https://sixweb.mit.edu/student/evaluate/6.003-s2010
May 6, 2010
Signals are not always well matched to the media through which we Amplitude modulation can be used to match audio frequencies to
wish to transmit them. radio frequencies. It allows parallel transmission of multiple channels.
signal applications
audio telephone, radio, phonograph, CD, cell phone, MP3 z1(t)
x1(t)
video television, cinema, HDTV, DVD
internet coax, twisted pair, cable TV, DSL, optical fiber, E/M cos 1t
z2(t) z(t)
x2(t) LPF y(t)
cos 2t cos ct
z3(t)
x3(t)
cos 3t
Edwin Howard Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver, There are many ways to embed a “message” in a carrier. Here are
which made broadcast AM practical. three.
In FM, the signal modulates the instantaneous carrier frequency. Compare AM to FM for x(t) = cos(ωm t).
Advantages of FM:
• constant power
• no need to transmit carrier (unless DC important)
• bandwidth?
Early investigators thought that narrowband FM could have arbitrar Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal.
ily narrow bandwidth, allowing more channels than AM. Wrong! x(t) = sin(ωm t)
� � t �
y(t) = cos(ωc t + mx(t)) = cos(ωc t + m sin(ωm t))
y3 (t) = cos ωc t + k x(τ )dτ
−∞ = cos(ωc t) cos(m sin(ωm t))) − sin(ωc t) sin(m sin(ωm t)))
� � t � � � t �
= cos(ωc t) × cos k x(τ )dτ − sin(ωc t) × sin k x(τ )dτ x(t) is periodic in T = ω2π
m
, therefore cos(m sin(ωm t)) is periodic in T .
−∞ −∞
If k → 0 then m sin(ωm t)
� � t � m
cos k x(τ )dτ → 1
−∞ 0 t
� � t � � t
sin k x(τ )dτ → k x(τ )dτ
−∞ −∞ −m
� � t �
y3 (t) ≈ cos(ωc t) − sin(ωc t) × k x(τ )dτ cos(m sin(ωm t))
−∞ 1
0 t 0 t
−1 −1
m=5 m = 50
|ak | |ak |
k k
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
x(t) = sin(ωm t)
x(t) = sin(ωm t)
y(t) = cos(ωc t + mx(t)) = cos(ωc t + m sin(ωm t))
y(t) = cos(ωc t + mx(t)) = cos(ωc t + m sin(ωm t))
� �� �
ya (t)
x(t) is periodic in T = ω2π
m
, therefore sin(m sin(ωm t)) is periodic in T .
m sin(ωm t)
|Ya (jω)| m = 50 m
0 t
ω
ωc ωc −m
sin(m sin(ωm t))
50ωm 1 increasing m
0 t
increasing m
−1
m
, therefore sin(m sin(ωm t)) is periodic in T . x(t) is periodic in T = ω2π
m
, therefore sin(m sin(ωm t)) is periodic in T .
0 t 0 t
−1 −1
m=5 m = 50
|bk | |bk |
k k
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
x(t) = sin(ωm t)
x(t) = sin(ωm t)
� �� � � �� � � �� �
yb (t) ya (t) yb (t)
ω ω
ωc ωc ωc ωc
50ωm 50ωm
Wideband FM is useful because it is robust to noise. Modulation is useful for matching signals to media.
t
Close with unconventional application of modulation – in microscopy.
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