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Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish: [nels ˈ boɐɐˀ ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a

Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic


structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr
was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.

Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels
of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic
nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has
been supplanted by other models, its underlying principles remain valid. He conceived the
principle of complementarity: that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory
properties, like behaving as a wave or a stream of particles. The notion of complementarity
dominated Bohr's thinking in both science and philosophy.

Bohr founded the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, now known
as the Niels Bohr Institute, which opened in 1920. Bohr mentored and collaborated with
physicists including Hans Kramers, Oskar Klein, George de Hevesy, and Werner Heisenberg. He
predicted the existence of a new zirconium-like element, which was named hafnium, after the
Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered. Later, the element bohrium was named
after him.

During the 1930s, Bohr helped refugees from Nazism. After Denmark was occupied by the
Germans, he had a famous meeting with Heisenberg, who had become the head of the German
nuclear weapon project. In September 1943, word reached Bohr that he was about to be
arrested by the Germans, and he fled to Sweden. From there, he was flown to Britain, where he
joined the British Tube Alloys nuclear weapons project, and was part of the British mission to
the Manhattan Project. After the war, Bohr called for international cooperation on nuclear
energy. He was involved with the establishment of CERN and the Research Establishment Risø
of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission and became the first chairman of the Nordic Institute
for Theoretical Physics in 1957.
Niels Bohr

Bohr in 1922

Born Niels Henrik David Bohr


7 October 1885
Copenhagen, Denmark

Died 18 November 1962 (aged 77)


Copenhagen, Denmark

Resting place Assistens Cemetery,


Copenhagen
Nationality Danish

Alma mater University of


Copenhagen (PhD, May 1911)
Trinity College,
Cambridge (post-doc. studies)

Known for  Copenhagen


interpretation
 Complementarity
 Bohr model
 Bohr–Sommerfeld
quantization
 Bohr–van Leeuwen
theorem
 Sommerfeld–Bohr
theory
 BKS theory
 Bohr–Einstein debates
 Bohr magneton
 Bohr orbital
 Bohr radius
 Hafnium

Spouse(s) Margrethe Nørlund (m.


1912–1962)

Children Aage Bohr, Ernest Bohr and


four others

Awards  Hughes Medal (1921)


 Nobel Prize in
Physics (1922)
 Matteucci
Medal (1923)
 Franklin Medal (1926)
 Foreign Member of the
Royal Society (1926)
 Max Planck
Medal (1930)
 Faraday Lectureship
Prize (1930)
 Copley Medal (1938)
 Order of the
Elephant (1947)
 Atoms for Peace
Award (1957)
 Sonning Prize (1957)

Scientific career

Fields Physics

Institutions  University of
Copenhagen
 University of
Cambridge
 Victoria University of
Manchester

Thesis Studier over Metallernes


Elektrontheori (Studies on the
Electron Theory of
Metals) (May 1911)

Doctoral advisor Christian Christiansen

Other academic J. J. Thomson


advisors Ernest Rutherford

Doctoral Hendrik Anthony Kramers


students

Other notable Lev Landau


students

Influences  Ernest Rutherford


 Harald Høffding

Influenced  Werner Heisenberg


 Wolfgang Pauli
 Paul Dirac
 Lise Meitner
 Max Delbrück
 and many others

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