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Engineering and Technology Research, Volume XVI (No. 2), April-June 2015: 307-316 ISSN 1405-7743

FI-UNAM (refereed article)

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riit.2015.03.014

Advances in vibration isolation impact

using nonlinear stiffness

Advances in Shock Vibration Isolation Using Nonlinear Stiffness

Ledezma-Ramirez Diego Francisco

Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon E:
diego.ledezmard@uanl.edu.mx

Item: Received: March 2014 Accepted: May 2014

Summary

Development of control strategies and isolation of mechanical vibrations induced impact has
experienced a recent interest, due to increased demand for vibratory insulation m ¾
descriptors:
-
envi- ends. It is in this type of environment where the impacts are common, for example, military,
naval applications, where events such as explosions and crashes are common. This paper presents
the progress m ¾ It s important in the area, taking control approaches based on non-linear elements
vibrations. trends are presented m ¾ s novel that can give the researcher in the area ideas about
future work in the field of vibration isolation impact and isolation model is proposed based on
nonlinear stiffness, demonstrating theoretically and experimentally feasibility in reducing acceleration
systems under maximum impact.

Abstract

The development of strategies for controlling and isolation shock induced vibration has experienced a
recent increase increasing interest due to the demand in improved isolation requirements for sensitive
Keywords:
equipment subjected to harsh environments. Shock vibration is a common problem present in many That
Is Situations, Such as ground motions, blast, explosions, crash, impact, etc. This paper reviews the Nonlinear vibration
fundamentals of shock isolation theory, and presents a literature survey of the Most Important works isolation isolation
impact
-
retical and experimental results, focusing on recent advances. A model for a shock

in impact subjected systems.

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Advances in impact vibration isolation using nonlinear stiffness

Introduction an input or excitation of impulsive type, represented

- rectangular pulse half cycle of the sine function, and so on. With this you
temporary citation in a mechanical system. Impacts and shocks are can apply a method of solving the mathematical model of the system and
typical cases of excitations that can induce non-periodic transient find the answer impact. Because there are different possibilities for the
vibration and are usually characterized by sudden application, have a input-output relationships of the system, for example, the input may be a
high severity and of short duration. Different sources impacts normally force, a displacement or acceleration impulsive and output can be an
encountered in everyday life, for example those caused by presses, absolute or relative displacement or an acceleration. The mathematical
stamping machines, free falling objects, cars passing buffers, etcetera. model of systematic

This type of vibration are usually quite harmful in many ways, mainly vv (1)
()t
because of its nonrecurring and because they are often involved high
2

levels of acceleration and large deformations, which make effective

control and isolation become complicated. This can cause damage to Thus, the equation is represented generically where system response is
sensitive exceed permissible levels of stress and strain equipment. given by v, and represents the input or excitation, which both are functions
of time. Impact response system mainly depends on the duration of the
ex-

Generally, the objective of the vibrating insulation is to reduce forces

and displacements transmitted from a source to the receiver, usually with the natural period of the system T T, and of the

an elastic insulator which is idealized as the combination of a linear form of the applied pulse. In the case of a system subject to impact, the
elastic element and a viscous damping element. When the physical response is divided into two stages, forced vibration during the pulse and
properties of the insulating remain constant, it is said that the insulator is residual vibration at the natural frequency of the system once the
passive (Mead, 1999). This type of insulation is almost always eco-

not be optimal in certain cases, such as highly unpredictable or changing
vibration excitations. When insulating properties can be altered in real
time, or the type of excitation is called active vibration Control ( Harris and
Crede, nineteen ninety six). These control means may be m ¾
normally are m ¾ s expensive, requiring control systems, sensors and
actuators.
x and the maximum response occurs at any time (can occur during or after
impact), the residual response that occurs after the impact and the
relative response, which is the difference between the input and output
amplitude. The latter response is very important as it represents the
deformation in the elastic member and is related to the available space
for insulation. The parameters used to assess the severity of impact are
usually transmitted maximum acceleration and the maximum relative
displacement, related to the forces and deformations, respectively
(Snowdon, 1968; Lalanne, 2002).

Isolation fundamentals impacts

The most common approach is to consider a system MKC (mass-damper

stiffness) of a degree of freedom. In such a system, the mass can be a T It is known as response spectrum
source of vibrations, or the element to be protected from external commissioning impact ( MR, shock response spectra). Depending on the
vibrations and analyzed based on their dynamics and interaction with the reason of the periods, ie, the relative duration
stiffness-damper assembly which, in turn, represents the insulating
medium. This insulating system is to absorb energy from the impact as When the excitement is very short duration
deformation and dissipate later. To mathematically model the response of T > 0.25, it is said
impact, it is considered that the system has the impact is impulsive and the system response is less than the input
amplitude, that is, the insulating system effectively minimizes vibration
transmission.

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Ledezma-Ramirez Diego Francisco

For pulse duration period similar to natu- ró minimizing the force transmitted as design criteria for optimum
T insulation, achieving improved performance in terms of transmitted
acceleration performance compared to linear systems and found OR the
the momentum is very long-lasting, this applies very slowly and is optimum insulation value changes depending on the type and duration of
considered quasi-static. It is said that the excitation is pulsed while the pulse (Hundal, 1981). Guntur and Sankar (1982) studied six types of dual
duration is not greater than twice the natural period. From a practical damping and found that when the damping ratio is a function of the
standpoint it is desirable to have an insulating system for low natural relative velocity, the yield is higher, compared with equivalent linear
frequency isolation, systems, ie, the damping ratio is low for high values relative speed and
vice versa. Shekhar and Hatwal (1998), analyzed the theoretical
- response of a nonlinear system of one degree of freedom subject to
dinner impact energy. When considering damping in the system, the main different transient pulse inputs and step type, comparing exact and
effect is to quickly reduce the residual vibrations. Response during impact numerical answers.
is also reduced, but to a lesser extent when compared to other types of
harmonic excitations.

This work has direct application in modeling and viscous elastomeric

Advances in insulation impact nonlinear
insulation because the love-
methods

Although the use of linear insulators is extensive, use of non-linear positive quadratic term buffer and elastomers can be represented by a
insulation is not quite widespread, although recently the interest in this combination of a linear term and a negative quadratic term. Shekhar
type of insulation has grown. This is mainly due to two causes, one is that concludes that the performance of a
the excitation of impact is an inherently non-linear phenomenon due to
high energy levels involved and deformation, and the other using -
insulating nonlinear be beneficent neal positive worse, compared with the linear system.

- In other work, Shekhar and Hatwal (1999) studied four nonlinear models,
ca and high static stiffness, which may be particularly useful in the case
of impacts.
Ibrahim (2008) public OR a review of literature on nonlinear isolation,
focusing vibration isolation in general, not only the issue of impact. For
more information on the subject, the reader may refer to the work of this
author, which documents some of the most important advances in the
use of nonlinear insulating focused on impacts.
Snowdon (1961, 1963a and b) was one of the first researchers to
incorporate non-linear elements in the theory of shock isolation,
considering tangential stiffness (cubic) finding that such systems can
provide improved insulation. Ayre and Kemper (1971) studied the
response of a model of four degrees of freedom subject to a speed
reducer ( speed bump) modeled as a shift pulse type Versed, considering
nonlinear stiffness and damping of exponential type, and finding optimal
responses according to combinations of the parameters involved. The
effect of the quadratic nonlinear damping was studied by Hundal, who
considered
namely a dry friction model, a model of three elements, a nonlinear
dynamic model absorsor and two stages. It was found that the model dry
friction provides better insulation for impacts of high stringency and which,
generally, the inclusion of a connected nonlinear damping element
elastically recommended to limit the increase in the response caused by
nonlinearity in the damping. However isolate two stages, which is actually
a system of two degrees of freedom is one that provides better insulation
impact for all criteria, ie, displacement and maximum acceleration and
relative displacement. Pneumatic springs are inherently non-linear and
are widely used as vibration isolators and impact. Different studies
analyze these systems (Hundal, 1982a,
-
sitting design guidelines and selection for optimal parameters.

The concept of variable stiffness was recently investigated by

Ledezma et al. ( 2011) as a means of reducing the impact response and
subsequent

Engineering and Technology Research, Volume XVI (No. 2), April-June 2015: 307-316 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM 309
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Advances in impact vibration isolation using nonlinear stiffness

energy dissipation in systems with low damping, it is difficult to implement
some other means of damping. The authors considered a semi-active
strategy based on a model of a degree of freedom supported by two
spring elements in parallel, one of which can be connected and
disconnected from the main mass at will. The control of this elastic
member occurs in two stages, reducing the stiffness during an impact and
control in real time during each cycle part of the residual vibration, ie,
once the impact ends and the system is in free oscillation. Theoretical
simulations that demonstrated the feasibility of the concept to achieve
significant levels of reduction impact and a rapid decrease in the residual
vibrations in systems with low damping were presented. Later a system
variable stiffness experimental was developed to test these concepts
(Ledezma et al., 2012). The system of one degree of freedom and
comprises a permanent magnet composed of mass, which is suspended
by cables of nylon between two electromagnets. Thus, by controlling the
voltage supplied to the electromagnets and polarity, one can control the
rigidity of the system at will. With this system changes were achieved in
stiffness of up to 50%. a circuit analog control developed to implement
control in two steps, during and after impact. In the experimental system,
reductions in the maximum response acceleration of 53% and the buffer
was increased from 5% to 13% were obtained.
subject that you want to isolate. Xingtian a recent study (2013) showed " theoretically
using
reducing the maximum acceleration values. However, the relative
displacement may be affected. Is the task of experimentally validate
these strategies and investigate practical aspects in implementing this
strategy. Currently, the author of this study is working on relevant
practical demonstrations and various theoretical simulations backup.
Low dynamic stiffness model for shock isolation
One method of achieving low dynamic stiffness is the combination of a
positive linear spring element with a negative spring element. The
negative stiffness can be viewed as an element that provides a force that
helps the system out of balance, rather than restore the balance, as does
a positive spring. This combination can be achieved with two inclined
springs (negative stiffness) and a vertical support spring (positive). This
arrangement is shown in

When a mass in the system inclined springs and system of the

position of static equilibrium, the equation of motion for excitation type is
placed versene pulse is expressed in two parts, during the pulse and free
vibration once ends pulse, as shown in the following equations
Similar to the concept of variable stiffness, the use of non-linear
stiffness has been recently investigated as an alternative to the isolation
of impact. Particularly the idea of ​low dynamic stiffness and high static
stiffness, also known as quasi-zero rigidity because it can provide
p 2 t
improved vibration isolation by selecting the proper balance point around mv k vv ) 1 cos 2 (2)
2 2
(
v

which the slope of the force deflection curve is very low. Have developed
different studies on this type of insulation, as for the static and dynamic
2
behavior (Waters 2007, Carrella, 2008, Kovacic, 2008). It has also mv k vv ) 0 (3)
2
(
v

extended the use of these strategies in developing dynamic adjustable

absorsores (Zhou and Liu, 2010). However, these studies have not where
considered the impact response,
1 (4)
12
2

The term に = k or k v It represents the ratio of rigidity between

-
rameter dependent geometric pattern condition, as the angle and initial
length so that the geometrical parameter is 0 when the springs

k or They are initially vertical and horizontal 1 when they are initially. This
equation represents a system

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maximum acceleration be more im- parameter

-
cough results are presented for four values ​CA-
T in

linear subjected to the same input pulse. For the nonlinear system is
considered the geometric parameter
-
ized by reference to the maximum pulse amplitude,

p, and time is normalized with respect to the

It can be seen that the relative duration of impact plays an important

role in the response of the nonlinear system compared to the linear
k
k system. For short durations, both responses are very similar, since in this
zone the typical response to low amplitude impact is therefore the
nonlinear behavior is minimized and is similar to the linear system.
However, for average durations, especially when the pulse duration is
equal to the natural period, the response of the nonlinear system is
considerably less and the residual response, besides decreasing, has an
oscillating lower frequency, since the system has a lower dynamic
stiffness. For pulses of longer duration, the response follows closely the
shape of the input pulse and again shows that the responses of linear
and nonlinear systems are similar. This data can be viewed

-
-
ron different amplitude levels of the input pulse. the nonlinear relationship
between the input and the output of the system is clearly seen, since with
increasing input amplitude response does not increase in the same
)
proportion. Generally, one can say that by including nonlinear stiffness so
that the system dynamically low natural frequency is taken, can reduce
a degree of freedom with cubic stiffness. The force-deformation the response of impact in the critical area of ​the SRS.
relationships typical for this model

geometrical parameter values. There is an optimal value

-
sents the curve for which the slope at the point of static equilibrium is
experimental validation
zero, implying a stiffness
-
issue becomes unstable because it negative stiffness. For practical
purposes a slightly higher value than optimal seeks to avoid possible
instabilities. It based on a previous design presented by the authors (Ledezma et al
-

in an electrodynamic exciter mounted. The system comprises a

To solve the equation of motion of the system suspended mass made up of an aluminum disk and two permanent
magnets of neodymium, held by four nylon threads to a support alu-
MATLAB. It presented below response

Engineering and Technology Research, Volume XVI (No. 2), April-June 2015: 307-316 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM 311
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Advances in impact vibration isolation using nonlinear stiffness

/T /T
/T /T

frequency response function ( FRF). The model was subjected to a

vibration exciter LDS V408 model and measured simultaneously
acceleration in the base and the suspended mass with two miniature
accelerometers KISTLER. The signals were recorded and analyzed on a

The FFT analysis was performed in a range of 1000 Hz for the frequency
response. They were tested dif-
-
ral and dynamic stiffness, namely model without electromagnets,
electromagnets off, on electromagnets repulsion and attraction lit in
electromagnets. The last two situations are with respect to the permanent
magnets and fed to the electromagnets 20 VDC
8"

-
minium. Aligned permanent magnets have two electromagnets, one on
top and one at the bottom. You can control the distance between blue ) repre-
permanent magnets and electromagnets, and the voltage supplied to the sents the system without electromagnets, the dashed line ( green ) Is
latter. The intention of this model is to suspend the mass with linear and powered electromagnets for attractive
positive (nylon cables) springs and exploit the magnetic force of repulsion red ) Represents the
or attraction between permanent magnets and electromagnets as a force electromagnets lit in repulsion, and finally the system off electromagnets
controllable stiffness. Total suspended mass is 0.075kg, and the is given by the dotted line (black). Table 1 summarizes the results under
maximum voltage supplied to the electromagnets was 20 VDC. the the conditions described. clearly it is seen
distance between magnets 10 mm merely to avoid impacts during testing.

less when the electromagnets are switched on

Electromagnetic is reduced to a negative stiffness, which in combination

To find the properties of stiffness and natural frequency, the model with the rigidity provided by the wires results in a low dynamic stiffness.
was subjected to a random vibration test by the base, with the intention of the damping ratio is also included as reference vis-
measuring

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increases. An important detail is that the pulses

5
5 of long duration, the oscillatory response of the
4 system is not a sinusoid, but a typical complex
4
response of a nonlinear system, which occurs
by the high nonlinearity of magnetic forces when
6 8 7
6 February 7 the amplitude of the suspended mass is high.
February
1 8
1 For

3
3
considered, the answer is very similar among
them, with higher amplitudes of acceleration.

A more complete picture of the response to

different input amplitudes and pulse durations

It is representing the SRS for PUL-

thing calculated based on the resonance peaks of the sos considered. The different lines represent

and paragraphs a), b) and c) represent amplitudes of 3, 4 and 5 g,

For measuring the response to the impact, the model was mounted on an
electrodynamic shaker LDS V721 model. versene pulse type impact
generated in amplitudes of 3, 4, and 5 g's acceleration in lengths of 5, 10,
15, 20, and 25 milliseconds. acceleration recorded in the base and
simultaneously the suspended mass with accelerometers KISTLER
miniature, and data logging was done using the controller shaker, LDS
Laser USB.
respectively. It can be corroborated as the response
-
guration low dynamic stiffness, especially for pulses less than 15
milliseconds. a similar trend for the different input amplitudes observed
considered.
However, when significant improvements are shown in the maximum
transmitted acceleration, and this parameter is very important as it
represents the resultant force of the impact, there is the possibility that
the behavior of other parameters of response not

-
5 g pulse amplitude, in lengths of 5, 10, 15 and 20 vo represents the deformation of the insulating system, and
see-
from ) * Represents the system switched on in attraction electromagnets,
the dashed line ( Red ) Is for the electromagnets lit in repulsion, the
dashed line
blue ) Represents the APA-electromagnets
pollack, and finally the system without electromagnets is given by the
dotted line (black).
Generally it is seen as the maximum acceleration is reduced when
the system works with electromagnets attraction. As mentioned above,
this case represents a low dynamic stiffness, and coincides with the
theoretical predictions established. The reduction in response is more
important to less than 15 milliseconds pulses, however, for pulse
durations above system response

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Advances in impact vibration isolation using nonlinear stiffness

Natural frequency Rigidity

(Hz) damping
No electromagnets 17 741 0.012
electromagnets off 16.9 732 0.042
electromagnets
lit in attracting 10.7 293 0.088
electromagnets
lit in repulsion 21.4 1175 0.028

thus required space. This parameter can be increased by using this

strategy as a system with low stiffness has greater deformation. This
deformation is effectively allows storage of impact energy, and is the
basic foundation of good insulation. However, it is necessary

-
ten disadvantages compared with classic passive isolation systems or
investigate strategies to restrict or control the relative displacements
without
-
dad future work to see this phenomenon.

conclusions

This paper presents the fundamentals of vibration isolation theory of

impact, based on a system of one degree of freedom were discussed.
The impact response is dependent on the type of input function, pulse or
step, the duration of this, and the properties of the system subjected to
impact, i.e., mass stiffness and damping. Usually the insulation system is
designed to achieve a low natural frequency, leading

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to an acceptable vibration isolation. This insulating system is passive, ie, and the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon [PAICYT 2010].
that its properties remain constant and is obtained in practice with elastic
supports of different types, for example, helical springs, spring cable,
elastomers, tires reports, and so on.
References

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Engineering and Technology Research, Volume XVI (No. 2), April-June 2015: 307-316 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM 315
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Advances in impact vibration isolation using nonlinear stiffness

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nonlinear isolation Mounter

ISO 690 citation style
tings to pulselike displacements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, volume 35 (3), 1963b: 389-396. JC Snowdon Vibration and Shock in
Research and technological engineering
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Biographical sketch of the author

Diego Francisco Ledezma-Ramirez. Electrical Mechanical Engineer from the University

Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, graduated in 2003. He completed doctoral studies at the Institute of Sound and
Vibration, University of Southampton from 2004 to 2008, obtaining the degree in January 2009. He currently
serves as a full-time research professor at the FIME- UANL in the area of ​structural dynamics, control and
isolation of noise and vibration and is a member of the core of aeronautical engineering career. He has
published articles in indexed and refereed journals and conference presentations at national and international
levels.

316 Engineering and Technology Research, Volume XVI (No. 2), April-June 2015: 307-316 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM