National Earthquake Day-2016

Organized by
Nepal Engineers’ Association
Regional Symposium on Seismic Resilience
“Earthquakes Preparedness and Role of Engineers”-

Presented By:

Er. R.K. Majumder, FIE (IAS Rtd.)

Former Director, Urban Dev. Deptt., Govt. Of Tripura.

Chairman,
Institution of Engineers (India)
Tripura State Centre, Agartala

January 16, 2016, Saturday

Engineer Bhawan, Pulchowk, Lalitpur
1
Why Earthquake?

 Are we in earthquake risk zone?

 Is there any earthquake warning?
 Whether earthquake lasts long?
 What is the damage potential?
 Night time or Day time ?
 Or it is because recent Earthquakes in
Himalayan Region?

2
 58.6% of the land area is
prone to Earthquakes

Zone Magnitude

Zone V Very High Risk

Quakes of
Magnitude 8 and
greater
Zone IV High Risk
Quakes upto
Magnitude 7.9
Zone III Moderate Risk
Quakes upto
Magnitude 6.9
Zone II Seismic
Disturbances upto
Magnitude 4.9

3
Source: IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 (BIS)
SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN NE REGION
 1897 Shillong earthquake of 8.7 magnitude
 1923 Meghalaya earthquake of 7.1 magnitude
 1930 Dhubri earthquake of 7.1 magnitude
 1943 Jorhat earthquake of 7.3 magnitude
 1947 Arunachal Pradesh earthquake of 7.7 magnitude
 1950 Assam earthquake of 8.6 magnitude
 1954 Manipur-Burma border earthquake of 7.7magnitude
 1957 Indo-Burma border earthquake of 7 magnitude
 1984 Silchar earthquake of 5.9 magnitude
 1988 Manipur-Burma border earthquake of 7 magnitude
 2011 Sikkim earthquake of 6.9 magnitude
 2016 Manipur earthquake of 6.7 magnitude
 15th August 1950 - The Independence Day Earthquake, Mw 8.6

North Lakhimpur Bridge

over the Ranganadi, N.E. India
KVS

Cracks in the Assam Damaged temple

Trunk Road (Dibrugarh), N.E. India
(Khowang?), N.E. India KVS
KVS

Saikoaghat,
N.E. India, KVS
 12th June 1897 - The Assam Earthquake, Mw 8.7

All Saint's Church (Shillong), Sandblow at Rowmari, Assam Near Kanchi, Khasi hills
India, KVS India, KVS India, KVS

Bent rails on the Tezpur-

Balipara Tramway (Rangapara),
India, KVS

Fissures at Rowmari,
Assam, India, KVS
Earthquake in Sikkim, 2011
Why Self/ Family
Preparedness?
What can happen

12
Room

In Bed Rooms
Furniture overturned throwing outside
the contents
Bureau Toppled
Water Heaters Tip Easily
During Earthquakes
Significance: Life Safety
Schools
What can happen
What Hazards?
20
21
22
23
Office

In office
Furniture, file cabinets overturned
25
26
Fig. Liquefaction induced Bearing Capacity Failure-1964
Niigata Earthquake
28
29
30
31
Family Preparedness
Hazard Hunt
Family preparedness Plan
Family Emergency Kit
Sustained mitigation
 Home Hazard Hunt
 Look at each room in your home and school with "Earthquake
Eyes".
 Take some time and sit in each room and think "if a major
earthquake hit right now, what would injure me". Then fix
the hazard.
 To prevent injury and reduce damage, each room of your
home should be carefully examined for potential hazards. Use
the following suggestions to correct these hazards.
 This will be the starting point in the getting your home
prepared.
 Bedrooms

 Most family members spend half the time they are at

home here.
 When examining the hazards in this room, pay careful
attention to objects that could fall and injure you in bed or
fall and block your escape routes.
 Beds should not be placed under a window. Falling glass
is one of the major causes of injury in an earthquake.
Beds should be located away from windows or anything
that could fall on them. Pictures, mirrors, or other heavy
objects mounted on the wall above the bed should be
removed.
 What can happen?
 You will be at home or at office or at market, but where your
family members be?
 Will you be able to communicate /meet with each other?
 Will you have medical services?
 Will you be able to get home?
 Will you be able to stay home?
 Will you have any services?
 Will you have a workplace/College to go to?
 What can the Govt. do for you?
 What will you do?
Drop, Cover Hold
40
 Do’s in an earthquake
If you are caught indoors at the time of an earthquake,

• Keep calm.
• Stay away from glass windows, doors, almirahs,
mirrors etc.
• Stay away from falling plaster, bricks or stones.
• Get under a table or a sturdy cot so that you
are not hurt by falling objects.
• Do not rush towards the doors or staircase.
They may be broken or jammed.
 If you are outdoors at the time of earthquake,

• If open space is available nearby, go there.

• Keep away from tall chimneys, buildings,
balconies and other projections.

• Do not run through streets; hoardings or lamps

may fall on you.
If you are in a Moving Vehicle
♦ Stop quickly and stay in the vehicle
♦ Move to a clear area away from
buildings, trees, overpasses, or utility
wires
♦ Once the shaking has stopped,
proceed with caution. Avoid bridges or
ramps that might have been damaged by
the quake.
After an earthquake
• Check if you or anyone else is hurt. Use first aid
atleast on the cuts and bruises.
• Keep the streets clear for emergency services.
• Switch off all appliances like the refrigerator, TV or
radio. Turn off the gas.
• Wear shoes to protect your feet from debris.
• A battery operated radio will help you to get
important messages.
• Be prepared for more shocks. These aftershocks
always follow an earthquake.
Avoid the following in an earthquake
• Do not crowd around damaged areas or
buildings.
• Do not waste water. It will be needed for fire
fighting.
• Do not move the seriously hurt people.
• Wait for medical help to arrive.
• Do not spread rumors. They lead to panic and
worsen the situation
Would you stand a chance if you run out
while these are raining down?!
Family Earthquake Preparedness Planning
 KNOW YOUR ENVIRONMENT
 The dangers in and out of the house
 Switching/shutting off supplies
 Identify safe locations
 KNOW YOUR COMMUNITY
 Nearest police. fire stations with tel.
no’s
 Know community plans
 FAMILY EMERGENCY KITS
 Emergency supplies (Water, dry food,
First aid)
 Wills, Important documents
 PLAN TO MEET
 Where and how
 Plan responsibilities
 External contact point
 Family Emergency kit
 Non-perishable food to last 72 hours
 Water (10 lit/ day/person)
 First aid kit + prescription medicine+ sanitary
items
 Whistle
 Torch +spare batteries
 Radio + batteries
 Emergency cash
 List of emergency telephones
 Copies of valuable documents
 Spare eye glasses etc..
Without preparedness
Mitigation
Mitigation

51
Mitigation

52
Mitigation

53
Mitigation (Anchoring)

54
Mitigation

55
 Anchorage

 Anchorage of Book shelve  Anchorage of Battery Rack

Mitigation (Relocation)

57
Limit Sliding & Rocking Movements
Restraints and fasteners for smaller equipment
60
61
62
Earthquake Disaster
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
INCREASING NUMBER OF DISASTERS

 Population Growth and Urban Development

 Development Practices
 Climatic changes
 Effect of Environmental degradation
Why is Disaster Mitigation important to us

 57% of the land area in India is prone to Earthquakes.

 12% to Floods.
 8% to Cyclones.
 70% of the cultivable land is prone to drought.
 85% of the land area is vulnerable to number of
natural hazards.
 22 states are prone to multi hazards.
Joint failures

28th March, 2015 66

 Joint failure?
Lateral Deflection, mm
Lateral Load

Drift at “tensile failure”

Drift at “lateral failure”
28th March, 2015
Priestley, 1994 Drift at “axial failure” 67
Observed damage at the ground floor of a confined masonry building in the 1999
El Quindio, Colombia earthquake (note that the tie-columns around the openings
are missing)
 Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction
Flow failures of structures - caused by loss of strength
of underlying soil

Nishinomia Bridge 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan

 Building Layout

28th March, 2015 76

 Building plan aspect ratio

28th March, 2015 77

 Position of openings in a building

28th March, 2015 78

DUCTILE DETAILING OF
REINFORCEMENT
Basic Consideration in the design of
Earthquake Resistant Structures as per IS-
1893
 It is not intended in this standard to lay down
regulations so that no structure shall suffer any
damage during earthquake of all magnitudes.
 It has been endeavored to ensure that, as far as
possible, structures are able to respond, without
structural damage to shocks of moderate intensities
and without total collapse to shocks of heavy
intensities.
 IS-1893 is intended for normal structures, it has to be
emphasized that in the case of special structures
detailed investigation should be undertaken.
As per the Indian Seismic Code IS:1893 (Part 1) - 2002,
Design Base Shear VB

where Z is the Seismic Zone Factor; I is the Importance Factor, R the

Response Reduction Factor, and Sa/ g is the Average response
Acceleration coefficient
Basic strategy of earthquake design: Calculate maximum
elastic forces and reduce by a factor to obtain design forces.
 For ductile detailing of reinforcement
1. IS-13920 provides guidelines.
2. The provisions make the structure capable of
undergoing extensive inelastic deformations
and dissipating seismic energy in a stable
manner.
 Provisions are included for detailing of lap splices
and for the calculation of design shear force. For
members subjected to axial load and flexure the
dimensional constraints have been imposed on the
structure.
Lap Splices in Column
 Lap slices shall be provided only in the central half of
the member length, it should be proportioned as a
tension splice.
 Hoops shall be provided over the entire splice length at
spacing not exceeding 100 mm c/c.
 Not more than 50% of the bar shall be spliced at one
section.
Splices in Beam Reinforcement
 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are
provided over the entire splice length, at a spacing not
exceeding 150 mm.
 The lap length shall not be less than the development
length in tension.
 Lap splices shall not be provided
(a) within a joint
(b) within a distance of 2d from the joint space
(c) within a quarter length of the member where flexural
yielding may generally occur during earthquake.
 Not more than 50% bar shall be spliced at one section.
 Joint Details - Interior

hcol  20db

28th March, 2015 98

ACI 352
 Joint Details - Corner  ldh

28th March, 2015 99

ACI 352
Code-conforming joints

28th March, 2015 103

Joints not conforming Codes

104
Older-type beam-column connections

28th March, 2015 105

 Earthquake Resistant Confined Masonry
Construction

Confined masonry construction with the walls built using

hollow clay tiles
Regulations in Tripura Building Rules- 2004
 Ground coverage in respect of buildings (Rule-47).
 Permissible height of buildings vs width of means of access
(Rule 48).
 Open space for buildings (front open space, rear open
space and side spaces (Rule-49 and Rule-51).
 Car parking (Rule-50).
 Fire protection (Rule-72).
 Requirements regarding staircase (Rule-75).
 Structural design (Rule-81).
 Facilities to be provided for physically challenged persons
(Rule-107).
During Planning
Engineers/Architects must consider :-

1. Location of structure and its impact.

2. Type of structure and its suitability.

3. Shape of Structure in regards to earthquake failures.

4. Soil bearing capacity and settlement to adopt most

appropriate foundation system

28th March, 2015 108

Protection of areas from Earthquakes
 Where there are no dangers of soil liquefaction or settlements or
landslides, all building structures should be designed using IS
code and National Building Code.

 Soil subjected to liquefaction potential under earthquake

shaking can be improved by compaction to desired relative
densities, so as to prevent the possibility of liquefaction.

 Buildings and structures may be founded on deep bearing piles

going to non-liquefaction dense layers.

 Steep slopes can be more stable by terracing and construction of

retaining walls and breast walls, and by ensuring good drainage
of water so that the saturation of hill slope is avoided.
Precautions for Composite Construction :-

- Load bearing wall with Corner Reinforcement but

not with RCC Column.

- Load bearing wall Shall not be mix with RCC.

- The Mechanics of both is different and hence

shall not be clubbed together in High seismic
Zone.

28th March, 2015 110

Provisions in Building Regulations/ Byelaws
for Structural safety
 Part VI National Building Code, India provides
Guidelines for structural design.

For General Structural Safety

1) IS: 456: 2000 “Code of Practice for Plain and

Reinforced Concrete”.

2) IS:800-1984 “Code of Practice for General

Construction in Steel”.

-contd.
3) IS: 801-1975 “Code of Practice for Use of Formal Light
Gauge Steel Structural Members in General Building
Construction”.

4) IS: 875 (Part 2): 1987 Design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures Part 2 Imposed Loads.

5) IS: 875 (Part 3): 1987 Design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures Part 3 Wind Loads.

6) IS: 875 (Part 4): 1987 Design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures Part 4 Snow Loads.
-contd.
7) IS: 875 (Part 5): 1987 Design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures Part 5 special loads and load
combination.

8) IS: 883:1966 “Code of Practice for Design of Structural

Timber in Building”.

9) IS:1904:1987 “Code of Practice for structural safety of

Buildings: Foundation”.

10) IS:1905:1987 “Code of Practice for structural safety of

Buildings: Masonry Walls”.

11) IS:2911 (Part 1 to 4): Code of Practice for Design and

Construction of Pile Foundation.
 For Earthquake Protection
12) IS: 1893-2002 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design”.

13) IS: 13920-1993 “Ductile Detailing of RCC structures”.

14) IS:4326-1993 “Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of

Buildings- Code of Practice (Second Revision)”.

15) IS:13828-1993 “Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low

Strength Masonry Buildings-Guidelines”.

16) IS:13827-1993 “Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen

Buildings- Guidelines”.

17) IS:13935-1993 “Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings-

Guidelines”.
THANK YOU

115