FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING, UITM

MALAYSIA SHAH ALAM SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

BACHELOR OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS (HONOURS) –

AP220

GLS411: INTRODUCTION OF GEOMATICS

Title: SUMMARY ABOUT GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

NAME :

UITM ID :

GROUP : AP2201A

PREPARED FOR :

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 SUMMARY

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system

made up of at least 24 satellites. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in
the world, 24 hours a day, with no subscription fees or setup charges. These GPS
satellites orbit earth every 12 hours, sending no synchronizes signal from each
satellite. Because satellites move in different directions, we receive the signal in
different times. When at least five satellites get in touch with the receiver, the receiver
can calculate where the user is but when there is below 5 satellites get in touch with
the receiver, there will no coordinates appear. NARSTAR or Navigation Satellite
Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System are developing by USA.

The system can be thought as comprising three modules or segments that is the
space segment, the control segment and the user segment. The space segment is
represent at least 24 constellation in six orbital planes inclines 55° from the equator in
a medium earth orbit at about 20,200 kilometres and circling the earth 2 times a days.
Control segment is responsible for the proper operation of the GPS system. These
segment constituted by ground stations, which track the satellites, verify the on board
clock, correct the orbit, register new data on the satellites to be transmitted to the user.
The last segment is user segment. User segment consists of the GPS receiver
equipment, which receive the signals from the GPS satellites and uses the transmitted
information to identify the user position and time.

Antenna

Receiver Cable

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 The information sent from the satellites to the ground receiver is a signal,
which transmitted through the cable as a complex code signal modulated by the 𝐿1 and
𝐿2 frequencies. Once the receiver captures the signal from the satellites, it is produces
with a delay due to the propagation in space. The satellites-receiver distance measure
can be derived in two ways that is pseudo-distance measures and phase measures.
Pseudo-distance measures are based on the time delay derived comparing the bit-
sequence code sent from the satellites and the one reproduced by the receiver. Phase
measures are based on the calculation of the different between the phase of 𝐿1 sent
from satellites and the phase of the same wave reproduced, with a delay by the
receiver.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) can provide your location, altitude, and
speed with near-pinpoint accuracy, but the system has intrinsic error sources that have
to be taken into account when a receiver reads the GPS signals from the constellation
of satellites in orbit. Some of the satellites error is Receiver clock errors. A receiver's
built-in clock may have slight timing errors because it is less accurate than the atomic
clocks on GPS satellites. Other than that Signal multipath also make a measures error
in GPS. The GPS signal may reflect off objects such as tall buildings or large rock
surfaces before it reaches the receiver, which will increase the travel time of the signal
and cause errors. Besides that ground instrument error is antennas, receivers an
environment conditions.

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