MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS IN THE ARECEDOR LAND USE

AND COVERAGE OF THE SWAMP IN THE TOWN OF AYAPEL

- COLOMBIA 2002-2016
JUAN CARLOS RAMOS BELLO[1]
Hermen sayd COGOLLO estrada[2]

ABSTRACT

The balance of a natural system depends on the way they behave and are interrelated
elements that comprise, in the case of the town of Ayapel; area of environmental wealth,
human activities have disrupted that system, generating changes in its natural
range. Under this context, it is necessary to carry out a research project, which has as
its central axis to evaluate the spatial dynamics of the coverage and land-use changes
caused by anthropogenic actions, in one of the most important ecosystems in
the Colombian Caribbean. Their findings presented a multi temporary analysis of social,
environmental and geographical oversubscribed in between the years 2002-2016,
supported three satellites Landsat images corresponding to 2002, 2010 and 2016 are
compared: the behavior of the present coverage identified changes that concern the
processes of occupation, deterioration and loss of biodiversity in the swamp of
Ayapel. Methodologically concerning the legend Corine Land Cover adapted techniques
are used for Colombia to scale 1:100 000, as also digitalizing processes for the
interpretation of each Landsat image, with the help of specialized software, results
were subjected to statistical analysis which allowed to identify and determine
coverage presenting changes associated with human space activities studied.

Keywords: Coverage and use of land, satellite imagery, analysis anthropic actions,
multi temporary.

[1]
Juan Carlos Ramos Bello, Professor of the Department of Sciences social University of Cordoba - Colombia

[2]
the program of geography of the University of Córdoba student
INTRODUCTION

In recent decades, against the various transformation processes that occur in the
territories, there is a need to address new methodologies and tools that contribute to the
solution of problems between nature and man through the time. Thus, one of the major
transformations are changing coverage and use of soil, considered phenomenon of high
threat to biodiversity, soil degradation and causes alteration of biogeochemical and
hydrological cycles. In addition, contributes to global climate change (Bellot, J. & Bonet,
A. 2007).

An important tool to environmental studies has been remote sensing for their ability
to follow dynamic processes, which is primarily activated with the launch of the first
commercial satellite Landsat-1 (USA) in 1972, the community Science and the
public in general benefited from images that offer periodic observation and broad
perspective of the Earth's surface, of resources, of the features of human activities
and their impacts. Since then, the satellite images are converted into a valuable
source of information for many applications, as well as: the inventory of natural
resources, urban and rural planning, monitoring and management of the
environment, agriculture, infrastructure, civil works, mining exploration, quick
responses to disasters and military operations, among many others. (Institute
Geographic Agustin Codazzi, 2012).

Today, the development of multi temporary studies applied to the detection of

changes in the coverage of the Earth, has gained a special importance in the field of
management of the territory and in the special case of protected areas, in the
formulation of policies aimed at the conservation and protection of natural resources
(runner, l. Cárdenas, e. & Ordonez, j. 2011).

In Colombia, such studies have been developed by entities such as the IGAC, since the
end of the Decade of the 80s, initially applied to detection
 3

of geomorphological changes and in recent years, the determination of changes in

the coverage of the Earth. The CORINE Land Cover methodology is being used in
Colombia since 2004, when it began the project in its adaptation to the conditions of
the country and which was attended by organizations like the IGAC, IDEAM and
CORMAGDALENA (corridor, l. et al, 2011).

With regard to the Department of Córdoba, there are few studies using satellite
images to identify changes in vegetation cover, appearance that justice the
development of this research report, focused on assessing the changes in coverage
and land uses generated by anthropogenic actions in the town of Ayapel, through a
multi temporary analysis, using images from the satellite Landsat 5, 7 and 8, to
determine changes in coverage and land uses in the period from 2002 to 2016, using
adapted for Colombia to scale 1:100000 CORINE Land Cover methodology,
obtaining relevant cartographic information that serves as support to propose or to
redefine policy on planning and management socio-environmental Ayapel
municipality.

Then, theories are taken as reference as Carl Sauer, 1925. Who delves into what he
calls cultural geography, discipline that analyzes the transformations of the natural
landscape in landscape culture due to the action of man, studying the changing
relationship between habitat and habits (Sabaté, 2002). In his work the morphology of
landscape, highlighting the study of the landscape two components: the natural
landscape and cultural landscape which constitutes the landscape transformed by the
action of man. The natural landscape is the area marked by activities, represented by a
body of morphological facts; While the forms introduced by man they constitute
another set named as a cultural landscape. I.e., there may be a succession of
cultural landscapes corresponding to a succession of cultures, derived from the
natural landscape, since man is distinctive modifying agent in nature.

Thus, the natural landscape is undergoing transformation man, the human being
through its cultural advances, used the natural structures, altering them or even
destroying them in some cases. According to the same Know "the landscape is an
Association of cultural and natural forms existing on the Earth's surface". Thus, mainly
discusses the transformation of natural landscapes in cultural landscapes by the action
of different cultures (Galimberti, 2013).

Another important contribution is the general theory of systems, created in 1950 by

the German Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, explaining that a system; It is defined as a set
of mutually related units, is that the elements of a system cannot be analyzed
individually, on the other hand, should be studied together to understand them (Fund
of culture, 1989). With this approach, be addressed and explained the work
proposed in the town of Ayapel. Considering the territory as a general system
composed of many physical, social and environmental elements which are directly
related to one another and if one is altered the entire system starts to become
unbalanced.

Within the literature review on the topic, is that they there are different published
studies relating to changes in coverage and use of land in different countries, and
also in Colombia, in this case are taken up with special interest some by its capacity
of contribution to this research work, due to the use of remote sensing for their
development and implementation of methodologies in order to identify the processes
of change in a given time. As it is the case of the study published by the Department
of geography of the University of Baptist Hong Kong, China, about the
"Modelling Spatio-Temporal Pattern Of Landuse Change Using multi-temporal
Remotely Sensed Imagery", made by Qiming, Z. Baolin, L. & Bo S (2010).

In other research that supports the result are registered in the contributions of Ruiz,
V. Save, r. & Herrera, a. (2013), in his work, "analysis Multi temporary change of use
of the ground, in the landscape terrestrial protected Mira Flor
Moropotente" Nicaragua, 1993-2011'', highlight that multi temporary analysis allows
to detect changes between different dates of reference, deducing the evolution of
the natural environment or the impact of human activity on the environment. "

In Colombia, runner, L. Cardenas, E & Ordoñez, J. (2011). They conducted the study
"Application of the methodology Corine Land Cover in the determination of the cover
in the Natural Park of the Flemish" changes in this explains that the functionality of
natural systems depends on a delicate resulting balance of the correct interaction
between their biological components and not biological.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

STUDY AREA

The town of Ayapel according to data from the 2002-2012 PBOT, is part of the sub
region San Jorge, is located in the eastern part of the Department of Cordoba, 150 km
from the capital Montería City (see Figure 1). Its geographic coordinates are: 08 ° 19'
North latitude and 75 ° 09' West longitude with a height above the level of the sea of
22 meters, at the departmental level is the seventh municipality with largest
population, the majority located in rural area according to the Census of DANE the
year 2005 had 51.164 inhabitants.

Figure 1: Location of the town of Ayapel

Ayapel has a territorial extension of 1.959,82 km2, which equals the 7.83% in
relation to the total of the Department, of this total area approximately 150 km2
correspond to the area of wetlands mainly represented by the swamp of Ayapel,
which in turn It constitutes the main route of the municipal communication with most
of the jurisdictions. The Center urban main seat is on the banks of the swamp at 8 °
18' 57 "North latitude and 75 ° 08' 44" West longitude. The territory for the most part
is flat and muddy. In their jurisdiction are the swamps of Ayapel, Las Brisas, the
catfish, lying Beach, stiff, Los Toros, Caimanera and Parvaes an area that presents
a moderate density of drainage including the San Jorge River and the streams
Zambitos, La Ceiba, Male, La Colorada, brushes and Quebradona among others
(Mayor of Ayapel, 2002).

With regard to this study, there are different materials or tools that allow perfect
results, including remote sensing, defined as the technique that allows information
within distance of the objects on the Earth's surface. This remote observation
possible, starting between the objects and the sensor there is some kind of
interaction and the result usually, but not necessarily, is stored as an image (data
source). Requiring at least three components: energy focus, Earth's surface and
sensor; one of the ways of classifying them is the procedure of receiving energy from
the different features and they are: "passive, when limited to receive energy from an
outer focus to them, and assets, when they are able to issue its own beam
of" energy"(Chuvieco, 2002).

The Landsat program is a technology of NASA / USGS, which provide essential

information to help land managers and those responsible for politicians to make wise
decisions about resources and the environment. It is the oldest civil Earth observation
program, began in 1972 with the satellite Landsat-1. The Landsat-7 has been
incorporated a new, the ETM + sensor, which improves the characteristics of the TM,
adding a panchromatic band of 15 m resolution, and increasing the resolution of the
thermal band 60 m. (Chuvieco, 2002).
But the latter is the Landsat-8 released on February 11, 2013, considered the future of
the Landsat satellites. The one which collects valuable data and images that are used
in agriculture, education, business, science and Government. This program also
provides repetitive acquisition of high resolution multispectral data of the surface of the
earth around the world. Data from the Landsat spacecraft constitute the longest record
of continental surfaces of the Earth seen from space. It is a record unmatched in quality,
detail, coverage and value. There are many applications of Landsat TM, ETM data in
the mapping of the coverage of the land, land use, mapping of soil, geological mapping,
etc. (Landsat Science, 2015). So, knowing the importance of this programme, the
volume of information that counts and easy accessibility to such information, it becomes
a useful resource to this project.

On the other hand, national coverage of the Earth legend, is the methodology Corine
Land Cover adapted to Colombia scale 1:100 000, a methodological proposal for the
characterization of natural cover and present inhabited in the Colombian
territory. This allows to unify criteria, concepts and methods to learn how the country,
from carried out adaptation of European CORINE Land Cover methodology to our
environment is covered.

Also provides themed features requiring the country to knowledge of their natural
resources, for the evaluation of forms of occupation and ownership of the
geographical space, as well as to the permanent updating of the information,
with which provided the processes of tracking changes and evaluation of the
dynamics of terrestrial coverage. This proposal is expected to contribute to the
production of orderly, standardized, systematic and inter-agency Mapping coverage
of the land of the country, as a support tool for the sustainable management of the
natural resources of the country (IDEAM, 2010).

For this study as any other, it is important to follow a clear methodology that includes
all the processes necessary to arrive at the final result. In this case arises from the
framework of geographic science, and using the analytical method, through a joint
approach, the application of a multi temporary analysis to evaluate changes on the
 surface of the Earth generated by activities human in the town of Ayapel in the period
2002-2016. To this end the following processes takes place.

Acquisition of information

Images
Landsat 2002 Secondary information
Landsat 2010
Delimitation work area municipality
Landsat 2016 Existing Documents
Digital Procedures of Ayapel

Processing, improvements and

Digital Treatmen Intersection of coverage
enhancements

Digital Classification Multi temporal analisys Obtaining Results

Mehodology Corine Land

Mmno Supervised and Unsupervised
Analisys of Results
Cover Colombia Classification

Figure 2: Diagram of the methodological process flows.

Firstly, Landsat images were obtained online through the website of the geological
survey of United States - USG, which correspond to ID: LE70090542002335AGS02,
Date: 12/2002/1; ID: LT50090542010029CHM01, date: 2010/1/29
ID: LC80090542016190LGN00, date: 2016/7/8. Information through documents
relating to the subject of research such as books, articles, and mapping support was
also gathered. Subsequently, selects the area of study that corresponds to the town
of Ayapel, Department of Córdoba. Then the digital processing of images, which
serves to highlight elements that are difficult to see or cannot be distinguished
directly in a satellite image, using the software ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 and ARCGIS
10.3. Several bands are typically used spectral same satellite for interpretation
purposes for land cover mapping, the main key is to use different color compositions
that allow zoned enhancements, the transformations of the images, through the use
of vegetation index, water and soil. Where its function is the enhance the contribution
of the coverages in the spectral response of a surface, and attenuate by other
factors, such as lighting and atmospheric conditions. in the case of the vegetation of
the normalized difference (NDVI) index, apply the following formula (Verdin, J.
Pedreros, D & Eilerts, G. 2003).

NDVI = band red - band go close / red band + band go near

All previous processes allow to facilitate the classification of cover and land uses,
following the guidelines of the methodology adapted CORINE Land Cover for
Colombia to scale 1:100000, to catalog the coverage and generate maps of the
same.

Finally, for the multi temporary analysis, becomes an intersection between the
coverage interpreted in order to quantify changes in the period of study (2002-2016),
through comparisons and geographic analysis of the results obtained in
the processes with each of the satellite images, This allows the identification of the
areas in which there have been changes in coverage and use of land in the area in
Ayapel, whether for gain or loss of coverage at the time. It which will be synthesized
in a map indicating these changes.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Through multi-temporal analysis was obtained the following results taking into
account the application of methodology CORINE Land Cover. Initially, maps and
individual for each period of study statistics, were then generated the statistics
showing the change of way general and then change statistics covering every
coverage and use, indicating the type of change it suffered. (See Figure 3)

Figure 3: Coverage and land-use in Ayapel for 2002

Similarly, shows the respective statistics of cover and uses identified in the
municipality studied for the year 2002.

Table 1: statistics of coverage options and applications for the year 2002.

Area
Coverage and use/2002
has %
Continuous urban fabric 195,86 0.1
Clean pastures 57.573,79 29.8
Mosaics of cultures 50.817,51 26.3
Forests and semi-natural Areas 17.344,31 9.0
Shrubs and bushes 36.938,66 19.1
Nude or degraded lands 9.316,98 4.8
Lagoons, lakes and natural swamps 13.134,15 6.8
Clouds 7.933,02 4.1
Total 193.254 100

For the year 2002, we identified eight kinds of coverage and land uses, where the
most representative are clean pastures with an area of 57573,79 ha, mosaics of
crops with 50817,51 ha, shrubs and bushes 36.938,66 ha, which correspond to
75.2% with relation to the total area of the territory (see table 1). This indicates that
there is a great human intervention, mainly by livestock and agricultural activities. In
terms of natural surfaces, which in this case are the coverage of forests and semi-
natural areas, and the only water bodies represent the 15.8%, i.e., that the natural
environment of the territory is being modified, the least representative areas are
lands nude or degraded with an area of 9316 ha, corresponding to only 4.8% and
the municipal seat of the municipality that occupies 0.1% the area of the town of
Ayapel (see Figure 4).
 SPATIAL CHANGES IN COVERAGE AND USE OF THE LAND BY HUMAN ACTIONS IN THE TOWN OF AYAPEL

DEPARTMENT OF CORDOBA BETWEEN THE YEARS 2002-2016

Figure 4: Coverage and land uses in Ayapel for 2010

Also, for the year 2010, is information obtained after the classification of coverage
in the tabla.2, so:
 Table 2: statistics of coverage options and applications for 2010.

Area
Coverage and use 2010
has %
Continuous urban fabric 164,17 0.1
Clean pastures 76.994,76 39.9
Mosaics of cultures 56.612,14 29.3
Forests and semi-natural Areas 27.002,99 14.0
Shrubs and bushes 734,52 0.4
Nude or degraded lands 17.396,89 9.0
Aquatic vegetation over bodies of water 9.752,10 5.1
Lagoons, lakes and natural swamps 2.183,61 1.1
Clouds 2.195,53 1.1
Total 193.037 100

In the case of the year 2010, through the classification were nine types of coverage
and, where the highest percentages in surface equals clean pastures with 39.9%
and 29,3% crop mosaics. Then followed by forests and semi-natural areas and bare
or degraded land with 14% and 9%. The other present coverage only represents
7.8%. (see Figure 5).

Figure 5: Coverage and land uses in Ayapel by 2016

Similarly, the same process was conducted to the year 2016, obtaining as a result
of the information in table 3, so:

Table 3: statistics coverage and uses for the year 2016.

Area

Coverage and use/2016

It has %

Continuous urban fabric 242,05 0.1

Clean pastures 53.541,07 27.7
Mosaics of cultures 71.044,38 36.8
Forests and semi-natural Areas 9.662,09 5.0
Shrubs and bushes 17.744,67 9.2
Nude or degraded lands 23.286,10 12.1
Aquatic vegetation over bodies of water 2.787,70 1.4
Lagoons, lakes and natural swamps 8.920,97 4.6
Clouds 5.807,42 3.0
Total 193.03 100

In this period of study (2016) identified the presence of nine coverage and land uses in
the town of Ayapel, most representative being the mosaics of cultures (36.8%) and clean
pastures (27.7%). Then follow nude or degraded land occupying 12.1%, shrubs and
bushes are represented in 17744,7 has (9.2%), the forest and semi-natural areas, and
lagoons, lakes and natural swamps that have altogether 9.6%. Finally, there are areas
of little expansion as aquatic vegetation, urban area and the cloud cover that was
present in the image at the time of be interpreted.

Then it is necessary to determine the areas of loss or gain of each coverage and use to
meet the objectives of the study. It which was carried out by means of comparisons
between the obtained cartography in the years interpreted, this process made it possible
to establish the changes occurring since 2002 up to the year 2016.
 SPATIAL CHANGES IN COVERAGE AND USE OF THE LAND BY HUMAN ACTIONS IN THE TOWN OF AYAPEL

DEPARTMENT OF CORDOBA BETWEEN THE YEARS 2002-2016.

Changes in coverage and land-use

Figure 6. Change in the period of study statistics.

First, analyzing the behavior of the data in the comparison between 2002 and 2010,
found that coverage who have lost part of its area are mainly shrubs and bushes to
decline in 36204,1 ha, followed by the bodies of water which lost 10950,5 has. Also
highlights the gain in area of coverage as clean pastures increased 19421 has, also
nude or degraded lands won 8079,9, also the forest and semi-natural areas recorded
an increase of 9658,7 hectares.
Taking into account previous data it is clear that the changes produced in the town
of Ayapel are directly related to anthropogenic activities occurring on its territory, is
credited with the increase of pasture cattle that increasingly wants to expand its
border, and areas of discovered or degraded soils may be related to illegal mining
for gold that occurs in some areas of the municipality. These phenomena mentioned
negatively influence the natural environment, since they produce lost plant coverage,
reduction of bodies of water and loss of productivity of the soil.

Second, for the period 2010-2016, changes are reflected mainly in the loss of areas
of 23453,7 clean pastures and forests and semi-natural areas 17340,9 has. Higher-
gain areas belong to shrubs and bushes, and crops with 15.885 and 13.698 hectares
respectively for each category. It is to say that agriculture is growing, but is also
increasing deforestation.

Finally, the analysis was carried out between information obtained in 2002 and 2016,
in order to assess the General changes in coverage and use of land in the period of
the age of fourteen, studied in Ayapel. The most significant changes develop,
especially in the areas of crops that have a slight growth of 20226,9
hectares. Hedges bushes and thickets have decreased in 19194 has, equally forests
and bodies of water are reduced 7682,2 and 4213,2 has. In addition, there is
increased of areas discovered or 14.326 hectares degraded soils. It is evident that
in the town of Ayapel anthropogenic actions are generating changes in the surface
of the territory, these changes are reflected in Figure 7.
 SPATIAL CHANGES IN COVERAGE AND USE OF THE LAND BY HUMAN ACTIONS IN THE TOWN OF AYAPEL

DEPARTMENT OF CORDOBA BETWEEN THE YEARS 2002-2016

Figure 7. Intersection of coverage 2002-2016

According to this information is observed precisely the areas which have been
maintained and which have changed, but it is also important to know the variation
of each coverage and what has been the trend of change, this situation is shown in
Figure 7 and table 4.

Table 4. Coverage of change from the year 2002 to the year 2016

Coverage 2002 Step in 2016 Area / has. %

Continuous urban fabric 195,86 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 139,08 71,0
Clean pastures 5.62 2.9
Forests and semi-natural Areas 0.78 0.4
Clouds 14.54 7.4
Mosaics of cultures 11.56 5.9
Shrubs and bushes 0.14 0.1
 Nude or degraded lands 24.14 12.3
Clean pastures 57.555,46 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 31,58 0.1
Clean pastures 29.409,97 51.1
Forests and semi-natural Areas 680,07 1.2
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 32.16 0.1
Clouds 1.322,68 2.3
Mosaics of cultures 18.767,04 32.6
Shrubs and bushes 1.218,61 2.1
Nude or degraded lands 6.014,93 10.5
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 78,43 0.1
Mosaics of cultures 50.788,60 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 41.88 0.1
Clean pastures 10.018,56 19.7
Forests and semi-natural Areas 1.740,24 3.4
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 751,31 1.5
Clouds 2.740,78 5.4
Mosaics of cultures 19.234,66 37.9
Shrubs and bushes 9.139,30 18.0
Nude or degraded lands 6.169,34 12.1
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 952,54 1.9
Forests and Areas
Semi-natural 17.340,22 100.0
Clean pastures 1.989,41 11.5
Forests and semi-natural Areas 4.562,26 26.3
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 2.45 0.0
Clouds 321,95 1.9
Mosaics of cultures 9.086,75 52.4
Shrubs and bushes 111,83 0.6
Nude or degraded lands 1.258,33 7.3
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 7.25 0.0
Shrubs and bushes 36.924,67 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 4.89 0.0
Clean pastures 8.811,59 23.9
Forests and semi-natural Areas 2.421,66 6.6
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 14.28 0.0
Clouds 566,97 1.5
 Mosaics of cultures 20.194,53 54.7
Shrubs and bushes 1.109,52 3.0
Nude or degraded lands 3.775,38 10.2
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 25.85 0.1
Bare land or
Degraded 9.311,14 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 22.09 0.2
Clean pastures 1.903,61 20.4
Forests and semi-natural Areas 108,64 1.2
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 201,41 2.2
Clouds 516,55 5.5
Mosaics of cultures 2.176,25 23.4
Shrubs and bushes 1.377,25 14.8
Nude or degraded lands 2.763,80 29.7
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 241,55 2.6
Lagoons, lakes and
marshes
Natural 13.119,70 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 0.53 0.0
Clean pastures 352,10 2.7
Forests and semi-natural Areas 70,71 0.5
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 5.420,03 41.3
Clouds 140,21 1.1
Mosaics of cultures 908,20 6.9
Shrubs and bushes 3.437,39 26.2
Nude or degraded lands 2.145,99 16.4
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 644,52 4.9
Clouds 7.931,03 100.0
Continuous urban fabric 2.29 0.0
Clean pastures 1.096,42 13.8
Forests and semi-natural Areas 85,52 1.1
Lagoons, lakes and marshes
Natural 2.507,39 31.6
Clouds 188,80 2.4
Mosaics of cultures 711,61 9.0
Shrubs and bushes 1.366,19 17.2
Nude or degraded lands 1.132,91 14.3
Above aquatic vegetation
Bodies of water 839,91 10.6
Total 193.166,68 100
 SPATIAL CHANGES IN COVERAGE AND USE OF THE LAND BY HUMAN ACTIONS IN THE TOWN OF AYAPEL

DEPARTMENT OF CORDOBA BETWEEN THE YEARS 2002-2016

Figure 8. Changes in coverage and uses in the study period

At the end, an image that shows the change in coverage (Figure 8 and table 5), to
determine the areas that more varied in the years studied was generated:

Table 5. Statistics of the areas of change

Change Area has. %

No 44.039,23 22.8
Yes 149.127,45 77.2
TOTAL 193.166,68 100
CONCLUSIONS

Understand the components and environmental relations present in different

terrestrial ecosystems, it becomes a great support tool for the processes of land use,
in the case of the Colombian Caribbean Region there are many wetlands that they
deserve to be studied for the analysis and compression of the effects that are
generated by the action of man, through multi temporary analysis allow sizing these
present a wide range of systemic eco services which, over time, tends to be gradient
without a clear presence by the State Colombian, a fact that should be of concern to
the national and international community.

The is studies have shown that the change of land use in the town of Ayapel in a
series of 14 years, and coverage using Landsat satellite imagery in two historical
periods (2002-2016). To say that the total area of the territory has changed into a
77.2%; the coverage of forests and semi-natural areas and clean pastures have
been transformed, becoming mosaic of cultures in the year 2016. Shrubs and
bushes changes in greater proportion to clean pastures and each coverage also a
percentage of change to nude or degraded lands, highlights what us is working with
clarity in the basic scheme of the municipality land studied.

The factors contributing to the changes shown in the report are derived from
agricultural, livestock practices and mining companies making pressure on the
natural environment, resulting in a transformation of the same. Although in Colombia
there are policies to protect ecosystems of great environmental value, these do not
apply in its entirety to scarce human resources for the control of such
activities. These elements described indicate the presence of impoverishing and
degrading human activities in the municipality from the point of view to
environmental, which creates imbalances in this system of great natural wealth, and
if not regulated in a planned manner and sustainable being placed at risk the
resources of future generations.
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[1]
Juan Carlos Ramos Bello, Professor of the Department of Sciences social University of Cordoba - Colombia

[2]
the program of geography of the University of Córdoba student