Lectures 11 &12
Concrete Beams
Mmax=wL2/8
b σc
σc
yt C
d 2/3(yt+yb)
Neutral C =2/3 d
axis yb
T
σt T
σt
1
Stresses in Elastic Beams
• For equilibrium b
C=T
• The forces are the volumes of the triangular yt
stress blocks d
½ ytbσc= ½ ybbσt yb
yt= yb = d/2 (ie., neutral axis is at half the depth)
• For equilibrium σc
external moment M = internal couple
C
M = 2/3d C = 2/3d T
2/3 d
σt = σc =6M/bd2
T
Note: for non-symmetric sections σt
yt= yb & σ t= σ c
2
Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
Uncracked State
b
εc fc
C
d
(n-1)Ast
Tc
εs fs
Ts
C=Ts+Tc
3
Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
1. Determine the neutral axis position,
concrete stresses at the top and
bottom fibers and steel stress
produced by a moment of 10kNm for
the uncracked state 250
4
Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
1. Uncracked State
Ag = 250x550 = 137500 mm2
Total area = Ag + (n-1)Ast = 137500+10860
= 148360mm2
dg=291 500
Find dg
NA 550
148360dg = (137500x275)+(10860x500) 209
dg = 291mm
I for concrete
Stress σ = My/I I for steel
250 × 5503
IT = + 137500 × (291 − 275) 2 + 10860 × 209 2
12
=3.98x109 mm4
5
Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
2. Cracking Moment
(a) Find tensile strength of concrete
(b) Cracking will occur when concrete stress reaches its tensile
strength
f´c= 32MPa
f´t= 0 . 6 f c′ = 3.39MPa (cl 6.1.1.2 p.38)
Stress σ = My/I
If σ= f´t, then M=Mcr
Mcr = f´t IT/y
2
n Ast
6
Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
250
3. Cracked State
Icr = 250 ×180 + 250 ×180 × 90 2 + 12670 × 320 2
3
180
12 NA
7 × 60 ×106 × 320
σs = = 75.5MPa
1.78 ×109
Doubly-Reinforced
Concrete Beam
Similar to singly-reinforced concrete beam
b nAsc εc fc
Cs
kd Cc
dsc Asc εsc fsc/n
d
Ast nAst
T
εs fs/n
cross section transformed strain linear force
section stress
block
T=Cs+Cc
Cs=Ascfsc Cc=b kd fc/2 T=Astfs
7
Design of RC Beams
The Concrete Standard AS3600 follows the Limit
States Design approach, i.e.
The structure must simultaneously satisfy a variety
of different design requirements concerning both
strength and serviceability
Design of RC Beams
P
Uncracked
Bending Moment
Diagram
Load M = PL/4
P
Ultimate Load
Deflection
8
Design of RC Beams
Design of RC Beams
Strength limit state (Ultimate strength method)
e.g. bending, shear and torsion of beams.
S* ≤ φ Ru
- φ is the capacity reduction factor given in Table 2.3 (AS 3600),
e.g. for bending 0.8.
- Ru is the resistance of a section or region of a member.
- Calculations to determine the design resistance are based on the
f 'c for concrete and fsy for reinforcing bars (500MPa).
- S* may for example be a bending moment or a shear force and
derived from the most critical load case (e.g. 1.2G + 1.5Q)
9
Design of RC Beams for Bending
Basic Assumptions
1. Strains vary linearly across the depth of the section.
NA
Cross- Strain
section diagram
Strain
NA
10
Design of RC Beams for Bending
NA
d D
ρ f´c 0.85f´c
b
β kud
kud γ kud
C C =0.85f’c γ kud b
NA
ε ≥ε fy fy T
s sy
Cross Strain Stress Equivalent Forces
sectio Stress
n
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section at Ultimate Moment
ε ε
sy = steel yield strain cu= concrete ultimate strain
11
Design of RC Beams for Bending
C = 0.85 f’c γ ku db T=Ast fy
C=T 0.85 f’c γ ku db = Ast fy 0.85 f'c
Astfy p fy C
ku = =
0.85f’c γ db 0.85f’c γ γ kud
NA
The ultimate moment capacity of the section,
j d
Mu, is d u
Mu = Cjud = Tjud = Ast fy jud
now γkud fy T
jud = d -
2 Ast
so that Astfy p=
Mu = Ast fy d [1 - ] db
1.7bdf’c = reinforcement
ratio
ΦMu =Φ{Ast fy d [1 -0.6Astfy }
bdf’c
Astfy p fy
ku = neutral axis parameter ku = =
0.85f’c γ db 0.85f’c γ
12
Design of RC Beams for Bending
AS3600
φ =0.8
Astfy p fy
ku = neutral axis depth factor ku = =
0.85f’c γ db 0.85f’c γ
13
Design of RC Beams for Bending
Minimum Reinforcement
To ensure ductility of RC beams, a minimum amount
for reinforcing steel (reinforcing ratio) must be
provided …(refer to Cl 8.1.4.1)
' 2
A st D f cf
p= ≥ 0.22
bd d f sy
14
Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams
εcu=0.003 0 .8 5 f'c
C1
k ud ε
sc
Compression
reinforcement j d
u
A ht
A sc
εsy fy T1
+ Ast=Aht+Ahc
f’sc C2 Mu=M1+M2
dsc
A sc
A st
d-dsc=dh M2=C2x dh
Tension
reinforcement A hc
fy
T2
Asc= 2-
2-N24 Asc= 4-
4-N24
Ast= 4-
4-N24 Ast= 4-
4-N24 Ast= 4-
4-N24
15
Design for Durability
Refer to Section 4 of AS3600
Concrete cover
• Minimum cover to reinforcement is the larger of
- bar diameter derivation
- value from Tables 4.10.3.2 (for standard formwork &
compaction) 250
N10 Ligatures
2-N28
Cover Cover to
to ligatures main bars
31
32
16
Design for Durability
Assume a beam
inside a typical
building
Exposure
classification = A1
33
17
Design for Durability
Concrete cover
250
• Minimum Spacing between bars
= 3 x bar diameter (28)
= 84mm
35
36
18
Design for Fire Resistance
Concrete cover
• bw = 250mm
37
19