’”
. . . . . . . . . .
,?. .Y*. .’,’, x 3600
.,, ,. .,4> ,~..<
. ...>.,, ,.<
‘,...>? . . . . . * 3700
..,~..t.’
,. .,..., ,..
3800
‘. ‘ 4.,.,-,,4’.. :

HEl
. . . . . . . ,.,
J..,.”’, ,. 3900
. ..’.:,. -’.
~. ..., .?
4000

4100

4200

4300

FIGURE 8 (a) Geophysical Well Logs vs Litholoav

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

RESISTIVITY
GAMMA RAY DENSITY Qm ACOUSTIC
o 100
●

I I I I I
SP ———
_——-———— —
API UNITS glcm’ mV psec/ft
10 200 It 1.65 ---- 1 0
2.651 + .- I 200
200 --- .-
Sn I

m
= II f
4300 t K I
1= I
2 5
4400

4500

4600

4700

4800

s 3 1> 1 ,
4900

5000
1<1 <
5100

5200

5300

5400
5

1<1 —
5600 1 d I
Izl

5800 E!!!+
I 4
=
6000
I 1
l-=a-
6’00
6200 1 I ‘, =
;:
t

6300
=

6600

6700
&

E %-t
1 1 J

FIGURE 8 (b) Geophysical Well Logs vs Lithology

 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

RESISTIVITY
GAMMA RAY DENSITY S2m ACOUSTIC
o 100

I
o
API UNITS
200
I
1.65-
a/cm]
2.65
1-----------1
0
s_P
mV
+ 200 200’
Usacm
50
I

1--’: /..-, -/; ., :\-,

<,,,1 -,, : 7000
;:~<l -
. -l--;.’:, _, .I
l/-l, .l/*_-/, ~,~
---
I
7100 c
.,,’ -
, --,/,(,,,/

I -------
I ..~-,

,\–
,.!_’,
,,/,~.
:\ ~/’
/
,,-
-.

7200
I
Pi-+=24
r
~,/-’/-’
,, ‘+;[’
:; :,\_\,\
;’ ,!
,/,
/-
, /.-,,’..:
/-- .-,,/
‘/, .
,/-.,-/-\-
l,-
.1,
7300
.
/.\/,~.-/~\ -,_ 7400
; ; i.
\—,/’/.
.-.
-,\,~\~ 1’ \/\
-\-, ---l\,
i, . ‘/ ;,’,: ‘-’:+’,~, 7500
\/. \

F%
‘:/
./\, \-\/. ./i: \
///,’/, 7600
—.- , ./’_, ‘_)’/\/.
. ‘\ ‘,,-, -,-/ .(!1
.-,
“
‘.
–/,’: \-\’_– ,’,7- I); ,, 7700
.
1,/~ ’-(\’--
..- \-\,-,/\,;: 7
\:’,”\ :i/’-:.’ /1 - ‘ 7800
\_ ,\-,\ /–
.-,.
- ./\’,_.-; -z\
.-’. \ / 3 I
,{

=!=
! /1’’,/,,, 7900
,—/,.,,. :..
/
/;_~. , 8000
/- .1..’ ,
., .,. /_. \ .
8100
\ 3
8200

./
.,- 8300

8400

8500

8600

8700
.
I
,.
8800

8900

,\ ‘, ~
/., -
,\, _l \,.\ --, \f /”-’ 9000
., ./,.
,/ ,,/ , ,-. ‘:\ ,., ~;’/ \- \-
-
\;l\.

,,,
-,
,
,,_,
-,,
‘\-/, z- \~’,,_ ,t
- ,,, , I
9100

9200
He-t-
.’/
_ ; ~ *:;:

,. /,-/’2 .-2 -1’

9300
,, {< .,_, /\’
7 /,-
..’
.\-. \\\
.,
e,- I _,a=l–
,
.-J’.-
- . ‘ ‘; :-\’-/’<
,.
9400
,//’ .,”;>,,,,,.
=/-- _., <;\\, .
—
‘~”:
.’ .1 //.; ,/ -/.1
:i.-;-~ 9500

,,, ,-- , -- ,.,—,-. ;: 9600

,.,/. , ,-/
,1~ f,. ’,; l;,’ -~1:l:
9700

FIGURE 8 (c) Geophysical Well Logs vs Lithology

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

COMPENSATED NEUTRON
BOREHOLE SIZE CORRECTION
40,

778

61 4
434

12-1 4’

fg7
1 9-7 8“

1 1 1 1 1 I
0E
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Apparent Porosity, @,, (~;)

FQIJA-l-lOYS:
BOREHOLE SIZE CORRECTION

4-3 4“ @(,,,, = 1.057 @ ,, + 3

6-1 4“ @,,,r, = 1,os4 @,, + 1.5

7-7 8“ a ,, ~ti,,,r,

9-7 8“ @c,,,, : 09(j5 @ ‘, 1,667

12-1 4“ 0 .,,,, = (),925 @ ., 3.333

14” @ ,,,,, = (),9()2 @ ,, 4,286

FIGURE 9. Borehole size correction on Compensated Neutron (after Ref. 26)

 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

❑,0, D,O = FRESH MUD

x = SALT MUD
1.1
1
-.
F-,

>,
I /.
. . .
$ \
b-j
/’

Q GYPSUM LOW:
“’plmSq’Y-’”
TUFF$
GAS
SECONDARY ,.
SALT

0.9

HIGH
DENSITY ‘ORO~lEx ,x;
TUFFS ●’ ‘
o’ “QUARTZ
M 0.a
DOLOMITE &
,P,,x

(1) 1.),~5?6 (1)(2)

[2) 0 ‘~ 50/0 def7se
,x
0.7
0“ ANHYDRITE

/
SHALES
0.6

0.5
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

N
TUFFS SHOWN BY SHADOW AREAS
( For Fresh Mud )

FIGURE 10 Lithe-porosity plot (After Ref. 25)

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

. +
. z~:
. 232
●
2 142 27
+ + + 3 223?
. 3? ?
. 22?
. 2 735
. 527 3 22
1.2n -
2 425292
. ~3~321+2
. ? 23 73
. 33~?2?
●
2 22
1.10 -
LOW
●
DENSITY 2 2
TUFFS
. 27
/
●

1000 -
.
●

M ●

0.90 -
.

n JM’iiLT
.
. 3E
!3,
.
● QUARTZ
0./30 - ~
●

. 1,
. \ 332
. d 4 2- SHALES
0.70 - /
. 1
. 22 1
● 12
✎ 2 13221
0.60 - 2 ~~ 1
. 11 1.14
. %133211
. 2 11
● 1 1
0.50 -
.
.
●

n.~o + . . . . . . ...+... . . . * ..+*..... . * . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . ...+... . . . . . .+....... .. +...

0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 I.r)n
N

FIGURE 11 M vs N Plot (Depth Interval 2600-3000 Ft.)

 Wo. oo+ 00+
. .
. .
. .
. .
36.00+ ● ** 00+
. ● ☛ .
.* : RHYOLITE ☛☛ .
.* ● TUFFS ☛☛ .
.* ● RHYOLITE ● ☛ *
32.30+ ● ● ● ☛☛ 16.03+ ●

.* ● ● ● ☛ . ●

.** ● ● ☛☛ . ☛

.** ● ● ☛☛ . ●

.** * ● ☛☛ ☛

26.00+** * ● ● ☛ ☛

.** ● ● ☛☛ . ●

. ●* ● ☛ ● ☛ . ● ☛

.** ● ● **4 .
.** BASALT ● ● *** ~; BASALT
2m. @o+** * ● ● ***** ** ●

.** * * ******
fn
. ● ☛ ●
(n .*= * ****** . ● ☛ ●
1-
~ .*- * DACITE ~ ● ***** ~ ☛☛ ☛ *
0 .** ● TUFFS ●
8**.** 0: ● ☛ ☛ ●
@ *0.90*** ● * ● ● ****** n 10.00+ ☛☛ ● ●

. ●* ● * * ● ● ***** ☛☛ ●
1 8 8. * RHYOLITE
.** ● * 8 ✎ ****** ● ☛ ● ☛

8*** * ✎ ***** BENTONITIC ~ TUFFS

.*** ● ☛☛ ● ☛
3
< .*** **** * ● ● ***** ● ☛ ☛☛ CLAY ●
~ ~~+no+*** ● **** * . ● ✎ ****** ☛☛ ● ☛ * ● **

.*9* ● ****** ☛☛ ☛☛ * ***

UJ BENTONITIC8 * ● **
0 .**9 ✎ ● ***** ☛☛ ● ☛ ●
a
.*** CLAY* .: : ☛ ****** ** ***
Ill ☛☛ ● ☛
● *
a .*** *8****** ● ● ✎ ****** ☛☛ ● ☛ ● **

12. ooi*** ******** * ☛☛ ● ***** ☛☛ ● ☛ ** ****

.*** ******** * ● ☛ ● ***** . ☛☛ ☛☛ ** ● ***

.*** ******** ● ☛☛ ● ***** . ☛☛ ● ☛ ** ****

.*** ● ☛✘☛☛☛☛☛ ● ● ☛ ● ***** . ☛☛ ☛☛ ● *** * 8***
.*** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛☛ ● ***** . ☛☛☛☛☛ ● *** ● ● ***

8.00+*** ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ☛ ● ☛ ****** U.-lc+ ● ☛☛☛☛ ● **** * ****

.*** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ☛ ☛✍ ****** . ☛☛☛☛☛ ● **** ● ****
.*** ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ● ☛ ● ***** . ☛☛☛☛☛ ☛ ● **** * ****
.*** ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛☛ ● ****** . ☛☛☛☛☛ ☛ ● **** * * **** *
.*** ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛ ✎✌ ● ****** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● **** * ● ● ,’.. ●

*.00+*** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛ ☛☛ ● ****** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛

. ********** ****.****
● ********** ***X,,****
.*** ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛ ● ☛ ******* . ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛

.*** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛ ☛☛ ******* . ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ *********** ● ***...**

● **************** *#*****
.*** ** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛☛ ☛☛ ● ● ****** . ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛

.********** ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ● ☛☛ ● ☛ ● ******* . ********** ● ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛ ☛☛☛☛☛☛☛☛

O.nn+ . . . . . . . . .+ . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . ...+. . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . ...+... O.rlrl+ . . . . . . ...+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...+...

.25. nll 50.00 75.00 ]OO. ?0 125.00 150.00 175.00 O.no 2.00 ~.on 5.nn 5.00 10.00

GAMMA RAY, (API) POTASSIUM -40, (%)

FIGURE 12 Histograms in the tertiary section. (Gamma RaylPotassium-40)

 ln, oo. ,., O,+

.
.
.
.
63.00. . 16.30: . .
. . .
. . .
. RHVOLITE . . BEMTONITIC
. BASALT .
. .
56.00< . . 1..?C: . ?..90: . . CLAY
. . . . !2. 00+
.
.
.
. . . . .
. . . ..
* . . . ..
. 1%.
or. Z1. no. 28.00+ ..
. ●
RMYOLITE :
. .. RHVOLITE
. ✎ TUFFS . ,.
* . . . . . ..
TUFFS
. .
. ●
AND
. . . - .. . . .
+7,00. . ✎ ✎ ✎ !2 .00+ BENTONITIC . . . 2..90. . . . ..
. . ✎ . . . . .. . .
. . . DACITE :
✎
CLAY . . . , ,. . . .
. . . TuFFs . ✎ . . . . . . . .
✎ . . . . BASALT . .. . :: OACITE
35.00: ::: r : ✎ 10. OII. . . . . . 15.90+ . . ?O. ac. . . . . . TUFFS
. ✎ . . . . . .. . . . . . .
● .** . ✎ . . . . . .. . . . . . .
✎ ● ✎☛ ✎ . . . . . ●✎ . . . . . .
✌ . ..*. ✎✎ . .. .
I
✌
✍✎
✎✎✎
✎☛✎ 4: ✎
✎
✎
0.00: . . . . .
. . . . .
;

5
12.00. ✎☛ ✎
✎✎ ●
✟
❇ I.. no+ . .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
*.
BENTONITIC “
w ✎✎ CLAY * ✎ . ...*
2
✎✎✎✎ a
. .. . . .
m ✎✎ . . . . ✎ ..*. ,. 0 . . . .
&
- .. . ..
✎✎ .*. . ✎ ., ..*. . ...** . .. . .. .
✎✎ .. . . . . . ✎ 6. CO+ . . . . . . . . y 9.00. . ..**. :
1? .00. . . . .
●✎ .
● ✎☛ . . . ✎ ●. . . . . . . .** . . . ; . .. .. . . . .
✎✌ .
● ☛✎✎ . . . ✎ . . . .. . . .
>
& . . . . . . . .. . . . .
✎✎ ..
✌☛☛☛ .. . . . ✎ ● . . . ...* .* ..*. 5 . .. . . . .
✎✌ ✎ ✎✎✎ ✎ .. ... . . ✎ . . . . . . . . i% .**... E
. .. . . . . .
. ● ✎✎✎ ., .. .. . . . ✎ .. 00. . . . . . . . .
.
6.00. ...... n.oo. . . . . . . .
*. ✎ ✎✎✎✎ .. .. .. . .. ✎ . . ... . . . ● ☛☛✎✎☛ . . . .*. .
*. RUYOLITE
. ... . .. .. .. . . . ✎ .. .. ... . ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . . . . . . .
+. TuFFS
. .*., .. .. .. . .. . ✌✎ . .. ....*... ✎✎ ☛☛✎✌☛ . . . - . . . . . .
.. ● ✎✎✎✎ ✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎ ● ✎✎ ✎✎✎☛✎☛☛✎ ✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎ ✎ . . . . . . . . . .
7.00. ✎✎ ✎ ✎☛✎✎ ✎ ✎ ✎☛☛✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎ 2.00: ✎✎ ✎✎✎☛✎✎✎✎☛✎✎ 5. on. ● *,*... . ..~n. . . . . . . . . . . .
✎✎ ✎ ✎✎✎✎ ✎ ✎ ✎✎✎✎☛☛ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎ ✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . .. .. . . ... .. . . .. .. ....*... ✎✎ ✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . . . . ...* . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . . ... . . . ● ✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
✎ ✎✎ ✎ ✎ ✎✎✎✎ ✎ ✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎✎ ✎✎ ✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ●. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*....
fl. fan...... .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. Co o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n.!l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .
,.”9 >.no 2.7” 2.’+0 2,.60 ~.nn 10. OI? .?O.00 3“.00 9.00 10.00 ?n. nn lC .00 0.”” 20.00 ,0.0” 6? .00

DENSITY, (#em,) COMPENSATED NEUTRON POROSITY. (%) COMPENSATED NEuTRON POROSITY ( % ) RESISTIVITY, (dwn.m)

FIGURE 13 Histograms in the tertiary section. (DensitylNeutronlResistivity)

 20.00.
.. . .
<“. ”,,. 20.00+

.
. .
10.00+ . . 18.00; M.no:
. ..
. .
. .
. .
16.00; . . 16.00: 16.00:
. .
. .
.. .
.. GRANITE GRANITE . . CHLORITE
1*. om. . . . DIKES . 1..00: 1*.00:
.. . . GRANITE “
.
:MmJsTs
. . PHYLLITE . . . . . .
. . . HOR~FELS
,.. . . .
... . . . . . .
12.00. ..** . . . 12.00: ...
. . . . . . . CHLORITE .
.. .. . . . 5CHISTS .
● ✎✎✎ . . .
AND . .
✎✎✎✎ . . . ●
HORNFELS . .
10. OII* .. . . . . . . 10.00: .. . . 10.00. . .
.. .. . . . . .. . . .,
. ... . ●. . .. . . . PHYLLITE . .
I ... . . .* . ... . . . . . .
...* ..*. . .. . . . . . .,
0.00. . ... . . . . . . ‘f . .. . 8.00. . . . . .
. ..*
8.00+
. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .
.... ● **** . ‘3:
. .... . . . ...*
... . . . . . . * .. .. . . . . . .. .
... . ..***. . PHYLLITE .. . .. . . .. .
6.00+ .. .. .. . . ..**. . . . ... . . . 6. QO:. : . .. . . .
.*..*.. . ..*.* . . ... . .. . . . . .... . ,
. .. .. . . . ...*. . . . .. . . . . .,. . ... . .
. ..**..* . . .. . . . ,. . .. . .. . .,. .. . . . ,
. .. .. . . . . ...*. . ,. . .... . . . . . .. . . . .
Woo. ...*.*.. ... **. . . . .. .. .. . . 4.” 0.., .. .. . . ..
. .. .. . . . . ..**. ● . . .. .. ...* . . . .. . .. . . .
. ...*..* ● . ...* . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . ...
.. ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . *.**.,.,. . . . .. .. . .. ..
.**.*.**. .** . . . . . ,. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .
2.00+. .. .. .. . . . . . ..***.. . .*. . .. ● ✎☛✎✎✎✎✎✎☛ 2 .00... .. .. . . .. . ..
. . ....**.... ● *...... * . . . . ✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . . . . .... . .. .. .
. . .. . ... . ... ●. . . . . . . . .. . . ✎✎ ✎✎✎✎✎☛✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . . .. .. . . . . ...
. . .. ....**.* . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎ ..* .. .. . . . . .. .. . .
., . . .... . .. . . ..**.*.. . . . . . . . . . ✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎✎☛✎✎✎✎✎✎ . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .
0.00+ . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . .+.......
73.00 100.0. 12s.00 150.00 175. nO 200.00
. .. .. .
225.00
0 .00+..
1.80
. . . . . . .. . .
?.”0
... . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ...+... n.o o......
‘3.00
. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. ..
50.00 2.20 2.+0 2.60 2 .,” Zn. oo .0 .00
@cPt ‘“
GAMMA RAY, (API) DENSITY (.#CW) RESISTIVITY, (ohm-m)

FIGURE 14 Histograms in the Mesozoic Section (Gamma RaylDensitylResistivity)

SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11, 1980

1000

2000

3000

4000

i=
IA
: 5000
x
k
U.1
Q

6000

7000

8000

9000 1 - 87/2 HOURS AFTER CIRCULATION

2- 37VZ HOURS AFTER CIRCULATION
3-2 MONTHS AFTER CIRCULATION
4-4 MONTHS AFTER CIRCULATION

10,000
i I 1 I I 1 1
i 50 200 250 300 350 400 450

TEMPERATURE, ( “F)

FIGURE 15 Temperature Profiles of 623-1

 SPWLA TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JULY 8-11,

GAMMA RAY DENSITY RESISTIVITY ACOUSTIC TEMPERATURE

Qm
o 20
SP
API UNITS glcm’ mV ~seclft “F

o 200 1.65 2.65 10 +110 200 50 295 345

Cla

s
0

w
w
0
0

w
~
0

w A
m
0
0

w
m
0
0
FIGURE 16 Temperature anomaly at 3400 ft