CHAPTER SEVEN

0.80 L 3.5 × 10 4 kJ 0.30 kJ work 1h 1 kW

7.1 = 2.33 kW ⇒ 2.3 kW
h L 1 kJ heat 3600 s 1 k J s
2.33 kW 10 3 W 1.341 × 10 −3 hp
= 312
. hp ⇒ 3.1 hp
1 kW 1W

7.2 All kinetic energy dissipated by friction

mu 2
(a) E k =
2
5500 lbm 552 miles2 52802 ft 2 12 h 2 1 lbf 9 .486 × 10 − 4 Btu
=
2 h2 1 2 mile 2 36002 s2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft / s2 0.7376 ft ⋅ lb f
= 715 Btu

(b)
3 ×108 brakings 715 Btu 1 day 1h 1W 1 MW
−4 = 2617 MW
day braking 24 h 3600 s 9.486 × 10 Btu/s 1 06 W
⇒ 3000 MW

7.3 (a) Emissions:

1000 sacks (0.0510 + 0.0516) oz 1 lbm
Paper ⇒ = 6.41 lb m
sack 16 oz
2000 sacks (0.0045 + 0.0146) oz 1 lbm
Plastic ⇒ = 2 .39 lb m
sack 16 oz
Energy:
1000 sacks (724 + 905) Btu
Paper ⇒ = 1.63 × 10 6 Btu
sack
2000 sacks (185 + 464 ) Btu
Plastic ⇒ = 1.30 × 10 6 Btu
sack
(b) For paper (double for plastic)

Raw Materials Sack 1000 sacks 400 sacks

Acquisition and Production and Disposal
Materials Production Use
for 400 sacks

7- 1
7.3 (cont’d)

Emissions:
400 sacks 0.0510 oz 1 lb m 1000 sacks 0.0516 oz 1 lb m
Paper ⇒ + = 4.5 lb m
sack 16 oz sack 16 oz
⇒ 30% reduction

800 sacks 0.0045 oz 1 lb m 2000 sacks 0.0146 oz 1 lb m

Plastic ⇒ + = 2.05 lb m
sack 16 oz sack 16 oz
⇒ 14% reduction
Energy:
400 sacks 724 Btu 1000 sacks 905 Btu
Paper ⇒ + = 119
. × 10 6 Btu; 27% reduction
sack sack
800 sacks 185 Btu 2000 sacks 464 Btu
Plastic ⇒ + = 1.08 × 10 6 Btu; 17% reduction
sack sack

3 × 10 8 persons 1 sack 1 day 1h 649 Btu 1J 1 MW

(c) .
person - day 24 h 3600 s 1 sack 9.486 × 10 Btu 10 6 J / s
-4

= 2 ,375 MW
Savings for recycling: 0.17 (2 ,375 MW) = 404 MW

(d) Cost, toxicity, biodegradability, depletion of nonrenewable resources.

3.00 gal 1 ft 3 (0.792)(62.43) lb m 1 min

7.4 &=
(a) Mass flow rate: m 3
= 0.330 lb m s
min 7.4805 gal 1 ft 60 s
3.00 gal 1728 in 3 1 1 ft 1 min
Stream velocity: u = = 1.225 ft s
min 7.4805 gal Π 0.5 b g 2
in 2
12 in 60 s

Kinetic energy: E k =
mu 2 0.330 lb m
=
b1225
. g ft
2 2
1 1 lb f
= 7.70 × 10 −3
ft ⋅ lb f
2 s 2
s 2 32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s2 s

iFGH 01341
. × 10 hp I −3
d
= 7.70 × 10 −3 ft ⋅ lb f / s
.7376 ft ⋅ lb / sJK
= 140
f
. × 10 −5
hp

(b) Heat losses in electrical circuits, friction in pump bearings.

7- 2
7.5 (a) Mass flow rate:
42.0 m π ( 0.07 m )
2
103 L 673 K 130 kPa 1 mol 29 g
m& = = 127.9 g s
s 4 1 m3 273 K 101.3 kPa 22.4 L (STP ) mol

& 2 127.9 g 1 kg 42.0 2 m 2

E& k =
mu 1N 1J
= = 113 J s
2 2 s 1000 g s 2
1 kg ⋅ m / s2 N ⋅ m
(b)
127.9 g 1 mol 22.4 L (STP ) 673 K 101.3 kPa 1 m3 4
= 49.32 m s
s 29 g 1 mol 273 K 130 kPa 10 3 L π (0.07)2 m2
& 2 127.9 g 1 kg 49.32 2 m 2
E& k =
mu 1N 1J
= = 1558
. J/s
2 2 s 1000 g s 2
1 kg ⋅ m / s2 N ⋅ m
∆E& k = E& k (400 o C) - E& k (300 o C) = (155.8 - 113) J / s = 42.8 J / s ⇒ 43 J / s

(c) Some of the heat added goes to raise T (and hence U) of the air

7.6 (a) 1 gal 1 ft 3 62.43 lbm 32.174 ft −10 ft 1 lbf

∆E p = mg∆z = = −83.4 ft ⋅ lb f
7.4805 gal 1 ft 3
s 2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft / s2

b g = LMN2FGH 32.174 sft IJK b10 ft gOPQ

12

(b) E k = − ∆E p ⇒
mu 2
2
b g
= mg − ∆z ⇒ u = 2 g − ∆z
12
2
= 25.4
ft
s
(c) False

7.7 (a) ∆E& k ⇒ positive When the pressure decreases, the volumetric flow rate increases, and
hence the velocity increases.
∆E& ⇒ negative The gas exits at a level below the entrance level.
p

&=
b g
5 m π 1.5 cm 2
2
1 m3 273 K 10 bars 1 kmol 16.0 kg CH 4
(b) m
s 10 4 cm 2 303 K 1.01325 bars 22.4 m 3 STP b g 1 kmol
= 0.0225 kg s
PoutV&out nRT
& V& P u (m/s) ⋅ A(m) 2 P
= ⇒ out = in ⇒ out = in
&
PinVin &
nRT &
Vin Pout uin (m/s) ⋅ A ( m ) Pout
2

P 10 bar
⇒ u out = uin in = 5 ( m s ) = 5.555 m s
Pout 9 bar
0.5(0.0225) kg (5.5552 − 5.000 2 )m 2 1N 1W
∆E&k = m& (uout
1 2
− u in2 ) =
2 s s 2
1 kg ⋅ m/s 2
1 N ⋅ m/s
= 0.0659 W
0.0225 kg 9.8066 m -200 m 1N 1W
∆E& p = mg
& ( zout − zin ) =
s s kg ⋅ m/s 2
1 N ⋅ m/s
= − 44.1 W

7- 3
7.8 . m −75 m
105 m3 103 L 1 kg H2O 981 2.778 × 10−7 kW ⋅ h
∆E& p = mg
1N 1J
& ∆z =
h 1 m3 1L s2 1 kg ⋅ m / s2 1 N⋅ m 1J
= −204
. × 10 kW ⋅ h h
4

The maximum energy to be gained equals the potential energy lost by the water, or
2.04 × 10 4 kW ⋅ h 24 h 7 days
= 3.43 × 10 6 kW ⋅ h week (more than sufficient)
h 1 day 1 week

7.9 (b) Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
b
∆E k = 0 system is stationary g
∆E p = 0 b no height change g
Q − W = ∆U , Q < 0,W > 0

(c) Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
b g b
Q = 0 adiabatic , W = 0 no moving parts or generated currents g
b
∆E k = 0 system is stationary g
b
∆E p = 0 no height change g
∆U = 0

(d). Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
b
W = 0 no moving parts or generated currents g
b
∆E k = 0 system is stationary g
b
∆E p = 0 no height change g
Q = ∆U , Q < 0 Even though the system is isothermal, the occurrence of a chemical
reaction assures that ∆U ≠ 0 in a non-adiabatic reactor. If the
temperature went up in the adiabatic reactor, heat must be transferred
from the system to keep T constant, hence Q < 0 .

7.10 4.00 L, 30 °C, 5.00 bar ⇒ V (L), T (°C), 8.00 bar

(a). Closed system: ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W

RS∆E k b
= 0 initial / final states stationary g
|T∆E p = 0 b by assumption g
∆U = Q − W

(b) −7.65 L ⋅ bar 8.314 J transferred from

Constant T ⇒ ∆U = 0 ⇒ Q = W = = −765 J gas to
0.08314 L ⋅ bar
surroundings

(c) Adiabatic ⇒ Q = 0 ⇒ ∆U = −W = 7.65 L ⋅ bar > 0, Tfinal > 30° C

7- 4
7.11 A =
bg
π 3
2
cm 2
1 m2
= 2.83 × 10 −3 m 2
10 4 cm 2
(a) Downward force on piston:
Fd = Patm A + mpiston+weight g
1 atm 1.01325 × 10 5 N / m2 2.83 × 10 −3 m2 24.50 kg 9.81 m 1N
= + = 527 N
atm s 2
1 kg ⋅ m / s2

d
Upward force on piston: Fu = APgas = 2.83 × 10 −3 m 2 Pg N m 2 i d i
Equilibrium condition:

Fu = Fd ⇒ 2.83 × 10 −3 m2 ⋅ P0 = 527 ⇒ P0 = 1.86 × 10 5 N m 2 = 186

. × 10 5 Pa

nRT 1.40 g N 2 1 mol N2 303 K 1.01325 × 105 Pa 0.08206 L ⋅ atm

V0 = = = 0.677 L
P0 28.02 g 1.86 × 105 Pa 1 atm mol ⋅ K

(b) For any step, ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ⇒ ∆U = Q − W

∆Ek = 0
∆E p = 0

Step 1: Q ≈ 0 ⇒ ∆U = −W

Step 2: ∆U = Q − W As the gas temperature changes, the pressure remains constant, so

that V = nRT Pg must vary. This implies that the piston moves, so that W is not zero.

Overall: Tinitial = Tfinal ⇒ ∆U = 0 ⇒ Q − W = 0

In step 1, the gas expands ⇒ W > 0 ⇒ ∆U < 0 ⇒ T decreases

(c) Downward force Fd = 100

. 101325
. b gd id i b gb gb g
× 10 5 2.83 × 10 −3 + 4 .50 9.81 1 = 331 N (units
as in Part (a))
F 331 N
Final gas pressure Pf = = = 116
. × 10 5 N m 2
A 2.83 × 10 − 3 m 2
1.86 × 10 5 Pa
P
Since T0 = T f = 30° C , Pf V f = P0V0 ⇒ V f = V0 0 = 0.677 L
Pf
b
. × 105 Pa
116
g
= 108
. L

Distance traversed by piston = =

b
∆V 1.08 − 0.677 L g 1 m3
= 0142
. m
A 103 L 2.83 × 10 −3 m2
b gb g
⇒ W = Fd = 331 N 0.142 m = 47 N ⋅ m = 47 J
Since work is done by the gas on its surroundings, W = +47 J ⇒ Q = +47 J
Q −W = 0
(heat transferred to gas)

32.00 g 4.684 cm3 103 L

7.12 V$ = = 01499
. L mol
mol g 106 cm3
41.64 atm 0.1499 L 8.314 J / (mol ⋅ K)
H$ = U$ + PV$ = 1706 J mol + = 2338 J mol
mol 0.08206 L ⋅ atm / (mol ⋅ K)

7- 5
7.13 (a) d i
Ref state U$ = 0 ⇒ liquid Bromine @ 300 K, 0.310 bar

(b) ∆U$ = U$ final − U$ initial = 0.000 − 28.24 = −28.24 kJ mol

d i
∆ H$ = ∆U$ + ∆ PV$ = ∆U$ + P∆V$ (Pressure Constant)
0.310 bar (0.0516 − 79.94) L 8.314 J 1 kJ
∆ Hˆ = −28.24 kJ mol + = −30.7 kJ mol
mol 0.08314 L ⋅ bar 103 J
b gb
∆ H = n∆ H$ = 5.00 mol −30.7 kJ / mol = −15358 g
. kJ ⇒ − 154 kJ

b g b
(c) U$ independent of P ⇒ U$ 300 K, 0.205 bar = U$ 300 K , 0.310 bar = 28.24 kJ mol g
d i b
U$ 340 K, Pf = U$ 340 K, 1.33 bar = 29.62 kJ mol g
∆U$ = U$ final − U$ initial
E
∆U$ = 29.62 − 28.24 = 1.380 kJ mol

V$ changes with pressure. At constant temperature ⇒ PV$ = P' V'

$ ⇒ V'=
$ PV $ / P'

$ (T = 300K, P = 0.205 bar) = (0.310 bar)(79.94 L / mol) = 120.88 L / mol

V'
0.205 bar
5.00 L 1 mol
n= = 0.0414 mol
120.88 L
b gb
∆U = n∆U$ = 0.0414 mol 1.38 kJ / mol = 0.0571 kJ g
∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ⇒ Q = 0.0571 kJ
0 0 0
(d) Some heat is lost to the surroundings; the energy needed to heat the wall of the container is
being neglected; internal energy is not completely independent of pressure.

7.14 (a) By definition H$ = U$ + PV$ ; ideal gas PV$ = RT ⇒ H$ = U$ + RT

b g bg b g bg
U$ T , P = U$ T ⇒ H$ T , P = U$ T + RT = H$ T independent of P bg
cal 1987
. cal 50 K
(b) ∆ H$ = ∆U$ + R∆T = 3500 + = 3599 cal mol
mol mol ⋅ K
b gb g
∆ H = n∆ H$ = 2.5 mol 3599 cal / mol = 8998 cal ⇒ 9.0 × 10 3 cal

7.15 ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − Ws
b
∆ E k = 0 no change in m and u g
b
∆ E p = 0 no elevation change g
b
Ws = P∆V since energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings g
∆U = Q − W ⇒ ∆U = Q − P∆V ⇒ Q = ∆U + P∆V = ∆(U + PV ) = ∆H

7- 6
 b
7.16. (a) ∆ E k = 0 u1 = u 2 = 0 g
b
∆ E p = 0 no elevation change g
∆P = 0 (the pressure is constant since restraining force is constant, and area is constrant)
b
Ws = P∆V the only work done is expansion work g
. H$ = 34980 + 35.5T (J / mol), V1 = 785 cm3, T1 = 400 K, P = 125 kPa, Q = 83.8 J
PV 125 × 103 Pa 785 cm3 1 m3
n= = = 0.0295 mol
RT 8.314 m3 ⋅ Pa / mol ⋅ K 400 K 10 6 cm3
$ -H
Q = ∆H = n(H $ ) = 0.0295 mol 34980 + 35.5T - 34980 - 35.5(400K) (J / mol)
2 1 2

83.8 J = 0.0295 35.5T2 - 35.5(400) ⇒ T2 = 480 K

nRT 0.0295 mol 8.314 m 3 ⋅ Pa 10 6 cm3 480 K

i) V = = = 941 cm 3
P 125 × 105 Pa mol ⋅ K 1 m3
125 × 105 N (941- 785)cm3 1 m 3
ii ) W = P∆V = = 19.5 J
m2 10 6 cm 3
iii ) Q = ∆U + P∆V ⇒ ∆U = Q − ∆PV = 83.8 J − 19.5 J = 64.3 J

(b) ∆Ep = 0

7.17 (a) "The gas temperature remains constant while the circuit is open." (If heat losses could
occur, the temperature would drop during these periods.)
(b) ∆U + ∆ E p + ∆ E R = Q& ∆t − W& ∆t
∆ E p = 0, ∆ E k = 0, W& = 0 , U$ ( t = 0) = 0
0.90 × 1.4 W 1 J s
Q& = = 1.26 J s
1W
U (J ) = 1.26 t
1 atm 2.10 L 1 mol ⋅ K
Moles in tank: n = PV RT = = 0.0859 mol
b 25 + 273 K g 0.08206 L ⋅ atm

U$ = =
U 1.26 t (J)
= 14.67 t
n 0.0859 mol
Thermocouple calibration: T = aE + b
T = 0 , E =−0.249
b g
T ° C = 181 b g
. E mV + 4.51
T =100 , E =5 .27

U$ = 14.67 t 0 440 880 1320

T = 181. E + 4.51 25 45 65 85
(c) To keep the temperature uniform throughout the chamber.
(d) Power losses in electrical lines, heat absorbed by chamber walls.
(e) In a closed container, the pressure will increase with increasing temperature. However, at
the low pressures of the experiment, the gas is probably close to ideal ⇒ U$ = f T only. bg
Ideality could be tested by repeating experiment at several initial pressures ⇒ same
results.

7- 7
7.18 (b) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the liquid stream.)
c
∆ E& k =0 no change in m and u h
∆ E& p =0 no elevation change
c h
W& s = 0 no moving parts or generated currents
c h
∆ H& = Q& , Q& > 0

(c) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the water)
∆ H& =0 T a nd P ~ constant
c h
∆ E& k =0 no change in m and u
c h
Q& =0 no ∆ T between system and surroundings
c h
∆E& p = −W& s , W& s > 0 for water system b g
(d) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the oil)
∆ E& k =0 no velocity change
c h
∆H& + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s Q& < 0 (friction loss); W& s < 0 (pump work).

(e) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the reaction mixture)
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 given c h
∆W& s = 0 no moving parts or generated current
c h
∆ H& = Q& , Q& pos. or neg. depends on reaction

1.25 m3 273 K 122 kPa 1 mol 103 L

= 43.4 mol min
7.19 (a) molar flow:
min 423 K 101.3 kPa b g
22.4 L STP 1 m3
∆ H& + ∆ E& k + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 given c h
W& s = 0 no moving parts
c h
43.37 mol 1 min 3640 J kW
Q& = ∆ H& = n&∆ H$ = = 2.63 kW
min 60s mol 10 3 J / s
(b) More information would be needed. The change in kinetic energy would depend on the
cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet pipes, hence the internal diameter of the inlet
and outlet pipes would be needed to answer this question.

7- 8
 b g
7.20 (a) H$ = 1.04 T ° C − 25 H$ in kJ kg

H$ out = 1.04 34.0 − 25 = 9.36 kJ kg

P=
11
H$ = 104
in . 30.0 − 25 = 5.20 kJ kg n& 0

∆ H$ = 9.36 − 5.20 = 4.16 kJ kg

(m kP 34
ol/ a o
C
∆ H& + ∆ E& k + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s s)
N2 Q&
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 assumed
c h 30 =1
c
W& s = 0 no moving parts h o
C .25
Q& = ∆ H& = n& ∆ H$
k
W
Q& 1.25 kW kg 1 kJ / s 10 3 g 1 mol
⇒ n& = = = 10.7 mol s
∆ H& 4.16 kJ kW 1 kg 28.02 g

⇒ V& =
10.7 mol 22.4 L STP b g 303 K 101.3 kPa
= 245.5 L / s ⇒ 246 L s
s mol 273 K 110 kPa
(b) Some heat is lost to the surroundings, some heat is needed to heat the coil, enthalpy is
assumed to depend linearly on temperature and to be independent of pressure, errors in
measured temperature and in wattmeter reading.

$ $
7.21 (a) H$ = aT + b a = H 2 − H 1 = 129.8 − 25.8 = 5.2
U|
T2 − T1 50 − 30 ⇒ H$ kJ kg = 5.2 T ° C − 1302
. V| b g b g
$
b = H 1 − aT1 = 258
. − 5.2 30 = −1302
. b gb g W
H$ = 0 ⇒ Tref =
1302.
= 25° C
5.2

b g
Table B.1 ⇒ S . G. bg
C 6 H 14 l
= 0.659 ⇒ V$ =
1 m3
659 kg
= 1.52 × 10 −3 m 3 kg

b g
U$ kJ kg = H$ − PV$ = 5.2 T − 1302 b
. kJ / kg g
1 atm 1.0132 × 105 N / m2 1.52 × 10 −3 m3 1J 1 kJ
−
1 atm 1 kg 1 N ⋅ m 103 J

b g
⇒ U$ kJ kg = 5.2 T − 1304
.

20 kg [(5.2 × 20 - 130.4) - (5.2 × 80 -130.4)] kJ

(b) Energy balance: Q = ∆U = = −6240 kJ
∆Ek , ∆E p , W =0 1 kg
6240 kJ 1 min
Average rate of heat removal = = 20.8 kW
5 min 60 s

7- 9
7.22 m& (kg/s) & (kg/s)
m
260°C, 7 bars 200°C, 4 bars
H$ = 2974 kJ/kg H$ = 2860 kJ/kg
u0 = 0 u (m/s)

∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s

∆ E& p = Q& = W&s = 0

& 2
∆E& k =− ∆H& ⇒
mu
2
& H$ out − H$ in
=− m d i
d
u 2 = 2 H$ in − H$ out = i b g
(2) 2974 − 2860 kJ 10 3 N ⋅ m 1 kg ⋅ m / s2 m2
= 2.28 × 10 5 2 ⇒ u = 477 m / s
kg 1 kJ 1N s

7.23 (a) 5 L/min 5 L/min

0 mm Hg (gauge) 100 mm Hg (gauge)

Qin Qout
Since there is only one inlet stream and one outlet stream, and m& in = m& out ≡ m& ,
Eq. (7.4-12) may be written
&
m& ∆U$ + m d i
& ∆ PV$ + ∆ u 2 + mg
m
2
& ∆z = Q& − W& s d i
∆U$ = 0 (given )
m& ∆PV$ = mV a
& $ Pout − Pin = V&∆P f
∆ u = 0 (assume for incompressible fluid )
2

∆z = 0
W& s = 0 (all energy other than flow work included in heat terms )
Q& = Q& in − Q& out
V&∆P = Q& in − Q& out

(b) Flow work: V&∆P =

5 L 100 − 0 mm Hg b
1 atm g
8.314 J
= 66.7 J min
min 760 mm Hg 0.08206 liter ⋅ atm
5 ml O2 20.2 J
Heat input: Q& in = = 101 J min
min 1 ml O 2
V& ∆ P 66.7 J min
Efficiency: = ×100% = 66%
Q& in 101 J min

7.24 (a) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s ; ∆E& k , ∆E& p , W& s = 0 ⇒ ∆H& = Q&
b g
H$ 400° C, 1 atm = 3278 kJ kg (Table B.7)
b g
H$ 100° C, sat' d ⇒ 1 atm = 2676 kJ kg (Table B.5)

7- 10
7.24 (cont’d)
100 kg H 2 O(v) / s 100 kg H 2 O(v) / s
o o
100 C, saturated 400 C, 1 atm

Q& (kW)

Q& =
100 kg b3278 − 2676.0gkJ 10 3 J
= 6.02 × 10 7 J s
s kg 1 kJ

(b) ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ; ∆E k , ∆E p , W = 0 ⇒ ∆U = Q
kJ m3
Table B.5 ⇒ Uˆ (100 °C, 1 atm ) = 2507 , Vˆ(100 °C, 1 atm ) = 1.673 = Vˆ ( 400°C, Pfinal )
kg kg
Interpolate in Table B.7 to find P at which V̂ =1.673 at 400o C, and then interpolate again to
find Û at 400o C and that pressure:
 3.11 − 1.673 
Vˆ = 1.673 m /g ⇒ Pfinal = 1.0 + 4.0  ˆ
 = 3.3 bar , U (400 C, 3.3 bar) = 2966 kJ/kg
3 o

 3.11 − 0.617 
⇒ Q = ∆U = m ∆Uˆ = 100 kg [( 2966 − 2507 ) kJ kg ] 10 3 J kJ = 4.59 × 10 7 J ( )
The difference is the net energy needed to move the fluid through the system (flow work). (The
energy change associated with the pressure change in Part (b) is insignif icant.)

c bg h
7.25 H$ H 2 O l , 20° C = 83.9 kJ kg (Table B.5)
H$ bsteam, 20 bars, sat'd g = 2797.2 kJ kg (Table B.6)

m& [kg H 2 O(l) / h] m& [kg H 2 O(v) / h]

o
20 C 20 bar (sat'd)

Q& = 0.65(813 kW) = 528 kW

(a) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s ; ∆E& k , ∆E& p , W& s = 0 ⇒ ∆H& = Q&
∆H& = m& ∆H$

Q& 528 kW kg 1 kJ / s 3600 s

m& = = = 701 kg h
∆ H$ b g
2797.2 − 83.9 kJ 1 kW 1 h

b gd i
(b) V& = 701 kg h 0.0995 m 3 kg = 69.7 m 3 h sat'd steam @ 20 bar
A
Table B.6

& 701 kg / h 10 3 g / kg 485.4 K 0.08314 L ⋅ bar 1 m3

(c) V& =
nRT
= = 78.5 m 3 / h
P 18.02 g / mol 20 bar mol ⋅ K 103 L
The calculation in (b) is more accurate because the steam tables account for the effect of
pressure on specific enthalpy (nonideal gas behavior).
(d) Most energy released goes to raise the temperature of the combustion products, some is transferred
to the boiler tubes and walls, and some is lost to the surroundings.

7- 11
 c bg h
7.26 H$ H 2 O l , 24° C, 10 bar = 100.6 kJ kg (Table B.5 for saturated liquid at 24o C; assume H$
independent of P).

b g
. kJ kg (Table B.6) ⇒ ∆ H$ = 2776.2 − 100.6 = 2675.6 kJ kg
H$ 10 bar, sat'd steam = 27762

& [kg H2O(l)/h]

m & [kg HO(v)/h]
m 2
o 3
24 C, 10 bar 15,000 m /h @10 bar (sat'd)
&(kW)
Q

15000 m 3 kg
m& = h 0.1943 m 3 = 7.72 × 10 kg h
4

A
b Table 8.6g

d
Energy balance ∆E& p , W& s = 0 : ∆H& + ∆E& k = Q& i
E& kinitial ≈0
∆E& k = E&k final − E& k initial ∆ E& k = E& kfinal

& f
mu 2 7.72 × 10 4 kg d15,000 m hi 3 2
1 1 h3 1J
∆E& k = = h 0.15 2 π 4 m 2
2
2 3600 3 s3 1 kg ⋅ m 2 / s2
2 A
A=π D2 4
= 5.96 × 10 5 J / s
7.72 × 10 4 kg 2675.6 kJ 5.96 × 10 5 J 1 kJ
& ∆H$ + ∆E& k =
Q& = m
1h
+
h kg 3600 s s 10 3 J
= 57973 kJ s = 5.80 × 10 4 kW

7.27 (a) 228 g/min 228 g/min

25o C T(o C)

Q& ( kW)
=0
228 g 1 min ( H$ out − H$ in) J
Energy balance: Q& = ∆H& ⇒ Q& W =
∆ E& x , ∆ E& p , W&s =0
b g min 60 s g

b g
⇒ H$ out J g = 0.263Q& W b g
T b° C g 25 26.4 27.8 29.0 32.4
H$ bJ g g = 0.263Q& bW g 0 4.47 9.28 13.4 24 .8

(b) H$ = b T − 25 b g Fit to data by least squares (App. A.1)

b= ∑ H$ i i bT − 25g ∑ bT − 25g
i i i
2
= 3.34

b g
⇒ H$ J g = 3.34 T ° C − 25 b g
7.27 (cont’d)

7- 12
 (c) Q& = ∆ H& =
350 kg 10 3 g 1 min 3.34 40 − 20 J b g kW ⋅ s
= 390 kW heat input to liquid
min kg 60 s g 10 3 J
(d) Heat is absorbed by the pipe, lost through the insulation, lost in the electrical leads.

7.28
m& w [ kg H 2 O(v) / min] m& w [ kg H 2 O(l) / min]
Q& ( kW )
3 bar, sat' d 27 o C
m& e [ kg C 2 H 6 / min] m& e [ kg C 2 H 6 / min]
o o
16 C, 2.5 bar 93 C, 2.5 bar

3 3
(a) C H mass flow: m& = 795 m 10 L 2.50 bar 1 K - mol 30.01 g 1 kg
2 6 e
min m 3 289 K 0.08314 L - bar mol 1000 g
= 2.487 × 103 kg min

H$ ei = 941 kJ kg , H$ ef = 1073 kJ kg
Energy Balance on C 2 H 6 : ∆E& p , W& s = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0 ⇒ Q& = ∆H&

Q& = 2.487 × 103 min 1073 − 941

kg LMb
kJ
= g OPQ
2.487 × 103 kJ 1 min
= 5.47 × 103 kW
N
kg min 60 s

b g
(b) H$ s1 3.00 bar, sat' d vapor = 2724.7 kJ kg (Table B.6)
b g
H$ s2 liquid, 27° C = 1131 . kJ kg (Table B.5)
Assume that heat losses to the surroundings are negligible, so that the heat given up by the
condensing steam equals the heat transferred to the ethane 5.47 × 10 3 kW d i
& H$ s2 − H$ s1
Energy balance on H 2O: Q& = ∆H& = m d i
Q& −5.47 × 10 3 kJ kg
&=
⇒m = = 2.09 kg s steam
H$ s2 − H$ s1 s b . − 2724.7 kJ
1131 g
b gd
⇒ V&s = 2.09 kg / s 0.606 m 3 kg = 1.27 m 3 s i
A
Table B.6

Too low. Extra flow would make up for the heat losses to surroundings.

(c) Countercurrent flow Cocurrent (as depicted on the flowchart) would not work, since it
would require heat flow from the ethane to the steam over some portion of the exchanger.
(Observe the two outlet temperatures)

7- 13
7.29
250 kg H2 O(v )/min 250 kg/min Heat 250 kg/min
Turbine
40 bar, 500°C 5 bar, T 2 (°C), H$ 2(kJ/kg) exchanger 5 bar, 500°C
H$ 1 (kJ/kg) H$3 (kJ/kg)
W s =1500 kW Q(kW)

b g
H 2 O v , 40 bar, 500° C : H$ 1 = 3445 kJ kg (Table B.7)
b g
H O v , 5 bar, 500° C : H$ = 3484 kJ kg (Table B.7)
2 3

(a) Energy balance on turbine: ∆E& p = 0, Q& = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0

d i
∆H& = −W&s ⇒ m& H$ 2 − H$ 1 = −W& s ⇒ H$ 2 = H$ 1 − W&s m
&
3445 kJ 1500 kJ min 60 s
= − = 3085 kJ kg
kg s 250 kg 1 min

H$ = 3085 kJ kg and P = 5 bars ⇒ T = 310° C (Table B.7)

(b) Energy balance on heat exchanger: ∆E& p = 0, W&s = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0

d
Q& = ∆H& = m& H$ 3 − H$ 2 =
250 kg
i b3484 − 3085gkJ 1 min 1 kW
= 1663 kW
min kg 60 s 1 kJ / s

(c) Overall energy balance: ∆E& p = 0 , ∆E& k ≅ 0

d
∆H& = Q& − W& s ⇒ m& s H$ 3 − H$ 1 = Q& − W&s i
Q& = ∆H& + ∆W& s =
250 kg b3484 − 3445g kJ 1 min 1 kW 1500 kJ 1 kW
+
min kg 60 s 1 kJ / s s 1 kJ / s
= 1663 kW √

b g
(d) H 2 O v , 40 bar, 500° C : V$1 = 0.0864 m 3 kg (Table B.7)

H Obv , 5 bar, 310° Cg: V$

2 2 = 0.5318 m 3 kg (Table B.7)

250 kg 1 min 0.0864 m3 1

u1 = = 183
. ms
min 60 s kg 0.5 π 4 m 2
2

250 kg min 0.5318 m3 1

u2 = = 11.3 m s
min 60 s kg 0.5 π 4 m 2
2

∆E& k =
m& 2
u 2 − u12 =
250 kg 1 1 min b11.3g − b183
2
. g
2
m2 1N 1 kW ⋅ s
2 min 2 60 s s 2
1 kg ⋅ m / s 2
10 3 N ⋅ m
= 0.26 kW << 1500 kW

7- 14
 b
7.30 (a) ∆E& p , ∆E& k , W& s = 0 ⇒ Q& = ∆H& ⇒ −hA Ts − To = −300 kJ h ⇒ 18 g
. h Ts − To = 300
kJ
h
b g
(b) Clothed: h = 8 ⇒ To = 13.4° C
Ts =34 .2
Nude, immersed: h = 64 ⇒ To = 31.6° C (Assuming Ts remains 34.2°C)
Ts = 34.2
(c) The wind raises the effective heat transfer coefficient. (Stagnant air acts as a thermal
insulator —i.e., in the absence of wind, h is low.) For a given To , the skin temperature
must drop to satisfy the energy balance equation: when Ts drops, you feel cold.

7.31 Basis: 1 kg of 30°C stream

1 kg H2 O(l)@30o C
3 kg H2 O(l)@Tf(o C)
2 kg H2 O(l)@90o C

(a) T f =
1
3
b 2
g b
30 o C + 90 o C = 70 o C
3
g
(b) Internal Energy of feeds: U$ 30° C, liq. = 1257 b g U|
. kJ kg
b
U$ 90° C, liq. = 376.9 kJ kg g V|
W
(Table B.5 - neglecting effect of P on H$ )
Q= W= ∆E = ∆E =0
Energy Balance: Q - W = ∆U + ∆E p + ∆E k p k
∆U = 0

b g
⇒ 3U$ f − (1 kg) 125.7 kJ / kg − (2 kg) 376.9 kJ / kg = 0 b g
⇒ U$ = 293.2 kJ kg ⇒ T = 70.05° C (Table B.5)
f f

70.05 − 70.00
Diff.= × 100% = 0.07% (Any answer of this magnitude is acceptable).
70.05
7.32 .
m(kg/h) 52.5 m3 H2O(v)/h
. kg H2 O( v)/kg .
0.85 m(kg/h)
0.15 kg H2 O( l )/kg 5 bar, T( oC)
5 bar, saturated, T(oC) .
Q (kW)

P = 5 bars
(a) Table B.6 . ° C , H$ L = 6401
T = 1518 . kJ kg , H$ V = 27475
. kJ kg

$ bar, sat'd) = 0.375 m 3 / kg ⇒ m 52.5 m3 1 kg

V(5 & = = 140 kg h
h 0.375 m 3
(b) H2 O evaporated = 015 b gb g
. 140 kg h = 21 kg h (Q = energy needed to vaporize this much water)
Energy balance:Q& = ∆H&
21 kg ( 2747.5 − 640.1) ] kJ 1h 1 kW
= = 12 kW
h kg 3600 s 1 kJ s

7- 15
7.33 (a) P = 5 bar Tsaturation = 1518
Table B.6
. o C . At 75°C the discharge is all liquid

(b) Inlet: T=350°C, P=40 bar Table B.7

H$ in = 3095 kJ / kg , V$in = 0.0665 m3 / kg

Outlet: T=75°C, P=5 bar Table B.7

H$ out = 314.3 kJ / kg , V$out = 1.03 × 10 -3 m 3 / kg

V&in 200 kg 1 min 0.0665 m / kg

3
u in = = = 50.18 m / s
Ain min 60 s π (0.075) 2 / 4 m 2
V&out 200 kg 1 min 0.00103 m 3 / kg
u out = = = 1.75 m / s
Aout min 60 s π (0.05)2 / 4 m 2
m&
Energy balance: Q& − W&s ≈ ∆H& + ∆E& k = m
& ( H$ 2 − H$ 1 ) + (u 22 − u12 )
2
200 kg 1 min (314-3095) kJ 200 kg 1 min (1.752 -50.18 2 ) m 2
Q& − W&s = +
min 60 s kg 2 min 60 s s2
= −13,460 kW ( ⇒ 13,460 kW transferred from the turbine)

7.34 (a) Assume all heat from stream transferred to oil

Q& = 1.00 × 10 kJ 1 min = 167 kJ s
4

min 60 s
100 kg oil/min 100 kg oil/min
135°C 185°C
m& (kg H 2O(v)/s) m& (kg H2O(l)/s)
25 bars, sat'd 25 bars, sat'd
Energy balance on H 2O: Q& = ∆H& = m
& H$ out − H$ in d i
∆E& p , ∆ E& k , W&s = 0
H$ ( l , 25 bar, sat' d ) = 962.0 kJ kg , H$ (v , 25 bar, sat' d ) = 2800.9 kJ kg (Table B.6)
Q& −167 kJ kg
m& =
H$ out − H$ in
=
s b962.0 − 2800.9g kJ = 0.091 kg s
1200 g 1s 1 kg
Time between discharges: = 13 s discharge
discharge 0.091 kg 10 3 g

(b) Unit Cost of Steam:

$1
6
b2800.9 − 83.9g kJ 0.9486 Btu
= $2.6 × 10 −3 / kg
10 Btu kg kJ
Yearly cost:
1000 traps 0.091 kg stream 0.10 kg last 2.6 × 10 −3$ 3600 s 24 h 360 day
trap ⋅ s kg stream kg lost h day year
= $7.4 × 10 5 / year

7-16
7.35 Basis: Given feed rate

200 kg H2 O(v)/h
10 bar, sat’d, H$ = 2776.2 kJ / kg n& 3 [kg H 2 O(v) / h]
10 bar, 250o C, H$ = 2943 kJ / kg
n& 2 [ kg H 2 O(v) / h]
10 bar, 300 o C, H$ = 3052 kJ / kg
&
Q(kJ / h)

H$ from Table B.6 (saturated steam) or Table B.7 (superheated steam)

Mass balance: 200 + n&2 = n& 3 (1)

b g b
Energy balance: Q& = ∆H& = n&3 2943 − 200 2776.2 − n&2 3052 , Q& in kJ h
∆ E& K , ∆ E& p , W
& =0
g b g (2)

Q& = 2.25 × 10 4 kJ h
(1) ( 2)
(a) n& 3 = 300 kg h n& 2 = 100 kg h

(b) Q& = 0
(1),(2 )
n&2 = 306 kg h , n& 3 = 506 kg h

7.36 (a) Tsaturation @ 1.0 bar = 99.6 °C ⇒ T f = 99.6 o C

H 2 O (1.0 bar, sat'd) ⇒ H$ l = 417.5 kJ / kg, H$ v = 2675.4 kJ / kg
H 2 O (60 bar, 250o C) = 1085.8 kJ / kg
Mass balance: mv + ml = 100 kg (1)
Energy balance: ∆H& = 0
∆ E& K , Q
& , ∆ E& , W& = 0
p

⇒ mv H$ v + ml H$ l − m1 H$ 1 = mv H$ v + m l H$ l − (100 kg)(1085.8 kJ / kg) = 0 (2)

(1,2 ) 29.6 kg vapor kg vapor

ml = 70.4 kg, mv = 29.6 kg ⇒ y v = = 0.296
100 kg kg

(b) T is unchanged. The temperature will still be the saturation temperature at the given final
pressure. The system undergoes expansion, so assuming the same pipe diameter, ∆E&k > 0.
yv would be less (less water evaporates) because some of the energy that would have
vaporized water instead is converted to kinetic energy.

(c) Pf = 39.8 bar (pressure at which the water is still liquid, but has the same enthalpy as the
feed)

7-17
7.36 (cont’d)
(d) Since enthalpy does not change, then when Pf ≥ 39 .8 bar the temperature cannot increase,
because a higher temperature would increase the enthalpy. Also, when Pf ≥ 39 .8 bar , the product
is only liquid ⇒ no evaporation occurs.

0.4 300
250
0.3
200

Tf (C)
0.2 150
y

100
0.1
50
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 36 39.8 60
Pf (bar) Pf (bar)

7.37 10 m3 , n moles of steam(v), 275°C, 15 bar ⇒ 10 m3 , n moles of water (v+l), 1.2 bar

10.0 m3 H2 O (v) 10.0 m3

m in (kg) mv [kg H2 O (v)]
275 oC, 1.5
, 15bar
bar ml [kg H 2O (l)]
Q
1.2 bar, saturated

T2 = 104.8 o C
Table B.6
(a) P=1.2 bar, saturated,

10 m3 1 kg
(b) Total mass of water: min = = 55 kg
0.1818 m 3
Mass Balance: m v + m l = 55.0
Volume additivity: Vv + Vl = 10.0 m 3 = m v (1.428 m 3 / kg) + m l (0.001048 m 3 / kg)
⇒ mv = 7.0 kg, ml = 48.0 kg condensed

(c) Table B.7 ⇒ U$ in = 2739.2 kJ / kg; V$in = 0.1818 m3 / kg

$ R| $
S| 3
Table B.6 ⇒ U l = 439.2 kJ / kg; Vl = 0.001048 m / kg
U$ v = 2512.1 kJ / kg; V$v = 1.428 m3 / kg
T
Energy balance: Q = ∆U = mvU$ v + ml U$ l − minU$ in
∆E p ,∆Ek , W = 0

= [( 7.0)(2512.1 kJ / kg) + (48.0)(439.2 ) - 55 kg (2739.2)] kJ

= −1.12 × 10 5 kJ

7.38 (a) Assume both liquid and vapor are present in the valve effluent.

1 kg H 2 O( v ) / s
15 bar, Tsat + 1 5 0 o C m& l [ kg H 2 O (l ) / s]
m& v [ kg H 2 O( v ) / s]
1.0 bar, saturated

7-18
7.38 (cont’d)
(b) Table B.6 ⇒ Tsat'n (15 bar) = 198.3o C ⇒ Tin = 3483 . oC
Table B.7 ⇒ H$ in = H$ ( 348.3o C, 15 bar) ≈ 3149 kJ / kg
Table B.6 ⇒ H$ l (1.0 bar, sat'd) = 417.5 kJ / kg; H$ v (1.0 bar, sat'd) = 2675.4 kJ / kg
Energy balance: ∆H& = 0 ⇒ m & H$ + m& H$ − m& H$ = 0
l l v v in in
∆E& p ,∆E& k ,Q& , W
&s =0
m& v + m& l
& in H$ in = m
⇒m & l H$ l + m
& v H$ v 3149 kJ / kg = m& l (417.5) + (1 − m& l )(2675.4 )

There is no value of m& l between 0 and 1 that would satisfy this equation. (For any value
in this range, the right-hand side would be between 417.5 and 2675.4). The two-phase
assumption is therefore incorrect; the effluent must be pure vapor.
& in = m& out = 1
& out H$ out = m& in H$ in 3149 kJ / kg = H$ (1 bar, Tout )
m
(c) Energy balance ⇒ m

Tout ≈ 337o C
Table B.7

(This answer is only approximate, since ∆E& k is not zero in this process).

7.39 Basis: 40 lb m min circulation

(a) Expansion valve

R = Refrigerant 12
40 lb m R(l)/min 40 lb m / min
93.3 psig, 86°F x v lb m R (v ) / lb m
H$ = 27.8 Btu/lb m (1 − x v ) lb m R(l ) / lb m
H$ v = 77 .8 Btu / lb m , H$ l = 9.6 Btu / lb m

Energy balance: ∆E& p , W& s , Q& = 0 , neglect ∆E& k ⇒ ∆H& = ∑ n& H$ − ∑ n& H$
i i i i =0
out in
40 X v lb m R v bg +
b
77.8 Btu 40 1 − X v lb m R l g bg 9.6 Btu 40 lb m
−
27.8 Btu
=0
min lb m min lb m min lb m
E
b
X v = 0.267 26.7% evaporates g
(b) Evaporator coil

40 lbm /min 40 lb m R(v )/min

0.267 R( v ) 11.8 psig, 5°F
0.733 R( l ) H$ = 77.8 Btu/lbm
11.8 psig, 5°F
H$ v = 77.8 Btu/lbm , H$ l = 9.6 Btu/lbm
Energy balance: ∆E& p , W&s = 0, neglect ∆E& k ⇒ Q& = ∆H&

Q& =
40 lb m b gb
77.8 Btu 40 0.267 lb m R v
−
g bg 77.8 Btu
−
b gb g
40 0.733 lb m R l bg 9.6 Btu
min lb m min lb m min lb m
= 2000 Btu min

7-19
7.39 (cont’d)
(c) We may analyze the overall process in several ways, each of which leads to the same
result. Let us first note that the net rate of heat input to the system is

Q& = Q& evaporator − Q& condenser = 2000 − 2500 = −500 Btu min

and the compressor work Wc represents the total work done on the system. The system is
closed (no mass flow in or out). Consider a time interval ∆t min . Since the system is atb g
steady state, the changes ∆U , ∆E k and ∆E p over this time interval all equal zero. The
total heat input is Q& ∆t , the work input is W& ∆t , and (Eq. 8.3-4) yields
c

−500 Btu 1 min 1.341 × 10 −3 hp

Q& ∆t − W&c ∆t = 0 ⇒ W&c = Q& = = 11.8 hp
min 60 s 9.486 × 10 −4 Btu s
7.40 Basis: Given feed rates

n&1 (mol / h)
n&C 3 H8 (mol C 3 H 8 / h)
0.2 C3 H 8
0.8 C 4 H 10 n&C 4 H10 (mol C 4 H 10 / h)
0 o C, 1.1 atm 227o C
n& 2 (mol / h)
Q& (kJ / h) 0.40 C3 H 8
0.60 C 4 H 10
25 o C, 1.1 atm

Molar flow rates of feed streams:

300 L 1.1 atm 1 mol
n&1 =
hr 1 atm 22.4 L STP
= 14.7 mol h
b g
200 L 273 K 1.1 atm 1 mol
n& 2 = hr 298 K 1 atm 22.4 L STP = 9.00 mol h b g
14.7 mol 0.20 mol C 3 H 8 9.00 mol 0.40 mol C 3 H 8
Propane balance ⇒ n&C 3 H8 = +
h mol h mol
= 6.54 mol C3 H 8 h
Total mole balance: n&C 4 H10 = (14.7 + 9 .00 − 6.54 ) mol C 4 H 20 h = 17.16 mol C 4 H 20 h

Energy balance: ∆E& p , W&s = 0, neglect ∆E& k ⇒ Q& = ∆H&

Q& = ∆H& = ∑ N& H$ − ∑ N& H$

6.54 mol C 3H 8 20.685 kJ 17.16 mol C4 H 10 27.442 kJ
i i i i = +
h mol h mol
out in

−
b0.40 × 9.00g mol C H 3 8
−
b g
1.772 kJ 0.60 × 9.00 mol C 4 H10 2.394 kJ
= 587 kJ h
h mol h mol

( H$ i = 0 for components of 1st feed stream)

7-20
 510 m3 273 K 10 3 L 1 mol 1 kmol
7.41 Basis:
min 291 K m 3 22.4 L STP b g 10 3 mol
= 21.4 kmol min

(a)
Q& (kJ/min)

n. 0 ( kmol/min) 21.4 kmol/min

38°C, h r = 97% 18°C, sat'd
y 0 ( mol H 2 O(v)/mol ) y 1 ( mol H 2 O(v)/ mol
)
(1 – x 0) ( mol dry air/ mol) (1 – y 1) (mol dry air)
.
n 2 ( kmol H 2O(l )/ mol)
18°C

hr PH∗2O ( 38°C ) 0.97 ( 49.692 mm Hg )

Inlet condition: yo = = = 0.0634 mol H2 O mol
P 760 mm Hg
PH∗2 O
15.477 mm Hg (18 °C )
Outlet condition: y1 = =
= 0.0204 mol H2 O mol
P 760 mm Hg
b
Dry air balance: 1 − 0.0634 n& o = 1 − 0.0204 214 g b
. ⇒ n& o = 22.4 kmol min g
b g
Water balance: 0.0634 22.4 = n& 2 + 0.0204 21.4 ⇒ n&2 = 0.98 kmol min b g
0.98 kmol 18.02 kg
= 18 kg / min H 2 O condenses
min kmol

b g
(b). Enthaphies: H$ air 38° C = 0.0291 38 − 25 = 0.3783 kJ mol b g
b g
H$ 18° C = 0.0291 18 − 25 = −0.204 kJ mol
air b g
b
H$ H2 O v , 38° C =g 2570.8 kJ 1 kg 18.02 g
= 46.33 kJ mol
U|
kg 10 3 g mol
||
b
H$ H2 O v , 18° C =g25345 . kJ 1 kg 18.02 g
kg 10 3 g mol
= 45.67 kJ mol Table B.5 V|
b
H$ H2 O l , 18° C =g75.5 kJ 1 kg 18.02 g
= 136 ||
kg 10 3 g mol
. kJ mol
W
Energy balance:
∆ E& , W& = 0, ∆E& ≅0
Q& = ∆H& = ∑ n& H$ − ∑ n& H$ gd ib g b
⇒ Q& = 1 − 0.0204 21.4 × 10 3 −0.204
p s k

i i i i

+b0.0204gd21.4 × 10 ib45.67g + d0.98 × 10 ib136

. g − b1 − 0.0634gd22.4 × 10 ib0.3783g
out in
3 3 3

−b0.0634gd22.4 × 10 ib46.33g = −5.67 × 10 kJ min

3 4

⇒ 5.67 × 10 kJ 60 min 0.9486 Btu 1 ton cooling = 270 tons of cooling

4

min h kJ 12000 Btu

7-21
7.42 Basis: 100 mol feed
n2 (mol), 63.0°C
A - Acetone 0.98 A(v )
Qc (cal)
B - Acetic Acid 0.02 B(v )
0.5n 2 (mol) 0.5n 2 (mol)
100 mol, 67.5°C
0.98 A(l ) 56.8°C 0.98 A(l )
0.65 A(l )
0.02 B(l ) 0.02 B(l )
0.35 B(l )
n 5 (mol), 98.7°C
0.544 A(v )
0.456 B(v )
n5 (mol), 98.7°C
0.155 A(l )
0.845 B(l )
Qr (cal)

(a) Overall balances:

Total moles: 100 = 0.5n 2 + n 5 n 2 = 120 mol UV
b g b g
A: 0.65 100 = 0.98 0.5n 2 + 0.155n 5 n 5 = 40 mol W
Product flow rates: Overhead b g
0.5 120 0.98 = 58.8 mol A
b g
0.5 120 0.02 = 1.2 mol B
Bottoms 0.155b40g = 6.2 mol A
0.845b40g = 33.8 mol B
Overall energy balance: Q = ∆H =
∆ E , W =0 , ∆E ≅ 0
p 2 x
∑ n H$ − ∑ n H$
out
i i
in
i i

interpolate in table interpolate in table

↓ ↓
⇒ Q = 58.8 (0 ) + 1.2 ( 0 ) + 6.2 (1385 ) + 33.8 (1312 ) − 65 ( 354 ) − 35 ( 335 ) = 1.82 × 10 4 cal

b g
(b) Flow through condenser: 2 58.8 = 117.6 mols A
2b12
. g = 2 .4 mols B
Energy balance on condenser: Q c = ∆H
∆E , W = 0 , ∆E ≅ 0
p 3 k

b g b g
Qc = 117 .6 0 − 7322 + 2.4 0 − 6807 = −8.77 × 10 5 cal heat removed from condenser
Assume negligible heat transfer between system & surroundings other than Q c & Q r
( )
Qr = Q −Qc = 1.82× 10 4 − −8.77 ×10 5 = 8.95 × 105 cal heat added to reboiler

7.43 1.96 kg, P1= 10.0 bar, T1

2.96 kg, P 3= 7.0 bar, T3=250o C

1.00 kg, P2= 7.0 bar, T2

Q= 0

7-22
7.43 (cont’d)
(a) T2 = T ( P = 7.0 bar, sat'd steam) = 165.0 o C
H$ 3 ( H 2 O(v), P = 7.0 bar, T = 250 o C) = 2954 kJ kg (Table B.7)
H$ (H O( v), P = 7.0 bar, sat'd) = 2760 kJ kg ( Table B.6)
2 2
Energy balance
∆E , Q, W , ∆E ≅0
p s k

∆H = 0 = 2.96 H$ 3 − 196
. H$ 1 − 1.0 H$ 2 ⇒ 1.96 H$ 1 = 2 .96 kg(2954 kJ / kg) -1.0 kg(2760 kJ / kg)
⇒ H$ (10.0 bar, T ) = 3053 kJ / kg ⇒ T ≅ 300 o C
1 1 1

(b) The estimate is too low. If heat is being lost the entering steam temperature would have to
be higher for the exiting steam to be at the given temperature.

7.44 (a) T1 = T ( P = 3.0 bar, sat' d. ) = 133.5o C Vapor

V$l ( P = 3.0 bar, sat' d. ) = 0.001074 m3 / kg P=3 bar

V$ ( P = 3.0 bar, sat'd.) = 0.606 m 3 / kg

v Liquid
0.001074 m 3 1000 L 165 kg
Vl = = 177.2 L m=165.0 kg
kg m3
Vspace = 200.0 L -177.2 L = 22.8 L V=200.0 L
Pmax=20 bar
22.8 L 1 m3 1 kg
mv = = 0.0376 kg
1000 L 0.606 m 3

(b) P = Pmax = 20.0 bar; m total = 165.0 + 0.0376 = 165.04 kg

T1 = T ( P = 20.0 bar, sat'd.) = 212.4o C
V$l ( P = 20.0 bar, sat' d.) = 0.001177 m3 / kg; V$v ( P = 20.0 bar, sat'd.) = 0.0995 m3 / kg
Vtotal = m V$ + m V$ ⇒ m V$ + (m
l l − m )V$
v v l l total l v

⇒ 200.0 L 1 m 3 = m kg (0.001177 m 3 / kg) + (165.04 - m ) kg (0.0995 m 3 / kg)

l l
1000 L
⇒ ml = 164.98 kg; mv = 0.06 kg
0.001177 m 3 1000 L 164.98 kg
Vl = = 194.2 L; V space = 200.0 L - 194.2 L = 5.8 L
kg m3
( 0.06 - 0.04) kg 1000 g
m evaporated = = 20 g
kg

(c) Energy balance Q = ∆U = U ( P = 20.0 bar, sat'd) − U ( P = 3.0 bar, sat'd)

∆E , W , ∆E ≅ 0
p s k

U$ l ( P = 20.0 bar, sat'd.) = 906.2 kJ / kg; U$ v ( P = 20.0 bar, sat'd. ) = 2598.2 kJ / kg

U$ ( P = 3.0 bar, sat'd. ) = 561.1 kJ / kg; U$ ( P = 3.0 bar, sat'd.) = 2543 kJ / kg
l v

Q = 0.06 kg(2598.2 kJ / kg) + 164.98 kg(906.2 kJ / kg) - 0.04 kg(2543 kJ / kg)

− 165.0 kg (561.1 kJ / kg) = 5.70 × 10 4 kJ
Heat lost to the surroundings, energy needed to heat the walls of the tank

7-23
7.44 (cont’d)
(d) (i) The specific volume of liquid increases with the temperature, hence the same mass of
liquid water will occupy more space; (ii) some liquid water vaporizes, and the lower
density of vapor leads to a pressure increase; (iii) the head space is smaller as a result of
the changes mentioned above.

(e) – Using an automatic control system that interrupts the heating at a set value of pressure
– A safety valve for pressure overload.
– Never leaving a tank under pressure unattended during operations that involve
temperature and pressure changes.

7.45 Basis: 1 kg wet steam

(a) 1 kg H2 O 20 bars 1 kg H 2 O,(v) 1 atm 1 kg H2 O

0.97 kg H2 O(v) Tamb , 1 atm
H$ 2 (kJ/kg)
0.03 kg H2 O(l)
H$ 1 (kJ/kg) Q=0 Q

b g
Enthalpies: H$ v , 20 bars, sat'd = 2797 .2 kJ kg U|b g
b
H$ l , 20 bars, sat' d = 908.6 kJ kgg Table B.7 V|
W
Energy balance on condenser: ∆H = 0 ⇒ H$ 2 = H$ 1 = 0.97 2797.2 + 0.03 9086
∆E , ∆E , Q, W =0
. b g b g
p K 3

⇒ H$ 2 = 2740 kJ / kg
Table B.7
T ≈ 132o C

(b) As the steam (which is transparent) moves away from the trap, it cools. When it reaches
its saturation temperature at 1 atm, it begins to condense, so that T = 100° C . The white
plume is a mist formed by liquid droplets.

7.46 Basis:
8 oz H 2O l bg 1 quart 1 m3 1000 kg
= 0.2365 kg H 2O l bg
32 oz 1057 quarts m3
(For simplicity, we assume the beverage is water)

0.2365 kg H 2O (l)
(m + 0.2365) (kg H 2O (l))
18°C
m (kg H 2O (s)) 4°C
32°F (0°C) Assume P = 1 atm

Internal energies (from Table B.5):

b
U$ H 2 O(l ), 18° C = 755g b g
. kJ / kg; U$ H 2 O(l ), 4° C = 16.8 kJ / kg; U$ H 2 O(s), 0° C = -348 kJ / kg b g
b
Energy balance closed system : ⇒ ∆U = g ∑ n U$ − ∑ n U$
i i i i =0
out in
∆E p , ∆E k , Q , W = 0

⇒ (m + 0.2365) kg (16.8 kJ / kg) = 0.2365 kg(75.5 kJ / kg) + m kg (-348 kJ / kg)

⇒ m = 0.038 kg = 38 g ice

7-24
7.47 (a) When T = 0 o C, H$ = 0, ⇒ Tref = 0 o C

(b) Energy Balance-Closed System: ∆U = 0

∆E , ∆E , Q, W = 0
k p

25 g Fe, 175°C
25 g Fe
1000 g H 2O(l) 1000 g H 2O
20°C T f (°C)

d i d i b g b
U Fe T f + U H2 O T f − U Fe 175° C − U H 2 O 20° C, 1 atm = 0 or ∆U Fe + ∆U H2 O = 0g
∆U Fe = d i
25.0 g 4.13 T f − 175 cal 4.184 J
= 432 Tf − 175 J
g cal

Table B.5 ⇒ ∆U H 2O = e
1.0 L 10 3 g U$ H2 O T f − 83.9 J d i j e
= 1000 U$ H 2 O T f − 83.9 J d i j
1 L g
d i
⇒ 432T f + 1000U$ H 2 O T f − 1.60 × 10 = f T f = 0
5
d i
Tf ° C 30 40 35 34 Interpolate
⇒ T f = 34.6° C
d i
f Tf −2.1 × 10 4
+2 .5 × 10 4
1670 −2612

7-25
7.48 I II
H 2 O( v) H 2 O( v)
760 mm Hg (760 + 50.1) mm Hg
100°C Tf ⇒ 1.08 bar sat'd
⇒
⇒ Tf = 101.8°C (Table 8.5)
H 2 O( l), 100 °C H 2 O( l), Tf
T0 Tf

Energy balance - closed system:

∆E p , ∆ E K , W , Q = 0
v-vapor
∆U = 0 = mvIIU$ vII + mlIIU$ lII + mbII U$ bII − mvI U$ vI − mlIU$ lI − mbI U$ bI l -liquid
b-block

b
I 1.01 bar, 100° C g II b1.08 bar, 101.8° Cg
b g
V$l L kg 1.044 1046
.
b g
V$v L kg 1673 1576
b g
U$ l L kg 419.0 426.6
b g
U$ v L kg 2506.5 2508.6

Initial vapor volume: VvI = 20.0 L − 5.0 L −

50 kg 1L
8.92 kg
= 14.4 L H 2 O v bg
b
Initial vapor mass: mvI = 14.4 L 1673 L kg = 8.61 × 10 −3 kg H 2 O v g bg
b
Initial liquid mass: mlI = 5.0 L 1.044 L kg = 4.79 kg H 2 O l g bg
Final energy of bar: U$ bII = 0.36b101.8g = 36.6 kJ kg

Assume negligible change in volume & liquid ⇒ VvII = 14.4 L

b
Final vapor mass: mvII = 14.4 L 1576 L kg = 9.14 × 10 − 3 kg H 2 O v g bg
Initial energy of the bar:

U$ bI =
1
5.0 kg
d b
9.14 × 10 −3 2508.6 + 4.79 426.6 + 50 g b
. 36.6 − 8.61 × 10 −3 25065 g b g
. − 4.79 419.0 b g b gi
= 44.1 kJ kg
44.1 kJ / kg
(a) Oven Temperature: To = = 122 .5° C
0.36 kJ / kg ⋅o C
H 2 O evaporated = mvII − mvI = 9.14 × 10 −3 kg - 8.61 × 10 −3 kg = 5.30 × 10 −4 kg = 0.53 g

(b) U$ bI = 44 .1 + 8.3 5.0 = 458

. kJ kg
To = 45.8 0.36 = 127.2° C

(c) Meshuggeneh forgot to turn the oven on ( To < 100° C )

7-26
 weight of piston
7.49 (a) Pressure in cylinder = + atmospheri c pressure
area of piston

P=
30.0 kg 9.807 N b100 cmg 2
10
. bar
+
1 atm 1.013 bar
= 108
. bar
1 bmg
2
400.0 cm 2 kg 2
10 5 N m 2 atm
⇒ Tsat = 1018
. °C
Heat required to bring the water and block to the boiling point

d b g b gi d b g
Q = ∆U = mw U$ wl 1.08 bar, sat'd − U$ wl l , 20° C + mAl U$ Al Tsat − U$ Al 20° C b gi
=
7.0 kg b426.6 − 83.9gkJ + 3.0 kg . − 20) ]kJ
[0.94 (1018
= 2630 kJ
kg kg
2630 kJ < 3310 kJ ⇒ Sufficient heat for vaporization

V$ = 1046
. L kg , U$ l = 426.6 kJ kg
. ° C . Table B.5 ⇒ $ l
(b) T f = Tsat = 1018
Vv = 1576 L kg , U$ v = 2508.6 kJ kg
mv (kg H2 O( v ))
7.0 kg H 2O(l ) T ≡ 101.8°C 1576 L/kg, 2508.6 kJ/kg
H$ = 426.6 kJ / kg P ≡ 1.08 bars
V$ = 1.046 L / kg 1.046 L/kg, 426.6 kJ/kg
m l (kg H 2 O( l))
Q (kJ) W (kJ)
(Since the Al block stays at the same temperature in this stage of the process, we can
ignore it -i.e., U$ in = U$ out )
Water balance: 7.0 = m l + mv (1)
Work done by the piston: W = F ∆ z = w piston + Patm A ∆ z

=
LM w + P OPb A∆ z g = P∆V ⇒ W = b108 . bar g 1576m + 1046 m − b1.046gb 7.0g L
NA Q atm . v l

8.314 J / mol ⋅ K
= b170.2m + 0.113m − 0.7908gkJ
1 kJ
× v l
0.08314 liter - bar / mol ⋅ K 10 J 3

Energy balance: ∆U = Q − W
6444447 ∆U444448
6447 Q
44 8 6444447 W
444448
⇒ 25086 bg
. mv + 426.6mL − 426.6 7 = ( 3310 − 2630 ) − (1702 . mv + 0113
. mL − 0.7908)
⇒ 2679mv + 4267 . mL − 3667 = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously yields m v = 0.302 kg , m l = 6.698 kg
b gb g
Liquid volume = 6.698 kg 1.046 L kg = 7.01 L liquid
Vapor volume = b0.302 kg gb1576 L kgg = 476 L vapor

∆V 7.01 + 476 − b7.0gb1046

. gL 10 3 cm 3 1
Piston displacement: ∆z = = = 1190 cm
A 1 L 400 cm 2
(c) Tupper ⇒ All 3310 kJ go into the block before a measurable amount is transferred to the
b g b g
water. Then ∆U AL = Q ⇒ 3.0 kg 0.94 Tu − 20 kJ kg = 3310 ⇒ Tu = 1194° C if melting is
neglected. In fact, the bar would melt at 660o C.

7-27
7.50 1.00 L H 2 O( v ), 25 o C
m v1 (kg)
m v2 [kg H2 O( v)]
= m v1 + me UV Assume not all the liquid

W T , P . m = kg H O vaporized.
is vaporized. Eq. at
f f e 2
o
4.00 L H 2 O(l ), 25 C m L2 [kg H 2O( l) ]
m L1 (kg) = m L1 + m e

Q=2915 kJ

Initial conditions: Table B.5 ⇒ U$ L1 = 104.8 kJ kg , V$L1 = 1.003 L kg P = 0.0317 bar

T = 25° C, sat' d ⇒ U$ = 2409.9 kJ kg , V$ = 43,400 L kg
v1 L1

b
m v1 = 1.00 l g b 43400 l kgg = 2.304 × 10 −5
b
kg , m LI = 4.00 l g b1.003 l kgg = 3.988 kg
Energy balance:
d i d i b
∆U = Q ⇒ 2.304 × 10 −5 + me U$ v T f + 3.988 − me U$ L T f − 2.304 × 10 −5 2409.9 g d i d ib g
b g
− 3.988 (1048
. ) = 2915 kJ

d i dEi b g d i
⇒ 2.304 × 10 −5 + me U$ v T f + 3.988 − me U$ v T f = 3333

3333 − d2.304 × 10 iU$ − 3.988U$ −5

v L
⇒ me = (1)
U$ v − U$ L
F I
GG J d i b
V L + Vv = Vtan k ⇒ 2.304 × 10 −5 + m e V$L T f + 3.988 − me V$L T f = 5.00 L
A JK A
g d i
H kg liters kg

5.00 − d2.304 × 10 iV$ − 3.988V$

−5

⇒ me =
V$v − V$L
v L
b 2g
b1g − b2g ⇒ f d T i = d i d i
3333 − 2.304 × 10 −5 U$ v T f − 3.988U$ L T f d i
U$ v − U$ L
f

−
d
5.00 − 2.304 × 10 −5 V$v − 3.988V$L i
=0
V$ − V$ v L

⇒ U$ v , U$ L , V$v , V$L ⇒ f T f d i Find T d i

Table 8.5
Procedure: Assume T f f such that f T f = 0

Tf U$ v U$ L V$v V$L f
201.4 25938 . 856.7 123.7 1159
. . × 10 −2
− 512
198.3 2592.4 842.9 1317. 1154
. . × 10 −2
−193
195.0 2590.8 828.5 140.7 1149
. . × 10 −2
134
196.4 25915 . 834 .6 136.9 1151
. −4.03 × 10 − 4 ⇒ T f ≅ 196.4° C, Pf = 14.4 bars
Eq 1bg
me = 2.6 × 10 −3 kg ⇒ 2.6 g evaporated
or Eq 2 bg

7-28
7.51. Basis: 1 mol feed
B = benzene
nV (mol vapor)
T = toluene
y B(mol B(v)/mol)
(1 – y B ) (mol T(v)/mol)
1 mol @ 130°C in equilibrium
z B (mol B(l)/mol) at T(°C), P(mm Hg)
(1 – z B )(mol T(l)/mol)
nL (mol liquid)
x B(mol B(l)/mol)
(1 – x B ) (mol T(l)/mol)

(a) 7 variables: ( nV , y B , n L , x B , Q , T , P)
–2 equilibrium equations
–2 material balances
–1 energy balance
2 degrees of freedom. If T and P are fixed, we can calculate nV , y B , n L , x B , and Q.
(b) Mass balance: nV + n L = 1 ⇒ nV = 1 − n 2 (1)
Benzene balance: z B = nV y B + n L x B (2)

bg d i d i
C 6 H 6 l : T = 0, H$ = 0 , T = 80, H$ = 10.85 ⇒ H$ BL = 0.1356 T (3)
C H bv g: dT = 80, H$ = 41.61i , dT = 120, H$ = 45.79 i ⇒ H$ = 01045
6 6 . T + 33.25 BV (4)

C H bl g: dT = 0, H$ = 0i , dT = 111, H$ = 18.58i ⇒ H$ = 0.1674 T

7 8 TL (5)
C H bv g: dT = 89 , H$ = 49.18 i , dT = 111, H$ = 52 .05i ⇒ H$ = 0.1304T + 37 .57
7 8 TV (6)

Energy balance: ∆E p , Ws = 0, neglect ∆E k

b g b
Q = ∆H = nV y B H$ BV + nV 1 − y B H$ TV + n L x B H$ BL + n L 1 − x B H$ TL − 1 z B H$ BL TF g bg b g
b gb g b g
− 1 1 − zB H$ TL TF
(7)

Raoult's Law: y B P = x B p *B (8)

(1 - y B ) P = (1 − x B ) pT* (9)
Antoine Equation. For T= 90°C and P=652 mmHg:

p *B (90o C) = 10[6.89272−1203.531/(90+ 219.888)] = 1021 mmHg

pT* (90 o C) = 10[6.95805−1346.773/(90+219.693)] = 406.7 mmHg
Adding equations (8) and (9) ⇒

P − p*T P − p*T 652 − 4067.

P = x B p *B + (1 − x B ) pT* ⇒ x B = = = = 0.399 mol B(l) / mol
p *B − pT* p *B − pT* 1021 - 406.7
x B p *B 0.399(1021 mmHg)
yB = = = 0.625 mol B(v ) / mol
P 652 mmHg
z B − xB 0.5 − 0.399
Solving (1) and (2) ⇒ nV = = = 0.446 mol vapor
y B − x B 0.625 − 0.399
n L = 1 − nV = 1 − 0.446 = 0.554 mol liquid

7-29
7.51 (cont’d)
Substituting (3), (4), (5), and (6) in (7) ⇒

Q = 0.446(0.625)[ 01045
. (90) + 33.25] + 0.446(1 − 0.625)[0.1304( 90) + 37.57 ]
+ 0.554 (0.399 )[0.1356(90)] + 0.554 (1 − 0.399 )[0.1674( 90)] − 0.5[0.1356(130)]
− 0.5[0.1674 (130)] ⇒ Q = 8.14 kJ / mol
(c). If P<P min, all the output is vapor. If P>P max, all the output is liquid.

(d) At P=652 mmHg it is necessary to add heat to achieve the equilibrium and at P=714
mmHg, it is necessary to release heat to achieve the equilibrium. The higher the pressure,
there is more liquid than vapor, and the liquid has a lower enthalpy than the equilibrium
vapor: enthalpy out < enthalpy in.

zB T P pB pT xB yB nV nL Q
0.5 90 652 1021 406.7 0.399 0.625 0.446 0.554 8.14
0.5 90 714 1021 406.7 0.500 0.715 -0.001 1.001 -6.09
0.5 90 582 1021 406.7 0.285 0.500 0.998 0.002 26.20
0.5 90 590 1021 406.7 0.298 0.516 0.925 0.075 23.8
0.5 90 600 1021 406.7 0.315 0.535 0.840 0.160 21.0
0.5 90 610 1021 406.7 0.331 0.554 0.758 0.242 18.3
0.5 90 620 1021 406.7 0.347 0.572 0.680 0.320 15.8
0.5 90 630 1021 406.7 0.364 0.589 0.605 0.395 13.3
0.5 90 640 1021 406.7 0.380 0.606 0.532 0.468 10.9
0.5 90 650 1021 406.7 0.396 0.622 0.460 0.540 8.60
0.5 90 660 1021 406.7 0.412 0.638 0.389 0.611 6.31
0.5 90 670 1021 406.7 0.429 0.653 0.318 0.682 4.04
0.5 90 680 1021 406.7 0.445 0.668 0.247 0.753 1.78
0.5 90 690 1021 406.7 0.461 0.682 0.176 0.824 -0.50
0.5 90 700 1021 406.7 0.477 0.696 0.103 0.897 -2.80
0.5 90 710 1021 406.7 0.494 0.710 0.029 0.971 -5.14

(e). Pmax = 714 mmHg, Pmin = 582 mmHg

nV vs. P

1
0.8
0.6
nV

0.4
0.2
0
582 632 682 732
P (mm Hg)

nV = 0.5 @ P ≅ 640 mmHg

7-30
 ∆P ∆u 2
7.52 (a). Bernoulli equation: + + g∆z = 0
ρ 2

=
d i
∆P 0.977 × 10 −5 − 1.5 × 10 5 Pa 1 N / m 2 m3
= −46.7
m2
ρ Pa 1.12 × 10 3 kg s2
bg
g∆z = (9.8066 m / s2 ) 6 m = 58.8 m 2 / s 2
∆u
b g d i
2
Bernoulli ⇒ = 46.7 − 58.8 m 2 / s2 ⇒ u 22 = u12 + 2 −12.1 m 2 / s2
2
b g 2
= 5.00 m 2 / s2 − (2)(12.1) m 2 / s2 = 0.800 m 2 / s 2 ⇒ u 2 = 0.894 m / s

d i
(b). Since the fluid is incompressible, V& m 3 s = π d 12 u1 4 = π d 22 u 2 4

⇒ d1 = d 2
u2
u1
b g
= 6 cm
0.894 m s
5.00 m s
= 2 .54 cm

d i b g d i b g
A1 =4 A2
d i
7.53 (a). V& m 3 s = A1 m 2 u 1 m s = A2 m 2 u 2 m s ⇒ u 2 = u1 1
A
A2
u2 = 4u 1

(b). Bernoulli equation ( ∆z = 0)

∆ P ∆u 2
+ = 0 ⇒ ∆ P = P2 − P1 = −
ρ u 22 − u 12 d i
ρ 2 2
Multiply both sides by − 1
Substitute u 2 = 16u1
2 2

2
Multiply top and bottom of right - hand side by A1

note V& 2 = A12 u12

15ρV& 2
P1 − P2 =
2 A12

d i 15ρ H 2 OV& 2
⇒ V& 2 =
2 A12 gh ρ HgF I
(c) P1 − P2 = ρ Hg − ρ H2 O gh =
2 A12 15 GH
ρ H 2O
−1 JK
V& 2 =
b g
2 π 7.5
2
cm4 1
2
m4 9.8066 m 38 cm 1m b13.6 − 1g = 1955
. × 10 −3 m6
15 108 cm 4 s2 102 cm s2
⇒ V& = 0.044 m 3 s = 44 L s

7-31
 . bar , z1 = +7 m , u1 = 0 m s
7.54 (a). Point 1- surface of fluid . P1 = 31 b g
Point 2 - discharge pipe outlet . P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 0 m , u 2 = ?
b =1.013 bar g b g
=
b
∆ρ 1.013 − 3.1 bar g 10 5 N 1 m3
= −263.5 m 2 s 2
ρ m 2 ⋅ bar 0.792 × 10 3 kg
9.8066 m −7 m
g∆z = = −68.6 m 2 s2
s2
∆u 2 ∆P
Bernoulli equation ⇒
2
=−
ρ
b
− g ∆z = 263.5 + 68.6 m 2 s2 = 332.1 m 2 s 2 g
∆u 2 = u 22 − 0 2

u 22 = 2 (332.1 m 2 s2 ) = 664.2 m 2 s 2 ⇒ u2 = 25.8 m / s

π (1.00 2 ) cm 2
V& =
2580 cm 1 L 60 s
3 3
= 122 L / min
4 1 s 10 cm 1 min
(b) The friction loss term of Eq. (7.7-2), which was dropped to derive the Bernoulli equation,
becomes increasingly significant as the valve is closed.

7.55 Point 1- surface of lake . P1 = 1 atm , z1 = 0 , u1 = 0

Point 2 - pipe outlet . P2 = 1 atm , z2 = z ft bg
V& 95 gal 1 ft 3 1 144 in 2 1 min
u2 = = = 35.3 ft s
A min
2
b
7.4805 gal π 0.5 × 1.049 in 2 1 ft 2 60 s g
Pressure drop: ∆ P ρ = 0 bP = P g 1 2

Friction loss: F = 0.041b2 zg ft ⋅ lb lb = 0.0822 z (ft ⋅ lb f lb m )

FG L = Z = 2zIJ f m

H sin 30° K
W& s -8 hp 0.7376 ft ⋅ lb f / s 1 min 7.4805 gal 1 ft 3 60 s
Shaft work: =
m& 1.341 × 10 − 3 hp 95 gal 1 ft 3 62.4 lb m 1 min
= −333 ft ⋅ lb f lb m

Kinetic energy: ∆ u 2
2=
b35.3g 2
− 0 2 ft 2 1 lb f
= 19.4 ft ⋅ lb f lb m
2 s 2
32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s2

Potential energy: g ∆z =
32.174 ft bg
z ft 1 lb f
b
= z ft ⋅ lb f lb m g
s2 32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2
∆P ∆u 2 −W& s
b
Eq. 7.7 - 2 ⇒ g ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F =
m&
⇒ 19.4 + z + 0.082 z = 333 ⇒ z = 290 ft

7-32
7.56 Point 1 - surface of reservoir . P1 = 1 atm (assume), u1 = 0 , z1 = 60 m
Point 2 - discharge pipe outlet . P2 = 1 atm (assume), u 2 = ? , z2 = 0

∆P ρ = 0

∆u 2 u22
= =
d h
V& A
2

=
V& 2 (m6 / s2 ) 1 10 8 cm 4 1 N
2 2 2 (2) b gπ 35
2 2
cm 4 1 m4 1 kg ⋅ m / s2
= 3.376V& 2 b N ⋅ m kgg
9.8066 m −65 m 1N
g∆z = = −637 N ⋅ m kg
s 2
1 kg ⋅ m / s2
W&s 0.80 × 10 6 W 1 N ⋅ m / s
&
m
=
W &
s
d i
V m3
1 m3
1000 kg
= 800 V& N ⋅ m kg b g
Mechanical energy balance: neglect F bEq. 7.7 - 2g

∆P ∆u 2 −W&s 800 T + E . m 3 60 s
⇒ 3.376V& 2 − 637 = − & ⇒ V& =
127
+ + g ∆z = = 76.2 m 3 min
ρ 2 m& V s 1 min
Include friction (add F > 0 to left side of equation) ⇒ V& increases.

7.57 (a). Point 1: Surface at fluid in storage tank, P1 = 1 atm , u1 = 0 , z1 = H m b g

Point 2 (just within pipe): Entrance to washing machine. P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 0
600 L 10 3 cm 3 1 min 1m
u2 = = 7.96 m s
min π 4.0 cm b g 2
4 1 L 60 s 100 cm

=b
∆P ∆u 2 u22 7.96 m sg
2
1 J
=0; = = 31.7 J / kg
ρ 2 2 2 1 kg ⋅ m 2 / s2

g∆z =
9.807 m c0 − Hb mgh 1 J
= −9 .807H (J / kg)
s 2
1 kg ⋅ m / s2 2

∆P ∆u 2
Bernoulli Equation: + + g ∆z = 0 ⇒ H = 3.23 m
ρ 2
(b). Point 1: Fluid in washing machine. P1 = 1 atm , u1 ≈ 0 , z1 = 0
Point 2: Entrance to storage tank (within pipe). P2 = 1 atm , u 2 = 7.96 m s , z2 = 3.23 m
∆P ∆u 2
ρ
=0;
2
= 31.7
J
kg
; g∆z = 9.807 3.23 − 0 = 31.7
J
kg
b
; F = 72
J
kg
g
Mechanical energy balance: W& s = −m&
∆P ∆u 2
+ + g∆z + F
LM OP
ρ 2 N Q
⇒ W&s = −
600 L 0.96 kg 1 min b31.7 + 31.7 + 72g J 1 kW
= −1.30 kW
min L 60 s kg 10 3 J s
(work applied to the system)
Rated Power = 1.30 kW 0.75 = 1.7 kW

7-33
7.58 Basis: 1000 liters of 95% solution . Assume volume additivity.

∑
1 x i 0.95 0.05 l
Density of 95% solution: = = + = 0.804 ⇒ ρ = 1.24 kg liter
b Eq. 6.1-1g ρ ρ i 1.26 1.00 kg
1 0.35 0.65 l
Density of 35% solution: = + = 0.9278 ⇒ ρ = 1.08 kg liter
ρ 126 . 100
. kg
1000 liters 1.24 kg
Mass of 95% solution: = 1240 kg
liter
G = glycerol
W = water
1240 kg (1000 L) m 2 (kg)
0.95 G 0.60 G
0.05 W 0.40 W
23 m
m1 (kg)
0.35 G
5 cm I.D.
0.65 W

Mass balance: 1240 + m1 = m2 UV ⇒ m = 1740 kg 35% solution

b gb g b gb g b gb gW m = 2980 kg 60% solution
1
Glycerol balance: 0.95 1240 + 0.35 m1 = 0.60 m2 2

1740 kg 1L
Volume of 35% solution added = = 1610 L
1.08 kg
b
⇒ Final solution volume = 1000 + 1610 L = 2610 L g
Point 1. Surface of fluid in 35% solution storage tank. P1 = 1 atm , u1 = 0 , z1 = 0
Point 2. Exit from discharge pipe. P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 23 m
1610 L 1 m3 1 min 1 10 4 cm 2
u2 = = 1.051 m s
13 min 3
10 L 60 s π 2.5 cm 2
2
b g 1 m2

∆P ρ =0, = = b g
∆u 2 ∆u 22 1.051 2 m 2 / s 2 1 N
= 0.552 N ⋅ m kg
2 2 (2) 1 kg ⋅ m / s 2
9.8066 m 23 m 1N
g∆z = = 225.6 N ⋅ m kg , F = 50 J kg = 50 N ⋅ m kg
s2 1 kg ⋅ m / s 2
1740 kg 1 min
Mass flow rate: m& = = 2.23 kg s
13 min 60 s

b
Mechanical energy balance Eq. 7.7 - 2 g
LM
W& s = −m&
∆P ∆u 2
+ + g∆z + F = −
OP
2 .23 kg b0.552 + 225.6 + 50gN ⋅ m 1J 1 kW
N ρ 2 Qs kg 1 N ⋅ m 10 3 J s
= −0.62 kW ⇒ 0.62 kW delivered to fluid by pump.

7-34