Structural Health Monitoring Introduction

SAMCO Final Report 2006
F10-Teaching Materials
Intro to
SHM Module Objectives
ISIS Educational Module 5:

• To provide students with a general
An Introduction to Structural Health awareness of Structural Health Monitoring
Monitoring (SHM) and its potential applications
Produced by ISIS Canada

• To introduce students to the general
apparatus and testing used for monitoring
typical engineering structures
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
Intro to Intro to
SHM Overview SHM Section 1: Intro and Overview Section: 1
The Golden Boy Introduction and Overview

• The world’s population depends on an extensive
Summary & Conclusion What is SHM?
infrastructure system
The Future of SHM Methodology − Roads, sewers, highways, buildings
• The infrastructure system has suffered in past years
Civionics Specs Sensor Technology − Neglect, deterioration, lack of funding
Case Studies SHM Testing Categories
SHM System Design Global Infrastructure Crisis
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
Intro to Intro to
SHM Introduction and Overview Section: 1

Factors Leading to Degradation
• Factors leading to the extensive degradation…
Factor #2 Corrosion of conventional steel
reinforcement within concrete
Unsatisfactory inspection and
Factor #1
monitoring of existing infrastructure Expansion of steel leads to
Consequences cracking and spalling, further
Problems become apparent only when deterioration
Consequences
structures are in dire need of repair
Reductions in strength and
Result Repair costs become comparable serviceability resulting in
Result
to replacement costs need for repair and/or
replacement
www.samco.org Page 1 of 18
Intro to Intro to

Factors Leading to Degradation Factors Leading to Degradation
Increased loads or design requirements

Factor #3 Factor #4 Overall deterioration and/or aging
over time (e.g. heavier trucks)
Various detrimental effects on

Consequences structural performance, both safety
Increased deterioration due to overloads or and serviceability
Consequences to structural inadequacies resulting from
design
Need for repair, rehabilitation,
Result
Structures deemed unsafe or unserviceable
strengthening, or replacement
Result
and strengthening or replacement is required
Intro to Intro to

SHM Section 2: What is SHM? Section: 2
• Why replace with same materials and methodologies? • SHM is about assessing the in-service performance of
SHM FRP structures using a variety of measurement techniques
Leading to “smart” structures

+
Taylor Bridge, in Headingly,
Manitoba, incorporates
numerous sensors into its
design, and is one of the
New and innovative materials and monitoring tools that world’s first Smart Structures
prolong the service lives of structures while decreasing costs
Intro to Intro to
SHM Why is SHM becoming popular? Section: 2

SHM SHM Definition Section: 2
What is SHM? What is SHM?
Emerging use of SHM is a result of:
1. The increasing need for…
Structural Health Monitoring
Monitoring of innovative designs and materials
Better management of existing structures
Non-destructive Uses several types of
in-situ structural sensors, embedded
2. The ongoing development of…
evaluation in or attached to a
New sensors (e.g. FOS, “smart” materials etc.) method structure
Data acquisition systems (DAS)
Wireless and internet technologies
Structural safety, strength, integrity, performance
Data transmission, collection, archiving and retrieval systems
Data processing and event identification
Intro to Intro to
SHM The SHM / Body Analogy Section: 2

SHM SHM System Components Section: 2
Medical Doctor SHM Engineer
Acquisition of Data
Communication of Data
• Monitor patient’s health • Monitor condition of structures Intelligent Processing

• Uses medical equipment • Uses sensors to check overall
to check overall health structural health Storage of Processed Data Retrieval of Data
• Prescribes corrective • If excessive stress or
medicine if required deformation, correct situation Diagnostics
Intro to Intro to
SHM SHM Categories Section: 2

SHM Classification of SHM Systems Section: 2
Static Field Testing: Dynamic Field Testing: Level IV

Behaviour tests Stress history tests Detect presence, location, severity and consequences of damage
Diagnostic tests Ambient vibration tests
Proof tests DLA tests Level III
Pullback tests Detect presence, location and severity of damage
Periodic Level II
Continuous
Monitoring: Monitoring: Detect presence and location of damage
Includes field testing Active monitoring
Tests to determine
Level I
Passive monitoring
changes in structure Detect presence of damage
Intro to Intro to
SHM Classification of SHM Systems Section: 2

SHM Advantages of SHM Section: 2
Advantages of SHM include…
Consequences
of Damage
Increased understanding of in-situ structural behaviour
Quantify
Damage
Early damage detection
Locate
Assurances of structural strength and serviceability
Damage
Decreased down time for inspection and repair
Detect
Damage Development of rational maintenance / management strategies
Increased effectiveness in allocation of scarce resources
Enables and encourages use of new and innovative materials
Level I Level II Level III Level IV
Intro to Intro to
SHM Section 3: Methodology Section: 3

SHM System Components Schematic Section: 3
Methodology
• Ideal SHM system:
Information on demand about a structure’s health Monitored Structure Sensors DA system
(various (on-site)
types)
Warnings regarding any damage detected
Communication System
• Development of a SHM system involves utilizing information (e.g. telephone lines)
from many different engineering disciplines including… Data Storage

(hard discs or CD archives)
Computers Materials Communication

Structures
Intelligent Processing
Data Collection Data processing
(automatically by
Data retrieval
Damage Detection computer)
(and decision
Sensors Diagnostics making)
Intro to Intro to
SHM 1 – Acquisition of Data Section: 3

Methodology Methodology
The collection of raw data such as strains, deformations, (b) Sensor Installation and Placement
accelerations, temperatures, moisture levels, acoustic
emissions, and loads Must be able to install sensors without altering the behaviour
of the structure
(a) Selection of Sensors
Features such as sensor wiring, conduit, junction boxes and
Appropriate and robust sensors other accessories must be accounted for in the initial
structural design
Long-term versus short-term monitoring
Civionics Specifications – Available from ISIS Canada
What aspects of the structure will be monitored?
Sensors must serve intended function for required duration
Intro to Intro to

(c) Transfer to Data Acquisition System (DAS) (d) Data Sampling and Collection
General Rule: The amount of data should not be so scanty as to
Method - Lead wire
jeopardize its usefulness, nor should it be so voluminous as to
• Direct physical link between sensor and DAS
overwhelm interpretation
• least expensive and most common
• Not practical for some large structures Issues:
• Long lead wires increase signal “noise” • Number of sensors and data sampling rates
• Data sorting for onsite storage
Method - Wireless transmission • In some cases, large volumes of data
• More expensive
• Signals are transferred more slowly and are less secure Result:
• Use is expected to increase in the future • Efficient strategies needed for data sampling and storing
Intro to Intro to

Example Data Acquisition Algorithms What is monitored, how and why?

Load Magnitude and configuration of forces
applied to a structure
• Are they as expected?
∆ • How are they distributed?
Measured using load cells or inferred using
strain data
Deformation Excessive or unexpected deformation, may
Record only values greater Record only significant result in a need for rehabilitation or upgrade
than a threshold value changes in readings • Are they as expected?
(and times that readings occur) (and times that changes occur) Measured using various transducers
Intro to Intro to

What is monitored, how, and why? What is monitored, how, and why?
Strain Strain: Intensity of deformation Acceleration Loads cause accelerations of structural

Magnitude and variation of strains can be components and vice versa
examined to evaluate safety and integrity • How is the structure resisting accelerations
Measured using strain gauges and the resulting loads?
• FOS, electrical, vibrating wire, etc. Widespread use in highly seismic regions
Measured using accelerometers
Temperature Changes in temp. cause deformation
• Thermal Expansion Wind Speed Wind loads can govern the design of long-
• Repeated cycles can cause damage and Pressure span bridges and tall buildings
Temperature affects strain readings • Record speed and pressure at various
• Temp must be “removed” from strain data locations
Measured using TCs, TICs, thermistors Measured using anemometers
Intro to Intro to

SHM 2 – Communication of Data Section: 3
What is monitored, how, and why? Methodology
Acoustic When certain structural elements break, they • Refers to data transfer from the DAS to an offsite location
Emissions emit noise
• AE listens for the noises, and pinpoints • Allows for remote monitoring, elimination of site visits
locations using triangulation
Used in post-tensioned concrete and cable- Telephone
stayed structures lines
Measured using microphones
Video Time-stamped videos and pictures can be Offsite
DAS Internet
Monitoring used to witness extreme loads or events Location
• Data can be correlated with images Wireless
• Permits fining of overloaded trucks
technologies
Emerging internet camera technology is used
Intro to Intro to
SHM 3 – Intelligent Processing of Data Section: 3

SHM 4 – Storage of Processed Data Section: 3
• Data may be stored for very long periods of time
• Required before data can be stored for later
– Retrieved data must be understandable
interpretation and analysis – Data must not be corrupted
• The goal is to remove mundane data, noise, thermal, or – Sufficient memory must be available
other unwanted effects and to make data interpretation: • Data files must be well documented for future
interpretation
Easier
Faster • It is common to disregard raw data and store
only processed or analyzed data
More accurate – This does not allow for re-interpretation
Intro to Intro to
SHM 5 – Diagnostics Section: 3

SHM 6 – Data Retrieval Section: 3
• Extremely important component When storing data for retrieval, consider…
– Converts abstract data signals into useful information about
structural response and condition Significance of data
• No “standard” rules exist for diagnostics Confidence in analysis
• Methodology used depends on…
Remember:
Type of structure
Type and location of sensors used The goal of SHM is to provide detailed physical data
Motivation for monitoring which can be used to enable rational, knowledge-
Structural responses under consideration
based engineering decisions.
Intro to Intro to
SHM Section 4: Sensor Technology Section: 4

SHM Fibre Optic Sensors Section: 4
Sensor Technology
• Many sensor types are currently available Sensor development is driving advances in SHM
– Choice for SHM depends on various factors
• Fibre optic sensors (FOSs)

– Newer class of sensors
– Emerging for infrastructure applications
– Recent and ongoing developments (ISIS)
Beddington Trail Bridge, Calgary, Alberta
- FOS sensors installed during construction in 1993
- Sensors were still performing well in 1999
Intro to Intro to
SHM FOS Advantages Section: 4

SHM How do FOSs work? Section: 4
Sensor Technology Sensor Technology
Stability Non-conductive Sensing using optical fibres and techniques

Increased long-term stability Immune to electromagnetic and
and decreased noise radio frequency interference Light beam (laser) is sent down an optical fibre toward a gauged length
Innovative Light waves measure changes in state (i.e. elongation or contraction)

Sensing Change in reflected light waves is correlated to strain reading
Capabilities
Demodulation unit calculates strain from light signals and gives voltage
Flexibility Convenience
Multiplexing and Light, small diameters, non- DAS converts voltage to strain data for processing
Distributed sensing corrosive, embeddable, easily
bondable
Intro to Intro to
SHM Sensor Technology Section: 4

SHM Types of FOS Section: 4
Fibre Optic Sensors Fibre Optic Sensors
Typical Optical Fibre
Bondable Weldable Embeddable
Outer jacket Aramid reinforcing fibres Inner jacket Fibre buffer Fibre Sensor
Hand Installation Premanufactured, easy to install
Assorted fibre coatings are required to protect the fibre from… Care required during Sensor encapsulated in stainless steel
installation container
Abrasion Concrete Moisture
Protection during Alkaline environment is Weakens the fibres and
Protection against Do not require protection against humidity or
handling and installation harmful to glass fibres controls growth of microcracks humidity and the chemical environment of concrete
environment required (embeddable sensors)
Intro to Intro to
SHM Classes of FOS Section: 4

SHM 1 – Fibre Bragg Gratings Section: 4
• Optical “grating” is placed on the fibre
Various classes of FOS gauges are available: – Shift in grating spacing causes a shift in the wavelength
of reflected light when a light pulse is sent down the fibre
1. Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) – Optical techniques are used to determine strain from
wavelength shift
2. Long Gauge Sensors • Characteristics:

Measure only local “point” strains
3. Fabry-Perot Gauges Use for static and dynamic monitoring
Can be serially multiplexed
4. Brillouin Scattering Sensors Embeddable, bondable and weldable
Requires thermal compensation
Intro to Intro to
SHM 2 – Long Gauge Sensors Section: 4

SHM 3 – Fabry-Perot Gauges Section: 4
• Two tiny “mirrors” are placed in the fibre • Optical fibre is cut and a “gap” is inserted
– Distance between mirrors is the gauge length – An optical technique is used to determine the change in
– Sensor measures path displacement between the mirrors gap width
– Uses an optical technique called low coherence interferometry – Strain can be obtained if the original gap width is known
• Characteristics: • Characteristics:
Highly versatile Measure only local “point” strains
Gauge lengths from 5 cm up to 100 m Use for static and dynamic monitoring
Static testing only at present Cannot be serially multiplexed
Thermal compensation is required Embeddable, bondable and weldable
Intro to Intro to
SHM 4 – Brillouin Scattering Sensors Section: 4

SHM Distributed Sensing Section: 4
Fibre Optic Sensors Specialized Sensing
• These gauges in the developmental stage Distributed sensing is a technique that is possible with
– Sophisticated optical techniques are used FBG and Brillouin scattering sensors:
– Capable of measuring static strain profiles using a single optical • Allows continuous strain vs. position measurement over length of grating
fibre
• Useful to measure:
Width of cracks
• Characteristics:
Gauge length can vary from 15 cm to more than 1 km Strain transfer in bonded joints
Use for static monitoring only Stress concentrations
Thermal and mechanical strains can be separated
• A gauge bonded in the presence of strain distribution is a series of
Extensive signal processing and analysis is required
subgratings
Currently very expensive
• Spatial distribution of strains is obtained from individual measurements
Intro to Intro to
SHM Multiplexed Sensing Section: 4

SHM Other Types of Sensors Section: 4
Specialized Sensing
LOAD Load cells
In this technique a large network of sensors is
DISPLACEMENT Linear Variable Differential Transformer
interrogated by a single sensor reading device
Linear Potentiometer
(demodulation unit)
ACCELERATION Accelerometers
1. Serial Multiplexed:
TEMPERATURE Thermocouples
Several sensors distributed along a single optical fibre
Integrated Temperature Circuits
2. Parallel Multiplexed:
STRAIN Vibrating wire strain gauges
Sensors on separate fibres
Electrical resistance gauges
Intro to Intro to
SHM Section 5: SHM Testing Categories Section: 5

SHM Static Field Testing Section: 5
Testing Categories
Overall SHM categories can be distinguished based on: • This is the most common type of Field testing
1. Timescale of the monitoring
• Loads are slowly placed and sustained on the structure
Continuous Periodic → No dynamic effects (loads move on real structures)
• There are essentially three types of static field tests:

2. Manner in which response is invoked in structure
1. Behaviour Tests
Static load Dynamic load Ambient vibrations 2. Diagnostic Tests
3. Proof Tests
Intro to Intro to

Testing Categories Testing Categories
1. Behaviour Tests 2. Diagnostic Tests
Goal Study mechanics of structure and/or verify Goal Determine interaction between various
methods of analysis components in structure (how they help or
hinder each other)
∴ Testing loads ≤ Maximum service loads
Essentially same method as Behaviour Tests
Results How loads are distributed in structure
Results Beneficial Interaction → Use to advantage
No information on ability of structure to
Detrimental Interaction → Repair
sustain loads
Intro to Intro to

SHM Dynamic Field Testing Section: 5
3. Proof Tests • For testing behaviour of structures subject to moving loads
Goal Induce “proof loads” to test the load • In a typical dynamic field test (for a bridge):
carrying capacity of the structure → A test vehicle travels across a “bump” on the bridge
→ Dynamic response of the bridge is excited, measured and analyzed
Increase load until linear elastic limit reached • Essentially four types of dynamic test:
Results Proof load is maximum load the structure 1. Stress History Tests
has withstood without suffering damage
2. Dynamic Amplification Tests
CAUTION: Extreme care should be taken during proof testing
3. Ambient Tests
Monitoring should be continuous during testing
Supporting analysis is required 4. Pull-back Tests
Intro to Intro to

1. Stress History Tests 2. DLA Tests
Used for bridges that are susceptible to fatigue loading Structural design generally assumes loads are static – this is
not always the case, particularly for bridges
Determines the range of stresses that the bridge undergoes
For dynamic loads, static loads are multiplied by a dynamic
Requires a modern DAS with a rapid sampling rate amplification factor (DAF)
Strain profiles are recorded and analyzed to determine the Various different dynamic test methods are used to
fatigue life of the structure (the time until failure by fatigue) calculate the DAF for bridges (no standard method exists)
NOTE: Fatigue failure is a potentially disastrous type of failure which is

caused by repeated cycles of loading and unloading
Intro to Intro to

3. Ambient Vibration Tests 4. Pull-back Tests
Vibration characteristics of structure are examined based on
vibrations due to wind, human activity, and traffic
Usually conducted on bridges to determine response to
lateral dynamic excitation
Changes in vibration characteristics of bridge may indicate damage
(vibration based damage identification) Use cables to pull structure laterally and suddenly release
Strategically-placed accelerometers measure vibration response Accelerometers used to monitor structure’s response
of bridge, and resulting data is analyzed using complex algorithms
Data analysis is similar to that required for an ambient
Problems: vibration test
Global properties (vibration frequencies) have low sensitivity to local damage
Vibration characteristics affected by environment, temp. and boundaries
Intro to Intro to
SHM Periodic Monitoring Section: 5

SHM Continuous Monitoring Section: 5
Periodic SHM conducted to investigate detrimental

changes that might occur in a structure Monitoring is ongoing for an extended period of time
Behaviour of structure is monitored at specified time Only recently used in field applications because of high
intervals (days, weeks, months, years…) costs and relative complexity
Real-time monitoring and data collection
Examples include periodic monitoring:
• through ambient vibration; 1. Stored on site for analysis later
• through testing under moving traffic; 2. Communicated to remote location for real-time analysis
• through static field testing; Usually only applied to important structures or when
• of crack growth; and there is doubt about the structural integrity
• of repairs
Intro to Intro to
SHM Section 6: SHM System Design Section: 6

SHM SHM System Design Section: 6
1. Design Issues… Definition of SHM objectives

2. Installation Issues… Contractor education
Sensor identification
Types of monitoring
Sensor damage during
construction
Sensor placement
Structural changes induced by
presence of SHM system
Contractor education and careful
Sensors installed on FRP reinforcing sensor identification are critical in
grid prior to installation in a concrete Durability and lifespan of SHM Protection against deterioration
SHM projects
bridge deck and vandalism
Intro to Intro to
SHM SHM System Design Section: 6

SHM SHM System Design: Methodology Section: 6
1. Identify the damage or deterioration mechanisms

2. Categorize influence of deterioration on the mechanical
3. Use Issues… Dissemination of
response
performance results
– Theoretical and numerical models of structure
3. Establish characteristic response of key parameters
Continuity of knowledge – Establish sensitivity of each to an appropriate level of deterioration
4. Select the parameters and define performance index
– Relates changes in response to level of deterioration
Data collection and 5. Design system
management – Selection of sensors, data acquisition and management
– Data interpretation
6. Install and calibrate SHM system (baseline readings)
Public awareness
7. Assess field data and adapt system as necessary
Intro to Intro to
SHM Section 7: Case Studies Section: 7

SHM Case Studies Section: 7
Beddington Trail Bridge
Bridge Specifics
• Two-span continuous bridge with 20 m spans
Calgary, AB, opened 1993 • Each span consists of 13 prestressed T-shaped girders
• Bridge is prestressed with two types of CFRP tendons
1st bridge in Canada with
prestressed CFRP tendons
SHM System
and integrated FOS sensors
• 20 FBG sensors to monitor during construction and service
SHM system was required
due to innovative design • DAS consisting of a 4-channel FBG laser sensor system
• Network of FBG sensors in bridge is connected to a junction
FOS still performing well box for periodic on-site monitoring
Intro to Intro to

System Performance and Results The Confederation Bridge
• In 1999 the integrity of carbon FRP tendons was Northumberland Strait,

Canada
verified and no significant changes in structural
behaviour were observed Opened to traffic in 1997
• 18 of the original 20 FBG sensors were still functional World’s largest pre-stressed
• Plans exist to conduct further testing after 10 years of concrete box girder bridge
over salt water
service
Extensively instrumented for
SHM
Intro to Intro to

Confederation Bridge Confederation Bridge
Bridge Specifics
Confederation Bridge in an excellent Candidate for SHM:
• Joins Borden, PEI to Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick
1. It is subjected to extremely harsh environmental conditions
• 13.1 km long prestressed concrete box-girder
2. SHM data can be used to develop industry standards for
• 44 main spans, each 250 m long future long-span bridges
• Each main span consists of main girders 190 m in length
3. It was designed with double the life span of similar bridges
completed with drop-in girders 60 m in length
• Construction involved the development and use of 4. It was important to verify design assumptions to ensure
several innovative technologies safety and serviceability (unique structure)
• 100 year design life 5. Develop new strategies for ongoing maintenance and repairs
Intro to Intro to

SHM System What is monitored?
• Both short and long-term behaviour are monitored Ice loads Tiltmeters, accelerometers, ice load panels,
video monitoring, sonar
• Numerous sensors installed at various locations
Traffic loads Strain gauges (conventional and FOS), video
• FBG sensor locations on the Confederation Bridge box girder: cameras
Bridge deformations mechanical, FOS, and vibrating wire strains
Main girder Drop-in span
gauges give short and long-term deformations
FOS gauges
Thermal effects Thermocouples, vibrating wire strain gauges,
FOS
pyranometers, cable tension linear transducers
locations Vibration/Dynamics 76 accelerometers, anemometers, dynamic
displacement transducers
Section at Sensor
Instrumented span Locations
Rebar corrosion Corrosion probes in the splash zone
Intro to Intro to

Data Acquisition System Data Acquisition System

• Consists of a central computer system and two data loggers Sensors Loggers Central computer
system on shore
Conversion to Data
• Data loggers collect data and convert to engineering units engineering units Transfer Data
• Data stored on-site for later transfer permanent retrieval site Transfer
• Data loggers operate at different speeds: Permanent retrieval site

at Carlton University
– High speed → Dynamic response due to ice floes, wind, traffic Loggers operate in 2 modes:
loading
1. Time-averaged mode
– Low speed → Static response due to long term deflections, 2. Event triggered burst mode
potential damage, thermal effects
Intro to Intro to

Confederation Bridge
System Performance and Results Taylor Bridge

• An important aspect of this SHM project was the
robustness of sensors:
Headingley, MB
– During construction → Some sensors damaged
during the construction phase of the project (care is Opened 1998
required)
165 metre length
– During service → A comprehensive report on the
performance of sensors is underway and should be 2-lanes of traffic
available shortly
Intro to Intro to

Taylor Bridge Taylor Bridge
Bridge Specifics
Bridge Details Sensors in
Sensors in
• World’s largest span bridge that uses: bridge deck
Barrier wall
– FRP bars for shear reinforcement of concrete

SECTION A-A
– FRP bars for pre-stressing of the main concrete girders
– An FOS system for remote SHM Sensors on shear reinforcement
• 40 prestressed concrete I-girders

A FRP prestressed FRP prestressed
• 5 equal simple spans of 33m each
• 4 girders prestressed using 2 different types of carbon FRP
prestressing cables PLAN
VIEW
A
• 2 girders reinforced for shear using carbon FRP stirrups 5 Spans @ 33 m each
• FRP bars in deck slab and barrier walls Sensors in girders
Intro to Intro to

Taylor Bridge
System Performance and Results Joffre Bridge

Various diagnostic tests have been performed on the
bridge since it opened to traffic in 1997 Sherbrooke, QC
The response of the bridge to a slow moving vehicle
Reconstructed 1997
was monitored soon after the bridge was completed
Deck replaced
Frequent load tests will be conducted in the future to
evaluate the performance of the bridge girders, deck, FRP rebars used
and barrier wall
Intro to Intro to

Joffre Bridge Joffre Bridge
Bridge Specifics SHM System

• Originally build in 1950 • A total of 180 sensors at various critical locations:
– In deck slab
• Reconstructed in 1997 following severe deterioration of the
– On steel girders
concrete deck slab and girders
• Total of 44 FOS sensors :
• 2-lane, steel-concrete composite structure – 26 bonded Fabry-Perot FOSs on FRP grid
• 5 spans of different lengths vary between 26 and 37 m – 6 Fabry-Perot sensors integrated into FRP grid
– 2 Fabry-Perot sensors embedded in concrete
• Each span consists of 5 girders at a spacing of 3.7m – 3 Fabry-Perot strain fibre optic weldable sensors welded on girders
• During reconstruction it was decided that a portion of the deck – 3 FBG sensors bonded on the FRP grid
slab would be reinforced with carbon FRP grid – 1 Fabry-Perot and 1 FBG sensor bonded on an FRP bar for thermal strain monitoring
• Vibrating wire and electrical resistance strain gauges also used
Intro to Intro to

SHM Section 8: Civionics Specifications Section: 8
Joffre Bridge
System Performance and Results
What is Civionics?
• Since 1997 the static and dynamic responses of the bridge have been
recorded regularly
• sensors in this structure have provided a wealth of information on the
CIVIL ENGINEERING + ELECTRONICS
thermal and mechanical stresses occurring in the reconstructed bridge
• Conclusions:
– It is possible to obtain meaningful
= CIVIONICS
and consistent results from FOSs
used in SHM applications
Cooperation between engineers from various specific
– Temperature is a dominant factor disciplines to form a new discipline within the field of
influencing the strain variation in civil engineering that refers to the applications of
the bridge
Load testing of the Joffre Bridge
electronic systems in civil engineering applications
Intro to Intro to
SHM Civionics Specifications Section: 8

SHM Section 9: The Future of SHM Section: 9
ISIS Canada has recently published “Civionics Specifications”

- a manual providing best-practice guidelines for applying SHM
SHM is increasingly seen as an important tool
Topics include: Fibre optic sensors
- Fibre Bragg grating sensors and readout units
in the maintenance of sustainable
- Long gauge FOSs and readout units infrastructure systems
- Fabry-Perot FOSs and readout units
Wiring procedures and connections Ongoing advancements are expected,
- Sensor cables
- Conduits
emerging technologies include:
- Junction boxes
- Cable termination → Smart Composites
- On-site control rooms
FOS installation procedures → Live Structures
SHM system and FOS suppliers
Intro to Intro to
SHM The Future of SHM Section: 9

SHM The Future of SHM Section: 9
Smart Composites Live Structures

Composites (e.g. FRP) with sensors embedded inside that provide • Represent the cutting edge of civil engineering
information about the condition of the structural component
design and analysis
• Live structures are capable of:
Muscle/Member Analogy:
– Sensing loads, deformations, and damage
Muscles have nerve cells Smart composites have – Correcting and countering the load effects
embedded in them that provide sensors inside that provide
information about the
• Presently structures are largely theoretical
information to the brain about
the conditions of the muscles structural members’ condition • Accomplished using emerging self-actuating
materials
Intro to Intro to
SHM Section 10: Summary and Conclusion Section: 10

SHM Section 11: The Golden Boy Section: 11
Structural Health Monitoring • The Golden Boy is a Statue

mounted on top of the dome of
Provides the civil engineering community with a the Manitoba Legislature
suite of options for monitoring, analysing, • It is one of Manitoba’s best
and understanding the health of our recognized symbols
infrastructure systems • Designed and built in Paris,
France in 1918
Provide essential tools to engineers who must • Originally mounted on the dome
take steps to improve the sustainability of in 1919
infrastructure systems
Intro to Intro to
SHM Detailed Example: Golden Boy Section: 11

The Problem • In 2000, examination of the statue The decision to replace the shaft…
showed that the central support
structure was severely corroded
• Based on combined stress condition for 100-yr wind forces
• Inspectors noted that corrosion had
reduced the steel support shaft’s • Statue treated as a simple cantilever
diameter by about 10% • From wind-tunnel testing:
• Wind tunnel testing and finite
element modelling indicated that Wind-induced moment at base = 16.9 kN ⋅ m
the shaft would be stressed to 93% Wind-induced shear at base = 6.2 kN
of its ultimate strength under 16.9
Wind-load moment arm = = 2.726 m
Magnitude of the corrosion of the steel expected wind velocities 6 .2
support shaft observed in the Golden
The dead-load of the statue is taken as: DL = 3.0 tons = 27.0 kN
Boy’s left foot • The shaft had to be replaced
Intro to Intro to

The torque on the shaft can be calculated as the product of the shear due
The mechanical properties of the shaft, in the deteriorated (corroded)
to wind and the lever arm about the vertical axis, hence:
condition were as follows:
Torque due to wind = 12.34 × 0.15 = 1.85 kN ⋅ m
Yield strength of steel, f y = 275 MPa
Thus, the design loads on the shaft at its base can be approximated as:
Diameter at base, d = 116.1 mm
Moment, M f = 34.68 kN.m Dead Load
Wind Load Moment of inertia,
πd 4
Axial, I= = 8.91 × 106 mm4
Pf = 33.75 kN 64
Torque
Shear, V f = 12.34 kN πd 4
Polar moment of inertia, J= = 17.82 × 106 mm4
32
Torque, T f = 1.85 kN.m
πd 2
Cross-sectional area, A= = 10.6 × 103 mm2
The stresses in the shaft can now be calculated using simple mechanics of 4
materials
Intro to Intro to

Thus, the stresses in the shaft at its base can be calculated as follows:
Mohr’s circle can then be used to determine the maximum principal stress
Bending Stress
Mc 34.68 × 10 6 × 58.04 due to the combined loading condition in the shaft:
σb = = = 251.01 MPa
φs I 0.9 × 8.91 × 10 6
σ max = 254.72 MPa
Pf 33.75 × 10 3
Axial Stress σa = = = 3.53 MPa
φs A 0.9 × 10600 The yield stress of the steel in the shaft is approximately 275 MPa.
4V f4 × 12.34 × 10 3 ∴ the factored maximum principal stress in the shaft under a 100-year
Shear Stress τv = = = 1.72 MPa wind load is about 93% of the yield load
3φ s A 3 × 0.9 × 10600
Tc 1.85 × 10 6 × 58.04 ∴ upgrading of the shaft was required
Torsional Shear Stress τt = = = 6.69 MPa
φ s J 0.9 × 17.82 × 10 6
Intro to Intro to

SHM System Specifics The SHM System
• This system was designed to:

– Monitor the statues performance on an ongoing basis
– Provide information to engineers and government about long-term
effectiveness of the restoration
• Consisting of three types of gauges:

– Accelerometers
– Strain gauges (both electric resistance and fibre optic)
– Temperature sensors
Intro to Intro to

The SHM System Monitoring Principles

• 2 accelerometers placed at the top of the new support shaft: • Golden Boy’s steel support shaft is a simple structural element that can
– If accelerometers give frequency readings outside the normal range, be approximated as a single vertical cantilever
further examination is made into the health of the structure • Cantilevers can be modelled as single degree of freedom systems using
straightforward structural dynamics principles
• 2 types of strain gauges installed on steel support shaft:
– Electrical resistance strain gauges and FBG strain sensors Spring of
stiffness, K
Fixed
– If strain readings fall outside the normal range, an alert is provided to uniform
cantilever
potential structural health issues before a major problem develops ≈ ≈
• Thermocouples installed in proximity to the strain gauges:
Idealized
– Temperature has a direct effect on the material properties of the mass, M
column and the strains measured by both types of strain sensors

Intro to Intro to

Monitoring Principles
Monitoring Principles 3. The mass, M, of the idealized single degree of freedom system can
be roughly approximated as the mass of the statue:
Natural frequency can be determined as follows:
1. The moment of inertia, I, of a cylindrical solid rod of diameter, d, is: M = 1.52 Tons = 1520 kg
4
πd 4
π (127 ) 4. The theoretical first natural frequency of the idealized system is
I= = = 12769820 mm 4 given by the following:
64 64
2. The cantilever is treated as a 2750 mm long steel (elastic modulus, 1 K 1 368400
f = = = 2.48 Hz
E = 200 GPa) spring of stiffness, K, where K is calculated as: 2π M 2π 1520
3EI 3(200000)(12769820)
K= =
L3 27503
= 368.4 N/mm = 368400 kg/s 2
Intro to Intro to

Golden Boy’s DAS
• Sensors wired to on-site data logger and personal computer
• SHM data can be accessed on an ongoing basis through the

ISIS Canada Active Structural Health Monitoring Website
– Go to www.isiscanada.com and click on “Remote Monitoring”
• Web access allows for instantaneous examination of

accelerations, strains, temperatures, and wind speeds
Screen capture from ISIS Canada website (www.isiscanada.com)

Intro to
SHM Section 12: Additional Information Section: 12
Available from www.isiscanada.com

ISIS Design Manual No. 1: Installation, Use and Repair of FOS
ISIS Design Manual No. 2: Guidelines for Structural Health Monitoring
ISIS EC Module 1: Mechanics Examples Incorporating FRP Materials
ISIS EC Module 2: An Introduction to FRP Composites for

Construction
ISIS EC Module 3: An introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Structures
ISIS EC Module 4: An Introduction to FRP-Strengthening of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

Structural Health Monitoring Introduction

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Structural Health Monitoring Introduction

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SAMCO Final Report 2006

SHM Module Objectives

ISIS Educational Module 5:

Produced by ISIS Canada

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Overview SHM Section 1: Intro and Overview Section: 1

The Golden Boy Introduction and Overview

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SHM Introduction and Overview Section: 1

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Introduction and Overview Section: 1

Increased loads or design requirements

Various detrimental effects on

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Introduction and Overview Section: 1

Leading to “smart” structures

SHM Why is SHM becoming popular? Section: 2

SHM The SHM / Body Analogy Section: 2

• Monitor patient’s health • Monitor condition of structures Intelligent Processing

SHM SHM Categories Section: 2

Static Field Testing: Dynamic Field Testing: Level IV

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Classification of SHM Systems Section: 2

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Section 3: Methodology Section: 3

from many different engineering disciplines including… Data Storage

Computers Materials Communication

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM 1 – Acquisition of Data Section: 3

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM 1 – Acquisition of Data Section: 3

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM 1 – Acquisition of Data Section: 3

Example Data Acquisition Algorithms What is monitored, how and why?

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM 1 – Acquisition of Data Section: 3

Strain Strain: Intensity of deformation Acceleration Loads cause accelerations of structural

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SHM 1 – Acquisition of Data Section: 3

SHM 3 – Intelligent Processing of Data Section: 3

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM 5 – Diagnostics Section: 3

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Section 4: Sensor Technology Section: 4

• Fibre optic sensors (FOSs)

SHM FOS Advantages Section: 4

Stability Non-conductive Sensing using optical fibres and techniques

Innovative Light waves measure changes in state (i.e. elongation or contraction)

ISIS Canada Educational Module 5 ISIS Canada Educational Module 5

SHM Sensor Technology Section: 4

SHM Classes of FOS Section: 4

2. Long Gauge Sensors • Characteristics:

SHM 2 – Long Gauge Sensors Section: 4

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SHM 4 – Brillouin Scattering Sensors Section: 4

SHM Multiplexed Sensing Section: 4

SHM Section 5: SHM Testing Categories Section: 5

• There are essentially three types of static field tests:

SHM Static Field Testing Section: 5

SHM Static Field Testing Section: 5

SHM Dynamic Field Testing Section: 5

NOTE: Fatigue failure is a potentially disastrous type of failure which is

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