CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

THE EFFECTS OF GENDER OPPORTUNITIES IN SPORTS ON THE

PRIORITIES AND ASPIRATIONS OF YOUNG ADOLESCENTS MALE AND
FEMALE ATHLETES
_____________________
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty Members of the
College of Human Kinetics
Cagayan State University
Carig Campus Tuguegarao City

_____________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Physical Education Major in Sports Wellness Management

_____________________

Researchers
AVESON GRACE B. TUBILLA
JOHN G. AGUSTIN
ROLAND L. AGGABAO
NORCHIE ANN S. TULAUAN
KEYSER P. GANNABAN

Adviser

JAYSON C. BAQUIRAN

DECEMBER 2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to recognize the contribution of all the people who

helped make this piece of work a successful one.

First of all, to Almighty God, for guiding and giving enough strength to finish

the system.

To their loving and caring parents who help not only financially but also

morally because of instilling in them the strong belief that nothing is hard if pursued

with love and determination.

To their beloved adviser and teachers in CHK who continuously support them,

who gives advice, who understand them and who prompt response in all they need.

To their friends and classmates for the untiring support. Thank you guys!

-The Researchers

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ABSTRACT

Motivation plays a big role in success and intimately to the level of aspiration. It

could be deduced from the avoidable and recorded literature that sports activities gave a

significant effect during away with sports sublimating anti-social tendencies attitudes,

personality adjustment and other personal characteristics. The analysis shows that the

majority of respondents are male therefore males are more into sports than females. It also

indicates that the aspects in playing sports are affected by the event while time

management of players significantly unlike with male and female athletes. With careful

analysis on the findings of this study it is being concluded the athletes are more

interested in gaining friends and physical fitness in joining sports rather than playing

in different areas to have travel as well as playing in front of the crowd. Moreover, it

is being concluded that the respondents’ management is being affected of them being

an athlete particularly with their families. Also sets out to find out how the situation

affects the principles and knowledge of young athletes in college levels. The analysis

also shows that the majority of respondents are male therefore males are more into

sports than females. It indicates that the aspects in playing sports are affected by the

event while time management of players significantly unlike with male and female

athletes.

Keywords:Aspiration, motivation, participation

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Approval Sheet

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Physical

Education, this thesis titled “The Effects of Gender Opportunities in Sports on the

Priiorities and Aspiration of Young aAdolescents Male and Female Athletes”, has

been prepared and submitted by Aveson Garce B. Tubilla, John G. Agustin Roland L.

Aggabao,Norchie Ann s. Tuluauan and Keyser P. Gannaban who are hereby

recommended for Oral Examination.

MR. JAYSON BAQUIRAN

Research Adviser

Approved by the panel of oral Examination with a grade of APPROVED.

Mr. Eduardo A. Carag Ph.D

Chairman

Mr. Giovanni C. Morales Mr. Jay Buguina

Member Member

Accepted an approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Physical Education Major in Sports and Wellness Management.

Date CHK Dean

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE NO.

TITLE…………………………………………………………………………. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………….. ii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………… iii
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………….. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….. v
……………………………………………………. vi
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………... vii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………….. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study………………………………………………. 1
B. Statement of the problem……………………………………………… 6
C. Significance of the study………………………………………………. 7
D. Scope and delimitations……………………………………………….. 8
E. Definition of terms…………………………………………………….. 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Issues in Sports………………………………………………………… 10
Practices and Aspirations…………………………………………….. 14
Opportunities in Sports………………………………………………. 15
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design……………………………………………………… 17
B. Locale of the study…………………………………………………… 17
C. The Respondents Sampling Procedure………………………………. 17
D. Research Instrument…………………………………………………. 18
E. Gathering Data Procedure……………………………………………. 19
F. Statistical Analysis of Data…………………………………………... 19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
A. Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………… 21
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

B. Assessment on the perceived factors of the respondents regarding gender

opportunities…………………………………………………………….. 22
C. Difference in the assessment of the respondents when grouped to
profile variables………………………………………………………..... 28
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary of Findings…………………………………………………… 29
B. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….... 29
C. Recommendations…………………………………………………….... 30
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 31
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….. 33
APPENDIX A (QUESTIONNAIRE)………………………………...... 34
APPENDIX B (PARTICIPANTS CONSENT)………………………… 35
APPENDIX C (EXPLANATION OF THE STUDY)………………….. 39

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Scale Composition of the Questionnaire…………………….. 17

Table 1.1 Time Management ………………………………………… 17
Table 1.4 Aspects in Playing Sports ………………………….……. 18
Table 1.5 Time Management ………………………………………. 19

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Scale Composition of the Questionnaire…………………….. 17

Table 1.1 Time Management ………………………………………… 17
Table 1.4 Aspects in Playing Sports ………………………….……. 18
Table 1.5 Time Management ………………………………………. 19

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sports today are sometimes identified as one of the greatest unifying and

socializing forces in a country. It is a builder of national and international pride. The

Philippines, ever through it is a small country in the world map, has achieved

international recognition in sports.

Success in sports is generally attributed to the level of physical fitness,

techniques and tactics. Motivation also plays a big role in success and is intimately to

the level of aspiration. It could be deduced from the avoidable and recorded literature

that sports activities gave a significant effect during away with sports sublimating

anti-social tendencies attitudes, personality adjustment and other personal

characteristics.

Students who are engaged in sports are called student athletes. A student-

athlete is a participant in an organized competitive sport sponsored by an educational

institution in which he or she is enrolled. Student-athletes must typically balance the

roles of being full-time students and at the same time being athletes (Gerdy, 2000).

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According to Cigliano (2006) participation in university sports, a common

human behaviour, is an activity that permeates our society educationally, financially,

psychologically, and politically. Student-athletes are seen as a highly visible subgroup

of students whose performance and visibility can influence the formation of an

institution’s image.

Manning (2012) argues that the term student-athlete is the only term that

employs a dash to explain a student’s role in an extracurricular activity. Manning

went further to say that universities do not term students who participate in band

activities as “student musicians” or in debate clubs as “student-politicians.” As such,

student-athletes represent a clearly identifiable and unique population. In as much as

student-athletes face many of the same challenges as non-athletes, their dual roles can

compound these challenges confronted by all university students.

Simiyu (2010) on the other hand grouped student-athlete challenges into

individual/personal and external challenges. Simiyu went further to mention personal

involvement in academic oriented activities, time constraints, class attendance,

personal goal setting and career choices, physical and emotional fatigue, transition to

college environment and academic grades as individual/personal challenges, with the

following as external challenges; coach demands, institutional policies,

discrimination, marginalization from college mainstream activities, college mission

and learning environment, and eligibility demands.

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Manning (2012) listed depression, isolation, academic inferiority, substance

abuse, injury, identity foreclosure, pregnancy, mental health disorders, learning

disabilities, hazing, exploitation, and sport retirement as some of the challenges

exacerbated by students’ participation in university sports.

Howard-Hamilton and Watt (2001) categorized the challenges faced by

student-athletes based on their unique environmental demands and responsibilities

into four components; that is, role conflict, role strain, value alienation and

exploitation.

In addition, according to Kissinger and Miller (2009), student athletes

generally face six distinctive challenges, these are, balancing athletic and academic

responsibilities, balancing social activities with athletic responsibilities, balancing

athletic success and or failures with emotional stability, balancing physical health and

injury with the need to continue competing, balancing the demands of relationships

with entities such as coaches, teammates, parents and friends, and addressing the

termination of one's college athletic career.

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Hence, an athlete particularly those who are representing the schools must be

well understand and supported in order for them to succeed not only in their sports

life but as well as their academics. It is with this premise that the study was conducted

in order to ascertain the aspirations and time management of student athletes in the

Cagayan State University as basis for their coaches and teachers in effective guidance

to support them.

When the opportunities for female in sports began to be interpreted as

“discrimination” and government-backed college loans and grants began to be

interpreted as “federal assistance,” the expanded scope of the legislation allowed

opportunities for females in athletics to increase dramatically.

The number of collegiate and professional opportunities in sports has

increased for females as well as participations. While such opportunities have

increased, the differences between males and female opportunities in sports are still

apparent. However, male sports figures still are far more prevalent in the media.

Televisions commercials with male athletes are endorsing products overwhelming

Outnumber those with female athletic endorsements. Seventy to ninety percent of the

articles in sports illustrated are about male athletes.

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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

PROFILE OF THE
RESPONDENTS THE PRIORITIES AND
ASPIRATION OF
 Age YOUNG
 Sex ADOLESCENTS MALE
 Event AND FEMALE

Figure 1 shows the conceptual frame work of the study.

Dependent and Independent Variable

This figure shows the direction of the study where the independent category has

age, sex, event and highest event attendant of student athletes while on the dependent

variable is the priorities and aspiration of young adolescents male and female where

the priorities and aspirations depends on the variables.

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Statement of the Problem

The focus of the research was on the gender opportunities in sports on

the priorities and aspirations of young adolescents specifically and sought to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the personal profile of respondents in terms of the following:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Sports

2. How do the respondents perceive the factors in gender opportunities in

terms of the following:

a. Aspects in playing sports

b. Time Management

3. Is there a significant difference in the perceive factors of the respondents

regarding aspects in playing sports and time management when grouped

to their profile variables?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the perceive factors of the

respondents regarding aspects in playing sports and time management when

grouped to their profile variables.

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Significance of the Study

This study aimed to provide information on the factors related to study.

The findings of the study may be beneficial to the following:

To the Coaches: The result of the study will be of big help for coaches

to better understand the aspirations and time management of athletes for them to

give proper guidance for their players for them not only to excel in sports but as

well as on their academics.

To the Teachers: The result of the study will serve as basis for teachers

to better understand the dilemmas that an athlete is facing due to his/her divided

schedules. Hence, the study could be their eye opener in supporting the

university athletes.

To the Student Athletes: As the center of the educative process, student

athletes will be benefited by the results of the study in terms of improved time

management as well as better aspirations through proper coaching and support

not only by their coaches but as well as their teachers.

To the Researchers: From the result of this study the researchers may

be guided with existing problems encountered among student athletes of there

are any and to carry out the suggested recommendations where they are suited.

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Scope and Delimitations

This study is limited to the BPE SPE and SWM Majors of Cagayan State

University Carig Campus for the school year 2017-2018. It is further limited to the

identification of the various factors that affect the formation of the study habits among

student athletes in terms of age, sex, and civil status, number of siblings in the family,

school condition, teacher condition and student condition. The questionnaires were

used to gather the data from respondents.

This study will be conducted to know how the athlete students manage their

time in their family, in their training in their sports events and to their studies and to

know the issues in sports, aspirations and practices of the athletes and the priorities in

sports.

Definition of Terms

Sports

This refer to an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an

individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment or title.

Gender Opportunity

This refers to equality among male and female despite differences in gender

and other attributes such as religion, economic status and the like. In this study, it

focuses on the equality of both male and female in joining sport as an individual or by

team.

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Priorities

This refers to how an athlete or an individual gives importance to a certain

matter which could be in material thing, decisions, time and the like.

Aspiration

This refers to hopes, ambitions or purpose of an athlete particularly in joining

his/her chosen event.

Time management

This refers to how an athlete manages his/her time with studies, event and

family since they have a very busy and hectic schedule as university athletes.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter deals with the foreign and local issues which have bearing on the

study that was conducted.

Different issues in Sports

Cahn, S.K. (1994) explained “that the lack of gender equality in sport could

also be seen as a missed opportunity for the sport sector. Research and developments

in sport have shown that better skilled and educated women and men could lead to

interesting benefits on personal, organizational and societal levels. Instead of

considering gender issues to be irrelevant, or even a hindrance to the core policy goals

in sport, stakeholders in sport should develop a more comprehensive understanding of

the value of gender equality as a condition of social and economic progress.”p221

Snyder,E.,& Navarro, K. (2015). Explained that “This study highlights the

profound impact that social media can have upon all aspects of a collegiate student-

athlete’s experience. This qualitative study was designed to explore Division I

student-athletes social media usage as well as their feelings about its impact on their

academic development, personal development, and engagement with campus.”p104

Buzivis (2011) stated that “the discrimination of transgender students who

may be excluded, discouraged, or simply made to feel uncomfortable participating in

athletic programs for their natal sex, by the sex-segregated world of athletics.p98

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Furthermore Anderson (2008) explained “that when these same men compete

in the gender-integrated sport of cheerleading, they positively reformulate their

attitudes toward women. These findings therefore suggest that gender-integrating

sports might potentially decrease some of the socio negative outcomes attributed to

male team sport athletes, possibly including violence against women”.p199

Messner and Sabo (1990) noted that “Based on interviews with a diverse

group of former high school, college, and professional athletes, Power at Play

examines the important role sports play in defining masculinity for American men.

Messner provides a sociological framework to understand the responses of men to the

changes, challenges, and crises in the social organization of gender”.p.240

According to Gutierrez (2012) “Athletes themselves agree that there is still

much that the government and sports agencies have left to do. Olympic swimmer

Jessie Lacuña told Rappler he wishes the country had facilities like those of

Singapore, where swimmers also enjoy strong support from the government and good

coaches, while his co-swimmer Jasmine Alkhaldi admitted before going to London,

that it has been adifficult journey because of the country's limited resources.”p.132

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Mastellone and Burns (2015) stated that “Social media bans shouldn’t violate

the first amendment if they are consistent with the universities’ codes of conduct,

which govern student athletes. Ifa student athlete tweets something that could be

considered a threat or harassment, for example, the action may violate a rule in the

university’s code of conduct, subjecting that student to discipline.” p. 102

According to Grygiel (2015) “Colleges and Universities that are considering

social media restrictions take a wait and see approach until the issue shakes out.”

p.122

Messner (2009) explained that “It is reinforces the historical stereotype that

sports proves men are superior to women, that the women’s product isn’t the same

quality or would not have the same appeal.” p. 87

Brown and O'Rourke(2003) have compiled a collection of ten qualitative

studies analyzing the narratives that surround the physical and ritualistic activities of

sport. Among the topics examined to explore the storied relationship of sport and

communication are baseball, the WNBA, and soccer hooliganism.p.304

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We play sports, watch sports, read about sports, listen to and talk about sports.

Brown and O'Rourke provide an introduction to the study of the narratives that

surround the physical and ritualistic activities of sport. Ten critical analyses explore a

range of sports as diverse as baseball, white water rafting, and full-contact fighting.

Among the topics examined are the differences in the broadcasts of NBA and WNBA

games and the cultural roots of hooliganism in British soccer. This is the only book of

its kind to offer a compilation of qualitative research in the area of sport and

communication. Faculty will find this to be an invaluable resource for beginning (or

continuing) their research in this area and students will understand communication

concepts explained in a new way through the popular lens of sport. p. 157

Blain, N., & Bernstein, A. (2003) explained that “The media sport has risen

prominence so questions have to be asked whether this represents sports for all or

only for some”. P.332

There are numerous studies which have focused on the underrepresentation of

women athletes (Eastman & Billings, 2000).

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Wenner(1998)noted that “One of the first issues concerning the perception of

inequality with sports and the media’s underrepresentation and trivializing of women

athletes. This theme is apparent not only in the underreporting of women athletes but

also of their events. Men represent the norm and women represent the other. The

other is the concept where women are women first and athlete second and is the

leading component of the trivialization of them as athletes.

Practices and Aspirations

Robbins S. (1996) said that Sport is neither inherently good nor bad; the

positive experiences of sport do not result from participation but from the nature of

the experience. In the hands of the right people with the right attitudes, sport can be a

positive, character-building experience”.p99

Connolly, D, Allen-Collinson, J and Evans, A B (2016). Studied that “This

form of capital is accrued through a person’s access to practices in specific fields,

including education, and strongly influences a person’s life chances.”p112

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Navarro, K. (2015). This study explored the undergraduate major choices

andcareer aspirations of student-athletes at a large, highly selective Division

I/Research university to better understand how life experiences influence

undergraduate major choice and how that then effects the student athlete’s future

career aspirations.”p56

Schafer(2000). There are at least ways athletic participation might facilitate

upward mobility. It might facilitate the development of competencies, attitudes, and

behavior patterns valued in the occupational world. Participation in the professional

sports often leads directly to wealth and status. Athletic participation in professional

sometimes leads to various forms of occupational sponsorship. Participation might

enhance educational attainment, better grades and graduation from college.

Opportunities in Sports

Frank A.(2017) There are few spots for professional athletes, but there are

many opportunities working with both amateur and professional athletes. Just a few of

these careers include coaching, officiating, training, weight training, sport agent, and

athletic trainer/medical positions. There are many broadcast and print media in sports

coverage. Sports information directors compile statistics and media guides. Sports

writers provide information and analysis for fans. Cameramen and photographers

alsocapture the event. Sports media also offers behind-the-scenes positions like

producers, directors, print and broadcast editors, and statisticians.p82

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Visi I.(2017)Sporting Opportunities gives you the chance to travel the world

and combine your love of sport at the same time. Travel with other like-minded

people and you could see yourself on a volunteer sports coaching

project in Africa, Asia or SouthAmerica orgetting qualified asa ski or snowboard instr

uctor in Canada. And if that is not enough and you fancy taking your sport to the next

level then we have a range of playing and training opportunities abroad.p167

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods to be used in the study. It also describes the

respondents of the study, locale of the study, instruments used, the procedure of data

gathering, and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Design

This study is a descriptive-comparative quantitative research. Descriptive for it

was focused in ascertaining the present aspirations and time management of athletes

in the Cagayan State University. It was also comparative in nature for their

assessment was being compared using their profile variables. Lastly, it adopts a

quantitative approach due to the number of participants and as well as the tool

adopted for the study which uses a questionnaire.

Locale of the study

The study was conducted at Cagayan State University-Carig Campus, located

at Carig Norte, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.

The Respondents and Sampling Procedure

A purposive sampling is a non-probability sample that is selected based on the

characteristics of a population and the objective of the study. It is also known as

judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling.

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This type of sampling technique is particularly useful in exploratory research,

research with limited resources, as well as research where a single case can be

decisive in explaining the phenomenon of interest wherein out of 141 list of student

athletes 104 were selected as participants following the Slovin’s formula at 5%

margin of error.

Research Instruments

The main instrument to be used is the study questionnaire. The questionnaire

was adopted in the study of Dr. Kelly E. Flanagen entitled the effect of Gender

Opportunity in sports on the Priorities and Aspirations of young athletes.

Scale composition of the questionnaire

Table 1.

Aspects in playing sports

Scale Descriptive Rating

1 Not important at all

2 Not Important

3 Important

4 Very Important

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Table 2.

Time management in playing sports

Scale Descriptive Rating

1 Never

2 Once in a while

3 Sometimes

4 All the time

Gathering Data Procedure

Permission to conduct the study was sought from the Associate College

Dean of the College of Human Kinetics. Upon approval, questionnaire was

distributed personally to all the respondents of the study. Thereafter, data was

tailed, statistically treated and analyzed to shed light and understanding on the

results of the investigation.

Statistical Treatment

Frequency count and percentage was employed in the profile variables of the

respondents while weighted mean was used to treat the data pertaining to the

assessment of the respondents regarding aspects and time management which was

interpreted using the scale below.

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Table 2.

Aspects in playing sports

Scale Descriptive Rating

0.1-1.74 Not important at all

1.75-2.49 Not Important

2.50-3.24 Important

3.35-4.00 Very Important

Table 3.

Time management in doing assignments in school

Scale Descriptive Rating

0.1-1.74 Never

1.75-2.49 Once in a while

2.50-3.24 Sometimes

3.35-4.00 All the time

Lastly, t-Test and ANOVA was employed in determining significant difference

regarding the assessment of both respondents on aspects and time management

as an athlete.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered in tabular forms with their

respective interpretation in each table

`1. Profile of the respondents

Table 4.

Distribution of respondents according to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

19 35 33.65
18 30 28.85
20 19 18.27
21 9 8.65
17 7 6.75
22 4 3.85

The table above shows the distribution of the respondents according to age.

Most of the respondents are 19 years old with frequency 35 or 33.65% of the total

respondents followed by 18 years old with frequency 28.85% followed by 20 years

old with frequency of 19 or 18.27% followed by 21 years old with frequency of 9 or

8.65 followed by 17 years old with frequency of 7 or 6.73% followed by 22 years old

with frequency of only 4 or 3.85 total of respondents.

The mean age which is 19.06 show that most of the respondents are on a

typical age of college student

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Table 5.
Distribution of the respondents according to Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 59 56.73

Female 45 43.27

Total 104 100

The table above shows the distribution of the respondents according to sex.

Majority of the respondents are male with frequency 59 or 56.73% of the total

respondents while the remaining 45 are female. This shows that most of the

participants in this study are male.

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Table 6.
Distribution of the respondents according to sport event
Sports Event Frequency Percentage
Volleyball 17 16.35
Athletics 16 15.38
Sepak Takraw 12 11.54
Softball 12 11.54
Basketball 8 7.69
Baseball 8 7.69
Futsal 8 7.69
Football 5 4.81
Arnis 5 4.81
Badminton 4 3.85
Beach Volleyball 3 2.88
Archery 2 1.92
Table Tennis 1 0.96
Taekwondo 1 0.96
Chess 1 0.96
Swimming 1 0.96
Total 104 100

The table above shows the distribution of the respondents according to their

event or sport played. It can be seen that most of the respondents are on event

volleyball, with frequency 17 or 16.35% followed by athletics, 16 or 15.38% followed

by 2 sports event sepak takraw and softball with frequency of 12 or 11.54% followed

by 3 sports event basketball, baseball and futsal with frequency of 8 or 7.69%

followed by followed by football and arnis with frequency of 5 or 4.81 followed by

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badminton with frequency of 4 or 3.85% followed by archery with frequency of 2 or

1.12%. There are also 4 respondents under individual sports played such as table

tennis, taekwondo, chess and swimming with frequency of 1 or 0.96 of the total

respondents.

The result implies that the respondents are engaged in different types of events and

sports.

Assessment on the perceived factors of the respondents regarding gender

opportunities

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Table 7.
Aspects in playing sports
Indicators Weighted Mean Description

Building friendships 3.94 Very Important

Physical fitness 3.81 Very Important
Competition 3.46 Very Important
Experience(travel, playing in front of the 3.40
crowd, etc)
Scholarship potential 3.53 Very Important
Personal challenge 3 .43 Very Important
Fun 3.46 Very Important
Studying 3.51 Very Important
Socializing with friends 3.57 Very Important
Time with family 3.46 Very Important
Practicing sports 3.42 Very Important

The table above shows the assessment of the respondents regarding aspects in

playing sports. It can be seen in the table that all items including the overall mean fall

under description “Very Important”. However, the highest assessment given by the

respondents in under the item “Building friendships”, with the mean of 3.94, followed

by the item “Physical fitness””, 3.81, while the lowest assessment is under the item

“Experience (travel, playing in front of the crowd, etc)”, 3.40. This implies that the

respondents are more particular with gaining friendship and physical fitness in joining

sports rather than the experience particularly travel and playing in front of the crowd.

The overall mean 3.54, implies that the listed aspects of playing sports is very

important to them as an athlete or a player.

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Table 8.

Time management

Indicarors Weighted Mean Description

How often do you have hard time

getting motivated to study? 3.20 Sometimes

How often do you sit down to study

and not know where to start? 3.21 Sometimes

How often do you do your assignment? 3.35 All the time

How often do you end up writing a

paper at the last minute? 3.19 Sometimes

How often do you put off studying? 2.97 Sometimes

How often do you turn in assignments

late or unfinished? 3.11 Sometimes

Do you ever feel like you’re not putting

in as much study time as you should? 3.00 Sometimes

How often do you watch TV? 3.00 Sometimes

How often do you spend time worrying

about assignments? 2.90 Sometimes

How often do you play sports? 3.18 Sometimes

How often do you feel overwhelmed

with stress? 2 .97 Sometimes

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

How often do you spend your time with family? 2.90 Sometimes

How often do you feel that you haven’t

accomplished anything? 3.06 Sometimes

How often do you forget a deadline until just

before something is due? 2.83 Sometimes

How often do you go to a one task to another? 3.16 Sometimes

How often do you take a test without having

actually having studied for it? 3.19 Sometimes
Overall Mean 3.08 Sometimes

The table above shows the assessment of the respondents regarding their time

management as a player or an athlete. It can be seen in the table that the highest

assessment is under the item “How often do you do your assignment?”, 3.35, with

description “Always”. This shows that despite busy schedule for an athlete they still

do their assignments. However, all other items fall under description “Sometimes”

which shows that their time management regarding these matters is being affected of

them being an athlete or player. The lowest of which is under item “How often do you

spend your time with family?”, 2.90, with description “Sometimes”, which implies

that the respondents’ time to spend with their family is being affected by their busy

schedules as an athlete..

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Table 9.

Difference in the assessment of the respondents when grouped to profile

variables

Profile/Variable F/t Probability Decision

Aspects in playing sports

Age .506 .613 Not Significant

Sex 4.871 .062 Not Significant

Event 4.871 .047* Significant

Time management

Age 1.806 .086 Not Significant

Sex 8.666 .000* Significant

The table above shows the test of difference in the assessment of the

respondents regarding aspects of playing sports as well the assessment on the time

management with regards to their schedule as an athlete. Using t-Test under sex and

ANOVA under age and event, both under .05 level of significance, difference is

significant with regards to event under aspects in playing sports while significant

difference is under sex on time management as being supported by probability values

lower than .05. This shows that perceived aspects of the respondents in playing sports

is affected by their event while their time management is affected by their sex.

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CHAPTER V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations which were being derived and formulated after analysing the results

of the data that were presented in the previous chapter.

Summary of Findings

Based from the result gathered from the respondents, the following findings

are hereby presented.

 The respondents’ assessment on aspects of playing sports showed that they are

more on gaining friends and physical fitness rather than the experience of

playing in the crowd and playing outside to experience travel.

 Moreover, the result showed that due to hectic schedule of being a player, the

respondents are having hard time management particularly with their families.

However, they still catch up with their responsibilities and duties as a student.

 The study also indicates that aspects in playing sports are affected by event

while time management of players significantly differs with that of male and

female athlete or player.

Conclusion

With careful analysis on the findings of this study it is being concluded the

athletes are more interested in gaining friends and physical fitness in joining sports

rather than playing in different areas to have travel as well as playing in front of the

crowd. Moreover, it is being concluded that the respondents’ management is being

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affected of them being an athlete particularly with their families. Also sets out

to find out how the situation affects the principles and knowledge of young athletes in

college levels. The analysis also shows that the majority of respondents are male

therefore males are more into sports than females. It indicates that the aspects in

playing sports are affected by the event while time management of players

significantly unlike with male and female athletes.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study the following are recommended:

1. The athlete respondents should continue their time management on their

studies despite being an athlete but must improve their time management

when it comes to their families despite busy schedule.

2. Coaches and trainers must also incorporate time management on athletes in

order to guide them on effective time management despite their busy

schedules.

3. Athletes should learn effective time management especially they are forced to

divide their time when it comes to training and studies.

4. Teachers and professors must give considerations to athletes in order for them

to cope up with their classes.

5. Parents’ and administrators’ support is also needed for athletes to excel not

only in sports but as well as their studies.

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

REFERENCES

Anderson, E(2008). “I Used to Think Women Were Weak”: Orthodox

Masculinity, Gender Segregation, and Sport. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Angst, F.,(2017). Jobs Involved With Sports - More Than Fun and Games. The
balance USA.

Blain, N., & Bernstein, A. (Eds.). (2003). Sport, media, society. London and
Portland, OR: Frank Cass

Brown, R. S., & O’Rourke III, D. J. (2003). Case studies in sports

communication. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Buzivis, E.(2011). Transgender Student-Athletes and Sex-Segregated Sport:

Developing Policies of Inclusion for Inter collegiate and Interscholastic
Athletics. Seton Hall Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law.

Cahn, S.K. (1994) Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-

Century Women’s Sport. New York: Free Press.

Davis .N.,& Duncan. M. C.(2006) Sports Knowledge is Power. Indiana

University Press.

Eastman, S.T., & Billings, A.C. (2000). Gender parity in the Olympics
Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 23 (2) (1999). 52-72

Flanagen, E.K.(2003).“The Effect of Gender Opportunity in Sports on the

Priorities and Aspirations of Young Athletes.”The United States Sports
Academy Under Graduate Research Team. The Sport Jounal.
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Grygiel, J.,(2015).Future implications of today’s social media bans. Syracuse

University S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications.

Gutierrez, N. (2012). The problem with Philippine sports. Rappler.

Indi, V.,(2017). Sporting Opportunities.University Sports Degree Courses (UK)

Lever, J., & Wheeler, S. (1993). Mass media and the experience of sport.
Communication Research, 20, 125-143

Mastellone, D., & Burns, G. (2015). Social media bans in college sports offer
lessons for enterprises. Social Enterprises.

Messner.M.,A&Sabo.D. (Eds.). (1990). Sport, Men and the Gender Order:

Critical feminist perspectives. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.

Messner, M.A (2009). Gender in Televised Sports: News and Highlights

Shows. Women’s Sports Foundation.

Robbins, S., (1996)Straight talk About Children in Sport. Wellington 6011,

New Zealand

Wenner, L.A. (1998). Media Sport. Rutledge Press, New York, NY

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX C

Questionnaire

Young Athletes Value Survey Conducted by Claudette I. Bakenard and Derick

Vi Tinsley

United States Sports Academy

Name:

Sex:

Age:

Civil Status:
SECTION A: Please circle numbers to the following according to the importance
of the answers to the questions, with “1” not important at all and “2” not important
“3” important “4” very important
1 2 3 4
Building friendships

Physical fitness

Competition

Experience(travel, playing in front of the crowd, etc)

Scholarship potential

Personal challenge

Fun

Studying

Socializing with friends

Time with family

Practicing sports
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

To find out if time management is an issue for you,

take the following assessment, Give yourself a 1= All

the time 2= Sometimes 3= Once in a while 4= Never

How often do you have hard time getting motivated to

study?

How often do you sit down to study and not know

where to start?

How often do you do your assignment?

How often do you end up writing a paper at the last

minute?

How often do you put off studying?

How often do you turn in assignments late or

unfinished?

Do you ever feel like you’re not putting in as much

study time as you should?

How often do you watch TV?

How often do you spend time worrying about

assignments?

How often do you play sports?

How often do you feel overwhelmed with stress?

How often do you spend your time with family?

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

How often do you feel that you haven’t accomplished

anything?

How often do you forget a deadline until just before

something is due?

How often do you go to a one task to another?

How often do you take a test without having actually

having studied for it?

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PARTICIPANTS CONSENT

APPENDIX B

Title of the Study: Gender Opportunities in Sports on the Priorities and Aspirations of

Young Adolescents Male and Female.

Principal Investigator:

Name:

Department:

Address:

Phone:

E-mail:

Background:

You are being invited to take part of the research study. Before you decide to

participate in this study, it is important that you understand why the research is being

done and what it will involve. Please take the time to read the following information

carefully. Please ask the researcher if there is anything that is not clear or if you need

more information.

The purpose of this study is:

How important are sports in the lives of young adolescents? What is the likelihood

they will play sports at a higher level? What is the likelihood they will pursue a career

in sports, either as a professional athlete of coach?

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Study Procedure:

Your expected time commitment for this study is: (time)

Risks:

The risks of this study are minimal. There risks are similar to those you experience

when disclosing work-related information to others. The topics in the survey may

upset some

Respondents. You may decline to answer any or all questions and you may terminate

your involvement at any time if you choose.

Benefits:

There will be no direct benefit to you in your participation in this study. However, we

hope that the information obtained from this study may help you learn more about this

study in your life.

Alternative Procedure:

If you do not want to be in the study, you may choose not to participate and leave

your answers blank, or you may read quietly at your desk.

Confidentiality:

Please do NOT write any identifying information in your questionnaire. Your

responses will be anonymous.

For the purposes of this research project your comments will not be anonymous

unless you request that they be. You may request that all or your part or responses be

kept anonymous at any time.

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Every effort will be made by the researchers to preserve your confidentiality including

the following:

Notes to interview transcriptions, and transcribed notes and any other

identifying participant information will be kept in a locked file cabinet in the personal

possession of the researcher. When no longer be necessary for research, all materials

will be destroyed.

All other participants involved in this study will not be identified and their

anonymity will be maintained.

Each participant has the opportunity to obtain a transcribed copy of their

interview; participants should tell the researcher if a copy of the interview is desired.

Participant data will be kept confidential except in cases where the researcher is

legally obligated to report specific incident.

Person to Contact:

Should you have any questions about the research or any related matters, please

contact the researcher at your email address or telephone number.

Consent:

By signing this consent form, I confirm that I had read and understood the

information and have had the opportunity to ask questions. I understand that my

participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time, without giving a

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

reason and without cost. I understand that I will be given a copy of this consent form.

I voluntarily agree to take part in this study.

Signature Date

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EXPLANATION OF THE STUDY

APPENDIX A

To engage one’s self in sports does not only playing the event alone. It also

needs the individual’s aspirations in order for him/her to excel in his/her chosen event.

Aspirations alone does not also guarantee the success of an athlete, it must be

accompanied by effective time management. An athlete must learn to be flexible in

order for him to better perform the duties inside and outside arena.

This is one of the dilemmas of athletes particularly students athletes for they

are forced to divide their time in most flexible way. They must attend to practices

while even during academic hours particularly when competitions are fast

approaching and even without competition they are obliged to practice for them to

master their skills which give them the possibilities to set aside their studies.

Hence, this study was conducted to explore and ascertain the aspirations of

student athletes in Cagayan State University as well as their time management despite

their hectic schedules that could serve as basis for their proper and effective guidance

for them to excel not only in their chosen event but as well as their academics.

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