Werner and Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text 8th edition (May 2000): by Lewis E.

, MD Braverman (Editor), Robert D., MD Utiger (Editor),

Sidney H. Ingbar (Editor), Sidney C. Werner (Editor) By Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers

By OkDoKeY
 Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid

CONTENTS
Preface

Preface to the First Edition

Contributing Authors

PART I. THE NORMAL THYROID

Section A. History, Ontogeny, and Anatomy

Chapter 1 The Heritage of the Thyroid

Clark T. Sawin

Chapter 2 Normal Development of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis

John E. Pintar

Chapter 3 Anatomy

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology

Charles C. Capen

Anatomy and Pathology of the Thyrotrophs

Kalman Kovacs, Eva Horvath, and Lucia Stefaneanu

Section B. Thyroid Synthesis and Secretion

Chapter 4 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

Thyroid Iodide Transport: The Na+/I– Symporter (NIS)

Nancy Carrasco

Hormone Synthesis: Thyroid Iodine Metabolism

Alvin M. Taurog

Autoregulatory Actions of Iodine

Mario Alberto Pisarev and Roland Gärtner

Chapter 5 Thyroglobulin: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Proteolysis

John T. Dunn and Ann D. Dunn

Section C. Peripheral Hormone Metabolism

Chapter 6 Thyroid Hormone Transport Proteins and the Physiology of Hormone Binding
Jacob Robbins

Chapter 7 Nature and Sources of Circulating Thyroid Hormones

Inder J. Chopra and Laura Sabatino

Chapter 8 Intracellular Pathways of Iodothyronine Metabolism

Jack L. Leonard and Josef Koehrle

Section D. Thyroid Hormone Action

Chapter 9 Molecular Actions of Thyroid Hormone

Grant W. Anderson, Cary N. Mariash, and Jack H. Oppenheimer

Chapter 10 Thyroid Hormone Structure–Function Relationships

Vivian Cody

Section E. Factors that Control Thyroid Function

Chapter 11 Thyrotropin

Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Thyrotropin

Ronald N. Cohen, Bruce D. Weintraub, and Fredric E. Wondisford

The Thyrotropin Receptor

Basil Rapoport

Biological Actions of Thyrotropin

Stephen Waasa Spaulding

Chapter 12 Regulation of Thyrotropin Secretion

Maurice F. Scanlon and Anthony D. Toft

Chapter 13 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Variables

Age-Related Changes in Thyroid Function

Clark T. Sawin

Environmental Influences upon Thyroid Hormone Regulation

H. Lester Reed

Effects of Drugs and Other Substances on Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism
Christoph A. Meier and Albert G. Burger

Nonthyroidal Illness
Wilmar M. Wiersinga

Iodine Deficiency
François M. Delange

Effect of Excess Iodide: Clinical Aspects

Elio Roti and Apostolos G. Vagenakis

PART II. LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF THYROID FUNCTION

Section A. Radioisotopes and Direct Tests of Thyroid Function

Chapter 14 Radiation Physics

Jonathan M. Links

Chapter 15 Biologic Effects of Radioiodines on the Human Thyroid Gland

Harry R. Maxon and Eugene L. Saenger

Chapter 16 In Vivo Radionuclide Tests and Imaging

I. Ross McDougall and Ralph R. Cavalieri

Chapter 17 Serum Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormone Measurements and Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Transport
Jan R. Stockigt

Section B. Miscellaneous Tests

Chapter 18 Metabolic, Physiologic, and Clinical Indexes of Thyroid Function

Robert C. Smallridge

Chapter 19 Thyroglobulin
Carole Ann Spencer

Chapter 20 Thyroid-directed Antibodies

Claudio Marcocci and Luca Chiovato

Chapter 21 Nonisotopic Techniques of Thyroid Imaging

Laszlo Hegedüs

Chapter 22 Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules by Needle Biopsy

Michael M. Kaplan

PART III. INTRODUCTION TO THYROID DISEASES

Chapter 23 Surgical Anatomy

Orlo H. Clark

Chapter 24 Physical Examination of the Thyroid Gland

Gilbert H. Daniels

Chapter 25 The Epidemiology of Thyroid Diseases

Mark P.J. Vanderpump and W. Michael G. Tunbridge

Chapter 26 Genetic Factors in Thyroid Disease

Sandra M. McLachlan and Basil Rapoport

Chapter 27 Pathology of Thyroid Diseases

Virginia A. LiVolsi

PART IV. THYROID DISEASES: THYROTOXICOSIS

Section A. Introduction

Chapter 28 Introduction to Thyrotoxicosis

Lewis E. Braverman and Robert D. Utiger

Section B. Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

Chapter 29 Graves’ Disease

Pathogenesis
Terry F. Davies

Ophthalmopathy
Henry B. Burch, Colum A. Gorman, Rebecca S. Bahn, and James A. Garrity

Localized Myxedema and Thyroid Acropachy

Vahab Fatourechi

Chapter 30 Thyrotropin-induced Hyperthyroidism

Paolo Beck-Peccoz and Luca Persani

Chapter 31 Toxic Adenoma and Toxic Multinodular Goiter

Bernard Corvilain, Jacques Emile Dumont, and Gilbert Vassart

Chapter 32 Hyperthyroidism Caused by Chorionic Gonadotropin

Jerome M. Hershman

Chapter 33 Sporadic Silent Thyroiditis, Postpartum Thyroiditis, and Subacute Thyroiditis

Charles H. Emerson and Alan P. Farwell

Chapter 34 Thyrotoxicosis of Extrathyroid Origin

Monte A. Greer

Section C. Organ System Manifestations of Thyrotoxicosis

Chapter 35 The Skin in Thyrotoxicosis

Warren R. Heymann

Chapter 36 The Cardiovascular System in Thyrotoxicosis

Irwin Klein and Gerald S. Levey

Chapter 37 The Pulmonary System in Thyrotoxicosis

David H. Ingbar

Chapter 38 The Kidneys and Electrolyte Metabolism in Thyrotoxicosis

Steven J. Scheinman and Arnold M. Moses

Chapter 39 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver in Thyrotoxicosis

Joseph H. Sellin and Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin

Chapter 40 The Blood in Thyrotoxicosis

Lisa Porter and Susan J. Mandel

Chapter 41 The Neuromuscular System and Brain in Thyrotoxicosis

Steven C. Boyages

Chapter 42 The Pituitary in Thyrotoxicosis

 Peter J. Snyder

Chapter 43 The Adrenal Cortex in Thyrotoxicosis

Robert G. Dluhy

Chapter 44 Catecholamines and the Sympathoadrenal System in Thyrotoxicosis

J. Enrique Silva

Chapter 45 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems in Thyrotoxicosis

Christopher Longcope

Chapter 46 The Skeletal System in Thyrotoxicosis

Daniel T. Baran

Chapter 47 Metabolic Changes in Thyrotoxicosis

Jayne A. Franklyn

Chapter 48 Behavioral and Psychiatric Aspects of Thyrotoxicosis

Peter C. Whybrow and Michael Bauer

Chapter 49 Thyrotoxic Storm

Leonard Wartofsky

Section D. Management of Thyrotoxicosis

Chapter 50 Diagnosis of Thyrotoxicosis

Paul W. Ladenson

Chapter 51 Treatment of Thyrotoxicosis

David S. Cooper

PART V. THYROID DISEASES: HYPOTHYROIDISM

Section A. Introduction

Chapter 52 Introduction to Hypothyroidism

Lewis E. Braverman and Robert D. Utiger

Section B. Causes of Hypothyroidism

Chapter 53 Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Anthony Peter Weetman

Chapter 54 Hereditary Metabolic Disorders Causing Hypothyroidism

Jan J.M. de Vijlder and Thomas Vulsma

Chapter 55 Endemic Cretinism

François M. Delange

Chapter 56 Primary Hypothyroidism Due to Other Causes

Peter A. Singer

Chapter 57 Central Hypothyroidism

Enio Martino, Luigi Bartalena, and Aldo Pinchera

Section C. Organ System Manifestations of Hypothyroidism

Chapter 58 The Skin and Connective Tissue in Hypothyroidism

Warren R. Heymann

Chapter 59 The Cardiovascular System in Hypothyroidism

Irwin Klein and Kaie Ojamaa

Chapter 60 The Pulmonary System in Hypothyroidism

David H. Ingbar

Chapter 61 The Kidneys and Electrolyte Metabolism in Hypothyroidism

Steven J. Scheinman and Arnold M. Moses

Chapter 62 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver in Hypothyroidism

Joseph H. Sellin and Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin

Chapter 63 The Blood in Hypothyroidism

Ellen Marqusee and Susan J. Mandel

Chapter 64 The Neuromuscular System and Brain in Hypothyroidism

Steven C. Boyages

Chapter 65 The Pituitary in Hypothyroidism

Peter J. Snyder

Chapter 66 The Adrenal Cortex in Hypothyroidism

Robert G. Dluhy

Chapter 67 Catecholamines and the Sympathoadrenal System in Hypothyroidism

J. Enrique Silva

Chapter 68 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems in Hypothyroidism

Christopher Longcope

Chapter 69 The Skeletal System in Hypothyroidism

Daniel T. Baran

Chapter 70 Metabolic Changes in Hypothyroidism

Jayne A. Franklyn

Chapter 71 Behavioral and Psychiatric Aspects of Hypothyroidism

Peter C. Whybrow and Michael Bauer

Chapter 72 Myxedema Coma

Leonard Wartofsky

Section D. Management of Hypothyroidism

Chapter 73 Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism

Paul W. Ladenson

Chapter 74 Treatment of Hypothyroidism

Gregory A. Brent and P. Reed Larsen

PART VI. THYROID DISEASES: NONTOXIC DIFFUSE AND MULTINODULAR GOITER

Chapter 75 Pathogenesis of Nontoxic Diffuse and Nodular Goiter

Ad R. Hermus and Dyde A. Huysmans

Chapter 76 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Nontoxic Diffuse and Nodular Goiter
Ad R. Hermus and Dyde A. Huysmans

PART VII. THYROID DISEASES: TUMORS

Chapter 77 Carcinoma of Follicular Epithelium

Pathogenesis
Arthur B. Schneider and Elaine Ron

Molecular Genetics of Tumors of Thyroid Follicular Cells

James A. Fagin

Surgical Therapy
Allan E. Siperstein and Orlo H. Clark

Radioiodine and Other Treatment and Outcomes

Ernest L. Mazzaferri

Chapter 78 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Douglas W. Ball, Stephen B. Baylin, and Andrée C. de Bustros

Chapter 79 Miscellaneous Tumors of the Thyroid

Martin J. Schlumberger and Bernard Caillou

Chapter 80 Clinical Evaluation of Solitary Thyroid Nodules

E. Chester Ridgway

PART VIII. THE THYROID IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Chapter 81 Thyroid Physiology in the Perinatal Period and During Childhood

Delbert A. Fisher and Rosalind S. Brown

Chapter 82 Hypothyroidism in Infants and Children

Neonatal Screening
Robert Z. Klein and Marvin L. Mitchell

Congenital Hypothyroidism
Thomas P. Foley, Jr.

Acquired Hypothyroidism in Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Thomas P. Foley, Jr.

Chapter 83 Graves’ Disease in the Neonatal Period and Childhood

Stephen LaFranchi and Cheryl E. Hanna

PART IX. SPECIAL TOPICS IN THYROIDOLOGY

Chapter 84 Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Douglas S. Ross

Chapter 85 Subclinical Thyrotoxicosis

Douglas S. Ross

Chapter 86 Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy

Daniel Glinoer

Chapter 87 Resistance To Thyroid Hormone

Samuel Refetoff

Chapter 88 Infectious Thyroiditis

Alan P. Farwell
PREFACE

The first edition of The Thyroid, published in 1955, was the culmination of the vision of Sidney Werner that there was a need for a comprehensive textbook of
thyroidology and his efforts to meet that need. The initial and subsequently the continued success of the book has confirmed the wisdom of his vision. As knowledge
about the thyroid gland, its physiology, and its diseases has grown, the scope and magnitude of the book have increased substantially, and we like to think that The
Thyroid has become a standard textbook of thyroid physiology and disease.

Dr. Werner, who died in 1994, not only conceived the book but also guided it through its first two editions. He was joined by Dr. Sidney H. Ingbar as co-editor for the
third and fourth editions, after which he stepped down as editor. Dr. Ingbar’s role continued through the fifth and sixth editions. The sixth edition was completed two
years before his untimely death in 1988.

Sidney Werner’s vision and skill in creating the book and developing its basic organization of multiple chapters, each written by an expert, was undoubtedly responsible
for its rapid acceptance and continued value. Indeed, the basic organization has changed little from what he created, although chapters and subchapters about
particular topics have been added, and sometimes subtracted, in later editions. Even after stepping down as editor, he continued to contribute to the book as both an
advisor to the editors and an author.

The creation of this book was but one of Dr. Werner’s many contributions to thyroidology. Long interested in Graves’ disease, he carried out many of the early studies
of the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of radioiodine therapy for Graves’ thyrotoxicosis, and was one of the first to question whether it was a pituitary disease, as
many had thought. He was responsible for the first system for classifying and quantitating the ocular manifestations of Graves’ disease, and he carried out many
studies of the pathogenesis and therapy of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. He was a long-time member of the American Thyroid Association, a member of its board of
directors from 1968 to 1974, and its president in 1973. In short, he was a leader in the field of thyroidology for many years.

Dr. Ingbar was equally accomplished. He was at the forefront of thyroid research for over 40 years, and his studies spanned all aspects of thyroidology. He made
seminal contributions, for example, to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of thyroid hormone, the physiology of thyroid hormone secretion, the transport
and metabolism of thyroid hormones, the mechanisms of action of antithyroid drugs, and the diagnosis and treatment of virtually every thyroid disease. He too was a
long-time member of the American Thyroid Association, a member of its Board of Directors from 1971 to 1975, and its president in 1976.

In his preface to the first edition, which is reprinted on the following pages, Dr. Werner commented that the book “is intended for those who must deal with the problems
of thyroid function and thyroid disease in man.” That is our intent now. To be more specific, we would like the book to be useful to anyone who is interested in any
aspect of the thyroid gland and of its products and their actions, in both health and disease. We hope the book is attractive to research and clinical fellows just entering
the field and, we hope, caught up in its excitement, and maybe even to younger students at the time of their first exposure to thyroidology.

This new edition of The Thyroid owes much to its predecessors, but it has been changed too. The authorship is even more international than before. There are new
chapters, and some old ones have been combined. As in the past, we have tried to minimize overlap among different chapters, but some is certainly inevitable and
probably essential. For example, the subjects of iodine metabolism and the effects of iodine deficiency and excess are so central to any understanding of the thyroid
and its diseases and yet so diverse that they must be considered in many chapters. The same is true for the actions of thyroid hormone, and to the many aspects of
thyroid autoimmunity.

Much new has been learned about the thyroid in recent years, as a result of application of a wide array of new research methods, from those of molecular biology to
those of clinical trials. We know much more about the structure and actions of the nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone, and therefore the mechanisms of action of
thyroid hormones than just a few years ago. The gene for the iodine transporter has been closed, and studies of this and other previously cloned thyroid-related genes,
for example those of the thyrotropin receptor and thyroglobulin, have provided much new knowledge about both normal and abnormal physiology. With respect to the
common thyroid diseases, iodine deficiency is still the most common, but the goal of eradicating it now seems within reach. We still do not know much about the
pathogenesis of the thyroid autoimmune diseases or thyroid nodular disease, but at least we now have data from clinical trials to guide treatment of patients who have
some of these disorders.

We thank all the contributors to the book. We requested their contributions in six months. And they did it. They have worked hard to ensure that the chapters are
current and comprehensive, to provide interpretation and guidance in areas of controversy, and to meet our requests for clarification or revision. We tried to guide but
not dictate to them. In this era of ready access to many small bits of information, we think there is a need for comprehensive review and evaluation of what is known
and what is not known—in other words a book, and it has been our goal to provide this review and evaluation. We hope readers will think we reached it.

We also wish to acknowledge the help of Ms. Elizabeth Greenspan, Mr. Raymond E. Reter, and Mr. Thomas Boyce of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. They have
contributed much to this book, and we thank them.

We are pleased that this new edition of The Thyroid is coming out in the year 2000. We hope that the information herein will provide guidance and even inspiration to
those who seek to increase understanding of the thyroid gland and to treat or prevent its diseases in the new century.

Lewis E. Braverman
Robert D. Utiger
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

This book is intended for those who must deal with the problems of thyroid function and thyroid disease in man. It is designed for use in the clinic and in the basic
science laboratory connected with the clinic. The information made available has been brought together from widely diverse sources, and in some instances is reported
here for the first time. Many subjects have been presented both in broad outline and in more comprehensive detail to meet differing requirements. It has been planned
to provide sufficient documentation to satisfy most needs and, for more exhaustive requirements, to provide a bibliography adequate enough to initiate a search of the
literature.

The introduction of a book into a field of clinical medicine today requires considerable justification. In the thyroid field particularly, there already is a profusion of books
including the almost classic works of Means in this country and of Joll in England, recently and capably revised by Rundle. Nevertheless, the recent growth of medical
knowledge in general, and about the thyroid in particular, appears to have created need for a new volume constructed on a somewhat different basis from those of
previous works.

Barry Wood has compared the growth of medical information to that of bacteria. Bacteria show a lag at the beginning of growth and then multiply at a logarithmic rate.
Wood considers the growth of current-day medicine to have reached the logarithmic phase. The accumulation of data about the thyroid provides a good example of this
acceleration. One author of a recent review claims to have unearthed 3,000 new references pertaining to the gland and published during the single year before he
wrote his article. The Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus offers about 7,800 references to the thyroid in the past decade. More than this, the thyroid field is permeated
by contributions from the cardiologist, neurologist, muscle physiologist, and many others, bringing the highly unique techniques of their particular specialties to bear on
the subject.

It is evident that the ability of any one individual to follow progress in all directions at once has all but vanished. As a consequence, marked subspecialization of interest
has developed and advances have come to depend upon the interchange of information among many specialists, each providing his own orientation.

This trend has suggested that the information in a book about the healthy and diseased thyroid should also be subjected to the process of sifting and appraising
through many eyes. The various specialists present material with which they have had direct experience, and the editor functions as the overseer to provide orientation
and preserve the inherent orderliness of the entire subject. The total clinical and research experience made available in this way exceeds that of one person alone.
Each topic can be subjected to the critique of a man who has worked intensively with the problem. Finally, a book of this sort can be readily kept current, because of
the authors' continued contact with investigation and the fact that there are no large sections to be rewritten by any one individual.

Every effort has been made to make available sufficient basic and clinical knowledge to satisfy curiosity about either of these aspects. For example, sections on the
fundamental properties of radioiodine that permit the use of the isotope and on the instrumentation that facilitates such use are presented as well as a discussion of the
clinical application. Most basic sections are separated from the clinical material, but are incorporated with it where this has seemed reasonable.

The fundamental aspects of thyroid function in man and the mechanisms which control the activity of the gland; the biochemistry of the hormone; and histology and
comparative anatomy make up Part I. The mechanisms of action of the anti-thyroid drugs are included because of the intimate relationship of their effects to the
problems of basic physiology.

Part II presents the laboratory methods which supplement the clinical appraisal of thyroid secretory activity. The presentations of the basic principles involved in
radioiodine usage and the instrumentation which is employed are included within the laboratory section and are available here for later reference when the therapeutic
as well as diagnostic use of the isotope are considered.

The diseases of the thyroid are considered in Part III. The disorders first described are those in which the level of thyroid hormone in the circulation and tissues is within
normal limits—euthyroidism. After this come the derangements in which hormone levels are increased—toxic goiter or hyperthyroidism—or decreased—hypothyroidism
or myxedema. The effects of hyperthyroidism and of hypothyroidism upon the individual body systems have been subjected to fairly detailed analysis.

The plan to arrange disease by functional categories breaks down in relation to inflammations of the thyroid including the peculiar composite entity, chronic thyroiditis.
Inflammations of the thyroid tend to inactivate the gland but chronic thyroiditis is almost as often associated with evidence of hyperthyroidism as with hypothyroidism.
The inflammations have been placed under a separate heading on this account.

Before the disease states are presented, several important preliminary subjects are considered in Part III. The normal and abnormal developments of the gland are
described, together with the surgical anatomy and a method of physical examination that is an essential procedure because of the accessibility of the thyroid to this
approach. The pathology is presented in its entirety in the introductory sections and is not dispersed among the various diseases. A concept of change in thyroid
disease emerges in this way which could not otherwise become evident.

A major goal throughout the volume has been to assess the validity of the facts on which current information or procedure is based. Corroborative information is often
documented beyond reasonable doubt, but too often is based only on speculation or custom or is wanting altogether. The fact that a critical appraisal has been
accomplished is a tribute to the contributors. The world today, as in the past, is threatened by prejudice, of which racial, social, and economic prejudices are but a few.
Equally influential, but less well recognized, is the prejudice of “experience,” derived from uncritical or uncontrolled observation, from the word of an “authority,” or from
emotional bias.* Fortunately there are those who are willing to give time and effort to seek out and correct such distortions of the truth.

Considerable aid has come to the editor from several sources. Dr. John Stanbury has been particularly helpful. The members of the Thyroid Clinic at the Presbyterian
Hospital need recognition for their influence upon the formulation of many of the views presented herein. Credit must be given to the patience and forbearance of the
many contributors who tolerated changes in style and length of manuscript in the interest of creating an integrated volume out of a series of individual essays. The
editor's wife has acted as guardian of clarity, upon the thesis that even the layman should be able to read and understand a well-written article. Miss Anne
Powell, of the librarian staff at P. & S., was extremely generous with her time. Finally, Mrs. R. Levine and Mrs. K. Sorenson were more than patient with the secretarial
details.

Sidney C. Werner
New York City

*“Conviction is by no means devoid of emotion but it is a disciplined and differentiated emotion, pointed to the removal of a realistic obstacle. By contrast, the emotion behind prejudice is diffused and
overgeneralized, saturating unrelated objects.”—Gordon W. Allport: The Nature of Prejudice.
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

Grant W. Anderson, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455

Rebecca S. Bahn, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905

Douglas W. Ball, M.D.

Departments of Medicine and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231

Daniel T. Baran, M.D.

Departments of Orthopaedics, Medicine, and Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655

Luigi Bartalena, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

Michael Bauer, M.D., Ph.D.

Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14050 Berlin, Germany

Stephen B. Baylin, M.D.

Departments of Oncology and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231

Paolo Beck-Peccoz, M.D.

Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, 20122 Milano, Italy

Steven C. Boyages, M.B., B.S., Ph.D.

Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia

Lewis E. Braverman, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118

Gregory A. Brent, M.D.

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073

Rosalind S. Brown, M.D.

Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655

Henry B. Burch, M.D.

Endocrine-Metabolic Unit, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20307

Albert G. Burger, M.D.

Thyroid Unit, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland

Bernard Caillou, M.D.

Department of Histopathology, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

Charles C. Capen, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210

Nancy Carrasco, M.D.

Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, The Bronx, NY 10461

Ralph R. Cavalieri, M.D.

Nuclear Medicine Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121; 300 Ridge Road, Tiburon, CA 94920

Luca Chiovato, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

Inder J. Chopra, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, UCLA Center for the Health Sciences, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024

Orlo H. Clark, M.D.

Department of Surgery, UCSF/Mount Zion Medical Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-1674

Vivian Cody, Ph.D.

Department of Structural Biology, Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 73 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203

Ronald N. Cohen, M.D.

Thyroid Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel–Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215

David S. Cooper, M.D.

Division of Endocrinology, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Belvedere at Greenspring, Baltimore, MD 21215

Bernard Corvilain, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium

Gilbert H. Daniels, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Thyroid Associates, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114

Terry F. Davies, M.D., F.R.C.P.

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029

Andrée C. de Bustros, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology, Christ Hospital, 4440 West 95th Street, Oak Lawn, IL 60453

François M. Delange, M.D.

153, Avenue de la Fauconnerie, B-1170 Brussels, Belgium
Robert G. Dluhy, M.D.
Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115

Jacques Emile Dumont, M.D., Ph.D.

IRIBHN, University of Brussels, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium

Ann D. Dunn, Ph.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908

John T. Dunn, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908

Charles H. Emerson, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655

James A. Fagin, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Bethesda Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267

Alan P. Farwell, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655

Vahab Fatourechi, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905

Delbert A. Fisher, M.D.

Quest Diagnostics–Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690

Thomas P. Foley, Jr., M.D.

Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583

Jayne A. Franklyn, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom

James A. Garrity, M.D.

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905

Roland Gärtner, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Klinikum Innenstadt der Universität, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 München, Germany

Daniel Glinoer, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital St. Pierre, Rue Haute 322, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Colum A. Gorman, M.B., B.Ch., Ph.D.

Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 Second Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905

Monte A. Greer, M.D.

Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201

Cheryl E. Hanna, M.D.

Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201

Laszlo Hegedüs, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark

Ad R. Hermus, M.D.
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Jerome M. Hershman, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073

Warren R. Heymann, M.D.

Division of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, 100 Brick Road, Marlton, NJ 08053

Eva Horvath, Ph.D.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada

Dyde A. Huysmans, M.D.

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands

David H. Ingbar, M.D.

Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455

Michael M. Kaplan, M.D.

Associated Endocrinologists, 6900 Orchard Lake Road, West Bloomfield, MI 48322

Irwin Klein, M.D.

Division of Endocrinology, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030

Robert Z. Klein, M.D.

Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756

Josef Koehrle, Ph.D.

Universität Würzburg, Klinsche Forchergruppe der Medizischen, Poliklinik-Roentgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany

Kalman Kovacs, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Pathology, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada

Paul W. Ladenson, M.D.

Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287
Stephen LaFranchi, M.D.
Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201

P. Reed Larsen, M.D.

Thyroid Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115

Jack L. Leonard, Ph.D.

Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655

Gerald S. Levey, M.D.

UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1722

Jonathan M. Links, Ph.D.

Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205

Virginia A. LiVolsi, M.D.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104

Christopher Longcope, M.D.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655

I. Ross McDougall, M.D., Ph.D.

Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305

Sandra M. McLachlan, Ph.D.

Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048

Susan J. Mandel, M.D.

Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104

Claudio Marcocci, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

Cary N. Mariash, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455

Ellen Marqusee, M.D.

Thyroid Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115

Enio Martino, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

Harry R. Maxon, M.D.

Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267

Ernest L. Mazzaferri, M.D.

Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1654 Upham Drive, Columbus, OH 43210

Christoph A. Meier, M.D.

Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland

Marvin L. Mitchell, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 305 South Street, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130

Arnold M. Moses, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University Hospital, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210

Kaie Ojamaa, Ph.D.

Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030

Jack H. Oppenheimer, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455

Luca Persani, M.D., Ph.D.

Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy

Aldo Pinchera, M.D.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

John E. Pintar, Ph.D.

Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854

Mario Alberto Pisarev, M.D.

Department of Radiobiology, Argentine Atomic Energy Commission, 8250 Avenida del Libertador, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina

Lisa Porter, M.D.

SmithKline Beecham, Collegeville, PA 19426

Basil Rapoport, M.B., Ch.B.

Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048

H. Lester Reed, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431

Samuel Refetoff, M.D.

Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Hospital, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637

E. Chester Ridgway, M.D.

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO