NEBOSH IGC

A Quick Reference Book

NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
Safe buildings.
Safe plant and equipment.
Definitions
Safe systems of work.
Welfare = Looking after the basic needs of people. Competent staff.
Environment = The surroundings in which the organization Adequate supervision.
operates including land, air, water, natural resources, Adequate instructions.
fauna, flora and humans and their inter-relationships.
Worker’s responsibilities:
Ill Health:
To protect themselves and those around them.
Acute = Short-term exposure with immediate effect, usually Co-operate with their employer.
reversible. Report any situation that presents a significant danger.
Chronic = Long-term or repeated exposure with delayed effect, To receive adequate information, instruction and training.
often irreversible. The worker (or representative) should be consulted by their employer
Accident = An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event on all aspects of health and safety.
which results in loss.
Incident/Near miss = An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned Legal System
event with the potential to result in loss. Civil Law:
The aim is to compensate an injured party for loss suffered.
Hazard = Something with the potential to cause harm.
There are 2 types of civil liability:
Physical
a) Fault liability
Chemical
b) No fault liability
Biological
Fault liability: Injured party must prove that:
Ergonomic
There was a duty of care owed.
Psychological
Duty of care owed was breached.
Risk = The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity The breach caused the loss/injury/ill health/death.
of the harm. No Fault liability: The injured party does not have to prove that the
Safety Culture = The product of individual and group values, employer was negligent.

attitudes, competencies and patterns of behavior that

Criminal Law:
determine the commitment to and proficiency of an
The aim is to punish and deter individuals and organizations from
organisation’s Health and Safety. behaving in a way that is unacceptable to society.
Immediate or direct cause of an accident = The unsafe act Punishment of organizations - usually a fine or restriction of activities.
or condition that caused the accident. Punishment for individuals - could be jail, fine, restriction of offices
held or all of the above.

The root or underlying cause of an accident = The failure of

Direct costs of Accidents
management systems and procedures that allowed an
Lost time of injured worker and any continued payments to worker or
unsafe act or condition to occur e.g. poor risk family.
assessment procedure, lack of supervision, no defect Damage to equipment, tools, property, plant or materials.
reporting system. Medical or hospitalization costs.
Time and materials to clean up after the accident.

Indirect costs of Accidents (hidden costs)

Benefits of Good Health and Safety Practice: Lost time by other workers (curiosity, sympathy, morale)
Increased levels of compliance. Lost time – assisting, investigating, arranging for new staff, preparing
Improved production. reports.
Improved staff morale. Failure to fill customers’ orders on time.
Improved company reputation.
Reduced accidents. Hidden Costs of Accidents:
Reduced ill health. Accident investigation.
Reduced damage to equipment. Payments to injured person.
Reduced staff complaints. Payments for non-productive time.
Reduced staff turnover. Replacement labour.
Reduced insurance premiums. Training for replacement labour.
Reduced fines and compensation payouts Business interruption.
Loss of reputation.
Reasons for Good Health and Safety Practice: Repair or replacement of damaged plant.
Moral Legal fees.
Legal Insurance.
Financial
Uninsured costs (8-36 times greater than insured costs)
Employer’s responsibilities:
The employer must provide:
Safe environment. Sources of Information

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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
Internal Sources: 2 Organization (WHO) - To identify H&S roles & responsibilities and
Risk assessments. reporting lines within the company. This involves Competence
Inspection reports. Control Co-operation and Communication
Accident/incident records. 3 Arrangements (WHAT) - Set out in detail the systems and
Medical reports. procedures for implementing the safety policy - for example safe
Safety representatives. systems of work.
Safety committee reports.
Company safety policy. Issues included in Organization:
Maintenance reports. Clear roles and responsibilities for all health and safety responsibilities
allocated.
External Sources: Competence. – From recruitment through to staff transfers and training.
Government organizations –Enforcing Authorities - KATE
Professional institutions – IOSH Control. – Policies, procedures, auditing, supervision and management
World Health Organisation – ILO involvement. Allocating responsibilities accountabilities, instruction,
Suppliers and manufacturers. supervision to achieve control of H&S.
Consultants and specialists. Cooperation. – is assisted by consultation and demonstrates
Insurance companies and workers unions. management commitment - internally between individuals, groups,
departments, including consultation with H&S reps and externally
Elements of HSG65 Health and Safety Management between clients suppliers and contractors.
Communication. – Needs to flow in all directions. Verbal, written, visible,
Systems:
example
POP MR A
Policy: Issues included in Arrangements:
Sets out Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organisation and Sets out in detail how the requirements of the policy will be met This will
Management commitment. include procedures and arrangements for planning, organisation, control,
Safety policy should be signed by the most senior person in the monitoring and review. The procedures might include:
organisation because: Risk assessments.
It shows management commitment. COSHH assessments – Control of substances hazardous to health.
It gives the policy authority. Safe systems of work.
The person who signed it has ultimate responsibility. Permits to work.
Eectrical work, hotwork, confined spaces.
Organisation: 5Cs Manual handling.
Clear roles and responsibilities. Policies and procedures – Fire, First aid
Competence. KATE Training programmes.
Control. (policies, procedures) Maintenance of plant and equipment.
Co-operation obtained through consultation. Housekeeping.
Communication. (Should flow in all directions) Storage, transportation, handling.
Radiation, dust, noise, fumes.
Planning and Implementation: PPE personal protective equipment.
Generate SMART objectives.
Identify hazards, assess risks and decide how risks can be eliminated or The safety policy should be reviewed:
controlled. After:
Set standards against which performance can be measured. Prosecutions
Enforcement Action
Measuring Performance Compensation Claims
Used as a means of determining the extent to which health and safety Review period expires
policy and objectives are being implemented. It should be both: Professional Advise
Proactive. – Safety performance measurements made before an Accidents or Incidents.
accident happens Changes in:
Reactive. – Safety performance measurements made on information Organisation.
resulting from accidents and ill-health. Processes.
Materials.
Premises.
Reviewing Performance
Legislation.
Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether
Work patterns.
performance is adequate.
Risk assessments.

Audit Targets
Important because:
Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisation’s
They give evidence of management commitment.
management systems and procedures.
They motivate staff by giving them something to aim for.

Components of Safety policy:

1 Statement of Intent (WHAT) - Demonstrates Management’s Ineffective Health and Safety Policies
commitment to health and safety and sets the H&S aims and No commitment or leadership.
objectives No annual objectives.
Health and safety not given enough priority.

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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
Insufficient resources provided. The enforcing authority. EHS
Personnel do not understand the aims. Fire and rescue service.
Too much emphasis on employee responsibility. Insurance company.
No measurement of performance. Contractors.
Management unaware of their role. Consultants and engineers.
No training of management in their responsibilities. Manufacturers and suppliers.
Clients and customers.
Employer’s responsibilities towards Employees: Police.
Specialist health practitioners.
Provide safe plant and equipment.
Public.
Information, instruction, training and supervision (ITIS).
Media.
Safe place of work, access and egress.
Safe environment and welfare facilities.
Provide a Safety policy. Management strategy for contractors
Consult and inform employees. Identification of suitable bidders.
Perform risk assessments. Checking health and safety aspects of bids.
Provide effective health and safety management. Contractors agree to clients rules.
Competent health and safety assistance. Managing the contractors on site.
Health surveillance. Identification of hazards related to job.
Checking contractor work.
Precautions for visitor safety
Signing in. Selection of a suitable contractor
Providing identification badges. Experience with type of work.
Providing personal protective equipment. Reputation.
Site induction e.g. fire precautions. Suitable reference or recommendation.
Escorting visitor to area of work. Previous work record.
Remain with visitor back to reception area. Adequacy of safety policy.
Signing out visitor and removing badge. Enforcement history.
Accident and ill-health data.
Duties of Employees: Membership of trade organisations.
Protect themselves and others from danger. Suitable training for employees.
Co-operation with employer. Arrangements for sub contractors.
Not to interfere with anything provided for safety. Suitable risk assessments etc.
Follow instructions and training given.
Inform employer of dangers and problems with health and safety Managing of contractors on site
arrangements. Appointment of coordinator.
Pre-contract meeting.
Requirements of Safety practitioner: Progress meetings.
Regular inspections.
Knowledge and understanding of the work involved.
Safety committee.
Understanding of principles of risk assessment.
Method statements.
Knowledge of current health and safety applications.
Accident and incident reporting.
Capacity to apply to tasks required.
Client set example.
Ability to identify problems.
Safety propaganda.
Ability to assess the need for action.
Plant documentation.
Ability to design and develop strategies.
Training competency.
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies.
Promote and communicate health and safety.
Understand current best practice. Reducing the risks to Contractors before and during the
Awareness of own limitations. building project
Willingness to learn. Before:
Membership of a professional body IIRSM IOSH. Careful selection of suitable contractors.
Competence based qualification. Identification of hazards associated with the job.
Checking the health and safety aspects of the bids.
Functions of the safety practitioner Establishing site rules.
Advise management. Suitable risk assessments.
Carry out inspections. Suitable training for employees.
Investigate accidents. Method statements.
Record and analyze accident data. Appointment of co-coordinator.
Assist with training. Pre-contract meeting.
Contact external bodies. During:
Liaison with the work force. Progress meetings.
Keep up to date with new safety standards. Regular inspections.
Liaison with contractors. Safety committee.
Accident/incident reporting.
External parties the Safety practitioner will communicate Clients sets an example.
Safety propaganda.
with.
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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
Monitor training program. Safety Culture = The product of individual and group values,
attitudes, competencies and patterns of behavior that
Functions of the Safety Representative
determine the commitment to, and proficiency of an
Investigate potential hazards and dangerous occurrences.
Investigate complaints from employees. organisation’s health and safety performance.
Make representations on general matters of health and safety to
employer. Internal influences on health and safety management
Carry out workplace inspections.
standards:
Examine causes of accidents.
Production demands – Too many resources directed to production and
Consult with enforcement authorities.
not enough to health and safety.
Attend safety committee meetings.
Management commitment.
Communication.
Importance of consulting Competence.
Worker’s committees and representatives should: Employee representation.
Be given adequate information on health and safety matters.
Be consulted when major health and safety changes are envisaged.
External influences on health and safety
Given protection from dismissal when carrying out duties as a
Economic.
representative.
Social expectations – society expects certain safe behavior.
Ability to contribute to decision making process.
Legislation.
Be able to communicate with workers during working hours.
Enforcement.
Be free to contact labour inspectors.
Insurance companies.
Be able to contribute to negotiations in the undertaking of health and
Trade unions.
safety matters.
Have reasonable paid time to exercise their health and safety
functions. Indicators of a company’s health and safety culture:
Have recourse to specialists for advise on particular health and safety Accident rates.
problems. Absenteeism.
Sickness.
Staff turnover.
Matters on which employees are to be consulted
Complaints.
Introduction of measures that affect their health and safety.
Compliance with legislation and internal policies.
New processes and technology.
Morale.
New organisation of work patterns.
New personal protective equipment.
Planning and organisation of any training required. Benefits of a positive safety culture:
Increased levels of compliance.
Improved production.
Safety committee
Improved staff morale.
Object is to promote co-operation between employees and employer
Improved company reputation.
on health and safety matters.
Reduced accidents.
No set structure. Formation of a safety committee is between the
Reduced ill health.
employer and worker’s union/volunteers.
Reduced damage to equipment.
Equal representation from management and safety representatives. Reduced staff complaints.
Reduced staff turnover.
Safety committee – effective meetings Reduced insurance premiums.
Agenda may include relevant items such as:
Study of statistics. Factors that can cause a health and safety culture to
Examination of audit reports.
decline:
Analysis of inspector’s report.
Lack of communication.
Consideration of safety representative’s reports.
Perception of a growing blame culture.
Development and monitoring of work safety rules and safe systems
Lack of leadership and management commitment.
of work.
Lack of monitoring.
Appraisal of effectiveness of safety training.
Failure to implement remedial action.
Monitor adequacy of health and safety communication.
Lack of consultation and employee involvement.
Establish a link with the appropriate inspectors.
Poor working environment.
External influences – unions.
Factors that influence the effectiveness of safety committee Health and safety seen as a low priority.
Balanced representation.
Lack of supervision.
Influence in decision making.
Reorganization and uncertainty.
Respect of management.
Commitment from members.
Promoting a positive health and safety culture:
Good leadership and chairmanship.
Senior management commitment.
Good communication channels.
Ownership of health and safety at all levels.
Access to information or specialist advice.
Effective consultation.
Formalised procedures with agendas.
Effective communication.
Relevant (not trivial) agenda items.
Training for all levels of employees.
Agenda not led by industrial relations.

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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
Shared perception of risks. Maximize effectiveness of health and safety notice board:
Standards of acceptable behavior. Locate in a prominent area.
Learning from experience through monitoring and review. Dedicated to health and safety only.
Balance between health and safety and production. Information displayed is relevant and current.
Information in a neat orderly state.
Why employees fail to comply with safety procedures even Make boards eye-catching through colour and graphics.
when competent:
Lack of motivation. Training should be given at the following stages:
Unrealistic working procedures. On joining the organisation – (Induction training)
Lack of management commitment. Before starting work – (Job specific)
Over familiarisation with the task. At regular intervals – (Refresher training)
Repetitive work leading to boredom. Whenever work practice changes e.g. new material, new technology,
Peer group pressure. revision of systems of work.
Willful disregard of laid down procedures. Before moving to a new job.
Fatigue and stress.
Lack of information. Induction Training is important because:
Job insecurity. Establishes a safety culture.
Shows management commitment.
Types of communication. Identifies responsibilities.
Written Communication: Identifies hazards and precautions.
Letters, memos, reports, notices, procedures etc. Employee made aware of hazards.
Advantages Disadvantages Imparts knowledge.
Permanent record. May be unread. Employees recognize and report hazards.
Reference. One way. Sets the scene for future performance.
Consistent message. Often no feedback.
Accurate detail. Time consuming.
Wide audience. Cost.
Induction training programme
Authoritative. Misinterpretation. Management commitment to safety.
Company safety policy.
Barriers to written communication. Consultative procedures.
Role of safety representatives.
Illiteracy.
Emergency procedures.
Competence.
First aid arrangements.
Level of written material.
Welfare and amenity provisions.
Presentation.
Specific hazards.
Quality of information.
Health surveillance procedures.
Quantity.
How to report accidents.
Attitude.
PPE.
Drugs and alcohol policy.
Verbal Communication:
Instructions, interviews, meetings, lectures.
Advantages Disadvantages Job specific training programme
Direct. No record. Safe system of work, permit to work.
Two way. No reference. Equipment training.
Quick. Unstructured.
PPE training.
Instant feedback. Inconsistent message.
Fire training.
Easy to do. Too much for memory.
Flexible. Limited audience. Safety inspections.

Barriers to verbal communication. Additional health and safety training

Hearing or speech defects. Increase in accidents or incidents.
Noise. Result of an accident investigation.
Distance. Dangerous occurrences.
Language – jargon. New processes or technology.
Lack of knowledge. Job change.
Attitude. Changes in working procedures.
Duration – speed. Changes in work patterns – night shift.
Promotion or reorganization.
New legislation.
Health and safety notice boards.
Enforcement action.
Information should include:
Results of inspections/audits.
Information for employees regulation poster.
Results of risk assessments.
Health and safety policy.
Insurance company requirements.
Evacuation procedures.
First aid arrangements.
Contact details for safety representatives. Young person’s training.
Targets for accident reduction. Young workers at risk because:
Overenthusiastic.
No experience comparisons.

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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
More likely to take risks. Examination of documents. – Manufacturers data, material safety
Open to influence and peer group pressure. data, legislation, codes of practice.
Body not fully developed. Combined techniques. – Analysing the results of safety audits.
Accident and ill-health data. – Monitoring accident statistics and
Precautions for young workers should include: investigation and ill-health complaints to identify the causes and
Provisions of suitable work equipment. then determining the hazards from the results.
Organisation of work processes. Near miss reports.
Health and safety training.
Mentoring. 2. Decide who may be harmed and how.
Supervision. What are the hazards.
Limited working hours. How likely are they to occur.
Consequences.
Number of employees exposed.
Benefits of training.
Frequency and duration of the exposure.
Employee Employer
Less suffering. Less accidents. Effects of the exposure.
Quality of life. Less absenteeism. Competence.
Job satisfaction. Less claims and premiums. Existing controls.
Achieve standard. Less legal issues. Example: - risk to pregnant women.
Flexibility of staff. Improve morale. Exposure to chemicals.
Improve safety attitude. Greater productivity.
Lead.
Improve efficiency.
Biological exposure.
Ionizing radiation.
Consideration for training session Extremes of temperature.
What employees need to know and what they do already know – gap Ergonomic issues like prolonged standing.
analysis. Stress.
Types of training already received. PPE
Employees responsibilities.
Activities carried out. 3. Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions
Risks associated with activities. are adequate.
Actions required by employees. Use a likelihood x severity matrix 5 x 5.
Different requirements for various staff. Likelihood:
Numbers involved. 1. Very unlikely.
Resources needed. 2. Unlikely.
Competence of trainers. 3. Likely.
Communicating to employees and getting their commitment. 4. Very likely.
5. Certain – imminent.
Employer should keep training records because:
Proof of employees’ competence. Severity:
Identify when refresher training is needed. 1. Minor injury – no time off.
Review effectiveness of training. 2. Minor injury – 3 days off work.
Assess progress against targets. 3. Injury, non-disabling illness, over 3 days off work.
Provide evidence in investigations. 4. Major disabling injury.
Provide evidence in legal actions. 5. Fatality.
1 – 7 = low risk.
Competent persons 8-15 = medium risk.
A person shall be considered competent when he has sufficient 16 – 25 = high risk.
knowledge, ability, training and experience to enable him to carry
out the tasks required of him and knowledge of his own limitations. 4. Record the significant findings.
Factors to be considered: Significant hazards should be recorded. Information such as the
Evidence of qualifications. number of people affected, the adequacy of existing control
Level of training. measures and any further precautions that may be necessary.
Membership of professional organisation. 5. Review the assessment and revise it if necessary.
Undertaking of written or practical assessments. Reviews should be done:
References or recommendations. Changes in process.
Changes in materials.
Changes in premises.
What is a risk assessment
Changes in legislation.
A risk assessment is a careful examination of what hazards are in the
Changes in work patterns.
work place and what precautions should be put in place to prevent
After an incident or accident.
harm.
After prosecution.
After enforcement action.
Steps in the risk assessment process After compensation claims.
1. Identify the hazards. After a policy review.
Workplace inspections. After professional advice.
Talking to the workforce.
Non-inspection techniques. – Break down the job into tasks and
evaluate each task to identify hazards. Methods of identifying hazards
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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
Sources and forms of harm can be identified via:
Workplace inspection. (Proactive) Lone working
Job task analysis. (Proactive) Employer has a duty of care to persons working alone without close or
Manufacturers information. (Proactive) direct supervision:
Risk assessment. (Proactive) Single persons working on the premises.
Accident incident data. (Reactive) Persons working separately from the others.
Persons working outside normal working hours.
Mobile workers working away from their normal base.
Identifying hazards for different states of operation
Complex activities should be broken down into component parts. Lone working risk assessment
Installation. Should take into account the following:
Normal operation. Does the workplace present any special risks.
Cleaning. Is there safe access and egress.
Adjusting. Does the task present any special risks.
Breakdown maintenance. Is there a risk of violence.
Dismantling. Are women especially at risk.
Are young workers especially at risk.
Types of hazards to look for. Does the worker have any special medical conditions.
Mechanical hazards. Is the lone working likely to impose any additional physical or mental
Electrical hazards. burdens on the worker.
Thermal hazards.
Noise and vibration hazards. Lone worker controls
Radiation hazards. Training.
Toxic materials. Supervision.
Ergonomic design hazards. Monitoring.
Periodic visits.
Competence of risk assessors. Regular contact using telephone or radios.
A combination of knowledge, ability, training and experience Automatic or manual warning devices.
(KATE)and personal qualities.
Knowledge of own limitations. Hierarchy of control measures
A thorough understanding of the processes and procedures involved. ERICPD
Good communication skills. Eliminate – can the hazard be removed completely. E.g. Remove the
trailing cable.
Suitable and sufficient assessment Reduce – Can the risk be reduced at the source or is there a safer
The risk assessment will be suitable and sufficient if: alternative? e.g. reduce the risk of injury by using low voltage tools.
The detail in the risk assessment is proportionate to the level of risk. Isolate – Can the hazard be enclosed or contained. e.g. Guard on a
All aspects of the work activity must be reviewed taking into account dangerous part of a machine.
the way the work is organized: Control – Limiting the time or frequency of the exposure.
All of the significant hazards and risks must be identified. PPE – Can something be provided to reduce the injury in case of
The risks have been evaluated. accident. E.g. Issuing safety helmets or boots.
Employees and others at risk must be identified. Discipline – Ensuring that the procedures and rules are being followed
Suitable control measures must be identified. and taking action if not.
The control measures must be appropriate to the nature of the work.
The residual risk must be low. Safe system of work = A system of doing the work in the
Priorities have been set.
safest way practicable by performing a task analysis to
Takes account of non-routine operations.
Staff undertaking the risk assessment are competent. identify the hazards likely to be present and creating
Risk assessment is valid for a reasonable amount of time. procedures including the precautions necessary to avoid or
minimize the health and safety risks.

When is a safe system needed

Young persons A safe system of work is needed when the hazards cannot be
Young persons at greater risk because: physically eliminated.
Lack of knowledge, ability, training and experience (KATE). Cleaning and maintenance operations.
Body not fully developed. Changes to work layouts, materials etc.
More likely to take risks. Employees working away from base/alone.
More likely to respond to peer pressure. Breakdown emergencies.
Overenthusiastic. Contractors on your premises.
Control measures for young persons: Loading, unloading and movement of vehicles.
Induction training.
Close supervision.
5 Steps of the safe system of work
Mentoring.
1. Assess the task.
Clear lines of communication.
Materials.
Restrictions on type of work.
Equipment.
Restriction of working hours.
Environment.
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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
People involved.
Purpose of the task. Reasons why employees may not to wear PPE and
Work methods.
Reasons PPE should be a last resort.
Legal requirements.
Poor selection or fit.
Standards.
Lack of comfort.
Existing controls.
Incompatibility with other PPE.
2. Identify the hazards.
Fails to danger.
Working at height.
Contamination.
Working below ground.
Misuse or non-use.
Machinery.
Relies on action being taken by the user.
Electricity.
May create additional hazards.
Vehicles.
Difficulty in obtaining equipment.
Chemical hazards.
Relies on management commitment.
Environment.
3. Define safe method.
4. Implement the safe system.
5. Monitor the safe system.
Selection of PPE
Identify the hazard.
Designing a safe system by considering MEEP
Choose type of equipment.
Materials. – Raw, unfinished, disposal
Compliance with standards.
Equipment and machinery. – Design specification, ergonomics.
Comfort.
Environment. – light heat noise, space
Compatibility.
People. – Behavior, knowledge, skills.
Costs.
Replacement.
3 forms of workplace controls Training needs.
1. Technical. Hygiene problems.
Equipment – design e.g. guarding. Supervision.
Access egress – wide aisles. Storage.
Materials – choice of packaging to make handling easier.
Environment – Local exhaust ventilation. Training in the use of PPE
2. Procedural.
Legal and organizational requirements.
Policy and standards.
Consequences of not wearing it.
Procedures and rules.
Protection offered.
Permit to work.
Limitations of the PPE.
Purchasing control – buy good quality.
Compatibility with other types of PPE.
Emergency preparedness.
Correct usage.
3. Behavioral.
How to keep it clean.
Supervision.
Correct storage arrangements.
Health surveillance.
When and how to replace.
Competence. – KATE
Motivation.
Communication. Main purposes of First aid
Perception. Preserve life.
Prevent deterioration.
Permit to work = A permit to work is a formal written Promote recovery.
system used to control certain types of potentially
Assessment of first aid needs checklist
hazardous work.
Size of the organisation.
Work requiring permits:
Nature and distribution of the workforce.
Confined spaces.
Nature of the work.
Hot work and cold work.
Types of hazards and risks.
Electrical.
Past accident injury types.
Remoteness of emergency services.
Design of permit to work system Travelling, remote and lone workers.
1. Job location/plant identification. Need to train personnel in special procedures.
2. Description of work. Need to cover absence of first aiders.
3. Time limits.
4. Description of hazards.
5. Tests and checks prior to work commencing.
Workplace emergencies
6. Further precautions. Arrangements to be considered when developing an Emergency
7. Authorization. Response Plan:
Type of emergency – fire, hazardous chemical spillage, bomb,
8. Acceptance.
9. Time extensions/Shift change procedures. flood, earthquake, tsunami.
10. Hand back. Emergency services contact and response times.
11. Cancellation. Appoint persons to deal with emergency.
All signatures must be legible. Communication systems.

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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
First aid and medical facilities. It is only a snapshot in time.
Evacuation procedures. Some hazards may not be visible.
Effects on surrounding community. Some hazards may not be present at the time of the inspection.
Post emergency action e.g. media, repair, investigation. Unsafe practices may not occur during the inspection.
Emergency procedure should be practiced so that weaknesses in the
system are highlighted and corrected. Safety inspection checklist
Housekeeping.
Electrical safety.
Provision and use of PPE.
Reasons for monitoring Use and storage of hazardous substances.
Identify sub-standard health and safety practices. Manual handling.
Identify trends and patterns. Traffic routes.
Compare actual performance against targets. Machinery.
Useful in benchmarking. Internal transport.
Identify use and effectiveness of control measures. Emergency equipment.
Make decisions on suitable remedial measures. Welfare facilities.
Set priorities and establish realistic timescales. Systems of work.
Assess compliance with legal requirements. Working environment.
Provide information to board, committees etc.
Strengths of using a checklist to complete Health and safety
Types of monitoring inspections
Reactive monitoring. Enables prior preparation and planning.
Examining accident figures. More structured and systematic.
Claims records. Prevents issues from being overlooked.
Other reactive monitoring methods such as number of defects Ensure a consistent approach.
reported following safety inspection, enforcement action against Immediate record available.
company, prosecutions, legal mandates or court orders. Easy method for comparison and audit.

Proactive monitoring. Weakness of using a checklist to complete Health and safety

Safety audit – A systematic, critical assessment of each aspect of the
inspections
health and safety management system and procedures.
Inflexible approach.
Lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, either internal or
Not reviewed or updated to account for changes.
external.
Inspections become routine and no follow-up questions asked.
The aim is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the health
No scope for secondary issues to be considered.
and safety management system
Incompetent person conducting the inspection.
A structured way of assessing the health and safety performance
Inspection procedure leading to human error or abuse.
that makes use of a scoring system so that improvements can
be measured.
Safety inspections – The straight forward observation of a Pre-audit preparation procedure
workplace, activities and equipment. Setting audit objectives.
Usually carried out by the manager, employee representative and Selecting the audit team.
safety advisor. Contact with the organisation being audited.
Often aided by the use of a checklist. Undertaking the audit.
The aim is to identify hazards and assess the use and effectiveness Draw conclusions.
of the control measures. Report and presentation.
May be carried out routinely Action by the organisation.
Safety surveys – focusing on particular activities and may be carried
out by a specialist. Internal audits
Safety tours – unscheduled, less formal workplace inspections are Advantages:
carried out to check on issues such as housekeeping or the use of Easier to arrange.
PPE. Lower cost to the organisation.
Safety sampling – Targeting specific areas. Employees may not feel so threatened.
Benchmarking – Where an organisations performance in certain Disadvantages:
areas is compared with those of similar organisation. Could be influenced by internal relationships.
Health surveillance - Providing periodic health checks before Conclusions may not be taken seriously.
symptoms appear The auditor may make assumptions.
Performance review – Did the organisation:
Achieve its health and safety objectives.
External audits
Implement effective control measures.
Disadvantages:
Ensure the effectiveness of training, communication and
Require more time to arrange.
consulting programmes.
Higher cost to the organisation.
Learn from management system failures.
Employees may feel threatened.
Meet legal standards.
Advantages:
Reduce the risk of accidents and ill-health.
Auditor will be completely independent and unbiased.
The auditor will ask questions and will not make assumptions.
Limitations of safety inspection
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NEBOSH International General Certificate – IGC 1 (Quick Revision)
More weight may be given to their conclusions. Training records.
Maintenance records.
Initial actions to be taken following a major injury accident Equipment instructions.
Monitoring records – dust, noise.
at work
Supervision quotas.
Make sure the area is safe to enter before entering as there could be
Inspection reports.
hazards surrounding the accident scene.
Pre-start equipment checks.
Call the first aiders to attend to the injured person.
Call for an ambulance if needed.
2. Analyse the information – What happened and why.
Secure the area by barricading to prevent unwanted people from
Analysis should determine:
entering.
Immediate/direct causes.
Preserve the evidence.
Root/underlying causes.
Identify witnesses.
Collect evidence like taking photographs or take sketches of the
3. Identify the risk control measures – possible solutions to be
accident scene.
identified.
Notify the authorities as per legal requirements.
The analysis may have identified that no control measures in
place.
Aims of accident investigation Control measures in place but not used.
Determine the cause of an accident. Combinations of both.
Identify weaknesses in the management system. Measures should be evaluated for:
Identify weaknesses in the risk assessment. The effectiveness of the control measures.
Demonstrate management commitment. Are the control measures practical.
Comply with legal requirements. Will the control measures be used.
Collect data to establish trends which can be used to prevent future Will the control measures remain effective.
business losses.
Provide information for Civil/Criminal actions. 4. Take action – should have SMART objectives.
Provide information to insurance company. Involves senior management.
Highest priority risk control measures implemented first.
Immediate and longer term action after an accident Prioritize the order of control measures to be implemented.
First aid for injured party. A senior manager nominated to be in charge of the
Calling for medical assistance if necessary. implementation.
Isolation of the accident scene.
Report to relevant enforcing authority if necessary. Reasons for reporting accidents
Identify witnesses.
Implement initial controls.
Set up investigating team.
Monitoring health and safety performance.
Full investigation to determine root cause. Make recommendations.
Starting point for investigation.
Implement corrective action.
To comply with legal requirements.
To prevent reoccurrences and further injuries/losses.
Preparation before investigation To provide information for any subsequent claim.
Who should be involved and the depth of the investigation. Review of risk assessments.
Accident scene preserved.
Gather relevant existing documents. Accident data can:
Identifying the witnesses.
Show trends and patterns.
Have legal requirements been met.
Identify weaknesses in procedures and policies.
Any equipment needed. Method to be adopted.
Prioritize safety measures.
Style of report and recipients.
Identify areas that require improvement.
Set targets for reduction.
Investigation team
Line manager – has knowledge of the processes involved. Employees can be discouraged from reporting accidents
Supervisor – has knowledge of the process.
because:
Safety representative – has legal right.
Ignorance of procedures.
Safety practitioner – to advise on health and safety implications.
Peer pressure.
Engineer – to advise on technical matters.
Retribution by management.
Senior manager – from a different department to be unbiased.
Preservation of the department’s safety record.
Over-complicated response to reports.
Undertaking accident investigation
1. Gather the information – Where, When, Who, What, Why.
MEEP – Materials, Equipment, Environment, People.
Nature of work.
Specialist examinations.
Medical reports.
Interviews and witness statements.
Documents:
Risk assessments.
Safe systems of work.
Incident/accident history.

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NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
 The environment
 Design of the job
Element 1: Workplace Hazards and Control  Communication
Work In a Hot Environment  Lone working
 Reporting and recording incidents
*Health effects
Hazards to Pedestrians
 Skin burns
 Cataracts  Slips, trips and falls on same level
 Dehydration  Falls from Height
 Heat cramps  Collisions with moving vehicles
 Headaches
Precautions for accident on Staircases
 Fainting
 Removal of obstructions
*Precautions  Provision of non-slip surfaces
 Medical pre-selection  Reflective edging
 Acclimatisation  Adequate lighting
 Limit time of exposure  Effective maintenance
 Cold drinks  Use of Signs
 PPE  Width
 Provision of handrails
Work in Cold Environment  Dimensions treads and risers
 Landings
Health effects  Consider disabled persons
 Hypothermia  Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down
 Loss of concentration
 Shivering  Causes of Accidents on walkways almost the same
 Frost bite
 Accidents on walkways on staircases opposite of above
Precautions
Health Effects of Poor Lighting
 Medical pre-selection
 Acclimatisation  Eye strain
 Limit time exposure  Headaches
 Hot drinks  Poor posture
 Insulated clothing  Tripping over unseen objects
 Increased likelihood of human error
Welfare and Environment issues  Increased time to vacate work area

*Welfare Factors to Consider When Assessing Adequacy of Lighting

 Sufficient toilets  The tasks being undertaking
 Washing facilities  The size and layout of the work area
 Eating and changing facilities  The equipment used
 Clothing storage  Availability of natural light
 Seating  Shift times/work patterns
 Rest areas  Suitable number of artificial light
 Arrangements for non-smokers  Contrast levels
 Glare
*Working Environment  Areas in shadow
 Temperature  Need for localized lighting
 Ventilation  Maintenance of lighting
 Lighting  Adequate emergency lighting
 Room dimensions
 Suitable work stations and seating Ladders
 Weather protection for outdoor workstations
*Hazards in use
Violence at work  Falling off
 Overreaching
Occupations at risk  Carrying up materials
 Taxi drivers  Unsuitable ladders
 Hospitals  Ladder not properly secured
 Schools  Incorrect angle
 Cash transactions  Not reaching above landing place
 Delivery/ collection of money  Aluminium ladders near electrical lines

*Control measures for violence at work Mobile Tower Scaffold

 Training and information 11
NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
*Precautions *Hazardous of Demolition
 Erected by competent persons  Underground and over head services
 Pre use inspections  Falls from height
 Positioned on firm ground  Fall of materials
 Correct height to base ratio 3.5 :1 inside, 3:1 outside  Premature collapse
 Use of outriggers to broaden base  Health hazards
 Tying in to adjacent structure  Gases and vapours
 People and materials removed before moving  Noise
 Handrails and toe boards  Vibration
 Suitable work platform  Ionising radiations
 Not overloaded  Biological hazards

Hazards opposite of above Precautions opposite of above plus

 Exclusion zones
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms  Safe method of demolition
 PPE
Hazards
 People falling or being thrown
 Materials falling Element 2: Transport Hazards and Control Measures
 Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure
Hazards of Fork Trucks
Collapse or overturning of MEWP cause by
 Overturning
 Equipment failure
 Overloading
 Unsuitable ground conditions
 Loss of loads
 Defective or unused outriggers
 Collisions with other vehicles
 Overloading of the carrier
 Collision with pedestrians
 Struck by load
 Explosions and fire
 Struck by another vehicle
 Interference with controls *Why can trucks overturn
 Traveling on gradients that are too steep
Precautions opposite of above
 Travelling forwards when descending slopes
Suspended access cradles and platforms
 Overload or unevenly loaded
Precautions  Travelling over soft or uneven ground
 Pre- use inspection  Travelling over slippery surfaces
 Supports to building of adequate strength  Travelling too fast
 Suitable maintained  Striking kerbs of other edges
 Safe access and egress  Carrying loads at dangerous heights
 Not exceed safe working load
To avoid overturning opposite of above
 Guard rails and toe boards fitted
 Safety harness worn *Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks
 Limitations on use in strong winds
 Put gears in neutral position
 Apply the handbrake
Excavations
 Switch off engine
*Main Hazards  Remove key and keep it with the responsible person/place
 Undermining foundations  Forks to be rested on the floor
 Collapse  Mast slightly forward
 Underground services  Parked in the designated parking area making sure it’s not
blocking Walkways or exits.
 Persons falling in
 Vehicles close to edge
*Additional hazards of electric fork trucks
 Access and egress
 Hydrogen gas released during safety charging
 Hazardous atmospheres
 Electricity problems
 Flooding
 Manual handling of liquids
 Contamination
 Corrosive acids
 Type of soil
 They are quit (People may not hear them coming)
 Removal of soil
Driver Selection
Precautions for Above opposite
 Suitable age
*Precautions for underground services  Medical examination
 Plan job  Routine medical checks at regular intervals
 Locate cables  Assessment after prolonged absences
 Avoid cables  Capable of Training
 Safe digging procedures  Refresher Training
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NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
*Safety of pedestrian in vehicle moving areas  Work surface
 Segregation  Suitable work chair
 Suitable parking areas  Footrest if necessary
 Avoid reversing if possible
 One- way systems Health Effects of Remaining Seated For a Long Time
 Avoid sharp or blind bends  Vertebral and muscular damage
 Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways  High blood pressure
 Vision Aids  Circulation problems
 Speed limits
 Signallers (Banksmen) *Suitable Seat for Sedentary Workers
 Protection from fumes  Good lumbar support
 Protection from materials falling off  Good width and depth
 High visibility jackets  Ability to adjust seat back and height
 Stable base
 Ability to swivel
Element 3: Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards  Provision of arm rests

*Manual Handling Injuries

*Ergonomics
 External: Cuts, bruises, contusions, abrasions, crush
The study of the relationship between workers and their
injuries (Fractures)
environment, work equipment and work task.
 Internal: Muscle Strains, Tendon Tears, Hernias, slipped
disc (Disc prolapsed)
Work related Upper limb Disorders (WRULDs)
Hierarchy to reduce manual handling injuries
*Causes If WRULDs
 Avoid manual handling
 Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
 Twisting movements  Assess
 Implement controls
 Squeezing
 Hammering
*Manual handling Risk Assessment ( LITE)
 Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
*Load
Symptoms  Weight
 Size
 Numbness in fingers
 Shape
 Pains in hands or arms
 Rigidity
 Restriction of joint movement
 Difficult to grasp
 Soft tissue swelling
 Unstable
*Factors to Be Considered During Risk Assessment  Sharp edges
 Hot/Cold
 Force exerted
 Frequency and duration of operation
*Individual
 Repetition of movement without rest or recovery
 Sex
 Posture
 Stature
 Constraints on space
 Individual capability
 Environment
 Training
Improve Above plus  Person’s assessment of won capability
 Mechanise task *Task
 Use correct tools and equipment  Holding away from trunk
 Twisting, Stooping
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)
 Reaching upwards
*Health Effects  Long vertical movement
 Long carrying distances
 Upper limb pains and discomfort
 Strenuous pushing or pulling
 Eye and eyesight effects
 Number of boxes needed to be lifted (frequency of lifting)
 Epilepsy
 Repetitive handling
 Radiation effects in pregnant women
 Insufficient rest or recovery
 Fatigue and stress
 Work rate imposed by the process
Workstation Requirements
*Environment
 Adequate lighting
 Constraints on posture
 Minimum noise
 Poor floors
 Ample legroom
 Variations in levels
 Suitable screen at eye level
 Hot/Cold/humid conditions
 Suitable software
 Poor lighting
 Keyboard
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NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
*Correct Manual Handling Technique  SWL crane and tackle not exceeded
 Assess the load  Lifted to correct height
 Close to load as possible  Moved at appropriate speed
 Secure grip  Adequate supervision
 Suitable feet position  Lifting Accessories (Tackle)
 Back Straight
 Bend the knees Main Hazards
 Load close to the body  Over loading/ used above safe working load
 Smooth movement  Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chains
 Insecure attachment of load
 Damage to tackle
Types of Crane  Incorrect slinging method
 Mobile  Failure to examine and inspect pre-use
 Tower  Incompetent staff
 Gantry
 Overhead Precautions opposite of above

Cranes may fail because of *Conveyors

 Overturning Hazards Precautions
 Overloading Trapping in driver Guards, No looses clothing
 Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane mechanisms
 Loss of load Traps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out, rollers, nip guards
 Failure of load Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
 Lack of maintenance Items jamming conveyor Adequate design
 Failure of load bearing part Falling objects Edge guards, barriers
Riding or crossing Bridges, complete enclosure
conveyor
Cranes may Overturn Because of Impact with objects Helmets, Padding
 Poor road surfaces – soft, greasy, uneven surfaces Noise Hearing protection
 Poor environmental factors such as lighting, dust Manual handling Mechanical handling
Electrical Hazards Suitable equipment
 Speeding
 Lack of regular maintenance
 Lack of driver competence
Element 4: Work Equipment Hazards and Control
 Overloading of vehicles
 Vehicles carrying unstable loads *Precautions on Maintenance of Work Equipment
 Wind  Use of permit to work
 Unstable ground conditions  Isolation/locking off
 Dissipation of stored energy
 Segregation
*Safe Use of Cranes  Safe means of access
 Suitable crane  Use of PPE
 Suitable crane conditions  Competent personnel
 Use of outriggers  Ensure safe environment (allow to cool)
 Avoidance of obstructions
 Care near overhead power lines *Hazards of Maintenance Work Opposite of above plus
 Designated and protected area  Chemical
 Suitable and tested lifting tackle  Biological
 Correct slinging technique  Asbestos
 Competent personnel  Hot or Cold
 Load gear ground if travelling  Pressure to complete work
 Good visibility
 Good communications *Mechanical Hazards of Machinery – (ENTICE)
 Suitable storage for fuels etc  Entanglement
 Traps (Also referred to as drawing in - shear- crush)
Hazards opposite of above plus  Impact
Use of crane in high winds  Contact (Also referred to as cutting- stabbing-
puncture)
*Employee Safety during Lifting  Ejection
 Trained personnel
 Properly trained equipment Draw labelled diagrams of each one
 Equipment has had statutory inspections
 Warning of lift taking place *Non- Machinery Hazards of Machinery
 No employee to walk under load  Chemical/Biological Hazards
 Ensure load is secure  Dust and fumes 14
NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
 Ergonomics  Throw off
 Electricity
 Fire *Health effects of Electricity on the Body
 Explosion  Damage to nervous system
 Hazardous substances  Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
 Manual Handling  Internal Burns
 Noise  External Burns
 Radiation  Muscular contractions
 Stability of Machine  Stopping breathing
 Temperature of extremes  Stopping of the heart
 Ultra violet light
 Vibration *Factors Influencing Severity of Electrical Shock
 Voltage
Guards - FIAT  Current
 Time
*Fixed Guards  Conductivity of resistance
 A physical barrier not connected to the machine controls  Path of current through the body
which has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove  Environmental factors – wet conditions
it.  Conductivity of the skin – wet or dry

*Fixed Guards *Action on Finding Someone In Contact With Electricity

Advantage Disadvantages  Isolate the supply if possible – or remove person from
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls the supply using a non-conductive instrument
Only defeated by deliberate No protection when removed  Summon help
act  Give first- aid if able
Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts when  Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
removed
May protect against other More difficult to remove not Causes of Electrical Fire
hazards e.g. noise, dust, practical when frequent access  Inadequate circuits
injection of materials required  Overload circuits
Tends to be left unfixed when  Incorrect fuses
frequent access required  Damaged insulation
May hamper visibility  Loose connections
 Flammable materials too close to electrical
*Interlocking Guard equipment
 Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine  Over heating of cables
is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or
opening the guard causes the machine to become safe. *Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances

*Interlocking Guard *The appliance

Advantage Disadvantages  Battery operated
Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the  Checked before use
materials machine  Suitable selected equipment
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain  Properly maintained equipment
Less likely to be deliberately May need a brake or time delay
defeated *The Lead
Speeds up operations Components could fail in service  Ensure not run over by vehicles
Regular maintenance required  Dragged over rough services
May not fail to safety  Trapped in machinery
 Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
 Continuous flexing
Element 5: Electrical Hazards Controls
*Joints, Connections and plugs
Main Hazards of Electricity (BSAFE)  Makeshift temporary connections
 Burns  Leads getting pulled out
 Shock  Poor made connections
 Arcing  Fuse being replaced
 Fire  Battery operated
 Explosions
*Fuse
Secondary Effects of Electricity  A weak link designated to melt, breaking the circuit at
 Fall from height excessive currents
 Unintentional movement of machine
 De-activation of control measures
 Loss of information 15
NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
Circuit Breakers
Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses Flash Point: - The temperature at which a vapor given off by
i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster. substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition.

Earthing *Classes of Fire:

Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing
a path to earth lower than the human body.
Isolation
The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from
every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the
disconnection and separation is secure.
A- Combustible Solid (Wood, Paper Etc)
B- Flammable Liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)
C- Flammable Gases (Butane, Hydrogen, Propane)
D- Metals (Magnesium)
F- Cooking Media (Vegetable Oil or Animal Fats)
Method of Heat Transfer

Reduced Voltage Systems *Direct Contact

By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel
electrical shock can be greatly reduced. heats up and eventually ignites.

Residual Current Devices (RCD) *Conduction

It compares the current flowing into the system with the current Heat travels within a solid material (such as metal) from hotter to
flowing out. When the level differs by a present value the RCD will cooler parts
open rapidly and interrupt the supply.

User Checks *Radiation

 Equipment is of an approved standard Heat waves (infrared) is radiated through the air causing heating of
 Wiring and casing are free from damage a material at a distance from the fire.
 Cables are correctly routed
*Convection
 Systems not overloaded
 Correct fuses Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt
 Plug properly wired and gripped gases ceilings etc, and allows fire to spread from one room to
 Competent users another.
 Using reduced voltage in wet conditions
*Fire precautions to minimize the risk to people in the event of fire
 Using RCDS’s
Suitable Fire/ smoke detection
Office Environments
*Fire Alarms
 Suitable equipment manufactured to appropriate
 Suitable
standards
 Regular testing
 Avoid the use of trailing cables
 Contact with emergency services
 Avoid multi- socket extensions
 Control private electrical equipment brought from
*Means of Escape
home
 Report defective and damaged equipment  Travel distances
 Ensure effective heating  Stairways
 Switch off overnight  Fire doors
 Signage
 Test appliances at regular intervals
 Emergency lighting
 Assembly point

Element 6: Fire Hazards and Control *Means of Lighting the Fire

 Suitable extinguishers
*Cause of Fire
 Properly sited extinguishers
 Arson  Training in use of extinguishers
 Electrical faults  Extinguishers properly maintained
 Misuse of electrical equipment
 Smoker’s materials *Emergency Evacuation Procedures
 Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters  Fire marshals
 Unsafe storage of materials  Fore notices
 Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas  Fire drills
 Welding/ hot work  Roll calls
 Mechanical heat (Spark/friction)  Provision for disables

*The Fire Triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen

Safety Using the Fire Triangle:

 Remove Fuel = starve
 Remove Heat = cool
 Remove Oxygen = smother
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NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
Element 7: Chemical and Biological Health hazards and controls Carcinogenic
Substance which causes disorders to dell growth that may lead to
Target Organs cancer.
A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is
exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent. *Information on Manufactures Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
 Identification of the substance
Examples: Mercury, lead the brain, asbestos, ammonia the lungs  Manufactures information
 Composition of the ingredients
*Body Defenses against Dust  First-aid precautions
 The hair and wetness of the nose  Fire-fighting measures
 The change of direction of the larynx  Handling and storage
 Sneezing and coughing  PPE
 The hair cells in the respiratory tract  Disposal considerations
 Tears and blinking of the eyes  Transport information
 Regulatory information
Dermatitis
Symptoms: Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, Reddening, Cracking *Grab Sample (Chemical Stain Detector Tube)
of skin Advantages Disadvantages
Low cost Inaccurate
*Protective measure against Dermatitis Takes little time Positioning of tube
 Eliminate the substance Immediate result Only a snap shot
 Substitution of the substance Little training Inefficient
 Barrier creams, Information during spillage Chemical use only
 Good hygiene practices Good for coarse indication Substance specific
 PPE

*Routes of Entry in the Body Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal Control of
 Inhalation health hazards Eliminate or Reduce by substitution
 Ingestion
 Absorption Isolate
 Direct entry  Total enclosure
 Injection  Segregate the people

Control
*Acute Effects  Engineering Control (LEV)
Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure  Maintenance of controls
to large quantity of the harmful substance, it is usually reversible e.g  Change the work pattern or method
splashing acid onto the skin will give an immediate reaction.  Hygiene and housekeeping
*Chronic PPE
Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged or repeated
exposure to small quantities of the harmful substance leading to a Discipline
gradual often irreversible effects e.g exposure to asbestos duct over
many years will lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs- Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.
mesothelioma.
 Ventilation systems alarmed
 PPE
Classification of Hazardous Substances
 Emergency showers, eye wash facilities
 Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures
Irritant
 Evacuation procedures
Non- corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or
 Isolation of the area
repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause
 Evacuation of the employee at risk
inflammation e.g Petrol
 PPE for staff involved in clear up
Corrosive
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
Substance which on a contact with living tissue may destroy it by
Main parts: Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan
burning e.g. acids

Harmful Draw sketch as provided.

Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may
cause damage to health. *LEV becomes inefficient because of;
Toxic  Blocked filters
 Lack of maintenance
A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death,
 Position of hood
acute or chronic damage to health.
 Unauthorized alterations
 Broken ducting
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NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
 Wear of fan blades Lead
 Incorrect settings A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating
 Increased contaminant level contaminated food but usually by breathing fumes or dust.
 Inadequate design
 Failure of operators to use it Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the
nervous system sometimes death in serve cases.
Check opposite of above
*Organic solvents
Specific Agents These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and
degreasing agents. They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room
*Ammonia temperature so their vapours can be drawn into the lungs.
Is a colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects
cause irritation to the eyes upper respiratory tract in small may be headaches, nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and
concentrations. Large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in extreme cases in death.
in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory essential.
Isocyanates
*Asbestos Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as
Main types: - Blue, Brown and White spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers
Diseases: Asbestos, Lung Cancer, Mesothelioma and foams.

Uses Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.
 Pipe lagging
 Wall and roof panels Silica
 Ceiling tiles Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from
 Textured coatings breathing it in which can lead to the lung disease silicosis.
 Insulation materials
Biological Agents
 Gaskets
 Brake linings
Leptospirosis or Weils disease
Carbon Dioxide Bacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common
Colourless and odourless gas that is heavier than air. Low levels source is in river water, sewers etc. Enters the body through
increases the rate of respiration and high depress the rate of puncture of the skin or ingestion. Attacks the kidneys and liver
respiration leading to unconsciousness and even death. Produced in causing high temperatures and may be fatal.
fermentation process e.g breweries.
Legionella
Carbon Monoxide An airbone bacterium found in water sources such as cooling
Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete towers, stagnant water etc. It is caused by inhalation of airbone
combustion occurs e.g boilers, vehicle exhausts. droplets of water containing the legionalla bactieria leading to a
form of pneumonia e.i. breathing difficulties, high temperature and
Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink’ possible death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or
appearance and ultimately asphyxiation. elderly people with chest problems. Control measures involve
temperature control and monitoring, avoiding “dead legs” legs in
Chlorine pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and
A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly irritant to maintenance.
the respiratory system.
Hepatitis
Dusts A disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and
Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and jaundice. It is caused by hazardous substances or a virus. Health
conditions such as asbestos, silicosis. workers and those handling bodily fluids are most at risk. The
control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices.
*Dust Identification
*Control Measures for Biological Hazards
 Visual signs of dust
 Dust lamps  Cleaning and disinfection
 Water treatment
 Static or personal sampling
 Vermin control
 Health surveillance
 Containment of the biological agent
*Control Measures for Dust  Avoidance of sharp implements
 Elimination  Proper disposal of contaminated waste
 Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powers  Immunization
 Enclosure of the process  Personal Hygiene
 Local exhaust ventilation  PPE
 Vacuuming instead of sweeping
*Waste of Storage
 Damping down
 Sufficient storage area
 Limiting time of exposure
 Clearly the label the storage area
 Limiting numbers exposed
 Ensure storage area secure
 Respiratory protective equipment 18
NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
 Protect storage area with bunds etc.  Disposable or reusable
 Store different types of waste separately
 Never store incompatible waste together *Advantages and Disadvantages of Personal Hearing Protection
 Select appropriate containers Ear plugs Ear Muffs
 Keep quantities of waste to a minimum Advantage Advantage
 Protect waste from the elements Cheap Comfort
Disposable – hygienic Easy to monitor usage
No Interference other PPE Reusable
Element 8: Physical and Psychological Hazards Disadvantage Disadvantage
Noise Uncomfortable Expensive
Difficult to monitor usage Hygiene Issues
Noise Terminology Training required Interferes with other PPE
 Frequency: The number of wave fronts assign a point
in one second measured in Hertz Hand Arm Vibration
 Intensity: the loudness of the noise
*Health Effects
 Decibel: The sound pressure level
 Tingling in the hands extremities
“A” Weighting: A filter in the noise meter that  Numbness and blanching of the fingers
equates the noise to how the human ear perceives  Swollen painful joints
the noise.  Reduction in manual dexterity
 Reduction in the sensation of touch
Hearing Damage
*Control Measures
Acute Chronic
Stress Noise induced hearing loss *Elimination
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus *Reduce the Degree of Vibration
Blast deafness Prebyacusis  Select low vibration equipment
 Select ergonomically designed equipment
Noise Control  Maintenance of equipment
 Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Source  Reduce the time workers exposed
 Design  Introduce health surveillance
 Damping  Glove and heated pads
 Isolate  Information and training on the nature of risks
 Maintenance
*Radiation
Path *Non- lonising
 Screens and barriers Type Use in Industry
 Enclosure Infrared Heating and brazing
 Absorption Lasers Cutting, bar code readers
 Silencer Microwaves Food preparation, signal transmission
Ultra- violet Welding
The Person
 Distance *Health Effects
 Time exposed  Burns
 Information and training  Reddening of the skin
 Cataracts
Limitation on Personal Hearing Protection  Arc Eye
 Not worn correctly  Temporary sterility
 Not lifted correctly
 Not properly maintained *Ionizing radiation
 Uncomfortable or inconvenient to wear Type Use in industry
 Needs constant management commitment Alpha Smoke detectors
 May introduce secondary risks Beta Thickness testing
Gamma Non- destructive testing
*Factors affecting the choice of Personal Hearing Protection X-ray Medical
 Ease of monitoring Neutron By product nuclear fission
 Compatibility with other PPE
 Hygiene Acute effects from high dose Chronic effects
 Cost Reddening of the skin Cancers
 Quality and performance Radiation sickness, nausea, Sterility
 Comfort vomiting, diarrhea
 Ease of use Hair loss Hereditary defects
 Training required Death Effects on unborn children
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NEBOSH International General Certificate - GC2 (Quick Reference)
Death

*Control measures
 Time
 Distance
 Shielding

*Others
 PPE
 Environment and personal monitoring
 Correct disposal of radiation materials
 God hygiene practices
 Training and supervision

Stress
Physical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increase anxiety
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduces work output
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol ,etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers

*Cause of stress
 Culture
 Demands
 Control
 Relationships
 Change
 Role
 Individual
 Environment

Control Measure for Stress

 Selecting suitable employees
 Training
 Clearly defined roles
 Clearly work objectives
 Comfortable working environment
 Good line of communication
 Realistic work schedules
 Employee involvement
 Grievance procedure
 Impartial investigation of stress
 Management support

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