Physics 122 August 31, 2010.

This course is organized differently from the 121 that

you took last semester from Professor Hemmick:
• No
N recitations
i i
• Using “clickers” in lecture
• You should review the relevant chapter in Serway &
Vuille 8th edition (SV8) before lecture.
• Exams are multiple choice – op-scan sheets.
• Instructors: Peter Stephens & Peter Koch
ALL COURSE ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIAL IS ON
BLACKBOARD. Check there often. Some details are not
yet posted,
posted so come back for updates.
updates
Why are we here?
Fundamentally, education is all about transformation
Fundamentally transformation, which can come
with new knowledge (learning) and its application in formulating and
evaluating our individual systems of belief.*
S
Specifically,
ifi ll Ph Physics
i tteaches
h ththatt
• the universe can be understood at a fundamental level from a very
small set of fundamental principles,
p p
• nevertheless, the application of those principles can be awfully
complicated,
• one tests and
d applies
li those
h principles
i i l through
h h quantitative
i i
reasoning,
• our intuition,, based on usual experience,
p , can be a powerful
p guide
g to
understanding, but it can also mislead us seriously.
You saw that in Physics 121, and it is going to be even more evident in
Physics 122.
122
*M. Hadjiargyrou, Letter to NY Times, July 18, 2010.
Course administration will be done via Blackboard.
READ THE SYLLABUS
Copies of all slides shown in lecture will be posted as
Course Documents on Blackboard shortly after each
lecture is over.
SB Capture (aka Echo 360) is recording every lecture,
lecture and
those recordings will be posted as Course Documents on
Bb shortly after each lecture is over. (I hope for the
b st but there
best, th r have
h v been
b n reliability
r li bilit issu
issuess in th
the p
past.)
st )
Including the review sessions before exams.
Course
calendar is
linked via
Blackboard,
syllabus
Physics help:
•Blog:
Bl htt // h 122h l bl
http://phy122help.blogspot.com.
t (Li
(Linked
k d via
i Blackboard)
Bl kb d) Thi
This
will be monitored by your instructors who will use it to answer
questions about course material, especially homework problems.
Students are welcome to post answers as well,
well but they should be
educational in nature. (Not, “The answer to question #4 is 38.2
Volts.”) Flames are not welcome.
•Email:
E il peter.stephens@stonybrook.edu
t t h @ t b k d or
peter.koch@stonybrook.edu, whoever is lecturing at the time. (Me
through Septermber 28.) We will try to answer immediately, promise
(almost) within 24 hours.
hours Put “Physics
Physics 122”
122 in the subject line in your
email to be sure of catching our attention.
•Instructors will hold regular office hours within the help room, but if
you wish
h to meet privately,
l emaill or drop
d in to our offices
ff (may
( or may
not be able to talk about the course at any given time).
Physics 122 help continued:
•Help
H p room – Physics
hys cs A129.
9.
Staffed by professors,
undergrad, and graduate
TA’s.
Schedule of hours staffed
will be posted as a Bb
Course Document soon, and
kept updated.
If you go to the help room
and the scheduled TA isn
isn’tt
there, let me know.
CPS response pads (“clickers”) are an important part of this
course.
Get one, register it through Blackboard.
Typically
yp y 5-10 q
questions in each lecture.
Questions on exams will be very similar to the clicker
questions.
While a clicker question is active, you are invited to discuss
it with your immediate neighbors. Work the problem
t
together
th if you wish,
i h but
b t “th
“the answer isi C” is
i nott appropriate.
i t
One person working two (or more) clickers is Academic
Dishonesty (cheating) and will result in an F in the class for
the owners of both clickers. Really. (This has happened.)
FIVE lowest clicker scores will be dropped. dropped This avoids
dealing with day-to-day requests for excuses: my battery
ran out, I was sick, my brother drove off with my clicker in his car, dog peed on it, …
Old style clicker
In workshop, when I ask a
question, enter your response
(A E) on the keypad
(A-E) keypad,
Then press Send.

C: clears your answer so

you can send it again, if
you think
thi k you made
d a
mistake.

Hold the power button for

a couple of seconds to
turn the response pad off
off.
(do question #1)
Question #1:
What grade do you want in this class?

I will always start (and often finish) the

workshop with a “free”
free question like this one –
full credit for any answer.
The strategy in this class is for you to read the relevant
part of the book BEFORE you
p y come to lecture. Lectures
will assume that you have some familiarity with material in
the book. A prepared mind gets much more out of a
lecture and from the cooperative learning methods we are
lecture,
using (clickers).
Textbook.
•Serway and Vuille, 8th edition (SV8)
•Copies of the book are on 2 hour reserve in the
Math/Physics library, and one will be installed in the help
room (A-129)
•We will be drawing extensively from the worked examples
in each chapter. It behooves you to study them before
coming
i tto class.
l
For next class (Thursday), read Chapter 15 and
study Examples 15.2, 15.3, 15.5, and 15.7.
Assignments (homework).
There are weekly (approx.) homework assignments, one on
each two lectures of material. (Usually one chapter.)
Due 5:00
D 5 00 PM on either
i h the
h Monday
M d or Wednesday
W d d before
b f
the next chapter starts.
Single
Sin l exception
xc pti n – HW 1 is due
du att 3:30 n
next
xt Tu
Tuesday
sd (20
minutes before start of lecture).
We STRONGLY urge you to work on the problems before
you come to class, insofar as there will be clicker
questions based on them. It should be possible to work
on them
h based
b d on theh material
i l presented
d in
i lecture,
l but
b
you will probably do much better (and get much more out
of the lecture)) if y
you have “warmed up”p on the textbook.
Labs.
The llab
Th b iis called
ll d a separate course, Ph
Physics
i 124
124, b
but
this is really just a trick to give you four credits for
the course p plus lab.
You will get the same grade for Physics 122 and 124.
You cannot take the lab separately from the course.
course
Lab grade is based on pre-lab preparation assignment
and your interview with the lab TA during the lab
period.
There is NO reason not to gget at least 95% lab score.
A majority of students in the class will have 100%.
We are closing Lab Section #4. The two people
registered in it (Cordero & Crevecoeur) need to switch
sections.
Exams. Save the dates.
•11st Midterm Exam. Tuesday
Tuesday, October 5th, 8:30 PM.
Covers material through Serway Chapter 18, Lecture
September 28th.
•2nd Midterm Exam. Monday, November 1st, 8:30 PM.
Covers material through Serway Chapter 23, Lecture
October 26th.
26th
•Final Exam. Friday, December 17th, 8:00 AM.
All of
f th
the exams are multiple
lti l choice.
h i
You are invited to bring one page of notes to each exam.
(8½” x 11”
(8½ 11 , both sides
sides, readable without optical
instruments.)
Practice exams with answers and solutions will be made
available ~ 1 week before exam dates.
Multiple choice exams:
No partial credit per se, but 20 (midterms) or 30 (final)
short questions of varying difficulty do a good job of
finding out how much you know.
know

Histogram of scores from final exam, Spring 2010

Start of Chapter 15 – Electric
Forces and Fields
An object can carry an
electrical
l t i l charge
h – visible
i ibl
through its effect on other
objects.
j

We are not talking about the

fl
flow of
f that
h charge
h from
f one
object to another yet.
There are positive and negative charges.
Like charges repel
repel, unlike attract.
attract
Electrical charge is a quantifiable concept, like mass.

There is a very simple physical Q1 Q2

law (Coulomb) for the force F = ke
between two charged objects: R 2

Q1 and Q2 are the two charges, measured in Coulombs

(new SI unit,
unit along with meter
meter, kilogram,
kilogram second,
second Kelvin)
F is the force between them, directed along the line
connecting
connect ng them
R is the distance between them
ke is the Coulomb constant,
constant 88.987
987 x 109 Newton m2 / Coul2,
sometimes written as 1/(4πε0)
This looks just like gravity except:
A. gravity is always attractive, whereas Coulomb
can either attract or repel.
B the
B. h power of
f R iin the
h fformula
l iis different.
diff
C. The electrostatic force is directed along a line
b t
betweenn the
th ttwo charged
ch r d bodies.
b di s
D. The numerical constant in the force law is
different.
different
One of these four statements is incorrect.
Which one? (Question #2)
Charge can move around
on a conductor, it stays
put on an insulator.
“Conductor”
“C d t ” and d
“Insulator” are
idealizations.
Is air an insulator?
We now understand that charge is carried by some of
the fundamental building blocks of nature. That was
not known until much of the phenomenology of
electricity (& magnetism) was well established.
Charges come in quanta – a fixed amount. Exactly the
same (one of the g
great mysteries
y of nature).
-1.602192 x 10-19 Coulombs on an electron
+1 602192 x 10-19 Coulombs on a proton
+1.602192
Electrons are generally more mobile than protons (cf.
physical
p y chemistry
m y – acid / base reactions.. )
Question #3: Does an object with a positive charge
y or an excess of electrons?
have a deficiency
Question #4:
If an electron and a proton in a Hydrogen atom are
separated by 0.5 Ångstrom (1 Ångstrom = 10-10 meter),
what is the force between them?
If an electron and a proton in a Hydrogen atom are
separated
t dbby 0
0.5
5 Ångstrom
Å t (1 Ångstrom
Å t = 10-10
10 meter),
t )
what is the force between them?
Q1 Q2 (1
(1.6
6 × 10 19
−19
C)2
F = ke 2 = 9 × 109 Nm2C -2
r (0.5 × 10 −10 m)2
= 9.2
9 2 × 10 −8 Newton

Electrical forces are a lot stronger than gravity.

gravity
m1 m2
Fgrav =G
r2
9.11 × 10 −31
kg × 1.66 × 10 −27
kg
= 6.67 × 10 −11 Nm2kg -2

((0.5 × 10 −10 m))2

= 4.0 × 10 −47 Newton
Charges
g can be positive
p or negative.
g
The quantity of charge is measured in a new SI
unit, the Coulomb.
The force on one charged point (small object) due
to another is along the line connecting them.

Q1 Q2
The magnitude
g of the force is F = ke
R2
where F = force, Q1, Q2 are the two charges, R is
the separation, and ke = 8.987x109 Newton meter2
C l-22.
Coul

Q1 R F
F Q2
Electrostatic forces are vectors.

Each red arrow

-1 μC represents a force vector
of
f magnitude
it d
9x109 x (10-6)2 / (1)2 =
0 009 Newton
0.009
(Now I’m being lazy about
writing dimensional
quantities inside
+1 μC +1 μC equations.)

1 meter (equilateral)
 Review vector manipulations.
120°
120
Vector has magnitude and direction.
y
Add vectors: Head to tail or by
components
These four are all the
same vector

Head to tail: 120° 60°

Recognize equilateral
vector 60° triangle,
l so sum is 0.009
0 009 N in
sum 0.009 N a direction 60°
60°
60 counterclockwise f
from the x
60°
axis
0.009 N
 Add by components
R
Remember
b some trigonometry.
i SOHCAHTOA

Opposite
pp
Θ 90°
Adjacent

sin Θ = Opposite / Hypotenuse SOH

cos Θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse CAH
tan Θ = Opposite / Adjacent TOA
 R sinΘ
Θ 90°
R cosΘ
Θ
Check for the orientation of the
triangle – find the right angle. R R cosΘ

90° 90°
R sinΘ
Θ
R
Components of a vector are
perpendicular to one another.
 Fy
Θ 90°
Fx

G i the
Going h other
h direction,
di i
If you know Fx and Fy , then Θ = arctan (Fy / Fx)
= tan-1 (Fy / Fx)

and F = (Fx2 + Fy2)1/2 = √Fx2 + Fy2

 5
Θ 90°
12
In this triangle, what is the value of Θ?

Question #5
 Add by
y components
mp
Fx = 0.009 N
Fy = 0
120°
Fx = 0.009 N x cos(120°)
=00.009
009 N x (-
( 0.5)
0 5)
y = -0.0045 N
Fy = 0.009 N x sin(120°)
x =00.009
009 N x 0
0.866
866
(You need to = 0.0078 N
establish
establ sh a
coordinate system, So resultant force is
and stick with it.) Fx = 0.009 – 0.0045 = 0.0045 N
Fy = 0 + 0
0.0078
0078 N = 0
0.0078
0078 N
So resultant force is
Fx = 0
0.0045
0045 N 120°
Fy = 0.0078 N

F = sqrt (0.0045 2 + 0.0078 2) = 0.009 Newtons

Θ = arctan (0.0078 / 0.0045)

= arctan
t n (1
(1.733)
733) = 60°
Fy
Θ Sum is 0.009 N in a direction
60° counterclockwise from
Fx the x a
th axiss
 F?
10 cm

Charges of +1 μC are placed as

shown at three of the corners
of
f a square, 10 cm on a side.
id
What is the magnitude of the
1 μC
+1 g at the
net force on the charge
upper right?

Question #6
 Charges of +1 μC are placed as
shown at three of the corners of
a square, 10 cm on a side. What is
the net force on the charge at
10 cm the upper right?
The magnitude of the force from
each of the other charges is
9x109 x (1x10-6)2 / (0.1)2
1 μC
+1 = 0.9 Newton

Fnet = 0
0.9
92 + 0.9
0 92 = 1.27
1 27 Newton
 F?
Question #7
10 cm

Charges of +1 μC are placed as

shown at the four corners of a
square, 10 cm on a side.
id What
Wh t is
i
the net force on the charge at
1 μC
+1 pp right?
the upper g

HINT Use what you already

HINT:
worked out in Question #6.
For next class (Thursday), read Chapter 15 and
study Examples 15.2, 15.3, 15.5, and 15.7.