CHAPTER V:

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND

TRANSFORMATION

h t t p : / / w w w. s o u t h a m p t o n . a c . u k / ~ p a s r 1 / i n d e x . h t m
PROLOGUE
o Mechanical properties of engineering materials depend
strongly upon microstructure.

o Engineers should understand how microstructure is

formed, and how microstructure influences engineering
properties.

o This chapter suppose to develop an understanding of the

phase transformations which occur under conditions of
slow cooling; under such conditions equilibrium is
approached, and the phase diagram can be used as an
aid to interpretation of the microstructure.
 PROLOGUE

Kamu (wahai golongan yang kufur ingkar

dari kalangan jin dan manusia) akan
ditimpakan dengan api yang menjulang-
julang dan leburan tembaga cair (yang
membakar); dengan yang demikian, kamu
tidak akan dapat mempertahankan diri
(dari azab seksa itu);
Ar-Rahmaan 55:35
 5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram

a temperature - a phase diagram of A metallic alloy is a

composition two elements. mixture of a metal
diagram for two or with other metals
more elements. or non-metals.

BINARY ALLOY
BINARY PHASE
DIAGRAM
PHASE DIAGRAM

Ceramics can also

can be thought of be mixed to form
as a "map" giving alloys. Binary
the microstructure alloys are alloys of
of the resultant two elements only.
alloy at any given
temperature and
composition.
 5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Naphthalene’s Melting Point Phase Diagram of H2O

• Develop time-temperature diagram
• Constant temperature at a certain
range of time
• Determine melting/solidification
point
• Super-cooling at solidification
• Temperature vs Pressure diagram of
H2O
• Three forms of H2O – solid (ice),
liquid (water), gas (vapour), at
different temperature ranges.
• Triple Point – three water forms co-
exist (invariant point)
 5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram
Water - Sugar

Water - Salt

Water – Ethylene Glycol Water – Acetic Acid

 5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Al 95 - Cu 5
Al 75, Cu 25
(wt%)
(wt%),

Al 67, Cu 33
Al-4 wt% Cu (wt%),

Al,
Al 64, Cu 36
commercial
(wt%)
5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram
• A binary phase diagram shows the
phases formed in differing mixtures of
two elements over a range of
temperatures.

• Compositions run from 100% Element

A on the left of the diagram, through
all possible mixtures, to 100% Element
B on the right.

• The composition of an alloy is given in

the form A - x%B.

• For example, Cu - 20%Al is 80% copper

and 20% aluminium.
5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram
• Weight percentages (wt%) are often
used to specify the proportions of
the alloying elements, but atomic
percent (at%) may be used.

• The type of percentage is specified

e.g.
o Cu - 20wt%Al for weight percentages and
o Cu - 20at%Al for atomic percentages.

• Weight percentages will be used

throughout this chapter.
5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram
 5.1 Basic Concept and Definition; Binary
Equilibrium Phase Diagram

3 Types of Phase Diagram

Complete Limited
Non Solubility
Solid Solubility Solid Solubility
5.2 Fe-C System
L + Fe3C
Wt% C 