1

SELF- CONCEPT, EXPERIENCES AND STRUGGLES OF DRUG

RESPONDERS IN POLACION 8, MIDSAYAP COTABATO

MARIA ANA OSORIO BAUTISTA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS PROPOSED TO THE FACULTY OF

DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES, CENTRAL MINDANAOUNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENTOF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY

May 2018
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Drug abuse is one of the top problems confronting the nation today especially
among the youth. Incidences of drug and alcohol abuse which is related to anti- social
behavior have tremendously increased in recent years. This has become a matter of
concern to the government, parents, teachers, Non-governmental organizations and all
other relevant agencies (Martinez, May 2017).
Consuming alcohol or other drugs can affect relationships with family, friends and
partners. In some cases, common across these varies accounts was the recognition of
the role of addicted- related stigma in shaping decisions to disclose consumption to
loved ones Anstice, S., Strike, C. & Brands, B. (2009).
People have different experiences with addiction and each person has a
“completely different process.” On the contrary, this statement claimed that “people are
cut out of the same cloth,” to say that the struggle of addiction is more or less the same
for everyone.
Drug addiction is one of the major problems of the country due to its negative
effects not just to the user but also to the society. To President Rodrigo Duterte’s anti-
illegal drug campaign shows no sign of slowing down, the local government facilitate the
establishment of community- based treatment and rehabilitation services and
interventions to responders found to be of low- risk or having mild substance use
disorder (Gavilan 2016).
This community-based assessment, treatment, and care services for drug users
in the Philippines can be a cost-effective and are proven alternative models that can be
done in the country. Based on a public health and human rights approach, this kind of
services are more accessible, addressing issues on stigma, fear of social, economic,
and legal consequences, and can ensure treatment compliance (Gavilan 2016) .
Midsayap is a first class Municipality in the province of Cotabato and has the
highest numbers of barangays. It composes of fifty-seven (57) barangays in the
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municipality. It has the highest numbers of drug responders in the region. According to
the data of Police Station, there are more than two thousand (2,000+) drug responders
overall the municipality. One of the areas of the municipality which has higher drug
responders is the Poblacion 8. It is estimated around four hundred plus drug responders
listed in their data. The local government units particularly the barangay chairman and
his barangay officials are actively showing and exerting efforts in supporting and giving
interventions through community-based treatment for our drug responders who willingly
submitted their selves to take good steps for their self-recovery.

This research aims to study the self-concept of drugs responders as well as their
experiences and struggles with their family, peers and neighbors. This study will also
determine the socio-demographic profile of the respondents by age, civil status and
educational attainment, drug responders’ classification, duration of time in using and the
types of illegal drugs used.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical perspective of this study is the Central to Rogers' personality

theory in the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as "the organized, consistent
set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself."

The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and the
interpretations of those experiences. Two primary sources that influence of self-concept
are childhood experiences and evaluation by others.

Self-worth is developed in early childhood and was formed from the interaction of
the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant
others will affect feelings of self-worth Saul McLeod (2014).
According to Rogers (1959), the self will want to feel experience and behave in
ways which are consistent with the self-image and which reflect what it would like to be
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like, the ideal-self. The closer the self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more
consistent or congruent the self and the higher is the sense of self-worth.
However, some researchers have suggested that the self- concept is like a large,
complex set of files, and current events cause people to pull out one drawer or another
of these files. People may scan their files in different ways depending on the immediate
context and recent experiences.
Moreover, there is also a notion that self-concept is changing. It is called the
Spontaneous self- concept or the phenomenal self-concept. There is evidence that the
spontaneous self- concept changes, even though self-esteem and the deeper aspects
of the self-concept appear to quite resistant to change. The immediate social context
brings out different features of the self, causing the spontaneous self-concept to change
(McGuire, 1982).

Conceptual Framework

To develop a conceptual of this study where the drug responders are the
subject
According to Kaplan’s self-derogation plays a central role in determining
drug use or abuse, negative feelings and statements about oneself and the socially
devaluing experiences that set it up motivate individuals to behave in ways that
minimize self-derogation and maximize positive attitude. It proposes that negative self-
evaluations are part of the etiological process, but articulates specific mechanism
through which negative self- evaluation or negative self- concept that leads to drug
abuse Kaplan (1975,1996).
Scientific evidence indicates that drug use is a result of a complex
multifactorial interaction between repeated exposure to drugs, and biological and
environmental factors. Some forms of drug use are associated with recreational settings
that induce substance abuse with the purpose of coping with anxiety, poor emotional
skills, poor capacity to manage stressful stimuli and difficult environmental situations,
poor engagement in school and lack of vocational skills Gerra et al., (2009).
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Since, deviant peer bonding maintain a result of weak conventional

bonds with parents and school, prior delinquent behavior, and social
disorganization.Bandura called it "modeling" which individuals often model or do what
people around them do, for example use of drugs. Therefore it is important to
understand whom individuals interact with (e.g., who become their friends), because
research and theory has repeatedly shown that such associations and attachments are
predictors of behavior Ennett and Bauman (1991; Kandel 1996).
In other aspect of this concept such as family, each person plays a role
or multiple roles to help the family function better and to maintain a level of homeostasis,
stability and balance. When substance abuse is added to this dynamic, the family roles
naturally shift to adjust to the new behaviors associated with drug or alcohol use, and to
continue maintaining order and balance (Flanagan 2014).
Since, self- concept determines behavior and is an important concept in
understanding human behavior. In studying the struggles and experiences of substance
abusers, the self- concept is frequently viewed as a central factor in the addiction.
According to Salaznek, drugs offer magical solutions to the problems of low self-esteem,
family fragmentation, and juvenile identity crisis. it was reported that 75.5% of the
sample of adolescent drug abusers considered low self-concept to be one cause of their
turning to drugs (Carmichael, Linn, Pratt, & Nancy Webb, August 1977).

Statement of the Problem

This study attempted to determine the level of self- concept, experiences and
struggles of drug responders in Poblacion 8, Midsayap North Cotabato.

Specifically, it answered the following questions:

1. What is the socio- demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
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1.2 Sex
1.3 Educational attainment
1.4 Civil status
1.5 Drug responders’ classification (Drug user / Drug dealer)
1.6 Duration of using / selling drugs?
1.7 Types of illegal drugs used.
2. What is the level of self-concept of the respondents?
3. What are the experiences of the respondents with their:
a. Family
b. Peers
c. Neighbors
4. What are the struggles of the respondents?

Objective of the Study

Generally, this study is aimed to describe the level of self- concept, experiences
and struggles of drug responders.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Identify the socio- demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex,
educational attainment, drug responders’ classification and types of illegal drugs
used.
2. Determine the level of self-concept of drug responders.
3. Explore and describe the experiences of drug responder with their family, peers
and neighbors.
4. Know the struggles of the respondents.
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Scope and Limitation

This study was intended to determine the self-concept among drug

responders as well as their experiences and struggles. This study is limited only
to the drug responders of Poblacion 8, Midsayap North Cotabato who
surrendered to the local government officials and men in uniform under the
administration of President Rodrigo Duterte. And, those drug responders who
have given interventions by Local Government Unit.

Significance of the Study

This study would help the Municipality of Poblacion 8, Midsayap to be

knowledgeable and to determine the self- concept, experiences and struggles of drug
responders.
This study is significant to the following:
Family, the findings of this study may guide them to cope up and help them to
understand the current situation of their son/daughter or for their spouse.
Drug responders, the results would help them to address properly their needs
and give them enough attention on how to deal their condition.
Government officials, the findings of this study would give them more input on
how to fight and eradicate the stigmatization on the condition facing by the respondents.
Also, give them ideas on what possible program and strategies to approach effectively
the condition of drug responders.
Future Researcher, this study would give the future researchers a background
and will serve as information for the further studies related.
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Operational definition

To fully understand the concept in this study, the following terms are
operationally defined:

Community-based Treatment Program. Is the social method for designing

programs that enables social service providers, organizers, designers and evaluators to
serve specific communities in their own environment among drug responders.
Drug Responders. It refers to drug personalities who have been surrendered to
the OplanTokhang whom undergo Community Based Rehabilitation Program in
Poblacion 8 of Midsayap municipality.
Local Government Unit. It refers to the Philippines often called local
government units or LGUs, which is divided into three levels in provinces and
independent cities; component cities and municipalities; and barangays.

Municipality of Midsayap North Cotabato. It is a Municipality in North Cotabato

which composed of fifty-seven (57) barangays.

Peers. It refers to the group membership which influences drug surrenders self-
esteem and behavior

Self-Concept. It is referring to the idea of the self-constructed from the beliefs

one holds about oneself and the responses of other
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Presented below are related studies which discussed about the different
variables of the study. It is generated from books, journals, and online publications.

Self-Concept of Drug Users

Self-concept determines behavior and is an important concept in understanding

human beings and human behavior. When studying the characteristics of substance
abusers, the self-concept is frequently viewed as a central factor in the addiction
(Medea , 1997).

According to Salaznek, drugs offer magical solutions to the problems of low self-
esteem, family fragmentation, educational malaise, and juvenile identity crisis. Samuels
and Samuels4 reported that 75.5% of their sample of adolescent drug abusers
considered low self-concept to be one cause of their turning to drugs.
Although the self-concept is formed in infancy and childhood it is, according to
Vanderpol, an ever changing facet of the personality and may therefore become more
or less positive or negative depending on life experiences which affect it.

There is probably a stable core to the self, but different parts or versions of the
self are opponent in different circumstances. Moreover, selves do change over time in
fundamental ways, so even the most stable core of the self may not be fixed and
constant. To change the self, it is helpful and powerful to change the way one is
perceived by the other people, and these socially reflected views of self can then be
internalized (Wicklurd & Goolluitzer, 1982).

Understanding the content and structure of the self has been increasingly
emphasized in social psychology, especially in response to the growing influence of
social cognition on the field (e.g., Linville & Carlston, 1994).
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In addition self- concepts being highly organized and integrated in memory,

research indicates that the self is more than a unitary structure. In fact, one current self
is compared to other selves to direct self- regulation (Carver &Sheiver, 1998).

Drug Used, Nature and Typology

Scientific evidence indicates that the drug use is a result of a complex

multifactorial interaction between repeated exposure to drugs, and biological and
environmental factors (). Some forms of drug use are associated with recreational
settings or specific sub-populations, for example ecstasy use, which is found more
among young people and associated with particular lifestyle and events (parties, night
clubs and dance events.

According to the research among those who use drugs in recreational settings, a
significant proportion could be induced to substance abuse with the purpose of coping
with anxiety, poor emotional skills, poor capacity to manage stressful stimuli and difficult
environmental situations, poor engagement in school and lack of vocational skills.

Use of opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and those injecting account

for a substantial proportion of dependent or problem are drug users. These drug users
also tend to be more chronic users, with psychiatric and medical co- morbidities, and
are either stigmatized or come from marginalized segments of society.

It was also known that the possibility of childhood experiences are being
neglected and poor parent- child attachment may partially attributed to a complex
neurobiological derangement and dopamine system dysfunctions are playing a crucial
role in susceptibility to addictive and affective disorder ( Hussey J.M., Chang J.J. and
Kotch J.B., 2006).

Different kinds of adverse childhood experiences, such as self-reported

supervision neglect, physical neglect, physical assault and contact sexual abuse, have
been reported in association with adolescent cigarette, alcohol, cannabis and inhalant
use, as well as violent behavior (Gerra G. et al., 2009).
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Impact of drugs

Substance use is associated with numerous undesirable short and long term
consequences. The individual not only suffer from physical and psychological problems
but also loses the ability to interact with family, peers and society (Anju Poudel 2016).
In personal, family, friends, and social life, drug addiction has man effects. The
effects of drug addiction on the health of individual are sickness, withdrawal and a way
out to a life of crime. The additional effects of drug addiction include that it disturbs
family life and make a destructive example of codependency. Individuals face various
problems such as isolation, depression, irritability, fatigue, weight loss, memory loss and
changes in mood after taking drugs (Lloyd, 1993; Cirakoglu and Isin, 2005).

Family Relationships of drug surrenders

Some people who are addicted don't believe that they are sick and out of control,
so they don't look for treatment. They don't see the problems they are causing
themselves and those around them. Other people who are addicted are aware of the
problem, but may be so upset and confused that they don't know how to ask for or get
help. This may cause to family members to fight a lot because of the problems the drug
use is causing. The person who is using drugs might do and say things that upset
neighbors and friends, and make the family ashamed (Choate 2015).
In every family unit, each person plays a role (or multiple roles) to help the family
function better and to maintain a level of homeostasis, stability and balance. When
substance abuse is added to this dynamic, the family roles naturally shift to adjust to the
new behaviors associated with drug or alcohol use, and to continue maintaining order
and balance (Flanagan 2014).

Neighborhood Relationship
Owen Flanagan (2013) has recently proposed an account of addiction that includes a
shame condition. “Addicted” persons interpret themselves as both failing in effective
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agency and not living up to their own normative standards, and their recognition of this
leads to a set of negative self-regarding attitudes, central to these being shame.
Flanagan thinks that the sources of the shame condition connect to the affected
individual’s perceived inability to be an effective reasons-responsive agent.
Neighborhoods and family processes are integrated in Bronfenbrenner’s (1979)
ecological approach to the study of human development. The premise of this framework
is that the contexts within which individuals are situated influence developmental
outcomes such as psychological well-being (Brooks- Gunn, Duncan, Klebanov, &
Sealand, 1993).

Community- Based Rehabilitation Program

Rampant consumption of the illegal drugs and criminal acts related to drug
addiction are some of the major problems faced by the Philippine society. The
Philippine government created different anti-drug laws to address drug abuse and
committing crimes. Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, was promulgated by the Philippine Government to
safeguard citizen from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs (Dulin&Guadamor, 2017).
To ensure more efficient implementation of this act, it has provided the local
government units with authority to control the increase of drug abuse within their
locality. The Drug Prevention Campaign Program of the national and local government
is fighting against the drug dependency among all levels of society (Dulin&Guadamor,
2017).
Treatment and rehabilitation is the most humane aspect of the anti-drug
campaign as it reintegrates former drug dependents into the society. We are
resurrecting dreams. We are empowering former victims. And we are helping them live-
out the futures that rightfully belong to them. Bringing these services to the communities
through this initiative of the Department of Health together with the Dangerous Drugs
Board, and with the support of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, is an
essential step in winning the battle against drugs.
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Communities play a significant role in the anti-drug campaign. After the family,
the community becomes the anchor by which individuals thrive; their capacities are
harnessed and their growth as citizens starts. It is then important to capacitate and
empower people and communities with programs that will help protect and preserve the
welfare of its members (National Objectives for Health, Philippines 2005-2010, p. 272.)
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This study presents the methodology of the study. It includes the Research
design, Sampling procedure, Locale of the study, Research instrument, Procedure and
Data Analyses.

Research Design

Descriptive research design was utilized in this study to determine the level of
self-concept and to describe the experiences and struggles of drug responders.
Additionally, it determined the socio-demographic profile of the respondents.

Locale of the study

This study was conducted at one of the barangays which has higher numbers of
drug responders in the municipality of Midsayap. This area is the Poblacion 8, Midsayap
North Cotabato.
Midsayap North Cotabato is the first class Municipality in North Cotabato. It
composes of fifty-seven (57) barangays. And, has the highest drug responders in the
whole region. This site is chosen since this area is identified as one with higher
numbers of drug responders in the municipality. It has four hundred plus drug
responders in the area and currently undergoing community-based treatment of local
government unit.

Sampling Procedure

Purposive sampling technique was utilized to identify the thirty drug responders of
the area as respondents of the study.
The following will be the inclusion criteria for respondent selection.
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1. The respondents must be drug responders from Poblacion 8 of Midsayap North

Cotabato.
2. The respondents must currently undergoing community-based treatment of the local
government of Midsayap municipality.

Instrument

The researcher used three questionnaires namely; the Tennessee Self Concept
Scale (TSCS), the ASSIST WHO V.3 and the researcher in depth-interview
questionnaire.
The first questionnaire is the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) which
consists of 100 self-descriptive items by means of an individual portrays what he or she
is, does, likes, and feels. The scale is intended to summarize an individual's feeling of
self-worth, the degree to which the self-image is realistic, and whether or not that self-
image is a deviant one.
The TSCS also measures five external aspects of self-concept (moral-ethical,
social, personal, physical, and family) and three internal aspects identity, behavior, and
self-satisfaction (Warren, 1996).
The second is the ASSIST WHO V.3, The WHO Alcohol, Smoking and Substance
Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was developed in 1997 by the World Health
Organization and specialist addiction researchers in response to the overwhelming
public health burden associated with psychoactive substance use worldwide.
It is an interviewer-administered pencil and paper questionnaire and screens for
all levels of problem or risky substance use. It was consisted of eight questions covering
tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants (including ecstasy),
inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens, opioids and ‘other drugs’, that could be answered
by most subjects in around 10 minutes ( Poznyak, 2008)
And the last is the Researcher-made depth interview questionnaire which will
determine the Socio-demographic profile of respondents.
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The questionnaire had two parts; the first part was about the respondents’ profile
which age, sex, and educational attainment, drug responder classification, length of
time duration in using or selling drugs and types of illegal drug used.
The second part is the in depth- interview questionnaire was used in exploring the
experiences and struggles of drug responders to their family, peers, and neighbors.

Procedure

The researcher first sent the formal letter to the Municipal Mayor and for the
Chairman’s of Poblacion 8, Midsayap Municipality to ask permission to conduct the
study. After getting the approval, the researcher asked consent from qualified
respondents to be part of the study. When consent is given, the researcher then
administered the Tennessee Self- Concept Scale (TSCS) and the ASSIST WHO V.3 in
drug responders in the covered court area of the barangay hall. After administering the
tests the researcher conducted the focus group discussion at least 7 to 10 drug
responders to explore the experiences and struggles of the respondents.
The researcher also assured the respondents that the information they provided
would be kept strictly confidential. The instructions were given and the respondents
were required to select their best response for each statement.

Data Analysis

The study utilized descriptive statistics to describe the basic features of the
data and also to provide summaries about the sample and the measures of the study.
Frequency distribution was used to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of
age, civil status, educational attainment, drug classification, types of illegal drug used
and self-concept.
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Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the major findings of the study. It discusses the socio-
demographic profile of the responders in terms of Age, Sex, Educational Attainment and
Civil Status. It also shows the results of Drug Responders Classification (Drug User/
Drug Dealer), Duration of time Using/ Drug Selling as well as the types of illegal drug
used.

Furthermore, the results of drug respondent’s self- concept were analysed and it
explored their experiences and struggles.

Profile of the Respondents

Table 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The results

indicate that more than half (77%) of the respondents are male and only 23% are
females. In terms of age, 47% of the respondents are 31 years old and above, 40% are
21-30 years old while only 13% are 11-20 years old.

Almost half of the respondents (46%) are high school graduates, 33% are
Elementary Graduates, few (17%) are college graduates and one (4%) has reached
college level. In terms of civil status, almost half (43%) of the respondents are single,
some (30%) are widowed and few (27%) are married.
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Table1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Sex, Age,

Educational Attainment and Civil Status.

Variable Category Frequency Percentage

Sex Male 23 77%

Female 7 23%

Total 30 100

Age 11-20 4 13%

21-30 12 40%

31 above 14 47%

Total 30 100

Total Mean Age 31.56

Educational Elementary Graduate 10 33%

attainment
High school Graduate 14 46%

College Graduate 5 17%

College level 1 4%

Total 30 100

Civil Status Single 13 43%

Married 8 27%

Widow 9 30%

Total 30 100
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Table 2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the types of drugs used

Rank Substance Use Frequency

1st Tobacco products 30

2nd Alcoholic beverages 24

3rd Cannabis (marijuana) 21

4th Cocaine 15

5th amphetamine- type stimulants 14

6th Inhalants 8

7th Sedatives 5

8th Hallucinogens 3

Table 2 shows the rank, frequency and percentage distribution of drug

respondents according to the Substance that they used as measured by ASSIST V.3.
The results indicate the top three (3) most common drugs abused in Poblacion 8,
Midsayap North Cotabato. Tobacco products are the top common substance used by
the respondents followed by alcoholic beverages and the third (3 rd) is the cannabis
(marijuana). Aside from tobacco products and alcoholic beverages, Cannabis
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(marijuana) is much preferred by the drug respondents because it is much affordable

and they can easily buy it. Hallucinogens are the least preferred since it is expensive.

Table 3 frequency and Percentage Distribution of Drug responders’ classification and

Duration of using / selling drugs

Drug responders’ Frequency Percentage

classification

User only 26 87%

User and Dealer 4 13%

Total 30 100

Duration

Using 2months-6months 4 13%

6months - 2 years 12 40%
2 years and above 10 20%

Using and Selling

6 months-2years 4 27%

Total 30 100

Table 3 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of drug responder’s

classification and the duration of their using and selling drugs. Results revealed that
87% of the respondents are purely drug users only and 13% of the respondents are
both drug users and dealers. Furthermore, 45% of these drug users consume drugs for
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six (6) months and two (2) years, 20%are consuming drugs for two (2) years and above
and 13% are consuming drugs for two (2) months to six (6) months. On the other hand,
20% are using and selling drugs for 6 months – 2 years.

Table 4 Mean, t-score and level of self-concept of Drug Responders

Mean t-score level of self-concept

Physical Self-Concept 43.51 38 Low
Moral Self-Concept 40.70 34 Low
Personal Self-Concept 33.29 29 Very Low
Social Self- Concept 43.03 35 Low
Family Self- Concept 38.80 33 Low
Total Self- Concept 236.58 32 Low

The research study showed low level of physical self- concept among drug
respondents. They are having negative views of how they look since recovering
individuals may experience extreme physical pain in the joints and muscle tissue when
drugs are suddenly stopped. The respondents also have low moral self-concept in
which they may perceive themselves with impulsivity that overrides moral conditions.

Thus, this may also indicates that these respondents have difficulty in controlling
their impulses. It is the reason why they are using illegal drug substances. Very low
personal self- concept was also in the result which indicates the presence of self- hatred
and may signal the episodic self- destructive behaviour that they become reactive to
temporary circumstances and to the opinions of others.

Their social self-concept is also low since they are currently experiencing
criticism from the community which affects their socialization. These drug responders
may exhibit social avoidance. Family Self-concept also indicted a low result since they
have a sense of alienation and disappointments from their family. In general, drug
respondent’s total self-concept is low. This means that they are doubtful about their own
worth. This would not mean that they necessarily hate themselves although they may
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see themselves as undesirable, but they are cautious and conservative in their self-
description. Drug responders are less likely to say positive things about themselves.

According to Kaplan (1996), self-derogation plays a central role in determining

drug use or abuse. Negative feelings and statements about oneself and socially
devaluing experiences set up an individual that motivates them to behave in ways that
minimize self-derogation and maximize positive attitude. Self-concept is formed in
infancy and childhood according to Vanderpool (2013). As the individual grows, the
experiences would determine the self-concept of the individual.

Experiences of the Drug Responders

The researcher conducted a focused group discussion (FGD) and an in-depth

interview with the respondents to describe the experiences and struggles among drug
responders.

Family

The findings showed that the drug respondent’s family member found out their
involvement on illegal drugs activities because of the mandate of President Duterte’s
War on Drugs. The Local Government Unit has been undergoing a community based
program and mandated government officials, Police officers, and Military Personnel to
compile all drug users and dealer to surrender..

This scenario created a big impact to both drug responders and also to their
families since they surrender in their respective barangays has marked them as being
involved on illegal drugs. Some of the drug responders stated that their family members
were shocked and narrated that “na tingala nalang akong pamilya nganung niapil ko ug
ni surrender sa among barangay sa gina tawag nga tokhang”..didto dayon sila naka
balo nga ni gamit diay ko sa maong illegal drugs (my family was shocked when I came
to our barangay and to surrender..that was the time that they knew that I have been
using an illegal drugs). Nevertheless, after surrendering, most of the respondents
families became more supportive and they gave advices to continue the community
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based rehabilitation program. As one of the respondent stated “Yes nakasuk-an man ko
sa akong pamilya pero mas daghan ang ilang mga advices nga gina hatag sa akoa nga
mu surrender daw ko ug mo apil sa community base program” (yes at first my family
were mad at me but later on they gave me more advices to surrender and getting
involve on the community base program).

In addition, most of respondents stated that “okay lang man ang among relasyon
sa akong pamilya” the respondent continued “mas okay mi karon tong ni apil naku ug
community base progam kay nisunod man ko sa ilang mga pagtambag” (It is better now
because I already followed their advices to join this community based program). After
joining the community based treatment program, it brought significant changes in my
relationship with my family. Another respondent said “gi dawat gihapon ko nila mas
daghan na sila og time sa akoa karon ug pementi ko gina adbaysan nga magpadayon
sapagbag.o. nalipay sila kay niapil ko sa maong community base program sa among
barangay” ( Despite of the bad incident, they still accepted me and they are also giving
me advices to continue my journey in changing my old habits. They are happy because
I joined to community base program in our barangay).

Another experienced of the respondents claimed that their families’ treatment to

them became distant after knowing their involvement in illegal drugs. A respondent said
“sukad tong nabal-an nila nga ga gamit diay ko ug illegal drugs kay ma sense naku nga
mahadlok na sila ug duol nako”( since they knew that I have been using illegal drugs , I
can sense that they are afraid to approach me). But along the way, most of the families
of the respondents lessened their disappointments and sought to understand the
situation of drug responders. In motivation to resolve their involvement on illegal drugs
through undergoing the community based treatment program.

Peers

Peers are important agents of socialization for the individual. Peer and groups
trigger their curiosity and at the same time they conform to their peers’ influence. As
most of the respondents stated “ang uban nakabalo jud kay mao man ang naka
impluwensya sa akong pag gamit og droga” (My other friends already knew because
 24

they are the one who had influenced me in using illegal drugs). For those drug
respondents whose friends did not know what they were doing, respondent claimed that
there was a difference on their treatment after knowing it. The respondent said that “san
una among relasyon ky okay pa pero tong sukad nga nakabalo sila na lahi na ilang pag
tagad nako,dili na kayo sila mu sabay sa akoa” ( Before, our relationship was just fine
but since they found out that I am involved on illegal drugs there treatment towards me
changed).

This statements shows that peer influence is one of the factor why some of these
drug responders involved on illegal drugs since they are in the same workplace. In
addition held by social learning theory, that if an individual observes that other people
appear to receive rewards for certain behaviour’s they will be tempted to model these
behaviour.

Thus if peers appear to get enjoyment from using alcohol or drugs, the individual
will be tempted to emulate their behaviour. Social learning is critical for human survival
but sometimes it can go wrong if the behaviour being imitated is self-destructive. Just as
it is possible to learn bad behaviours from watching other people, it is also possible to
unlearn them.

Neighbours

Criticism is painful and has an impact to one self –value, especially when it
comes to the drug respondents significant others. Aside from the family and peers, the
neighbours’ feedback can also affect the drug responder’s emotions.

Most respondent’s reported “madunggan jud nako nga ingnan ko nila nga adik
daw ko..nganung ni apil- apil daw ko sa mong illegal drugs nga walay hinungdan” ( I’ve
heard them saying that I am an addict person. They also said that, why did I get
involved myself on that kind of situation that was very useless).

Drug responders then exhibit social avoidance because of the criticism that they
heard and become ashamed. But Flanagan (2013) thinks that the source of the shame
 25

condition connects the individual to be responsive to the community to improve their

interaction.

On the other hand, some of their neighbour’s feedback was good enough to
encourage them to change their bad ways. As the respondents stated “Ana among
sililangan na mas maayo jud na nga mu surrender nalang ko ug mu apil sa community
based program sa barangay para makalikay nako sa maong bisyo” ( our neigjhbours
said to me that it’s better for me to surrender and join the community based program in
our barangay in order to stop my bad habits).

Personal experiences

A majority of the drug responders reflected with their experiences before and
after they engaged in the community based program. Before, they didn’t have a peace
of mind, they had unstable emotions, and they are unable to sleep well. One of the
respondents said that “sa wala pa ko kaapil sa community based program wala nako
kasabot sa akong kaugalingon ..”(Before I joined the community based program, I did
not understand myself already). Another respondent stated that “wla koy kalipay kay sigi
ko yawyawan sa akong asawa bahin sa akong bisyo ...” (I am not happy because my
wife is always nagging me about my bad habits”).

On the other hand, after they surrendered and responded to the barangay and
attained to the community based program, much of the respondents felt relieved. They
are also experiencing positive feedback as one of the respondents said that “dako kayo
ug kabag-uhan kay maayo na ug sakto na akong panghuna.huna. “(There’s a big
changes because I can already think straight and clearly). Another respondent reflected
that “mas maayo nga naka apil ko ani nga programa kay dili naku kayo mayagayagaan
“bully”kay tungod sa akong pag apil ani na pamatuod naku sa ila nga mag.bag.o
nako.”(It is better that I joined this kind of program because they can no longer bully me,
it will serve as an evidence that I will change for the better).
 26

Most likely, drug respondents stated“diri nako nasayran nga dili jud diay maayo
ang paggamit ug illegal nga droga, maka daot sa tanang aspeto sa akong kinabuhi” (In
this matter, I realized that using illegal drugs is not good, since it can harm or destroy
every aspect of my life).

Another respondent continued that, “karon kabalo nako nga lain man diay ang
mga gipang sagol nga mga substance sa shabu, unya mao akong gina nintake (Now I
know that, all the ingredients used to create shabu was not good, then I’ve been using
it). One of the most progressive process that they have been reported as drug
responders quoted “sa karon hinay- hinay na ug balik akong confidence” (For now little
by little I have confidence).

The support of the family is very important because it can bring aspiration and
motivation to the drug responders to change their ways and to start a new beginning in
their lives. Flagan (2014) stated that in every family unit, each person plays a role (or
multiple roles) to help the family function better and to maintain a level of homeostasis,
stability and balance.

When substance abuse is added to this dynamic, the family roles naturally shift
to adjust to the new behaviors associated with drug or alcohol use, and to continue
maintaining order and balance. Since most of the families of the respondents doesn’t
change their treatment after knowing that this respondents are involved on illegal drugs.

Finally, drug responders are received new hope in life and become happy as
they continued undergoing the community based treatment.

Struggles of the respondents

Early recovery is a time for readjusting to life without drugs or alcohol. Achieving
and maintaining sobriety requires changes in lifestyle, relationships, coping skills and
every other area of life. All of this change makes people in early recovery particularly
vulnerable to decline.
 27

Financial Issues

Addiction is heavily associated with poverty, not just because substance abuse
itself is expensive, but because addiction is often a means of escapism. Almost of drug
responders claimed that one of their struggles in their families are financial issues since
their income is spent on drugs instead of their family’s basic necessities.

As they stated”mag away lagi mi sa akong asawa tungod sa kwarta kay akong
income dili naman insakto kay tungod lagi sa akong bisyo nga usahay ipalit man nako
ug droga”( my wife and me are having a fight because of money, the reason was that
my income are not enough since I spent it on buying illegal drugs).Due to their drug
habits, their children may receive inadequate education and struggle with budgeting and
time management.

Moreover, drug responders struggle towards their peers are also financial issues.
They have come to the point that they fight because they don’t have money in
sustaining to buy illegal drugs. Some of their peers are insecure in terms of money. One
of the respondents stated that “usahay ga away mi tungod sa kwarta ky wala naman mi
ikapalit ug droga, ang uban pud namu nga amigo kay mangigi kung naa koy kwarta
unya sila kay wala” (Sometimes the reason of our fight is because of money, especially
when we can no longer buy illegal drugs. Some of our friends are also envious if I have
my own money).

Financial issues are very common problem of an individual, since it is a standard

basis of our necessities. How much more, if this matter were misled to incorrect using it
may result in unpaid debts, missed payments, late fees, and foreclosure of property.

Coping and Adjustment

Since, these drug responders are currently undergoing recovery process they
may also hard times to adjust and find a new job. As one of the drug respondents says
“naglisod ko ug pangita ug trabaho tungod pud sa epekto sa droga” (I am having a hard
time looking for work because of the effects of drugs).
 28

Another struggle of the drug respondent is that they lack of family bonding which
is evident in the narrative “wala man gud kayo mi time sa among pamilya” (we don’t
have time with our families anymore). Especially to those respondents who are already
married still struggling on how to provide the needs of their family and how to cope up
with their family through giving their time.

Since, these drug responders are currently undergoing recovery process they
may also hard times to find a new job. As one of the drug respondents says “naglisod
ko ug pangita ug trabaho tungod pud sa epekto sa droga” (I am having a hard time
looking for work because of the effects of drugs).

Giving time for the family such as family bonding is one of the essential
foundations of the individual to acquire values. If this foundation is not addressed, there
is a tendency to bring chaos and disrupt family system.

Peers

Another struggle of the respondents about their friends is being intimidated since
he became the center of attention in their groups in terms of bullying. As one of the
respondent narrated “Usahay malain ko sa akong mga barkada kay ako lang ilang sige
ug kantyawan kung mag tapok-tapok mi” (Sometimes I get offended by the acts of my
friends especially when I am with them).

Neighbours

Stigma is ascribed to people with substance use disorders which worsens social
alienation and has the potential to impact adversely all domains of life, such as
employment, housing and social relationships.

Most of the reports of drug responders struggles with their neighbours was
criticism. People are saying bad things behind their backs. One of the respondent stated
that “galain akong buot sa ila kay naay uban nga silingan gina daot ug ginalibak ko
 29

nila..” (I was hurt because my neighbours are saying bad things behind my back).
These criticism affects their trust issues towards their neighbours supported by one of
the respondent stated “wala ko kabalo kung tinuod paba ilang gnapakita nga pagtagad
sa akoa kung naa ko sa ilang atubangan.. kana bitaw nga porket naka apil ta sa maong
drug responders kay lain na dayon kayo ilang panan-aw” (I don’t know if my neighbours
treatment were sincere to me, whenever I am in front of them. Since, they have this
notion that I am a drug responders, they already have a bad perceptions towards me).

Drug responders are also people and they get hurt. A respondent said that “oo
masakitan man sad ko sa ilang gina panglibak peru ako nalang gidawat kay tinuod man
sad ilang gina ingon..ako nalang ginaloom..” (Yes I am hurt of what they said but I just
accepted the fact, since what they said is true. I just kept it on my own). One way drug
respondents cope with the criticism by the neighbourhood is through not paying much
attention to them. The respondent said that “gina pa sagdan nalang naku ilang mga
gina ingon palapos pikas dalalungan..”(I did not pay much attention to it. I’ve heard what
they said, but it did not matter.

Personal struggles

Some of drug respondents, especially to those who are already married were
struggling on how to provide the needs of their family and also how to cope up with their
family through giving their time. The respondents who are still studying mentioned that
they have difficulties with their studies. They feel ashamed to go to their classes
because they might be criticized or bullied by others. Most of them are withdrawn and
isolated.

These drug responders has no difficulties about engaging in community based

program because they have the full support of their family to have the courage to adjust
on their current situations. One of the responder stated”at first nakulbaan ko sa pag
surrender but ‘tong nalektyoran nami about sa among kaso, okay raman diay ..nawala
na akong kakulba ug naga padayon ko ug apil sa community based program” (I felt
nervous at first to surrender but along the way, while we are having our lectures
 30

regarding to our cases, I felt just fine. My nervous has gone and I continued my
involvement to community base program).

However, some of drug responders are still struggling on how to resist illegal
drug use but they have the statement of “gina paningkamutan na jud nako nga dili naku
ma tental sa pag gamit ug illegal drugs ...”(I did my best to resist not being tempted
again to use illegal drugs). Another one said in a firm decision, that he will no longer
take illegal drugs because he made his family as is motivation to change and through
prayers. He said “ naluoy ko sa akong family maong naka decide ko nga undangan na
ang maong bisyo kay makadaot sa kaugmaon dli lang sa akoa but apil pud sa
kaugmaon sa akong mga anak…” (I felt pity for my family that’s why I’ve decided to stop
my bad habits. I realized that it can destroy my future as well as to the future of my
children).
 31

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study was conducted to identify the socio-demographic profile of the drug
responders in terms of age, sex, educational attainment, drug responders’ classification,
duration of using/selling and types of illegal drug used. It also determined the level of
self-concept and described the experiences and struggles of drug responders with their
family, peers and neighbors. The research design was descriptive in nature and
employed purposive sampling to select 30 drug responders that are currently
undergoing community based treatment of the local government of Midsayap
municipality. Descriptive statistic was utilized to described the basic features of the data
and also provide summaries about the sample and the measures of the study.

Based on the results, most of the drug responders were males (77%) and were
31 years and above (47%). In terms of their educational attainment most of them (46%)
were high school graduates and almost half of the respondents are single (43%). The
respondent’s self-concept revealed that they have a low self-concept in terms of their
physical, moral, social, family and have a very low level of personal self-concept. In
general drug responders’ total self- concept is low.

Before surrendering to the Local Government Unit (LGU) drug responders’

experienced with their family, peers and neighbors such as reprimand and negative
feedbacks that affects their emotions. Nevertheless, after surrendering to the LGU most
 32

of their family gave them more supports and advices to continue their involvement in the
community based treatment program. Drug responders are also able to manage their
situations with the help of their families.

Lastly, drug responders struggles with their families includes financial issues,
lack of family bonding and how to cope up with their current situations. Aside from that
drug responders are also struggling with their peers in terms of their relationship of them
and money issues. Moreover, drug responders suffered stigma from the community. It
affected their social well-being in which they felt ashamed and exhibited social
avoidance.

Conclusion

It is a serious matter to get involved in using illegal drugs since it was strictly
prohibited in the country. During President Duterte administration, drug issues have
become more controversial to the point that he mandated the local government to
monitor every individual who are involved on illegal drugs. This matter leads the drug
responders to surrender because of fear. If the people in the community knows that an
individual who are involved in drug issue, that individual could possibly suffer
stigmatization from the society. It would also affect the emotional, physical, moral, social
and even their family. These drug responders who surrendered in poblacion 8,
Midsayap even experienced rejection within their family, peer and neighborhoods rather
than those who did not hooked themselves in the drug issue. Despite of criticism that
they struggled from their neighbors and unstable relationship between their peers, on
other hand they experienced positive side after surrendering and joining in the
community based treatment program. They received big impact and support from their
family since it gave them hope that the individual can still change and is taking steps to
change through joining in the program.

Along the way drug responders process themselves after joining the community
base treatment program. They are in the process of coping to their current situation. We
could see that the result of their self-concept was still low because they are still in the
 33

process of forming again their views about themselves. It is possible that their
experiences and struggles as drug responders had an impact to their low self-concept.

In general, the significance of the community based treatment program to drug

responder’s life gave them courage to surrender for the better and gave them chance to
improve their lives. It gave them awareness in order for them to cope up.

Recommendation

The following recommendations may be considered based on the findings of the study:

To the family, it is recommended to maintain their good relationship and

supports towards drug responders. It is also suggested that the family members
reconnect to the drug responders in order to rebuild their positive views about
themselves.

To the respondents, it is recommended to maintain their good response to the

community base treatment program and widen their mind and courage to change their
ways for the better.

To the Government officials, the result of the study implied how important their
support to the intervention program since it gives a big help for drug responders. It is
also recommended to continuously monitor and evaluate the drug responders
recovering stage, in order to have a better result of their treatment.

To the community, It is suggests to make the community aware such as having

seminars about the experiences and struggles of drug responders as the possible
strategy or solution for the stigmatization of the community.
 34

To the future researcher, it is recommended to conduct a continuation of the

study. It is also suggested to conduct an interview not just with the drug responders but
including drug responder’s family, peers and neighbors.

References

Eddy W.B.,Halbach H., Iabell H., Seevers M.H. (1965) Drug dependence:
bits significance and characteristics. Bull WldHlth Org 32: 721-723
Google Scholar, Medline

Gavilan, 2016: How to seek drug treatment and rehabilitation in the Philippines,
Retrived by https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146198-steps-drug
treatment-rehabilitation-philippines.
The Financial Toll of Addiction - DrugAbuse.com
Retrieved byhttps://drugabuse.com/financial-toll-addiction/

KP Lindgren 2017 :A review of implicit and explicit substance self-concept as a

redictor; Retrived by
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00952990.2016.1229324

Piorkowski, G. K. Drug Education at its Best—The Shaping of Values and Anti-Drug

Attitudes. Journal of Drug Education, 1973, 3(1), 31–37. Google Scholar, Link

Alfred R. Lindesmith, "A Sociological Theory of Drug Addiction," American Journal of

Sociology 43, no. 4 (Jan., 1938): 593-613.
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/assist_factsheet_june2006.pd
?ua=1 http://alcoholrehab.com/addiction-articles/addiction-and-low-self
esteem/
 35

Lloyd, 1993; Cirakoglu and Isin, 2005; Vulnerability to addiction is suppose consequence
of complex relations among drugs, vulnerable genotype and nvironment.
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/11005/7/PBMSK%20%20URME%20BINTE%20SA
AM%20%28CD8857%29

Anstice, S., Strike, C. & Brands, B. (2009); Supervised methadone consumption: client
issues and stigma. Retrieved by https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19444722

McGuire, 1982: Stability and Malleability of the Self-Concept. Retrieved by

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.575.7028&rep=rep
&type=pdf

Kaplan, 1975,1996: Self-Attitudes and Deviant Behavior - SAGE Journals Retrieved

by http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0044118X82014002004

Wicklurd & Goolluitzer, 1982: Symbolic Self Completion. Retrieved by

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267922944_Symbolic_Self_Comple
ion

Linville & Carlston, 1994; Content and structure of the self-concept. Retrieved by
http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-02340-003

James D. Livingston, Teresa Milne, Mei Lan Fang and Erica Amari, 2011 Retrieved
by https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x Cited by: Retrievedby :
https://luxury.rehabs.com/family-member-support-guide/
Adam Drury (2018) Retrieved by https://hightimes.com/guides/marijuana-cannabis/
Rudolph C. Hatfield, PhD (2015) Retrieved by livehttps://drugabuse.com/library/what-
are-hallucinogens/Y

The UW Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute (2013) Retrieved by

http://LearnAboutMarijuanaWA.org/factsheets/whatiscannabis.htm
 36

APPENDICES
 37

Map of Midsayap North Cotabato

 38

Name:_______________________________ Civil Status: Single Married Widowed

Sex: Female Male Working Status: Employed Unemployed

Age: ___________ Date: ______________

Direction: The scale ask you to describe how you feel about yourself. There are no right or wrong
answers, so please just describe as honestly as you can. When you are to begin, read each statement and
decide how well it describes you according to the scale below. Read each statement carefully. Then circle
the number that shows your answer. Circle only one number for each statement, using this scale:

ANSWER 1 if the statement is ALWAYS FALSE (KANUNAY DILI MATUOD KANAKO)

ANSWER 2 if the statement is MOSTLY FALSE (MAKADAGHAN NGA DILI MATUOD
KANAKO)
ANSWER 3 if the statement is PARTLY FALSE AND PARTLY TRUE (USAHAY MATOUD
KANAKO USAHAY DILI PUD MATUOD KANAKO)
ANSWER 4 if the statement is MOSTLY TRUE (MAKADAGHAN NGA MATUOD KANAKO)
ANSWER 5 if the statement is ALWAYS TRUE (KANUNAY MATUOD KANAKO)

If you wish to change you answer, cross it out with an X, and circle the new response you have chosen.

Always Mostly Partly Mostly Always

False False False True true
 39

and
Partly
True
1. I am an attractive person (Maanyag ako 1 2 3 4 5
nga tawo.)
2. I am an honest person (Matinud-anon ako 1 2 3 4 5
nga tawo.)
3. I am member of a happy family 1 2 3 4 5
(Miyembro ako sa malipayun nga
pamilya.)
4. I wish I could be more trustworthy (Akong 1 2 3 4 5
paghandum nga ako mas masaligan.)
5. I do not feel at ease with other people (Dili 1 2 3 4 5
ako komportable sa ubang tawo.)
6. Math is hard for me (Lisod kanako ang 1 2 3 4 5
numero )
7. I am a friendly person (Maabi-abihon ako 1 2 3 4 5
nga tawo.)
8. I am satisfied with my moral behavior 1 2 3 4 5
(Kontento naku sa akong pamatasang
moral.)
9. I am not as smart as people around me 1 2 3 4 5
(Dili ako tantong utukan kumpara sa mga
taong nagpalibot kanako.)
10. I do not act the way my family thinks I 1 2 3 4 5
should (Dili uyon akong paglihok sa kung
unsa ang gusto sa akong pamilya nga
nilihukan).
11. I am just nice as I should be (Matarung ako 1 2 3 4 5
sa matungod nga mao ang angay).
12. It is easy for me to learn new things (Dali 1 2 3 4 5
kanako ang pagtu-on sa mga bag-ong
butang)
13. I am satisfied with my family relationship 1 2 3 4 5
(Kontento naku sa akong relasyon sa
pamilya.)
14. I am not the person that I would like to be 1 2 3 4 5
(Dili ko kontento sa akong pagka-ako)
15. I understand my family as well as I should 1 2 3 4 5
(Gakasabtan naku akong pamilya sa
matungod nga mao ang angay).
16. I despise myself (Gakasuko ko sa akong 1 2 3 4 5
kauhalingon)
17. I don’t feel as well as I should ( Dili 1 2 3 4 5
maayo akong gakabati sa angay nga dapat
naku mabati-an)
18. I do well at Math (Maayo ko sa Numero). 1 2 3 4 5
19. I am satisfied to be just what I am 1 2 3 4 5
(Kontento ko kung unsa ko).
20. I get along well with other people (Maabi- 1 2 3 4 5
 40

abihon ko sa ubang tawo).

21. I have a healthy body ( Himsug akoang 1 2 3 4 5
panglawas)
22. I consider myself as sloppy (Danghag ako 1 2 3 4 5
nga tawo)
23. I am decent sort of person ( Desente ako 1 2 3 4 5
nga tawo)
24. I try to run away from my problems 1 2 3 4 5
(Galisod ko ug atubang sa akong mga
problema)
25. I am a cheerful person (Malipayon ko nga 1 2 3 4 5
tawo)
26. I am nobody ( Wala koy pulos nga tawo) 1 2 3 4 5

27. My family would always help me with any 1 2 3 4 5

kind of trouble (Andam akoang pamilya sa
pagtabang kanunay kanako)
28. I get angry sometimes (Gakasuko ko 1 2 3 4 5
panalagsa)
29. I am full of aches and pain ( Puno ko ug 1 2 3 4
kahapdos ug kasakit sa kinabuhi)
30. I am a sick person (Masakiton ko nga 1 2 3 4 5
tawo)
31. I am morally weak person ( Aduna koy dili 1 2 3 4 5
maayong pamatasan)
32. Other people think I am smart ( Utukan ko 1 2 3 4 5
nga para sa ubang tawo)
33. I am a hateful person (Madumtanon ko nga 1 2 3 4 5
tawo)
34. I am losing my mind (Gakawala ko sa 1 2 3 4 5
saktong panghuna-huna)
35. I am not loved by my family (Wala ko 1 2 3 4 5
gakabati ang paghigugma sa akong
pamilya)
36. I feel that my family doesn’t trust me 1 2 3 4 5
(Walay pagtuo sa akoa akong mismong
pamilya)
37. I am not good at the work I do (Dili ko 1 2 3 4 5
maayo sa akong ginatrabaho).
38. I am mad at the whole world (Gakasuko ko 1 2 3 4 5
sa tibuok kalibutan)
39. I am hard to be friendly with ( Galisod ko 1 2 3 4 5
ug pangita ug barkada)
40. Once in a while I think of things too bad to 1 2 3 4 5
talk about ( Usahay makahuna-huna ko ug
butang na dautan estoryahan)
41. Sometimes, when I am not feeling well, I 1 2 3 4 5
am cross ( Usahay , gakalain/gakasuko ko
kung gasakit ko)
42. I am neither too fat nor too thin (Sakto 1 2 3 4 5
 41

lang akong panglawas)

43. I’ll never be as smart as other people ( 1 2 3 4 5
Magkinaunsa pa dili ko mahimong maayo
parehas sa uban)
44. I like to work with numbers ( Ganahan ko 1 2 3 4 5
mutrabaho ug daghang tawo)
45. I am sociable as I want to be (Mahigala-on 1 2 3 4 5
ako nga tawo)
46. I have trouble doing the things that are 1 2 3 4 5
right ( Galisod ko ug buhat sa mga saktong
butang)
47. Once in a while, I laugh at a dirty jokes 1 2 3 4 5
(Panalagsa, gakatawa ko sa mga binuang
nga estorya)
48. I should have more sex appeal ( Dapat mas 1 2 3 4 5
maanyag ako nga tawo)
49. I shouldn’t tell more many lies ( Undangan 1 2 3 4 5
ko na ang pag-estorya sa dili tinuod)
50. I can’t read very well ( Dili ko maayo 1 2 3 4 5
magbasa)
51. I treat my parents as well as I should 1 2 3 4 5
(Ginatahud naku ang akong ginikanan)
52. I am too sensitive about the things people 1 2 3 4 5
in my family say ( Gahatag ko ug atensyon
sa mga butang na gina-ingun sa akong
pamilya)
53. I should love my family more ( Mas 1 2 3 4 5
higugmaon pa naku akong pamilya)
54. I am satisfied with the way I treat other 1 2 3 4 5
people ( Kontento naku sa pagtagad naku
sa ubang tawo)
55. I ought to get along with other ( Gusto ko 1 2 3 4 5
ug mas maayo nga pakig-abi-abi sa ubang
tawo)
56. I gossip a little times (Gapanglibak ko 1 2 3 4 5
usahay)
57. Sometimes, I feel like swearing ( Adunay 1 2 3 4 5
higayon nga ako makapanaad ug dili angay
sa uban)
58. I took good care of myself physically 1 2 3 4 5
(Ginaatiman ko ug pag-ayo akong
kalawasan)
59. I try to be careful about my appearance ( 1 2 3 4 5
Ginaampingan naku ang akong
panghulagway )
60. I am true to my religion in my everyday 1 2 3 4 5
actions (Matuod ako sa akong relihiyon
pinaagi sa akong mga panglihok matag-
adlaw)
61. I sometimes do very bad things ( Usahay 1 2 3 4 5
 42

gabuhat ako sa mga dautangbutang)

62. I can always take care of myself in any 1 2 3 4 5
situation ( Kaya naku ampingan akong
kaugalingon sa maski unsang panghitabo)
63. I do as well as I want to at almost any job ( 1 2 3 4 5
Maayo ko sa akong trabaho bisan pa man
sa uban nga trabaho)
64. I feel good most of the time (Maayo akong 1 2 3 4 5
pagbati sa makadaghan nga panahon)
65. I take real interest in my family 1 2 3 4 5
(Gahatagan naku ug dakong importansya
ang akong pamilya)
66. I try to understand the other person’s point 1 2 3 4 5
of view (Gapaningkamutan naku ug sabot
ang opinyon sa ubang tawo))
67. I’d rather win a game than lose one 1 2 3 4 5
(Ganahan ako nga magmadaugon kanunay)
68. I am not good at games and sports ( Dili 1 2 3 4 5
ako maayo bahin sa mga dula)
69. I look fine just the way I am (Maayo ako 1 2 3 4 5
nga tawao basi sa kung si kinsa ako)
70. I do not know how to work well (Galisod 1 2 3 4 5
ako sa pagtrabho ug matarung)
71. I have trouble sleeping (Galisud ako sa 1 2 3 4 5
pagkatulog)
72. I do what is right most of the time 1 2 3 4 5
(Kanunay kong ginabuhat ang sakto )
73. I am no good at all in social situations (Dili 1 2 3 4 5
ako maayo basta naay panagtigum)
74. I solve my problems quietly (Ginasulbad 1 2 3 4 5
ko ang problema sa mahilom)
75. I am a bad person ( Dautan ako nga tawo ) 1 2 3 4 5

76. I am satisfied with the relationship with 1 2 3 4 5

God ( Kontento naku sa akong relasyon
diha sa Ginoo))
77. I quarrel with my family (Gabikil mi sa 1 2 3 4 5
akong pamilya)
78. I see good in everyone I meet ( Adunay 1 2 3 4 5
maayo sa tagsa-tagsang tao nga akong
nailhan)
79. I find it hard to talk to strangers ( Galisud 1 2 3 4 5
ko ug estorya sa mga tawong wala ko
mailhi)
80. Sometimes, I put off until tomorrow what I 1 2 3 4 5
ought to do today ( Ginapa-ugmaan pa
naku ang pwede naku mabuhat karun)
81. It is easy for me to understand what I read 1 2 3 4 5
(Sayun sa ako ang pagsabot sa akong
ginabasa)
 43

82. I have a lot of self-control ( Taas kayo 1 2 3 4 5

akong pagpugong sa kaugalingon)

The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement

Screening Test (ASSIST v3.1)

Pangalan: Petsa:

Ang mga mosunod nga mga pangutana naghangyo kabahn sa imong mga kasinatian sa
paggamit ug ilimnong makahubog, mga produkto gikan sa tabako ug ubang mga druga latas sa
imong kinabuhi ug sa milabay na tulo ka bulan. Kini nga mga “substances” (butang)
mamahimong gi sigarilyo, gilamoy, snorted ( gipaagi sa ilong), gihanggab o gi injection ( ipakita
ang response card ).

Ang uban nga “substances” (butang) nga nakalista mamahimong girekomenda o

gireseta sa us aka doctor (mananambal sama sa amphetamines, sedatives, pain medications).
Niini nga nterview, dili nato I record ang mga tambal kon kini gigamit isip reseta sa imong
doctor. Apan gawasa sa rason ngagireseta, ikaw naggamit gihapon niinisakanunay o sa mas
taas nga gidaghanon kay sa gi prescribe, palihug pahibal-a ako.

Samtang interesado usab kami nga mahibalo kabahin sa imong paggamit sa nagkalain
nga ginadili nga druga, palihug ayaw kabalaka kay among ikapasalig nga ang mga
ompormasyon/kasayuran kabahin niini among ampingan ug tipigan pag- ayo.

Unang Pangutana. Sa iung kinabuhi asa sa mga mosunod nga “substances” ang imong
naggamit ( Dili lamang alang sa panambal)?

Oo Wala

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, lagot/maskada, inustus, uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, pampaabtik, uban pa)

 44

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban pa)

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa)
e. Amphetamine type of stimulants pampalagsik (speed, meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, paint thiner,etc)

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- pampatulog ( diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, ketamine, et

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat;

Ikaduhang Pangutana: Sa milabay nga tulo ka bulan, unsa ka sigi/sigiha ang imong paggamit sa mga
“substances” nga imong na sulti. ( una, ikaduha ug uban pa)

wala Kaisa o bulan simana Halos

kaduha matag
adlaw

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, 0 2 3 4 6

lagot/maskada, inustus, uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, 0 2 3 4 6

pampaabtik, uban pa)

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban 0 2 3 4 6

pa)

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa) 0 2 3 4 6

e. Amphetamine type of stimulants 0 2 3 4 6

pampalagsik (speed, meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, 0 2 3 4 6

paint thiner,etc)

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- 0 2 3 4 6

pampatulog ( diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, 0 2 3 4 6

ketamine, etc
 45

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, 0 2 3 4 6

buprenorphine, codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat; 0 2 3 4 6

Ikatulo nga Pangutana/ Sulod sa milabay nga tulo ka bulan unsa ka sigi/sigiha nga aduna kay kusog nga
tinguha/ gana sa paggamit sa (unang druga,ikaduhang druga)

wala Kaisa o bulan simana Halos

kaduha kada
adlaw

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, 0 3 4 5 6

lagot/maskada, inustus, uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, 0 3 4 5 6

pampaabtik, uban pa)

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban 0 3 4 5 6

pa)

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa) 0 3 4 5 6

e. Amphetamine type of stimulants 0 3 4 5 6

pampalagsik (speed, meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, 0 3 4 5 6

paint thiner,etc)

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- 0 3 4 5 6

pampatulog ( diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

 46

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, 0 3 4 5 6

ketamine, etc

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, 0 3 4 5 6

buprenorphine, codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat; 0 3 4 5 6

Ikaupat nga Pangutana/ Sulod sa milabay ng tulo ka bulan unsa ka sigi/sigiha ang imung paggamit sa
(unang druga, ikaduhang druga) diin mi resulta kini ngadto sa problema sa anglawas, sa katilingban, sa
pamalaod ug sa panalapi.

Wala Kaisa o Bulan simana Halos

kaduha kada
adlaw

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, 0 4 5 6 7

lagot/maskada, inustus, uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, 0 4 5 6 7

pampaabtik, uban pa)

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban 0 4 5 6 7

pa)

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa) 0 4 5 6 7

e. Amphetamine type of stimulants 0 4 5 6 7

pampalagsik (speed, meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, 0 4 5 6 7

paint thiner,etc)
 47

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- 0 4 5 6 7

pampatulog ( diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, 0 4 5 6 7

ketamine, etc

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, 0 4 5 6 7

buprenorphine, codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat; 0 4 5 6 7

Ikalima nga Pangutana/ Sulod sa ,milabay nga tulo ka bulan unsa ka sigi/sigiha nga mapakyas ikaw sa
pagbuhat sa imung naandan nga bulohaton tungod sa imong paggamit sa ( unang druga, ikaduhang
druga)?

Wala Kaisa o Bulan simana Halos

ka duha kada
adlaw

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, 0 5 6 7 8

lagot/maskada, inustus, uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, 0 5 6 7 8

pampaabtik, uban pa)

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban 0 5 6 7 8

pa)

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa) 0 5 6 7 8

e. Amphetamine type of stimulants 0 5 6 7 8

pampalagsik (speed, meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, 0 5 6 7 8

paint thiner,etc)
 48

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- 0 5 6 7 8

pampatulog ( diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, 0 5 6 7 8

ketamine, etc

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, 0 5 6 7 8

buprenorphine, codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat; 0 5 6 7 8

Ikaunom nga pangutana/ Aduna bay higala, paryente o si kinsa man ang nagpahayag sa iyang
pagpakabana kabahin sa imong paggamit sa (unang druga, ikaduhang druga ug uban pa)?

Wala Sa una Oo, pero

diyod mga 3 ka nilababay na
bulan sobra 3
kabulan

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, lagot/maskada, inustus, 0 6 3

uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, pampaabtik, uban pa) 0 6 3

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban pa) 0 6 3

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa) 0 6 5

e. Amphetamine type of stimulants pampalagsik (speed, 0 6 3

meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, paint 0 6 3

thiner,etc)
 49

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- pampatulog ( 0 6 3

diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, ketamine, etc 0 6 3

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, 0 6 3

codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat; 0 6 3

Ikapito nga pangutana/ Nasulayan na ba nimu ang pakunhod sa paggamit sa ( unang druga, iikaduhang
druga u guan pa) apan napakyas ka?

Wala Sa una Oo, pero

diyod mga 3 ka nilababay na
bulan sobra 3
kabulan

a. Produkto gikan sa tabako (sigarilyo, lagot/maskada, inustus, 0 6 3

uban pa)

b. Ilimnong makahubog (beer, bino, pampaabtik, uban pa) 0 6 3

c. Cannabis (marijuana, pot, grass, hash uban pa) 0 6 3

d. Cocaine ( coke, crack ug uban pa) 0 6 5

e. Amphetamine type of stimulants pampalagsik (speed, 0 6 3

meth, ecstacy)

f. Inhalants/ginahanggab (nitrou, glue, petrol, paint 0 6 3

thiner,etc)
 50

g. Sedatives- pampakalma o sleeping pills- pampatulog ( 0 6 3

diazepam,

alprazolam, Flunitrazepam, midazopam

h. Hallucinogens ( LSD, acid, mushroom,trips, ketamine, etc 0 6 3

i. Opiods (heroin, morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, 0 6 3

codeine etc.

j. Uban pa- palihug isulat; 0 6 3

Ikawalo nga Pangutana/ nakagamit k aba ug druga pinaagi sa injection? ( dili isip pagpanambal? Tambal)

e-check lang ang mga Wala diyod Oo, san una mga 3 Oo, pro dugay na nga
kahon sa imong tubag kabulan nga nilabay bulan ang nlabay