Modul #07

TE3113
SISTEM KOMUNIKASI 1

NOISE
PADA SISKOM
TE-29-02
Program Studi S1 Teknik Telekomunikasi
Departemen
p Teknik Elektro - Sekolah Tinggi
gg Teknologi
g Telkom
Bandung – 2007
 Model Komunikasi Radio

Blah blah
blah bl ah

r (t )
PEMANCAR (TX) hc (t ) PENERIMA (RX)
si (t ) n(t )
SUMBER TUJUAN

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 Model Sinyal Terima
„ M d l th
Model the received
i d signal
i l
si ((t ) hc ((t ) r ((t ) r (t ) = si (t ) ∗h c (t ) + n(t )

n(t )
AWGN = Additive
Additi White
Whit Gausian
G i Noise
N i

„ Si lif th
Simplify the model:
d l
… Received signal in AWGN
Ideal channels
hc (t ) = δ (t )
si (t ) r (t ) r (t ) = si (t ) + n(t )

n(t )
AWGN
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 Klasifikasi Noise
„ Noise/Derau sebagai unsur pengganggu yang hampir selalu
terlibat dalam Siskom memerlukan pemodelan yang
representative untuk memudahkan keperluan analisis bagi
penentuan
t k lit ataupun
kualitas t ki j Siskom.
kinerja Si k
„ Klasifikasi noise berdasarkan sumbernya :
… Dari luar system
y
… Dari dalam system (umumnya paling dominan)
„ Klasifikasi noise berdasarkan “equivalensi” dengan suhu:
… Thermal-Noise
… Non Thermal-Noise
„ Klasifikasi noise berdasarkan model matematis/statistic :
… Gaussian Noise
… White noise
… White Gaussian Noise

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 Gaussian Noise
n1(t) [volt]
n3(t) [volt]

t t
n2(t) [volt]

1
„ f ngsi distribusi
fungsi distrib si Gauss
Ga ss : σ n 2π
2
v 0,607
−
1 2σ n 2 σ n 2π
f n ( v) = f N ( v) = e
σ n 2π

−σ n μ =0 +σ n V
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 Gaussian Noise
„ dimana:
„ σn = standar deviasi, dan μ ≡ mean = 0
∞ ∞

∫f
−∞
n ( v ) dv = ∫f
−∞
N ( v ) dv = 1

≡akar daya rata-rata

σn = VAR [ N ( t )] = r.m.s/eff.
r m s/eff

„ Tegangan r.m.s/eff. dapat diukur dengan “ TRUE-RMS

VOLT-METER”, yang dapat berupa sinyal apa saja,
termasuk NOISE.
„ Tapi Voltmeter biasa hanya mengukur tegangan rata-rata
rata rata
sin/cos.
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 White Noise

„ Its PSD is flat, hence, it is called white noise.

[ /H ]
[w/Hz]

Power spectral
density

Autocorrelation
function
Probability density function

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 AWGN: Additive White Gausian Noise
„ Memiliki sifat gabungan antara Gaussian-noise dan white
noise
„ Berupa noise dalam/thermal noise :

No η kT
φ N (f) φ N (f)
= = No = η = kT
2 2 2

D bl sided
Double id d Si l sided
Single id d

k ≡ konst. Boltzman = 1,38.10−23 J / ° K

„ Rapatt daya
R d noise
i mempunyaii ekuivalensi
k i l id
dengan th
thermal.
l
Sehingga secara praktis dapat juga noise dinyatakan dalam
thermal (ekivalensinya).
( y )

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 Classification of signals

„ Deterministic and random signals

… Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with
respect to the signal value at any time.
… Random signal: Some degree of uncertainty
in signal values before it actually occurs.
„ Thermal noise in electronic circ
circuits
its d
due
e to the
random movement of electrons
„ Reflection of radio waves from different layers
y of
ionosphere

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 Classification of signals …
„ Periodic and non-periodic signals

A periodic signal A non-periodic

p signal
g
„ Analog and discrete signals

A discrete signal

Analog signals
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 Classification of signals ..
„ Energy and power signals
… A signal is an energy signal if, and only if, it has
nonzero but finite energy for all time:

… A signal is a power signal if, and only if, it has

finite but nonzero power for all time:

… General rule: Periodic and random signals are power

signals. Signals that are both deterministic and non-
periodic are energy signals.

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 Random process
„ A random process is a collection of time functions, or
signals, corresponding to various outcomes of a
random experiment.
experiment For each outcome
outcome, there exists a
deterministic function, which is called a sample
function or a realization.
Random
variables
mber
Real num

Sample functions
or realizations
(deterministic
function)
time (t)

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Random Sequences and Random Processes

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 Specifying a Random Process
„ A random process is defined by all its joint CDFs

for all possible sets of sample times

tn
t2
t0 t1

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 Stationarity
„ If time-shifts (any value T) do not affect its joint CDF

tn+T
tn
t +T t2+T
t2 t0 + T 1
t0 t1
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 Random process …
„ Strictly stationary: If none of the statistics of the
random process are affected by a shift in the time
origin.
„ Wid sense stationary
Wide t ti (WSS):
(WSS) If th
the mean and d
autocorrelation function do not change with a shift in
the origin time.
„ Cyclostationary: If the mean and autocorrelation
function are periodic in time.
„ Ergodic process: A random process is ergodic in
mean and autocorrelation, if

and
d

, respectively.

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 Ergodicity
„ Time averages = Ensemble
Ti E bl averages
[i.e. “ensemble” averages like mean/autocorrelation can be computed as
“time-averages” over a single realization of the random process]
„ A randomd process: ergodic
di iin mean and d autocorrelation
t l ti (like
(lik w.s.s.)) if
and

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 Autocorrelation
„ A t
Autocorrelation
l ti off an energy signal
i l

„ Autocorrelation of a power signal

… For ap
periodic signal:
g

„ Autocorrelation of a random signal

… For a WSS process:

p

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 Spectral density

„ Energy signals:

… Energy spectral density (ESD):

„ Power signals:

… Power spectral density (PSD):

„ Random process:
… Power spectral
p density
y ((PSD):
)

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 Properties of an autocorrelation
function

„ For real-valued
real valued (and WSS in case of
random signals):
1 Autocorrelation and spectral density form
1.
a Fourier transform pair.
2 Autocorrelation is symmetric around zero
2. zero.
3. Its maximum value occurs at the origin.
4 Its value at the origin is equal to the
4.
average power or energy.

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