An Integrated High Quality Rectifier with
Sliding-Mode Control
E. Rodriguez F. Chan N. Vazquez"
CENIDET
Interior Internado Palmira, Cuemavaca,
Mor., MEXICO sln Apdo. 5-164, CP 62050
Tel: +52 (73) 12-23-14, Fax: +52 (73) 18-77-41
Email: elias@cenidet.edu.mx
Abstract. This paper describes an integrated boost-full
bridge rectEfier power factor corrector driven by a
sliding-mode control. Due to the sliding-mode control,
fast regulation of the output voltage is achieved. In
addition, with this scheme, the major power goes
through a single stage to the output, while both unity
power factor and fast dynamic response is obtained,
and the eficiency as well as the power density can be
higher than in a conventional two cascade stage
scheme. A prototype circuit has been built to verijj this
approach. The control strategy and experimental
results will be presented.
I. INTRODUCTION
The reduction of input current harmonics and high
power factor operation is an important requirement for
power supplies due to the arising of new standards
international. The traditional power supply scheme by
rectifying the ac line voltage and filtering it with a
bulky capacitor draws pulsating current from the AC
line with higher rms current rich in harmonic content.
The commonly used approach in ACDC conversion to
meet high power quality requirements is the two-stage
approach. The first stage, usually a switching rectifier
which has been used in order to improve the power
levels [l] or a Boost converter in which its input is
shaped to a sinusoidal wave by controlling the input
current, is used to provide an intermediate dc bus
voltage. The second stage is the traditional DC/DC
converter, which regulates the output voltage with
higher bandwidth of the feedback control loop and
furthermore presents galvanic isolation for safety
considerations.
This two-stage approach has two controllers to shape
the input current and tightly regulate the output voltage
independently. However, it suffers from several
disadvantages. First, adding an extra power stage the
component count and consequently the cost is
0 1998 IEEE
0-7803-4489-8/98/$10.00
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J. Beristain J. Arau
*Institute Tecnolbgico de Celaya
Departamento de Sistemas e Informatica
AV.Tecnologico y A. Garcia Cubas s/n
A.P. 57 Celaya, Gto., MEXICO, C.P. 38010
Tel: +52 (461) 1 75 7.5, Fax: +52 (461) 1 79 79
incremented, and second the power is processed twice
which may decrease the efficiency.
So far, some efforts have been reported in order to
simplify the two-stage PFC approach. Basically, their
aim is to incorporate the two stages into one by
allowing them to share the active switch (es). Some
examples are the Dither IPFC [2], the BIFRED and the
BIBRED [3]. However, these circuits are often used in
low power applications due to the high current stresses
in the power switch. For relatively high power
applications, the designers usually employ parallel
switches or parallel module techniques to solve thermal
problems and to improve: the efficiency, some of these
schemes are reported in b4 - 61.
This paper proposes a new single-phase PFC topology
in order to increase the power level with high efficiency
without the necessity of utilizing parallel module
techniques and without a complex control circuit. In
addition, this scheme onky uses four switches to provide
the PFC and fast dynamic: response.
11. PROPOSED
CONVERTER
The proposed converter is shown in Fig. I . This
scheme consists of an Integrated-Boost-Rectifier (IBR)
and a Full-bridge converter sharing power switches.
The IBR is used as power factor corrector and the full-
bridge converter is used as DC/DC regulator. The IBR
received the same signals control that the full-bridge
converter, it is possible due to the IBR operates in
discontinuous conductioin mode (DCM), which a high
power factor is obtained.
The control method used to controller the full-bridge
converter is sliding-mode control, this controller allows
to obtain a fast regulation of the output voltage and to
reduce the output filter siize. This converter operates in
continuous conduction mode (CCM).
1649

LB D1
Vin
D3
D5
1 SLIDING-MODE
CONTROL
Figure 1. Circuit of the proposed converter
The IBR is connected directly to the main utility line,
which can be operated in the positive and the negative
semicycle symmetrically. The full-bridge converter is
connected in series with it, but it no is necessary that
the energy be processed twice. Due to the fact that the
full-bridge converter operates at twice the switching
frequency with respect the IBR, it is possible to obtain
the input power directly the AC line through LB
inductor. The energy stored in LB is transferred directly
to the load by the full-bridge converter. This scheme
allows to obtain a high efficiency, due to only between
20% to 30% of the input power is processed by the full-
bridge converter directly.
This scheme presents high current stresses in the Q1 and
Qz power switches due to the IBR operates in DCM, in
addition to both converters share this power switches.
The DCM IBR reduce the complexity of the control
stage, but this produces that the efficiency to be
reduced however there is two ways to achieve an
increasing in the efficiency. The first one operates the
IBR in the boundary between DCM and CCM, and the
second one, uses IGBT’s only in Q1 and Q 2 power
switches to reduce the conduction losses, but due to the
switching frequency is necessary to employ a soft-
switched IGBT technique as in [ 7 ] .The use of IGBT‘s
is very attractive for high power application due to the
lower conduction losses. Both ways can be
implemented very easily to further improvement in the
performance of this Converter.
\ power is transferred toward the load directly only by
This topology eliminates the drawbacks of the other
schemes as [4-51, which uses two transformers to
achieve a high power factor and fast regulation of the
output voltage at high power applications.
Circuit Description
The proposed converter presents three operation stages
for each semicycle, which are shown in Fig 2.
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T T I
i
+
VI
1 1 ~
TOt O - tl:
Considering the positive semicycle, when Q1 and Q4 are
turned on, the LB inductor stores energy proportionally
to V,,,; D3 and D6 are on and D1, D2, D4, and D5, are
off. At the same time, the stores energy in TI
transformer by the C1 capacitor voltage is transferred
from the primary winding to the secondary winding and
to the output filter through the diode Do,. Fig. 2a and
Fig 3.
TOt l - t2:
When Q1 and Q4 are tumed off, the major part of the
stored energy in LB is transferred to the bulk C1
capacitor through the diode D1, whereas the diodes D2,
D3, D4 and Ds are turned off, Fig. 2e. The other part of
the stored energy is delivered when Q2 and 43 are
turned on, this shown in Fig. 3.
TOt2 - t3:
When Q2 and Q3 are turned on, TI transformer stores
energy proportionally to the CI capacitor voltage and to
the stored energy by LB inductor through the D3 and D6
diodes. It is shown in Fig. 2c and Fig. 3. The stores
energy in TI transformer is transferred fiom the primary
winding to the secondary winding and to the output
filter through the diode Do’, whereas D,, D,, D,, and
D5,are off. In this operation stage the major input
the full-bridge converter.
Three operation stages also occur in the negative
semicycle. In this case the input peak current is
negative. The circuit operation during this negative
semicycle is symmetrical to the positive half semicycle.
It is shown in Fig. 2b, 24 and 2J
1650
 Positive half of the line voltage

L
-
Negative half of the line voltage

06

- _____
U !
I Sliding-Mode
Control
1 j
I
I I:
a). Q1 and 4 4 turned on b). Q1 and 4 4 turned on
-I

Vi"

+, control
-
VO

-
I I

c). 4 2 and Q3 turned on d). Q2 and 4 3 turned on

1 - 4 1

Sliding-mode

e). Q l , Q 2 , 4 3 and 4 4 turned off

I 0. Q 1, Q2,Q3 and 4 4 turned off
Figure 2. Circuit operation at the positive and negative harfof the line voltage

7 Ton Ton 111. CONTROL

STRATEGY

System modeling.
The proposed converter can be modeled as a dc/dc
buck converter since the input stage operates in DCM.
1 After the transformer the converter has functionally the
I r I ) same operation form that the cdcd buck converter,
I
therefore the full bridge clonverter is modeled as a dc/dc
buck converter. Taken account this consideration, the
simplified circuit of the proposed converter is the one
shown in Fig 4.

iD3 The equations for each position of the switch are:

\ t
Foru= 1
IO tl t2 t3

Figure 3. Energy transferred when Q2 and Q3 turn on

at the positive semicycle.

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 The control law proposed is:

U = Ueq + U N

where:
ueg = Equivalent control
Figure. 4. Simpl$ed circuit of the converter
uN = -sgno

This control law is composed by two terms, the fxst is

For u = -1 only valid on the sliding surface (ueq ) and the other
assures the existence of a sliding mode.

ii) Existence of a sliding mode.

x2 = W0Xl (4) Existence of a sliding mode implies that the
following condition is fulfilled [8]:
where

Vin dIo Io resolving for ir :

b=---,d=JX-+rlf--
fi dt fi
The system equations in matrix form are:
1
AX+Bue, + C - X r + S B u N (10)

Therefore

X = AX+ Bu + C (6) In order to guarantee the existence conditions of a

sliding mode the following inequality must be fulfilled:
Sliding controller design.
SB)O (12)
Sliding mode control offers advantages such as:
stability, robustness, good dynamic response and simple or
implementation. However, the control theory involved
is more complex than the traditional control theory.
Many papers have been presented a variety of sliding
mode control design steps 18-13]. They could be
summarized as follows: Therefore s, must be positive since b is always
positive.
i) Propose the sliding surface.
ii) Verify the existence of a sliding mode. It is important to note that the X, = 0 due to the
iii) Analyze the stability in the sliding surface. references are constants.
i) The sliding surface. iii) Stability analysis in the sliding surface.
The sliding surface proposed is a lineal combination of A tool developed to describe the movement in the
the state variables and the reference variables, that is: sliding surface is the equivalent control [13] . The
equivalent control is applied when CT = 0, hence Ci = 0.
U= SX-SX, = S e x (7) These conditions imply that the system is in the sliding
surface.
where:
Equivalent control ( ueq ) is obtained from 6-= 0 ,
X = State variables, therefore:
X, = Reference variables

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 ueq = - [SB]-'[SAX+SC-SX,] (14)
Iv. EXPERIIMENTAL RESULTS
In order to verify the circuit operation, large signal
The ecluivalent control is substituted in the model of the simulations of the proposed converter have been built
system and the following system is obtained: with the following characteristics:
x = D (Axi-C) Vin=90-130Vrms Po=400 W
Fs = 100 KHz. Vo= 48 Vdc
where:
Fig. 6 shows the simulated waveforms of the proposed
converter. Fig. 7 shows the filtered line current of the
D = [I - B(SB)-'S] D= proposed converter at full load. As can be seen, the
waveform is very close to the waveform in Fig. 6.

Fig. 8 shows the transient response of the line current

The system is reduced to:
(bottom trace) of the sarne circuit to step change in the
load current from 20% to 50% and back. The top trace
x = Ex
shows the response of the output voltage for this circuit
to the same conditions of step change in the load
where:
current. The response is very fast because it is
s2 determinated solely by the full-bridge converter.
--Uo 0
E= SI
WO 0 Fig. 9 shows the efficiency measurement for different
values of line voltage. This graphic was obtained
without the use IGBT's in the Q1 and 4 2 power
As can be observed in E the resulting equations are switches. If better switches are used, IGBT's, the
independents of a x2, and that is because of the system results will be further improved.
is restricted to the sliding surface (order reduction). In
(16) there are only one independent variable ( x1 ) due
to the order reduction.

To guarantee the stability is necessary therefore that s2

must be positive since the sl is positive in order to
assure the existence condition of the sliding mode.

Fig. 5 shows the basic scheme to this controller.

' 8.33m
Tim
25k

Fig. 6. Simulated waveforms to input voltage and input

33.331

current at 250 Watts; Vin = 90 Vrms.

VdtS h P S

150 T lo

t6
t 4

O i

\
U Frecuency
limiter -100 t
Figure 5. Block diagram of sliding-mode control.
Fig. 7. Filtered line current of the 250 W IBR-full-
bridge experimental circuit.

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 REFERENCES
48
[l] P. N. Enjeti and R. Martinez, “A High
3
47 t Performance Single Phase AC to DC RectlJier
1
with Input Power Factor Correction”, IEEE
APEC‘93, pp. 190-195.
1 [2] Takahashi, R. Igarashi, “A Switching Power
Supply of 99% Power Factor by the Dither
42 4
RectzJier”, INTELEC’91, pp. 714-719.
::1
~~

-Po @75-200W
I______- [3] M. Madigan, R. Erickson and E. Ismail,
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trace) and of the output voltage (top trace). [4] Y Jiang, F. C. Lee, G. Hua and W. Tang, “A Novel
Single-phase Power Factor Correction Scheme”
APEC‘93, pp.287-292.
ea
[5] Y Jiang and F. C. Lee, “Single-Stage Single-phase
Parallel Power Factor Correction Scheme”,
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84
[6] E. Rodriguez, F. Canales, J. Arau, “A Novel
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$. 82 Response“, PESC’97,pp.550-555
2.

,g0 80 [7] Y. M. Jiang, G. C. Hua, E. Yang and F. C. Lee,

t ’lSoft-Switching of IGBT with the Help of
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Mosfets“,VPEC Seminar 1992.
76 [8] R. A. DeCarlo, S. Zak, G. P. Matthews, “Variable
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V. CONCLUSIONS [IOIL. Rossetto, G. Spiazzi, P. Tenti, B. Fabiano, C.
Licitra, “Fast-Response High-Quality Rectifier
In this paper, a new single-phase power factor with Sliding-Mode Control”, APEC’93, pp. 175-
correction scheme, with fast regulation of the output 181.
voltage using the sliding-mode control is proposed. [ 111P. Mattavelli, L. Rossetto, G. Spiazzi, “General
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it provides high efficiency. An experimental prototype [12] J. Y. Hung, W. Gao, J. C. Hung, “Variable
has been built and tested to verify its functioning. This Structure Control: A Survey”, IEEE Transactions on
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Variable Structure Systems, MIR Publishers,
The soft-switched IGBT technique can be implemented Moscow, 1974.
here very easily to further improve the performance of
the proposed topology.

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