ANSWER KEY to Question Paper Code 71327

Sub. Code CN 7201 Subject ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

ME / M Tech Construction Engineering & Management R 2013
Part A
for 2 marks Part A Questions, in this key, some of the Answers are given very elaborately
the actual answers from Students may be shorter than this
Marks may be awarded for whatever points written by the candidate relevantly
1 Describe Cable Anchoring 2

Cable Anchoring is the process of securing the tension cables of Cable Stayed Bridges and / or Suspension
bridges into large strong Rock Beds or Concrete Beds in the ground , that the tension in th cables is
withstood and the bridge is held in place.
These are End Ground Suports at both ends of the bridge. Tension cables are anchored deep into the
ground rock and grouted fully; OR the whole anchorage block is buried under concrete embedment.

2 Draw a neat sketch of Under Reamed Pile. 2

Under-reamed pile is the pile type recommended for Expansive
Soils; it contains 1 or more Enlarged portions called BULBS or
UNDER—REAM, which help in resisting the uplift.

When pile foundations are constructed in expansive soils like

Black Cotton Soils, Under-Reamed Pile is the best option.

3 Define erection techniques of tall structures 2

 Top Down Construction Method  Aerial Method

 Panel Method of Erection  Placement using Tower Cranes
 Box Method  Placement using Climbing Crane
 Tilt – Up Construction  Placement using Boom Crane

4 What is the importance of aerial transporting ? 2

Aerial Transporttaion of Construction Materials and Prefab / Precast Members is adopted when:
 Height of Placement is very tall
 Location is very remote – forests , deserts, mountains -- without access roads
 Weight to be transported is manageable for helicopters and such aerial modes
 Only light weight components are to be transported

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5 What is the principle of bow String Bridge ? 2
Bow String Bridge, also called s Tied Arch Bridge, works on the principle, that the thrust developing on
the foundations are avoided by tting the bottom ends of the arch with a horizontal tie member

How a tied-arch works

Reactions for a thrust arch bridge

Thrust arches rely on horizontal restraint from the foundations, as shown right. The vertical and horizontal reactions resolve
into a force along the arch members – the horizontal component is of significant magnitude.
This will be the most satisfactory solution when the arch bears onto good foundation material such as competent rock. The
ends of the arches are normally pinned. However, rock is not always available and so a thrust arch will not be the most
economic solution at these locations, as the horizontal reactions lead to heavy uneconomic foundations.

Tied arch

The tied-arch offers a solution when it can be arranged that the deck is at such a level that it can carry the horizontal force as
a tie member, as shown below.
The tied-arch is sometimes referred to as a bowstring arch.
By taking the arch thrust through the tie member, the primary requirement for the substructure reduces to only carrying vertical
loads. It can be seen that one end will still require a longitudinal restraint to carry wind, braking, acceleration and skidding
forces, and that the other end is permitted to move longitudinally.

6 How to push the box decks ? 2

Pushing the Box Decks is of two types – Sub-trsuctures and Super-structures
Sub-Structures Box Deck Pushing
BOX JACKING and PIPE JACKING method
This is for constructing under-ground structures
like RUB, under existing roads and railway tracks
without disturbibng the traffic
BOX JACKING and
PIPE JACKING methods are adopted to push the
precast box modules under the excisting road / rail
using Reaction Wall and Hydraulic Jacks
Super-structure Box Deck Pushing
LAUNCHING GIRDER Method
This is for constructing bridges over piers without
ground support or water support but by working
from pier top itself.
This method is called as INCREMETAL
LAUNCHING GIRDER System and requires
precasting of all the bridge decks in segements or in
full spans

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7 What is the need of strengthening of beams ? 2
Strengthening of Beams is required under the following condictions:
 Beam weakened due ot corrosion of reibnforcement
 Loads have exceeded the original estimates – in bridges due to traffic increase
--- in buildings due to change in use / function
---- in buildings due to removal of some intermediate columns
For various such reasons, beams have to be strengthened techniques like
--- Jacketing --- Wrapping --- Overlay --- Plate Bonding

8 Define sub grade water proofing technique. 2

Subgrade Waterproofing is for portions below Ground Level - Basements, Foundations, Tunnels,
It comprises of two parts
 POSITIVE SIDE Waterproofing – where the water is in contact - outside of basement walls
 NEGATIVE SIDE Waterproofing – the other side -- inside of basement walls
Positive Side Water-proofing Systems NEGATIVE Side Water-proofing Systems
 fluid-applied membranes * sheet systems  cementitious systems
 hybrid systems * bentonite clay  acrylic, latex, or crystalline additives

9 Write any two advantages in demolition by explosives. 2

Advantages in Demolition by Explosives

 Time Saving * Highly controlled Sequential Demolition possible
 No risk ---Completely Remote Controllable—men&machinery can stay far away
 Suiatble for any height / depth - both Above Ground and Under-ground

10 What is the principle involved in dismantling techniques ? 2

Dismatling of buildings refers to Disassembly of the Structural Elements so that the same set of
elements cn be reconstructed some where else .
This is possible in the case of Precast Concrete Structures, Steel Structures, Timber Structures, etc.
Since all the structural members are originally JOINTED, using joints like Bolts, Welds, Grouts, etc,
it will be easier to break the joints and fretrieve the members
Principles involved in Dismantling
 avoid collapse by providing adequate temporary supports like Shores, Props, Ties, Guys,
Jacks,
 Have trained personnel
 Design a detailed sequence for the choice of structural members to be dismantled
 Ensure that the machineries and the temporary supports have adequate load carrying

3
11a ) Explain the step by step procedure of underwater construction of
Diaphragm Walls ( 13 )

Construction of Diaphragm Wall

Diaphragm Wall is generally reinforced concrete wall constructed in the ground using Under slurry
technique which was developed in Europe.
The technique involves excavating a narrow trench that is kept full of an engineered fluid of slurry.
Walls of thickness between 300 and 1200 mm can be formed in this way up to a depths of 45
meters.

Diaphragm wall-Application
Commonly used in congested areas.
Can be Installed in close proximity to existing structure.
Practically suited for deep basements.
Used in conjunction with “Top Down” construction technique.

About Diaphragmwall
 Very unstable soil profiles below the water table.
 Limited construction time Where deeper than normal cantilever support may be required.
 Can be Installed to considerable depth.
 Formation of walls with substantial thickness.
 Flexible system in plan layout
 Easily incorporated into Permanent works.
 Designable to carry vertical loads.
 Construction time of Basement can be lowered considerably.
 Economic and Positive solution for large deep basement in saturated and unstable soil profiles.
 Can be used for seepage control in Dams.
 Noise levels limited to engine noise only.
 No vibration during installation.

1. ITrenching Equipments
o Hydraulic Grab.
o Kelly-mounted or Cable-hung cam buckets.
o Mechanical Grab.

Construction Sequence of Diaphragm

wall
 Fixing of Alignment
 Stage-2: Guide wall Construction
 Stage-3: Trenching
 Stage-4: Trench Cleaning
 Stage-5: Stop ends fixing
 Stage-6: Reinforcement Cage lowering
 Stage-7: Placing of Concrete
Stage-8: Withdrawal of Stop ends

Trenching Operation with Bentonite Fluid

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 Trenching usually carried out under bentonite slurry
Bentonite Slurry – Key component.
 This Slurry acts as shoring to prevent collapse by hydraulic pressure and thyrotrophic property.
o Bentonite Slurry
o Used as a support fluid
o The bentonite suspension used in bore holes is basically a clay of montmorillonite group having
exchangeable sodium cations (Na+).
o The action of bentonite in stabilizing the sides of bore holes is primarily due to the thixotropic property of
bentonite suspension.
o The bentonite suspension when undisturbed forms a jelly which when agitated becomes a fluid again.
o Functions of Bentonite
o In case of granular soils, the bentonite suspension penetrates into the sides under positive pressure and
after a while forms a jelly.
o The bentonite suspension gets deposited on the sides of the hole resulting in the formation of a filter cake
in contact with soil against which the fluid pressure acts.
o In case of impervious clay, the bentonite does not penetrate into the soil, but deposits only a thin film on the
surface of the hole.
o Factors affecting stability of Trench
o Level of the supporting fluid
 Level of the bentonite slurry should be maintained preferably at least 1.5m above the ground water level to avoid
problem of instability.
o Density and Viscosity of supporting fluid
o Loss of shear strength with time
o Suction effect during trenching
o Specification of Bentonite (as per IS:2911-Part1:Sec2 Liquid limit : 300 to 450 % (in accordance with
IS:2720-part V)
o Sand content : Less than 7 %
o Density: 1.12
o Marsh viscosity : About 37 second, tested by Marsh cone
o Swelling index: Swelling index at least 2 times of dry volume.
o pH value : Less than 11.5
o Tests and compliance values for support fluid prepared from bentonite (as per IS9556-1980)

Procedure to Construction Diaphragm wall

Preparation of Bentonite Slurry
 Bentonite slurry made by passing dry powder through water jet. A conical hopper is used with bottom nozzle through
which water is pumped under pressure. The bentonite powder is poured directly from top and when it falls down the
hopper, it gets agitated in the water. After getting circulated, the mixed bentonite thus falls in the tank.
 Diaphragm Wall construction begins with the trench being excavated in discontinuous sections or “panels”.
 Stop-ends are placed vertically at each end of primary panel to form joints for adjacent secondary panel or closing
panels. Panels are usually 4 to 6 meters long. Stop-ends are used to form the joints between adjacent panels and a
water bar can be incorporated across these joints.
 Joints of adjacent panels to be cleaned to obtain watertight bond.
 Loose materials to be lifted by suitable air lifting method.
 Excavation of panel is followed by placing of steel reinforcement cage in center of the panel.
Placing of Concrete
 Placing of concrete having slump 150mm to 190mm by tremmie method.
 Concrete to be placed through a top metal hopper and into a rigid leak proof tremmie pipe (2 sets), sufficiently large
enough to permit free flow of concrete.
 Initially there should be a suitable plug at the bottom of metal hopper, which will not discharge concrete until sufficient
concrete accumulate in the metal hopper.
 Concrete displaces the slurry from bottom and rises in such a manner that mixing of concrete with slurry does not
occurs.
 Pouring shall be continued till it accumulates in vertical Tremmie pipe up to top of funnel.
 Tremmie pipe shall be raised so as to release the concrete in a single continuous flow.
 Concrete to be discharged in the trench without any lateral movement of Tremmie pipe.
 Caution - Bottom end of Tremmie pipe must remains immersed in concrete.
 Operation to be continued till good concrete reaches 300mm above the cut-off level of Diaphragm Wall.
 This concrete above cut-off shall be removed when green Chipping of concrete is not to be permitted.
 Length of Tremmie pipe shall be reduced by removal of Tremmie segment stage by stage.
 Withdrawal of Stop ends just after the Initial setting of concrete.

5
 11 b ) Explain Large Reservoir Construction ( 13 )

There are two basic types of reservoir:

 Open impounding reservoirs are for the catchment of 'crude' water.

 Service reservoirs are used in water distribution and should be enclosed for protection.

The principle of all open impounding reservoirs is the same, in that they consist of a dam across a valley to impound a
natural stream of water. Typically they include overflow weirs, draw-off points and cut-off walling, or
similar constructions, to intercept stray water which may flow beneath the dam. The water quality is improved by a
treatment plant.

They tend to be constructed in an elevated position, as this reduces the pumping requirement, and means that
the structure can take a very simple form in the ground.

The construction of reservoirs and liquid-retaining tanks is determined by:

 The type (and temperature) of the liquid being stored.

 The size and shape of the tank.
 Whether it will be in or above the ground.
 The type of tank, i.e. open or closed, lined, unlined, and so on.

Open impounding reservoirs can be constructed from a range of materials, such as rock, earth, concrete or composites,
depending on the reservoir size and earth type. An earthen embankment should have a watertight concrete face or a
core of clay or concrete.

Construction Sequence of Large Reservoirs

a) Choice of the location with naturally available maximum depth so as to minimize excavation earthwork
b) the location chosen should be well connected to catchment areas upstream so that the surface run-off during
rains automatically reach the reservoir site by natural drainage flow
c) Remove the top soil and excavate for additional deepening in case larger storage capacity is required of the
reservoir.
d) Raise the earth level of the entire periphery of the reservoir by earth filling so as to form Embankment with
adequate height.
e) Compact the embankment filling adequately and also add earth reinforcements suing natural vegetation and /
or synthetic systems like geosynthetics.
f) Also place the required piping systems for both inflow and outflow and drainage with all the relevant
appurtenances.
g) Apply HDPE / Geosynthetic Lining for the storage surface area for making the reservoir impermeable.
f) Install Shading systems on the embankment to reduce evaporation

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12. a) Explain the techniques of construction for continuous concreting
operation in tall buildings. ( 13 )
Techniques for Continuous Concreting in TALL Buildings
In Modern Construction, Tall Buildings with dozens of Floors and Storeys are constructed at a very fast – track mode.
Question refers to Continuous Concreting Operations. Thus Precast Concrete Systems are not included here.

The required Construction Techniques and Systems for Continuous Concreting Operations in TALL
Buildings can be categorized under the following heads
 Concrete Technology as a Material 5 marks
 Formwork Systems for faster Cycle Time 4 marks
 Reinforcement Systems 4 marks
o Other Supporting Systems ( for Walling, Cladding , Finishing, Utlities, etc. )
( NOT COVERED here, since question is only about CONCRETING Operations )
Concrete Technology as a Material
 Use of Rapid Hardening Cement
 Using Accelerator chemical admixture with OPC Concrete, so as to reduce formwork stripping time
 Use of in-situ steam curing on for cast – in – situ concrete itself, so as to accelerate hardening
 Use of Self- Compacting Concrete to reduce Site Concrete Pouring Opeations Time
 Use of Self- Compacting Concrete , also eliminates all field concrete vibration / compaction works
saving time and money
 Use of Self- Compacting Concrete , also helps to avoid defects like honey comb, which further
require additional patch repair works after removal of formwork, which in this case can be avoided
due ot use of SCC.
 Use of Self- Compacting Concrete, also helps in avoiding any damage to formwork – escpecially
joints – which is likelyu to happen due to over-vibraration
 Applying Curing Compounds all concrete elements just after formwork removal, so that operations
towards water curing may be avoided and time saved.

Formwork Systems for faster Cycle Time

 Using Slipform for faster progress
 Using other formwork systems such as Table Forms, Climbing Forms, Tunnel Forms, Movable Forms,
etc,, all which will save time by reducing time towards repeated deshuttering and dismantling and re-
assembling
 Using high quality and customized forworks, so that the required surface finishescan be achieved from
the formwork internal surface profiling itself, and thereby avoiding separate operations after formwork
removal.
 Use Steel Deck Sheets, which will serve as LOST FORMWORKS and also as permanent finishes for
the concrete members, thus avoiding time delay and operations for formwork removal.

Reinforcement Systems
 Use Mechanical Couplers or Welds for Rebar splicing to reduce reinforcement congestion and also to
reduce on-site bar –bender operations
 Use Welded Wire Fabric , available im Mesh forms and Cage forms for Slabs and Beams, Columns,
respectively, so that , on-site cutting and bedning and shaping and assembling operations for bar –
benders are avoided, saving time.
 Even if ordinary lap splices are used for rebars, use Mechanized Tying / Wrenching Equipment for
applying the binding wires for lap splices instead of manual hand applied binding wire for lap joints

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12 b ( i ) Briefly explain the launching techniques of post tensioning of slab
-- 5 marks

NOTE to the EXAMINERS

Please Note :: Question asks “explain the launching techniques of post tensioning of slab “
Launching is involved usually in BRIDGES with PRECAST Concrete Deck Slab for MULTPLE Segments of EACH
span - Precast Segmental Bridge Construction - After launching all the segnents of a span, the multiple
segments are POST – TENSIONED to integrate all the segments into a SINGLE SPAN.

This key describes only the Precast Segmental Bridge Construction

HOWEVER, Question DOES NOT explicitly mention about BRIDGE

Students MIGHT HAVE WRITTEN the answer for PT SLAB for Buildings (Post - Tensioned Slab )

The PT slab technique is NOT COVERED in this key

Hence please award marks either for

BRIDGE SEGMENTAL Construction Technique ( as per this key )

OR FOR
PT Slab ( not covered in this key )
THE INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING METHOD IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
The sequence of construction is similar to traditional concrete bridge building, i.e., build the support towers
(columns), build the temporary falsework, build the deck, perform finish work. The principal differences are as
follows:

1. The support towers may be built segmentally. Often this is accomplished using "slip-form" construction,
where the falsework moves (slips) upward following sequential concrete "pours." The falsework uses the
newly constructed concrete as the basis for moving upward.
2. After the towers are built, a superstructure is built atop the towers. This superstructure serves as the
"launching" point for building the deck. (The deck is often built in both directions away from the tower,
simultaneously.)
3. The deck is now constructed sequentially, beginning at the tower, one section at a time. This process is
usually accomplished using a self propelled bridge layer that hoists the bridge section into place.
 In pre-cast bridges, the concrete segment is constructed on the ground, and then transported and
hoisted into place. As the new segment is suspended in place by the crane, workers install steel
reinforcing that attaches the new segment to preceding segments. Each segment of the bridge
designed to accept connections from both preceding and succeeding segments.

Fig 1 Principle of construction

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1.3. Features of the incremental launching method
The method is characterised by the following features:
- Construction is carried out completely without falsework, so that there is no problem in passing
over obstacles below, such as roads, railways, rivers, buildings or conservation areas (see also
fig. 1).
- The fabrication yard is stationary and located behind one abutment, which makes accurate
construction possible. The concentration of plant in one area also keeps the site investments and
overheads relatively low and the transportation distances extremely short.
- The superstructure is made up of units of 15 to 25 m length, eachcompleted in one week; there
are no joints, since each unit is concreted directly against the preceding one.
- During the construction stage the superstructure is centrally prestressed, to limit the tensile
stresses produced by the bending moments. Small tensile stresses should be permitted (partial or
limited prestressing), even if such stresses are not permitted in the completed structure; they
considerably improve the economics of the method, without detracting from the safety of the
structure.
- A lightweight nose is fitted to the cantilever end of the superstructure to reduce the cantilever
moment during launching.
- A hydraulic jacking device for launching is located at the abutment.
- The bridge supports are equipped with special sliding bearings.
- Auxiliary supports may be incorporated between the piers for long spans and/or where the
span/depth ratio is high.

Fig 2 Launching Sequence of Pecast Units

The Incremental Launch Method of bridge construction is suitable for box girder sections where the
bridge is straight or has constant horizontal or vertical curvature. The method eliminates temporary
supports and is therefore, most applicable where these are impossible because of the nature of the
crossing or the support height required. The construction sequence commences behind one
abutment where a highly mechanised casting yard is set up. After the first segment is cast, a
launching nose is attached and the segment is launched out of the cast bed and into the first span.
Typically, the launch nose is about 60% of the length of the span.
The segments are launched using hydraulic jacks to either pull the segment via a “stick” or utilising
a lift-and-push system. The next segment is then cast, stressed onto the first segment, and the

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process repeated until the entire bridge is in position. Secondary pre-stressing is then installed and
temporary bearings are replaced with permanent ones.
PRESTRESSING -- Post Tensioning
External PT suits this method well, as it reduces construction time and allows easy inspection of tendons.
Bar and Slab PT systems allow vertical weband transverse deck stressing.
Incrementally launched bridges. Well suited for bridges over congested areas and waterways. Centrical
prestressing during construction combines permanent and temporary PT.

Segmental Construction Benefits

* Speed of erection * Crew efficiency
* High quality * Many options
* Top down erection possible minimal disruption to traffic and surface operations
* Efficient use of forms
All Possible Through the innovation of Post-Tensioning
Precast Segmental – Cantilever Erection with Launching Gantry
Span up to 350 ft±
Speed of Erection (up to 6 pairs of segments)
Delivery from behind or below
Overhead Construction
Self Launching – min. crane support
Parallel Structures Simultaneously
Temp loads directly into Piers
Limited horizontal curvature

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Precast Segmental Span-by-Span Bridges Span-by-span construction involves the erection of all segments of a span on
a temporary support system with small closure joints cast at one or both ends next to the segments over the pier.
Figure shows typical phases for span-by-span construction.

External Tendons
For span-by-span construction, the use of external tendons provides for greater efficiency in the cross
section of the box for both longitudinal and transverse efficiency, by facilitating a web thicker at the top than
bottom. This raises the centroid of the whole cross section, and maximizes the eccentricity and efficiency of
the post-tensioning in the mid-span region needed for the dominant effect of longitudinal flexure of this
method. Figure shows a typical layout of span-by-span tendons for an interior span where all tendons
deviate at a common deviation saddle.

Tendon Layout and Jacking Points

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12 b ii) Explain vacuum dewatering of concrete flooring.

Vacuum Dewatered Concrete: Techniques

Vacuum Dewatered Concrete is the one from which water is removed by
vacuum pressure after placement of concrete structural member. Vacuum
concrete has high strength and durability than normal concrete.

Water-cement ratio is detrimental for concrete. We always try to restrict the

water-cement ratio in order to achieve higher strength.

The chemical reaction of cement with water requires a water-cement ratio of

less than 0.38, whereas the adopted water-cement ratio is much more than
that mainly because of the requirement of workability. Workability is also
important for concrete, so it can be placed in the formwork easily without
honeycombing.

After the requirement of workability is over, this excess water will eventually
evaporate leaving capillary pores in the concrete. These pores result into high
permeability and less strength in the concrete. Therefore, workability and high
strength don’t go together as their requirements are contradictory to each
other.

Vacuum concrete is the effective technique used to overcome this contradiction

of opposite requirements of workability and high strength. With this technique
both these are possible at the same time.
In this technique, the excess water after placement and compaction of
concrete is sucked out with the help of vacuum pumps. This technique
is effectively used in industrial floors, parking lots and deck slabs of bridges etc. The
magnitude of applied vacuum is usually about 0.08 MPa and the water content
is reduced by upto 20-25%. The reduction is effective upto a depth of about
100 to 150 mm only.
Technique and Equipments for Vacuum Concrete:
The main aim of the technique is to extract extra water from concrete surface
using vacuum dewatering. As a result of dewatering, there is a marked reduction
in effective water-cement ratio and the performance of concrete improves
drastically. The improvement is more on the surface where it is required the

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 most.
Mainly, four components are required in vacuum dewatering of concrete, which are given
below:
1. Vacuum pump

2. Water separator

3. Filtering pad

4. Screed board vibrator

Vacuum pump is a small but strong pump of 5 to 10 HP. Water is extracted by

vacuum and stored in the water separator. The mats are placed over fine filter
pads, which prevent the removal of cement with water.

Proper control on the magnitude of the water removed is equal to the

contraction in total volume of concrete. About 3% reduction in concrete layer
depth takes place. Filtering pad consists of rigid backing sheet, expanded
metal, wire gauze or muslin cloth sheet.

A rubber seal is also fitted around the filtering pad as shown in fig.1. Filtering
pad should have minimum dimension of 90cm x 60cm.

Fig. 1: Vacuum dewatering of concrete

Advantages of vacuum concreting:
o Due to dewatering through vacuum, both workability and high strength are achieved
simultaneously.

o Reduction in water-cement ratio may increase the compressive strength by 10 to 50%

and lowers the permeability.

o It enhances the wear resistance of concrete surface.

o The surface obtained after vacuum dewatering is plain and smooth due to reduced
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 shrinkage.

o The formwork can be removed early and surface can be put to use early.

Fig. 2: Effect of vacuum

dewatering of concrete

The advantages of dewatering are more prominent on the top layer as

compared to bottom layer as shown in fig. 2 above. The effect beyond a depth
of 150mm is negligible.

The Vacuum Dewatered (VD) Flooring method, is a system for laying high quality concrete floors with superior cost-
effectiveness. The key to the use of this method is the dewatering of concrete by vacuum process. Surplus water from the
concrete is removed immediately after placing and vibration, reducing the water-cement ratio to an optimum level.

Advantages of Vacuum dewatered

flooring over the conventional
flooring:
Increased Compressive strength of floor
 Increased Tensile strength
 Reduced Cement consumption (No cement is
required for finishing the surface)
 Increased Abrasion resistance
 Reduced water / cement ration
 Increased Impact strength
 Reduced number of joints
Less wear and tear of floor surface

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 ( 13
13. a) Explain the construction of jetties and break water structures. Marks )

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
Offshore structures include Breakwaters and
Jetties. They are alike in construction and differ mainly in function.
In an offshore barrier, the breakwater interrupts the action of the waves of open water to create
an area of calm water between it and the shore.

A jetty works to direct and confine a current or tidal flow into a selected channel.
Breakwaters
A breakwater is a large pile of rocks built parallel to the shore. It is designed to block the
waves and the surf. Some breakwaters are below the water's surface (a submerged
breakwater). Breakwaters are usually built to provide calm waters for harbors and artificial
marinas. Submerged breakwaters are built to reduce beach erosion. These may also be
referred to as artificial "reefs."

A breakwater can be offshore, underwater or connected to the land. As with groins and
jetties, when the longshore current is interrupted, a breakwater will dramatically change
the profile of the beach. Over time, sand will accumulate towards a breakwater. Downdrift
sand will erode. A breakwater can cause millions of dollars in beach erosion in the
decades after it is built.
Types of Breakwaters
-Detached breakwater low crested structure
(breakwaters can completely isolated from the
shore)
Head land breakwaters High crested strucure
Nearshore breakwaters Rubble mound strucure
-Attached breakwater Composite structure
(Breakwaters can be connected to the shore line)
Using mass ( caissons ) Using arevetment slope
(e.g with rock or concrete armor units )
Emerged breakwaters
-Submerged breakwaters
-Floating breakwaters

FIG 1 CAISSON BREAKWATER / JETTY FIG 2 RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATER / JETTY

15
Fig 3 COMPOSITE BREAKWATER / JETTY

Jetties
Jetties are large, man-made piles of boulders or concrete that are built on either side of a
coastal inlet. Whereas groins are built to change the effects of beach erosion, jetties are
built so that a channel to the ocean will stay open for navigation purposes. They are also
built to prevent rivermouths and streams from meandering naturally.

Jetties completely interrupt or redirect the longshore current. Just as a groin accumulates
sand on the updrift side, so do jetties. The major difference is that jetties are usually longer
than groins and therefore create larger updrift beaches at the expense of the smaller
downdrift beaches.

On East Coast barrier islands, ocean tidal inlets migrate naturally with the longshore
current. A jetty system will permanently disrupt the equilibrium of the beach. This may
seriously affect the tidal circulation and the health of the wetlands between the barrier
islands and the mainland.

Inlets with short jetties that don't quite reach the surf will clog up with sand. The sand must
be dredged on a regular basis. A "sand by-passing" system may be built to pump sand
around the jetties. The sand pumping may come from within the inlet or from the updrift
beach. These methods are expensive and must be maintained indefinitely.
CONSTRUCTION OF A BREAKWATER / JETTY
When a breakwater is to be built at a certain location, and the environmental impact of such a
structure has already been evaluated and deemed environmentally feasible, the following
parameters are required before construction can commence:
• a detailed hydrographic survey of the site *** a geotechnical investigation of the sea bed;
• a wave height investigation or hindcasting *** a material needs assessment; and
• the cross-sectional design of the structure.
Material needs assessment
Given that most breakwaters consist of either rock or concrete or a mixture of both, it is evident
that if these primary construction materials are not available in the required volume in the
vicinity of the project site, then either the materials have to be shipped in from another source (by
sea or by road) or the harbour design has to be changed to allow for the removal of the breakwater
(the site may have to be moved elsewhere).
To calculate the volume of material required to build a rock breakwater, for example, equidistant
cross sections are required. Each cross-section consists of the proposed structure outline
superimposed on a cross-section of the sea bed.
16
Rules for very small projects with water depths not exceeding 3.0 metres for
rubble mound or rock breakwaters:
• Unaided breakwater design should not be attempted in waters deeper than 3 metres.
• If the foundation material is very soft and thick, then a geotextile filter mat should be placed
under the rock to prevent it from sinking and disappearing into the mud
• If a thin layer of loose or soft material exists above a hard layer, then this should be removed to
expose the hard interface and the breakwater built on this surface.

********************************************************************************

13 b ) Explain the sequence of construction of a dome structure with

neat sketches. (13)
Types of Techniques for Dome Construction

1 Flattened conduit 6 Monolithic

2 Tube and hub 7 Space frame
3 Beam and hub 8 Brick and former
4 Panellised timber frame 9 Foam and render
5 Stressed skin

Flattened conduit - Probably the simplest way to build a geodesic dome frame, all you do is flatten the
end of some metal tubing bend it slightly then drill a hole. Do this to both ends get yourself a bag of bolts and
you can easily build a dome framework in a day. Used for burning man, climbing frames and other small
projects.

Advantages: Really easy to build, easily assembled/disassembled, no special tools required, just make sure
you don''t split the tube when you flatten it and that you flatten enough so you can put the bend in without
interfering with other struts.

Disadvantages: Quite crude, can only be covered with material because joints don''t finish level.

Tube and hub - Another simple construction technique, slightly more work than the flattened conduit
method but is a more professional and flexible system. Instead of joining the struts directly together a larger
diameter pipe is used as a hub holes are drilled through the hub and the struts are bolted to it.

Advantages: Makes a nice neat job with all struts finishing level while still being cheap and easy to build.

Disadvantages: Great for material covers but there is no easy way to fix a hard covering material.

17
Beam and hub
Wooden beams are attached to specially made hubs to form the dome framework; the angles are taken care of
by the hubs so all you have to do is cut the beams to the correct length. More expensive to build than a tube
type framework but makes a solid permanent dome.

Advantages: Simple dome construction system that doesn''t require specialist tools or knowledge to build.

Disadvantages: The hubs can be expensive and hard to find because they have to be specially made. When the
beams have board nailed on both sides there is no way to ventilate the void between, in a heated dome this
can lead to damp, dry rot and a number of other problems.

Panellised timber frame

This system uses wooden beams but instead of metal hubs at the joints panels are made that join at the edges
and have the outside material attached (usually plywood). These panels are factory made so all you have to do
is nail them together in the correct order to build a dome.

Advantages: Simple and extremely fast way to build a permanent dome structure.

Disadvantages: Because the panels are factory made you don''t get much design choice. Ventilation problems
can occur when material is fixed to both sides.

Stressed skin
Metal or fibreglass panels are bolted/riveted together to form the dome, there are no beams, hubs or separate
support structure the skin does everything.

Advantages: Probably the most cost effective and efficient way to build a dome. Some simple fabrication is
required but this can be easily sourced locally.

Disadvantages: Metal sweats when it gets cold so some form of insulation has to be glued to the inside of the
panels to prevent condensation forming. Cutting holes for doors and windows can seriously weaken the dome
structure.

Monolithic
There are basically three stages involved in building a monolithic dome: First an airform membrane made
from PVC is inflated on the site were the dome is to be built; this acts as the out weatherproof skin on the
finished dome. Next the inside is sprayed with polyurethane foam to insulate the structure; reinforcing bar is
fixed to the foam ready for the next stage. Finally a concrete mix is sprayed on top of the urethane to finish.

Advantages: Very strong efficient structure requiring very little in the way of heating/cooling.

Disadvantages: The outer airform that acts as a weatherproof membrane can be damaged easily allowing
water into the insulation layer. Both the PVC airform and the urethane foam insulation are oil based chemical
materials, which are not that environmentally friendly. Most monolithic domes require dehumidifiers or heat
exchange systems due to the fact that they are so airtight.

Space frame
Building domes using space frame is actually quite simple, the struts are made from solid bar and they are
connected together with solid balls that have fixing points machined into them. Very commonly seen at
airports and exhibition halls. Too expensive for the DIY builder but still interesting, the Eden project was
built using a space frame.

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Brick and former
This building method dates back hundreds of years and was also used to build arches, bridges etc. A wooden
former is made to the shape required then stone, brick, or concrete is laid on top of the former to produce the
final dome shape. The former is used to hold the brick, stone or concrete in place until it sets and is able to
support its own weight. Usually the former is removed but there is no reason why it couldn''t be left in place.

Advantages: Makes a very strong long lasting dome that can be built using reclaimed materials.

Disadvantages: A lot of expense is involved in making the former that MUST support the whole weight of the
dome when the dome is finished the former becomes redundant. Building very large domes is not cost
effective using this system.

Foam and render

This method uses polystyrene foam or urethane foam as a former. Cut and glue the foam together to form the
dome shape. Next tie chicken wire over the foam to act as reinforcing mesh. Finally apply a thin layer of
cement render over the whole structure to weatherproof and finish the dome.

Advantages: Easy to change or alter the foam former

Disadvantages: Only suitable for very small domes.

19
 14 a) Explain the strengthening of masonry wall and protection methods of
structures with neat sketch. ( 13 Marks )

Strengthening of Masonry Walls -- Methods and Materials

Strengthening of masonry walls is required to prevent failure and collapse during

major earthquake or addition of extra load on buildings. Strengthening of masonry
walls also may be required during rehabilitation of buildings.

Unreinforced masonry walls have good compressive strength, but they are brittle
and very weak under the action of lateral loads which causes tension in walls.
Whenever tension forces acts on a masonry wall, it tends to crack.

Cracking of masonry walls may occur due to settlement of foundation, during

earthquakes, application of lateral loads. There can be several causes for masonry
wall cracks, but occurrence these cracks may lead to complete collapse of wall.

Some of the Failure Types of Masonry Walls

1 Out-of-plane failure of masonry walls
2 Corner Failure of Masonry Walls
3 Vertical Cracks in Masonry Walls
4 Roof Collapse due to Removal of Wall
In a load bearing masonry buildings, loads from the building is transferred
through walls and failure and collapse of such masonry walls can lead to complete
collapse of the building.

In case of reinforced concrete framed structures, although loads are transferred

through columns, but in the event of an earthquake, these walls are more
susceptible to develop cracks and fail.

Uses of half brick thick masonry walls are common as partitions in the interior of
RC framed buildings. These half brick masonry walls are unsafe under the action
of lateral forces during earthquake. Out of plane strengthening of partitions can
be clubbed together with lateral strengthening of building by providing reinforced
concrete jackets to the partitions.

To prevent the collapse of masonry walls during earthquake, it is advisable to use

reinforced brick masonry walls in new construction. Existing masonry walls can
also be strengthened by providing reinforced concrete jackets on one or both

20
 sides of the walls.

Methods of Masonry Wall Strengthening:

Masonry walls can be strengthened by following methods:

Providing reinforced concrete jackets Grout injection

on one or both faces of walls.
Use of FRP Structural Repointing for External reinforcement
strengthening of masonry walls
Surface treatment Diagonal steel strips
Ferrocement Rectangular mesh of steel strips
Shotcrete Three-dimensional tying systems
Confining masonry Center core method
RC tie columns and beams Post tensioning --- Internal / External
Two methods are explained in detail

Masonry wall Strengthening using RC Jackets:

Reinforced concrete (RC) jackets technique for strengthening of masonry structure
consists of application of jackets on one or both sides of masonry walls. This
method is used for brick masonry as well as for stone masonry walls.

For using reinforcement jackets, first the plaster is removed from the walls.
Mortar joints between bricks are cleaned. In case of any cracks in masonry walls,
those are first grouted. Anchor ties are are inserted in pre-drilled holes. The
surface of drill is cleaned, moistened, and cement slurry is spread on the masonry
surface and in drills.

The concrete is applied in two-layers with reinforcement mesh in between them.

The reinforcing mesh on both sides of wall is connected with the help of steel
anchors. These anchors are welded with the mesh or tied using tying wire.

The usual total thickness of RC jackets varies from 30mm to 100mm. The
thickness depends on the method for application of concrete layers.

Rules for Strengthening of Masonry Walls by Reinforced Concrete Jacketing:

o The minimum horizontal and vertical reinforcement should be 0.25% of the jacket
section.

21
o The minimum reinforcement with which the ends of the wall are strengthened should be
0.25% of jacket section.
o The diameter of the ties at the well ends should not be less than 8 mm with a maximum
spacing of 150 mm.
o The jacket must be anchored to the old concrete with dowels spaced at no more than 600
mm in both directions.

Fig: Strengthening of Masonry Walls by Application of Single and Double sided reinforced
concrete (RC) jackets
It is also important that the jacket should be able to transfer forces to slab
diaphragms. This can be achieved by providing epoxy grouted anchors and
diagonal connecting bars through holes made in slabs.

Strengthening of Masonry Walls by Using FRP Structural Repointing:

Structural repointing of masonry walls has advantages compared to the use of
FRP laminates. This method is simple since the surface preparation is reduced
(sandblasting and puttying) is not required. In addition the aesthetic of masonry
is preserved. Following figure illustrates the strengthening procedure of masonry
walls:

Fig: Strengthening of Masonry

Walls using FRP Structural
Repointing; (a) Grinding of
masonry joints, (b) Masking
of masonry to avoid staining,
(c) Application of epoxy
based paste to masonry
joint, (d) Installation of GFRP
Rods

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14 b) Explain seismic retrofitting and sub grade water proofing.
( 13 Marks )
Part ( i ) Seismic Retrofitting - 7 marks
Part ( ii ) Sub-grade Water Proofing -- 6 marks
Part ( i ) Seismic Retrofitting - 7 marks
Seismic Retrofitting is a collection of mitigation techniques for Earthquake Engineering so that the
building already damaged by earthquake or building which ius prone to seismic attack is strengthened
so as to bring it back to functional life

It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground
motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones,
tornadoes, and severe winds from thunderstorms.

Three Techniques have been explained here

Adding New Shear Walls

Frequently used for retrofitting of non-ductile

reinforced concrete frame buildings.
The added elements can be either cast‐in‐place
or precast concrete elements.
New elements preferably be placed at the
exterior of the building.
Not preferred in the interior of the structure to
avoid interior mouldings.

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2 Adding Steel Bracings
RCC FRAME is
RIGID and BRITLLE / Less Ductile

Inserting the Steel Bracings ( truss like

members ) makes the frame more ductile and
and thereby increases its seismic resistance

3 COLUMN JACKETING
The existing smaller section RCC Column is
enlarged by adding new ties and main rebars
throughout its height and integrated with the
old rebars . then the whole assembly is
embedded in new strnger grade concrete

14 b Part ( ii ) Sub-grade Water Proofing -- 6 marks

Subgrade Waterproofing is for portions below Ground Level - Basements, Foundations, Tunnels,
It comprises of two parts
 POSITIVE SIDE Waterproofing – where the water is in contact - outside of basement walls
 NEGATIVE SIDE Waterproofing – the other side -- inside of basement walls
Positive Side Water-proofing Systems NEGATIVE Side Water-proofing Systems
 fluid-applied membranes * sheet systems  cementitious systems
 hybrid systems * bentonite clay  acrylic, latex, or crystalline additives
Basement Waterproofing Techniques

Basement Waterproofing
External Waterproofing Procedure:
24
1. The soil around the foundation is excavated
2. The weeping tiles are removed and the foundation walls are cleaned
3. Small holes are drilled into the bottom blocks to remove moisture in the wall
4. The walls and footings are coated by hand with a high quality rubberized urethane
5. Dimple board is installed with steel brackets and a finishing strip
6. New weeping tile with geotextile filter cloth are installed and connected to proper drainage
7. ¾ inch clear gravel is installed on top of the weepers to a minimum of a 1 ft depth
8. A geomembrane filter cloth is installed on top of the gravel. This will prevent the soil from clogging the
system.
9. Excavated soil is then backfilled

waterproofing basements using membranes

Internal Water-proofing Procedure:
1. The concrete floor is broken 12-14 inches from the foundation wall.
2. A trench is dug to expose the inside of the bottom footing
3. Weeping tiles are then installed and graded toward the sump pump
4. ¾ inch clean gravel is installed over the weepers
5. Waterproof membrane is then installed over the gravel extending to the top of the foundation wall
6. New concrete is poured over the system in flush with the existing slab

Interior Waterproofing
Weeping Tiles
Weeping tiles are installed around the perimeter of building foundation. They have holes in them that allow
them to collect water and either sends it to a city drainage system or to a sump pump.
Positive-side waterproofing
By creating a waterproof barrier on the side of applied hydrostatic pressure, positive-side
waterproofing prevents water from entering the wall. For a foundation, this would be the
outside surface, closest to the soil; for a fountain, it would be the inside (i.e. where the
25
 water is).
For below-grade applications, the earth can be banked back such that a positive-side
membrane is installed after the foundation is set. In urban areas, this may not be an
option. Blind-side waterproofing incorporates the waterproof membrane on the face of the
shoring before the foundation is cast. Concrete is then poured, and the waterproofing
fuses to the foundation wall as it cures.
Options for positive side systems include:
 fluid-applied membranes—similar to those used in roofing applications, they roll or
brush on as a liquid and cure to form a monolithic, seamless membrane;
 sheet systems—also similar to those used on roofs, including single-ply thermoplastics
and rubberized asphalts;
 hybrid systems—combining a fluid-applied membrane with embedded fabric reinforcing
to create a stronger, more resilient waterproof barrier; and
 bentonite clay—a natural mineral derived from volcanic ash and applied as a sheet,
mat, panel, or spray to swell in the presence of moisture to create
a solid clay barrier.
Positive-side systems, used both above and below-grade, are generally preferred over
negative-side applications for their effectiveness. The structural barrier is completely
protected from corrosive chemicals in groundwater, as well as freeze-thaw cycle damage.
The shortcoming to positive-side systems lies in leak detection and remediation. Once
backfill is in place, the actual condition of the waterproofing cannot be inspected without
excavation. If the system fails, rehabilitation can involve major excavation and
reconstruction of paving, landscaping, and wall systems.
Blind-side waterproofing is similar to positive-side methodologies, but once the concrete is
poured, the waterproofing is buried and cannot be inspected. Even for membranes
installed after concrete is cast, it is too late to correct for sloppy installation once the
waterproofing is buried.
NEGATIVE-SIDE WATERPROOFING
Negative-side waterproofing protects the surface opposite the side of applied hydrostatic
pressure (e.g. the inside of a basement wall), such that water is redirected after it enters
the substrate. Negative-side waterproofing materials include:
 cementitious systems—a combination of chemical waterproofing additives or acrylics
with cement and sand to achieve an impervious surface;
 acrylic, latex, or crystalline additives—products that penetrate into the surface to provide
water protection.
Since the negative side is more accessible, it is easier to identify leak locations than with
positive-side systems. Negative-side coatings or injections also can be applied as a retrofit
measure.
On the downside, with negative-side waterproofing, moisture still enters the wall assembly,
which can cause components to degrade over time. The constant presence of moisture
can also lead to mold growth, corrosion, concrete deterioration, or damage to interrelated
building elements like floors or windows.
Combination systems
For sensitive spaces below-grade, more sophisticated systems have been used. As an
example, a rare book vault built below the water table employed a wall-within-a-wall
arrangement, with a pump system in the channel between the inner and outer walls to
augment the positive side membrane.

26
15. a) Explain demolition by explosives using modern techniques.
( 13 marks )

For Building Demolition, the modern method using EXPLOSIVES is the BUILDING
IMPLOSION method. It is a CONTROLLED EXPLOSION

In the controlled demolition industry, building implosion is the strategic placing of explosive
material and timing of its detonation so that a structure collapses on itself in a matter of seconds,
minimizing the physical damage to its immediate surroundings. Despite its terminology, building
implosion also includes the controlled demolition of other structures, such
as bridges, smokestacks, towers, and tunnels.

Building implosion (which reduces to seconds a process which could take months or years to achieve by
other methods) typically occurs in urban areas and often involves large landmark structures.
In IMPLOSION Method, the goal is to induce a progressive collapse by weakening or removing
critical supports, therefore the building can no longer withstand gravity loads and will fail under its own
weight

Numerous small explosives, strategically placed within the structure, are used to catalyze the
collapse. Nitroglycerin, dynamite, or other explosives are used to shatter reinforced concrete
supports. Linear shaped charges are used to sever steel supports. These explosives are progressively
detonated on supports throughout the structure. Then, explosives on the lower floors initiate the
controlled collapse.[citation needed]
A simple structure like a chimney can be prepared for demolition in less than a day. Larger or more
complex structures can take up to six months of preparation to remove internal walls and wrap columns
with fabric and fencing before firing the explosives

Implosion technique Procedure

1. Examine the Architectural & Strucural blueprints building to determine how the building is put
together.
2. Building is surveyed to study about the support structure on each floor.
3. Based on this data and drawing from past experiences with similar buildings, decide what explosives
to use, where to position them in the building and how to time their detonations.

Common explosives used in demolition are Trinitrotoluene called as TNT, Pentaerythritoltetranitrate

called as PENT and Composition B called as comp B.When the chemical is ignited, it burns quickly,
producing a large volume of hot gas in a short amount of time.

1.1.1 Quantity of Explosives. The quantity of explosive to be placed depends upon the size of column
and extent up to which it is to be destroyed.
Lesser Quantity of explosive is placed in the corner columns and larger quantity of explosive is
placed in tbe inner and the middle columns, so as to destroy the inner / middle columns completely.
No outer column was weakened so that the building collapsed towards its centre from both side.

27
4.6.1 Pre-blast Considerations

(A) Pre-weakening of the structure shall be designed to ensure the structural stability before implosion

(B) To minimise the dispersion of building debris into adjoining land after blasting, a trench or bund
wall shall be installed outside the building to contain the debris

(C) A good design will cause the structure to fall towards the centre of the building and/or within the
protected area

(D) Good design will provide adequate and sufficient time delay to allow only one or two floors of the
building debris to fall on ground level at a time in order to limit the magnitude of the impact on the
ground;

(E) The design must also identify an exclusion zone to evacuate all residents or inhabitants during the
blasting. The impacts of noise and dust generated during the blasting shall be considered. Radius of the
typical exclusion zone shall not be less than 2.5 times the building height;

(F) If there are slopes and earth retaining walls or features, a geotechnical assessment shall be
conducted to ensure that the blasting will not affect the stability of these features;

(G) The entire site shall be under 24-hour security from the installation of explosive until final blasting.

(H) The Registered Specialist Contractor (Demolition) must co-ordinate with the government and local
28
community to determine the best procedures in notification, schedules for the events, traffic routing,
design for the sequence of events, evacuating residents, clear out personnel from the building and
assigning responsibilities during blasting. For the purpose of crowd control, blasting should be carried
out in the early morning of a Sunday or public holiday;

(I) An emergency plan shall be prepared to handle emergency situations such as premature explosion,
misfire or interruption due to bad weather including thunder and lightning;

(J) After the explosion, the blasting expert must check to make sure that there is no unfired explosive
left on site. The entire area must remain clear and under security control until the unfired explosives
have been detonated or safely dealt with by the blasting expert;

(K) As far as practicable, non-electrical initiation systems should be used to avoid the risk of pre-mature
detonation by stray currents, external electro-magnetic waves or radio frequencies. The installation shall
include a redundant system to ensure successful detonation. Nitroglycerine based explosives are not
permitted to be used.

(L) The Registered Specialist Contractor (Demolition) must provide evidence of his capability to safely
perform the demolition and shall illustrate to the approving authorities that the procedures are safe; 84

(M) The mode of collapse shall be demonstrated to ascertain that: (1) no part of the building will fall
beyond the protected area; (2) the impact of the structural collapse will not cause significant vibration
affecting (a) any underground tunnels; (b) any underground utilities; and (c) any adjoining properties.

(N) The structural safety of the building to be imploded shall be checked and certified to be sound and
safe at all stages prior to implosion.

15 b) conclude advanced techniques in demolition using

Robotic Machines. ( 13 Marks )

Remote Controlled Robot Demolition

Modern and convenient, remote controlled robot demolition is a method by which the user can
remotely control a compact machine from afar to carry out demolition work. They are usually run on
battery or plugged into an electric power source. The hydraulic arm has an extended reach and the
attachments can be changed to suit the project.
Benefits of Remote Controlled Robot Demolition
Health and safety: This technique is at the forefront of health and safety improvement, due to its
ability to be operated off site by remote control. This allows workers to avoid dangers such as falling
debris, collapses, or exposure to chemical fallout and particles. It also reduces the chance of
employees developing injuries, as there is less lifting and manual labour involved in this method
than with other types of demolition.

Compact: These machines are small but powerful, and their compact size allows them to navigate
spaces that other equipment finds difficult to maneuver in. The machines small height means it can
easily fit through doorways, and its power and speed allow it to get the job done quickly and efficiently. H
demolition, in comparison, is much slower and less efficient.
29
Precise and versatile: Poise and precision are two elements that rank remote controlled robot
demolition above other imprecise demolition methods, such as balling, explosions and wire rope
pulling. Robotic demolition machines come with a range of different attachments that can be placed
on the hydraulic arm, such as grapples, shears and others. This versatility grants the user a
fantastic ability to choose which attachment is best for the specific situation.

Easy to operate: In the interests of safety, only trained professionals should operate the robotic
machine. However, these machines are generally easy to operate and run on hydraulic and/or
electric power.

No noise, vibration or fumes: Demolition methods such as balling, explosions, deliberate collapse
and wire rope pulling, all produce excessive amounts of noise, vibrations and mess, resulting in the
need for thorough cleanup. Remote controlled robot demolition is a clean method with minimal
vibration and minimal noise pollution. Its use also produces no fumes, making it healthier and
safer for anyone standing nearby.

Demolition Robot
Radio-controlled demolition robot

Demolition Robot can rest assure of Reliable, Efficient, Productivity.

Therefore, when its combined with safety and operator friendly radio control system,
it places the technology in a division of its own among demolition methods.
Concrete demolition in building and construction sites

Construction industry uses demolition robot to demolish building,

bridge and stack. In addition, due to controlled demolition and confined space limitation, demolition contractor
also uses demolition robot for reconstruct of building interior (renovation) and removal of roadbed.

“Superhero” remote robot in rescue sites

30
 During emergency conditions, the remote robot is considered a “superhero”.
Therefore, its a life saver for earthquake, fire, mine disaster, terrorist attack, radioactive pollution and
toxic chemical material leakage. Due to the radio control system, the rescuer could operate demolition robot remotely.
What features are important for a demolition machine?

High Safety
 The robot adopts digital video infrared monitoring and wire or wireless remote control system.
Therefore, the operator can stay away from the dangerous site.
 The robot adopts low center of gravity and featuring reliable operation. Hence, the human and machine are
safe in the operation.
Environmental Care
 The robot adopts electric-hydraulic proportional drive, which is featuring with stable operation,
low vibration and low noise.
 The robot comes with motor drive or low pollution diesel drive. Therefore, the robot could reach Europe
EC standard without any harmful gas or low polluted gas.
Energy Conservation
 The robot adopts load feedback variable pump system.
 The system output is adjust by itself with the load requirement without any energy loss.
High Operation Efficiency
 The robot adopts advanced hydraulic breaker and other hydraulic tools, which are featuring with
high breaking efficiency.
 Therefore, the operation system features accuracy, flexibility and high efficiency.
Wide Application and Strong Adaptation
 The robot could be used in metallurgy and cement industry, building demolition industry, rescue industry,
nuclear energy and chemical industry, mining exploitation and tunnel construction industry.
 In conclusion, the robot is built to adapt to the condition of tough ground and narrow area.

Demolition company needs strong structure features

31
  The robot features multiple functions. The arm end is equipped
with quick coupler, which is easy to replace with breaker, shear, bucket, grab, drill and miller.
 The robot adopts three-section working mechanism with large operation range. As a result, it could
reach the hitting point, hitting angle and direction flexibly in the operation range.
 Compact structure, metal track and also 360° rotation.
 The robot adopts advanced digital wireless remote control technology and digital video infrared
monitoring technology.
 The advanced load feedback variable pump electric-hydraulic proportional hydraulic system is applied.
As a result, the actuator element could reach step-less speed adjustment, and the operation speed has
nothing to do with the load change.
 The robot equipped with two types of power source, which is motor drive or diesel drive.
 The optional forced cooling system ensures that the robot could work in high temperature.

Part – C

16. a) Explain the step by step construction procedure of handling

and erecting light weight components on tall structures.

16 b) Summarize theoretical analysis of erection of articulated structure

space
decks.

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