The Guys from Liverpool

John Lennon

 Born in 1940;
 His father, a merchant seaman, goes to jail for desertion;
 His mother finds a new husband and sends John to live with his aunt and uncle;
 12 years old – is considered a troublemaker at school;
 13 years old – his school report says “Hopeless”;
 His mother reenters his life and buys him his first guitar;
 1956 – John recruits classmates to form The Quarrymen band.

Paul McCartney

 Born in 1942;
 His father is a salesman, his mother is a nurse;
 1956 – Paul’s mother dies of a cancer. He is 14 years old. His father’s salary is £ 8 a week;
 His father buys him a guitar (£ 15). Paul plays all kinds of American rock;
 Joins The Quarrymen, an unknown rock band.

George Harrison

 Born in 1943;
 His father is a bus conductor; his mother, a part-time clerk;
 He has three brothers, but he is the only son to enter the Liverpool Institute, where he
meets Paul;
 His parents, although poor, buy him his first guitar (£ 3);
 1957 – joins The Quarrymen rock band.

Ringo Starr

 Born in 1940 extremely poor and sick;

 His mother works as a barmaid to support her children;
 From 6 to 13 years of age, spends many years in hospitals;
 His stepfather buys him used drums;––
 1959 – joins The Rory Storm Band;
 1961 – joins The Quarrymen, now The Beatles.
 The Beatles
Ten years after World War II, an American invention called rock’n’roll sweeps Liverpool.
Dozens of bands appear playing the new rhythm. Four teenagers from working-class
Liverpool get together in a new band – The Beatles. After years of hard work and little
money, they finally succeed: first in England, then around the world. They created a new
kind of rock’n’roll and Beatlemania. Thousands of teenager cry, shout and faint for them.
In 1970, Paul McCartney announces the end of the band due to tensions and personal
differences. More than three decades after the end of the group, teenagers around the
world still sing the Beatles songs.

Keywords: due to =>devido a; join =>juntar-se a; still =>ainda;

succeed =>tersucesso; sweep = varrer

Comprehension

Scan the text and answer these questions.

1. What is the topic of the text?

____________________________________

2. Is the text a product of imagination (fiction) or is it about real facts (nonfiction)?

___________________________________________________.

3. Scan the text and list nine words that mean family relations.
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________

4. Scan the text and list six words that are professions.
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________

5. List nine transparent words from the text.

________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________

6. Look at these expressions in the dictionary and write their meanings in Portuguese.
a) Troublemaker: ________________ b) hopeless: ________________
c) working-class: ____________________ d) support: _________________
 The Tortoise and the Eagle
A Central Africa fable revisited

Tortoise and Eagle are friends. They meet

very rarely, but every time that Eagle visits
his friend, Tortoise offers him a delicious meal.
After lunch, Tortoise says: “I’m putting some food in this
basket. Take it to your children”.

The food at Tortoise’s home is so good that Eagle comes back again and again. Everytime
he flies back home, Eagle laughs : “Ha, ha! I can share Tortoise’s food, but he can never
come to my tree to share my food!”

Soon, the other animals in the forest start making comments.

One day Frog is talking to Tortoise and decides to advise him. “Tortoise”, says Frog, “Eagle
is taking advantage of your generosity. Every time he leaves your home he says, “Ha, ha!I
can share Tortoise’s food, but he can never come to my tree to share mine!”

The next time Eagle comes, he can’t find Tortoise; all he can find is a basket with a
message: “This basket of food is for you and your family.” Eagle takes the basket home. He
doesn’t know that Tortoise is inside it.

When they are at Eagle’s home, Tortoise jumps out of the basket and says, “Hello, Eagle. I
am visiting you today and sharing a meal with you.” Eagle is furious and says, “You are the
only meal here, Tortoise!”

“Now I see what kind of friend you are, Eagle”, says Tortoise. “This is the end of our
friendship. Please, take me back home now.”

“Take you home!”, shouts Eagle. “I am not going to take you home! I am going to throw
you to the ground and watch you smash into little pieces,” screams the bird.

Tortoise quickly grips Eagle’s leg and doesn’t let go. Eagle screams, “Tortoise! Let me go!
Let go of my leg!”

Tortoise replies, “I can let go of your leg only if you take me back to my home.”
Eagle has no choice and takes Tortoise back to his home.
That was the end of the friendship.
Moral: “Friendship requires the contribution of two people.”

[Fable: a story that teaches a moral lesson. The characters, usually animals, speak and act like human being.]

Keywords:advise => aconselhar; eagle => águia; frog => sapo; laugh => rir; meet => encontrar-se;
scream=> gritar; smashintopieces => quebrar em pedaços; throw => jogar; tortoise => tartaruga.
 Comprehension

Scan the text pages and answer these questions.

1. The text is:

a) a biography
b) a newspaper article
c) a fable

2. The characters in the text are:

a) children
b) animals
c) monsters

3. The author of the text is:

a) Aesop
b) La Fontaine
c) unknown

4. The quotation marks (“ “) in the text indicate:

a) a description
b) that a character is speaking
c) the end of the story

5. Scan the text and list the names of three animals.

________________ ___________________ ____________________

6. Scan the text and list nine transparent words.

________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________

7. Look at the underlined words in the dictionary and choose the correct alternatives.
a) I can share Tortoise’s food.

( ) comer
( ) compartilhar
( ) roubar
b) Tortoise offers him a delicious meal.

( ) refeição
( ) prato de milho
( ) vinho

c) I am going to throw you to the ground.

( ) jogar você no chão

( ) levar você para baixo
( ) abatervocê
d) Tortoise quickly grips Eagle’s leg.

( ) grita
( ) agarra
( ) morde
8. Who says?
01. “Take it to your children.”

a) Tortoise
b) Eagle
c) Frog
02. “He can never come to my tree.”

a) Tortoise
b) Eagle
c) Frog
03. “Eagle is taking advantage of your generosity.”

a) Tortoise
b) Eagle
c) Frog
04. “You are the only meal here.”

a) Tortoise
b) Eagle
c) Frog
05. “I can let go of your leg only if you take me back.”
a) Tortoise
b) Eagle
c) Frog

Night Bird to Base

Listen, it’s eleven o’clock and they are still in the living room.
Nobody is sleeping. No, the husband is in the bedroom. He’s
probably reading. I can’t see clearly from here. There is a tree
in the way. The wife and children are in the TV room. No, the TV is off.
I think they are playing a game because they’re sitting on the floor
in a circle. Yes, and they have cards in their hands. Wait! Someone
is coming down the street. It’s a man. Yes. Oh, he’s walking across
the garden. Now, he’s opening the dining room window. Oh, no!
He’s climbing in the window. He is in the house now. What do I do now, Base?
What do I do?
Answer the questions
1. Who is saying the text?
a) Night bird
b) Base
c) Nobody
2. The person who is saying the text is probably a:
a) neighbor
b) friend
c) detective
Landmines: Hidden Killers
Between 1945 and 1992, there were 149 wars, killing more than 23 million people.
During the last decade of the 20th century, it is estimated that child victims included:
 2 million killed;
 5 million disabled;
 12 million left homeless;
 1 million orphaned or separated from their parents;
 10 million psychologically traumatized.
Total number of landmines: 110 million in 64 countries.
Human cost of landmines: 800 deaths a month, mostly innocent civilians, with thousands
more mutilated.
Dollar cost of landmines: To buy one: U$3 – U$10.
To remove one: U$300 – U$1,000.
Of all weapons, few are more persistent and more lethal to children than landmines.
Every year these deadly devices kill or mutilate hundreds of children while they are
planting crops, herding animals or just playing.
There are about 110 million landmines still in the ground – waiting.
And they remain active for decades.
“A landmine is a perfect soldier,” said one Red Khmer general. “Ever courageous, never
sleeps, never misses.”
Find more information about this matter in this following site: www.mineaction.org (visit the photos, maps & resources link.)

Keywords: children =>crianças; kill =>matar; landmine => mina terrestre;

remain =>permanecer; soldier =>soldado; weapon =>arma

Comprehension

Find the correct meaning for the words below. Check the correct alternatives.

1. WEAPON
a) órfão c) mina
b) arma d) vítima

2. REMAIN
a) permanecer c) principal
b) remar d) matar

3. DEADLY
a) morrer c) mortal
b) matar d) morto

4. HERD
a) ouvir c) pastorear
b) ouvido d) bocejar

5. DEVICE
a) aparelho c) conselho
b) controle d) complicação

Circle the words related to war. Use the dictionary for help.

weapon children landmine

sleep kill soldier
ground orphan death
Match the columns.

1. landmines
2. homeless
3. disable

( ) refere-se a pessoas com deficiência

( ) refere-se a minas terrestres
( ) refere-se aos sem-teto

AFTER READING

A Check what is true according to the text.

1. ( ) Landmines cause 800 deaths a month.

2. ( ) Most victims are civilians.
3. ( ) A landmine is very expensive.
4. ( ) Landmines are more lethal than soldiers.
5. ( ) Landmines remain active for decades.
6. ( ) children from urban areas are the most frequent victims of landmines.

B Check the correct alternatives.

The text says that during wars, children:
1. ( ) are psychologically traumatized.
2. ( ) are perfect soldiers.
3. ( ) are separated from their parents.
4. ( ) are mutilated.
5. ( ) never sleep.

The Global Movement for Children (GMC)

The Global Movement for Children (GMC) is a force for change.
We are calling for people throughout the world to take action and
protect the rights of children. We all have a role to play – leaders and
citizens, private and public organizations, children and young people.
What we demand of our leaders, we also demand of ourselves. The
GMC calls on everyone, everywhere, to do as much as possible, in
their own time and their own way, for and with children. Because
millions of children are suffering exclusion, exploitation and are being
abused, the actions of GMC are centered in 10 imperatives:
 1. Leave no children out.
2. Always put children first.
3. Care for every child.
4. Fight HIV/Aids.
5. Stop harming and exploiting children immediately.
6. Always listen to children.
7. Educate every child.
8. Protect children from war all the time.
9. Protect the Earth for children.
10. Fight poverty: invest in children.

JERICOACOARA
The enormous beach of Jericoacoara, on the northern tip of Ceará, is one of the most
beautiful beaches in Brazil. This fishing community – 1,500 people, near the border of the
state of Piauí – is becoming increasingly popular.
WHAT TO FIND
 sand dunes, little shade
 a lagoon, deserted beaches
 cactus-covered cliffs
 village life, pigs, chickens, donkeys on the street
 cool restaurants
 electricity depends on generators
 forró nightly
THINKING OF GOING?
How to go
By boat – seasickness guaranteed.
Or flying into Fortaleza, take a bus to Jijoca (5 hours), and take a jeep to
Jericoacoara (an hour journey).
Where to stay
There are many hotels (book in advance!). They may offer Pool and bar, light
and shower; gas lamp.
Many locals rent hammocks.
When to go
Heavy rains from March to May.
Best winds – June to January.
Crowded – from January to March.
What to do
Windsurfing, sand boarding, horseback riding.
Your visit will be incomplete if you don’t sit on the top of dune and watch the
sunset.
Keywords:
(to) book => fazer reserve; border => fronteira, divisa;
crowded => lotado; tip => extremidade; wind => vento.
Comprehension
Scan the text pages and check the correct alternative.

1. What kind of text is this?

a) Historic
b) Geographic
c) Tourism

2. What is the text about?

a) A beach called Jericoacoara.

b) A mountain called Jericoacoara.
c) A spa called Jericoacoara.
3. Where is this place?
a) In Africa.
b) In Brazil.
c) In Canada.

Scan the text and list nine transparent words.

________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________
________________ __________________ ___________________

List the names of three animals from the text.

________________ __________________ ___________________

What do the words in bold letters mean? Use the dictionary for help.

1. If you travel by boat, seasickness is guaranteed.

a) Enjoo
b) Marinheiro

2. Many locals rent hammocks.

a) Hotéis
b) Redes
Read this postcard.

Dear Tasha,

We’re in Paradise. This place is incredible

and people are very nice. I don’t speak a
word in Portuguese, but they do everything
they can to understand me and make Tasha Hays
themselves understood. It’s raining today, 4210 Riverdale Rd
so we aren’t doing anything special. We’re Germantown, TN 38138
USA
just hanging around. But tomorrow we’re
going to see the Hollowed Rock. Later,
we’re going to sail on a jangada. Everything
is so exotic here. You would love it!

Take care.

Martha

Actions that make a difference

Socially responsible products.
Products that incorporate social and
environmental considerations:
Similar products can give us the same satisfaction.
However, they may not have the same social and
ecological impact. So, everytime you buy something,
you make a choice. In other words, you vote for
product A and not for product B.
Now, I think about this:
Your choices at the shopping center, my choices at the
travel agency, the choices of your neighbors at their
favorite restaurant, plus the choices of six billion
people on our planet make us very powerful.
We all spend a lot of money buying things. Did you know
that each cent we spend is helping a manufacturer to exist?
It’s helping to determine the way its products are made or
harvested, how services are provided, and how its workers and
the environment are treated. Thus, the responsibility to buy a
socially responsible product is ours.
 If thousands of consumers take small
steps, industry will take note and respond
with better products and services.

How to make a difference

1. Reuse – make things last.
2. Buy recycled products.
3. But energy-efficient products.
4. Buy local – this supports local economy.
5. Avoid excessive packaging.
6. Look for “organic”, environment-friendly products.
7. Get informed.

Keywords:
Choice => escolha; consumer => consumidor; step => passo;
sociallyresponsible => socialmente responsável

Comprehension
1. Check the correct meaning of the words in bold letters.
a) However, they may not have the same social and ecological impact.
( ) but
( ) and
( ) also

b) Consumers are very powerful.

( ) They have much power.
( ) They have no power.

c) Many planters are refusing to harvest soybean.

( ) plantar
( ) colher
( ) queimar

d) That company provides good services to its consumers.

( ) proíbe
( ) recusa
( ) oferece
AFTER READING

Check all correct alternatives according to the text.

1. Similar products:
a) may have different ecological impact.
b) don't give us the same satisfaction.

2. The choices of six billion people around the planet:

a) are ecological correct.
b) make consumers powerful.

3. Our actions:
a) can help to determine working conditions.
b) can make a difference.
c) can help to determine environmental considerations.
d) can help to determine the quality of products.
e) can determine our workers.

GM food
What is genetically modified food?

It is food containing ingredients that come from genetically modified crops. That
means, scientists transfer genes from another plant or animal to the species that
they want to modify.
Genetic modification intends to increase the resistance of plants against insects,
fungal, and viral pests. One of the main goals is to reduce the need for pesticides.

What are the benefits?

The benefits are uncertain. Defenders of GM say that it improves crop

characteristics (yield, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance) and thus reduces prices.

What are the risks?

The risks are not well-defined. People do not know for sure the long-term effects of
GM on human health and on the environment. There is also the possibility of
increasing control of agriculture by biotechnology corporations.
The Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO – states that we have to use GM as a
tool to combat hunger and malnutrition. FAO also defends the need to take
precautions to protect human health and the environment.
Nowadays, scientists can genetically modify crops of soybean, corn, cotton, canola,
potatoes, and anything containing lecithin (a substance extracted from soybeans).
 Comprehension

Check the correct alternative according to the text.

1. Scientists:

a) modify plants using gene transfer.

b) use plant genes to modify other plants and animals.
c) use food ingredients to modify plants.
d) reduce prices
e) use animal genes to modify other plants and animals.

2. Lecithin:

a) is a modified food.
b) is not present in potatoes.
c) is derived from soybean.
d) is a kind of GM good.
e) is modified by scientists.

3. Crop characteristics:

a) corn, cotton, canola

b) yield and pest resistance
c) human health and the environment
d) risks are not well-defined
e) states that we have to use GM

4. Risks of genetic modification:

a) biotechnology corporations
b) environmental effects
c) herbicide tolerance
d) increase the resistance
e) reduces prices

5. The last paragraph shows that:

a) FAO has no doubt about GM food.

b) there is no controversy about the subject.
c) FAO has doubts about the subject, too.
d) there is no need to take precaution to protect the environment.
AFTER READING

Scan the text and answer the questions.

1. The initials GM that appear in the text mean:

a) General Motors
b) genetically maintained
c) genetically modified

2. The initials FAO stand for:

a) Food and Agriculture Organization
b) First Analytical Order
c) For and Against Organization

3. Find the correct meaning of the words in bold letters.

a) GM food contains ingredients that come from genetically modified crops.
( ) insetos resistentes
( ) culturas transgênicas
b) One of the main goals is to reduce the use of pesticides.
( ) objetivos principais
( ) homem do gol
c) The long-term effects of GM food are unknown.
( ) efeitos do crediário
( ) efeitos de longo prazo

d) Some people say that there are risks to human health.

( ) saúde humana
( ) defeito humano

e) There is the possibility of increasing control by biotechnology corporations.

( ) maior controle
( ) controle de interesses
 The Brazilian Battle Over GM Soybean
By Stephen Buckley

PASSO FUNDO, Brazil – Antonio is a Brazilian soybean planter with 1,200 acres and a pit
bull.
The dog is not for bandits or thieves. It is for government officials who want to inspect
Antonio’s fields, particularly the 250 acres he will use to grow illegal genetically modified
soybeans.
“The government doesn’t want me to plant GM soybean,” says Antonio. “But if I don’t
plant it, what am I going to do? Let my children starve?” To many planters, GM crops is
the only way they can survive. They say that if they don’t plant GM crops, they will lose
their lands and will have to live in the bushes.
There is a serious economical and ethical involved in GM crops.

What is adolescence?
Adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood, a period in which an individual
acquires the skills necessary on his/her own, away from their parents or other caretakers.
It often happens during the entire second decade of life or longer.
Adolescence can be a very confusing time for everyone involved. Happy, fun-loving
children can suddenly become sad. How do I know this? Because I remember being one!
For some reason, adults forget just how strange, confusing, exciting, frightening, etc., the
adolescence years are. Adolescence is a time of intense flux… emotional, behavioral, and
physical. Changes in sleep, diet, mood, weight, attitude, decreased pleasure from daily
activities, and the list goes on, are all normal during adolescence.
Much of the chaos that occurs during the adolescent years is normal and necessary, in
spite of how painful it can be for parents and kids.

Keywords: caretaker =>curador; frightening =>assustador;

behavioral =>comportamental; painful => doloroso; in despite of =>apesar de;
to acquire =>adquirir; fun-loving =>amante da diversão; mood => humor;
to decrease =>diminuir.

Comprehension

Check the correct alternative according to the text.

1. Adolescence happens
a) from eleven to seventeen
b) from eleven to eighteen
c) from twelve to nineteen
d) from twelve to twenty or more
e) from eleven to twenty or more
 2. Check the correct alternative according to the text.
a) Mood, diet, sleep and other changes are normal in adolescence.
b) Adolescence increase pleasure.
c) Adolescence happens because adults forget its years.
d) Adolescence is happy for parents and kids.
e) Everything is normal during adolescence.

Climate changes
What is it all about?
Climate change is happening, and its impact on all of us is growing. Does it seem to be
warmer in the winter? Do you feel that spring is coming a little earlier each year? Are
storms and floods becoming more frequent?
These are all signs of accelerating climate change – or global warming.
What causes climate change?
The way people live these days, especially in richer, economically developed countries.
The power plants that create energy, the cars and planes that we use, the factories that
produce the goods we buy, agriculture to grow our food – all these play a part in changing
the climate.
What will climate change do?
Most scientists agree that global warming will probably increase the Earth’s temperature
between 1.5º - 4º Celsius by 2030. This will change the weather everywhere. The ice at the
South and North Poles will start to melt. And when that happens, the level of the sea will
rise too. This will cause serious floods in many countries.
Besides this, there will be less food in the world. Some areas that are good for farming
now will become too dry or too wet. It won’t be possible to grow the same amount of
food as before.
What do you think? Are these scientists being too pessimistic or not?

Keywords: power plants =>usinas de energia; goods =>mercadorias;

to play a part in =>contribuir para; farming =>plantio

Comprehension
Check the correct alternative according to the text.
1. In 2030…
a) there will be no change in the weather.
b) the level of the sea will be the same.
c) the ice at both Poles will begin to melt.
d) there will be food for everybody.
e) climate will be the same.
 2.Check the correct alternative according to the text.
a) The economically developed countries are not responsible for global warming.
b) When we buy cars, goods or food, we don’t help cause climate change.
c) Rich countries create more energy than poor countries.
d) Global warming will bring more food for everybody.
e) There won’t be climate change in 2030.
5. Check the correct alternative according to the text.
a) Fifty years from now things won’t be different.
b) In 2030 things won’t be different.
c) It seems to be colder in winter.
d) Storms and floods are becoming more frequent.
e) Climate change isn’t happening.

Superstition
There is evidence of superstition among ancient civilizations. But this is not something of
the past. Superstition is part of our modern world, too.
Some very old beliefs are present among us today: a broken mirror, for example, means
seven years of bad luck. A black cat brings you bad luck when it crosses your way. Some
people never walk under a ladder because it also means bad luck. There is a very curious
belief among New Yorkers: 13 is a sign of bad luck and many buildings have no thirteenth
floor.
There is also a place for good luck in superstition. Some charms and beliefs are popular
because they bring good luck. A horseshoe, for example, and also a four-leaf clover are
popular good luck charms around the world. In Brazil, it is very difficult to find a ticket of
the Federal Lottery with a final 13 – this is a lucky number. There is another curious belief
in Brazil: three kisses on the face of a single girl bring marriage.
Superstition is certainly part of the past, present, and future life of man. For some people
it is ignorance; for others, it is an important part of their lives.

Comprehension
Choose the correct alternative according to the text.
1. Some very old beliefs:
a) are good luck charms
b) are part of our world
c) bring seven years of bad luck
d) are something of the past
e) are horseshoes
2. A broken mirror:
a) brings bad luck
b) brings good luck
c) brings marriage
d) brings three kisses
e) brings a four-leaf clover

3. Thirteen:

a) is a good luck number in the Brazilian Federal Lottery

b) is a good luck number in New York
c) means seven years of bad luck
d) is an evidence of superstition in our world
e) is a building in New York

4. A horseshoe and:

a) a black cat bring good luck

b) a four-leaf clover bring good luck
c) a four-leaf clover bring bad luck
d) a four-leaf clover bring marriage.
e) a black cat bring a good luck charm

5. Write T for true or F for false according to the text.

( ) A horseshoe and a black cat are good luck signs

( ) There is no superstition in Brazil
( ) There are no floors in the buildings in New York
( ) There is evidence of superstition in our world
( ) Thirteen is a lucky number in the Federal Lottery in Brazil

a) F, F, T, F, T b) F, F, F, T, F c) F, F, F, T, T d) T, T, T, F, F e) T, F,T, F, T

Some testimonies on consumerism

“It is only recently that I have realized that my husband and I are in favor of the anti-
consumerism philosophy. We have chosen to live a simpler life. We don’t need to buy
things to make us happy. We have no special things nor fancy clothes, but we have no
stress in our lives.” (Deborah)

“I think we spend too much money on products every day. Youngsters especially have
learned to live in a consumer world, and many of them are not really paying attention to
environmental and social problems.” (Adam)
“I believe in anti-consumerism, myself. I see so many of my friends blindly buying
whatever is fashionable. I try to give and reuse more than I take. But in today’s consumer-
based society it is getting harder. Many second hand stores are disappearing, and it is
becoming more and more difficult to shop for the most environmentally sounds
products.” (Victoria)
“I do not agree with anything. I don’t think we have to change. We were born in a world
that wants bigger and better things. Why do we need to reduce things? Do we need to
reduce demand for clean water? I prefer to live in my own house, with my own clean
water. If you are really against consumerism, then it is better to live under a rock.”
(Philip)
“We get ‘buy’ messages from all kinds of sources: billboards, flyers, e-mails, phone calls,
TV ads and more. This is one of the many reasons we have such a desire to accumulate
‘stuff’. We need to be more conscious consumers and fight back.” (Maggie)

Comprehension
1. These texts refer to:

a) people’s different opinions about consumerism.

b) people’s opinions about ways of buying good things.
c) prices of things.
d) the need for buying things.
e) people’s opinions about fashion.

2. Write T for (true) or F for (false) then check the correct alternative:

a) Deborah and her husband are completely against consumerism. ( )

b) Adams thinks that youngsters don’t know how to live in a consumer world. ( )
c) Victoria says it is very difficult to live in a consumer-based society. ( )
d) Philip thinks we have to reduce the amount of products we use. ( )
e) Maggie says it is absolutely necessary to buy and accumulate things. ( )

a) T – F – T – F – T b) T – F – F – T – F c) T – F – T – F – F d) F – F – T – T – F e) F – T – T – F – F

3. Write T for (true) or F for (false) then check the correct alternative:

a) Deborah and her husband need to buy things to be happy. ( )

b) Adams thinks youngsters are worried about the environment. ( )
c) Philip wants to live under a rock. ( )
d) Maggie thinks we have to be more conscious consumers. ( )

a) T – T – T – F b) F – F – F – T c) F – T – F – T d) T – F – T – F e) F – F – T – T
 4. Check the correct alternative according to the texts.

a) Most of the people are influenced by billboards, flyers, e-mails, phone calls, TV ads
and more.
b) None of the people in the texts is against the anti-consumerism.
c) Everybody in the texts is against the anti-consumerism.
d) Everybody in the texts thinks we don’t need to reduce things.
e) Everybody in the texts buys whatever is fashionable.

Talking about healthy habits.

Julie and Mary were reading a teen’s magazine. There were very good
articles but one of them attracted their attention. Take a look at it.
These five tricks are easy and super-powerful. Follow them daily and
feel your best.
Little habits that can keep everybody healthy!

1. Floss your teeth! – During puberty your gums are more sensitive.
Flossing helps get rid of the bacteria that can cause real gum disease.

2. Drink water! – Instead of snacking anywhere for no reason, drink,

at least, two litters of water a day. Even a mild case of dehydration
affects your memory, math skills, and concentration.

3. Meditate! – Of course stress is bad, but want to know why? It can

cause sleep loss, headaches, and even diarrhea.
Meditating every day can reduce your anxiety. Twice daily, close your
eyes for five minutes, sit quietly, and breathe deeply.

4. Be a bed-head! – Teens need nine hours to sleep a night. Try to

go to sleep 45 minutes earlier than usual. That can help you be more
focused at school, get better grades, and feel happier.

5. Get sunlight! – Put on sunscreen and take 15 minutes of the sun’s

rays every day. Get dropped the car or the bus some blocks from
school so you can walk a bit!

Keywords: to floss =>passarfio dental; trick =>truque;

healthy =>saudável; gum =>gengiva; get rid of =>livra-se de;
to snack =>lanchar; mild =>moderado; loss =>perda;
to breathe =>respirar; bed-head =>dorminhoco; to focus =>focar;
sunscreen =>protetor solar; to get dropped =>descer.
Comprehension

Check the correct alternative according to the text.

1. Julie and Mary

a) are doctors.
b) are writing about healthy habits.
c) were reading a magazine article.
d) don’t floss their teeth.
e) are bed-heads.

2. The tics of the article that attracted Julie and Mary’s attention were

a) instead of snacking - teens need nine hours to sleep –

floss theteeth – be a bed-head – get sunlight
b) floss the teeth – be a bed-head – get sunlight – meditate –
drink water
c) meditate – drink water – floss the teeth – instead of snacking –
get sunlight
d) drink water – instead of snacking – teens need nine hours to sleep
– floss the teeth – get sunlight
e) instead of snacking - teens need nine hours to sleep –
floss the teeth – get sunlight – drink water

3. According to the text

a) A teen can concentrate in a case of dehydration.

b) A teen needs to snack for no reason.
c) It is good to sleep 45 minutes before going to bed.
d) Stress can cause diarrhea.
e) A bed-head closes his eyes for five minutes.

Home Remedies

When people are sick, they usually go to the doctor, but some prefer to try home
remedies. They are medicines made from natural ingredients as fruits, vegetables and
herbs – simple and inexpensive. Read about some of them.
Next time you have a cough, make cough syrup! Mix onion juice and honey and take a
teaspoon three times a day.
An earache? Don’t spend money on eardrops. Drop garlic juice.
You’re catching a cold? Start drinking lemon tea, especially with honey!
And a fever? Orange juice is the best medicine. Drink and watch the thermometer go
down.
Did anyone say stomachache? Before you take antacid, drink peppermint or ginger tea.
And speaking of tea, there is nothing better for sore throats, especially if you add a little
salt and gargle with it.
Got a stiff neck? Mix warm water and a little alcohol. Wet a towel in it and put it around
your neck. Thirty minutes and you’ll feel nothing!
How about you? Do you know any home remedies?
Adapted from: <www.home-remedies-for-you.com>

Comprehension

Choose the correct alternative according to the text.

1. Home remedies are…

a) expensive
b) natural
c) better than going to the doctor
d) not worth
e) preferred by everybody

2. About sick people.

a) everybody prefers to go to the doctor

b) everybody prefers to try home remedies
c) they are medicines made from natural ingredients
d) they eat fruits
e) some go to the doctor and some try home remedies

Here Today, Gone Tomorrow

Fads change every day as we can see in the media. But people remain loyal to the classics!
What’s wrong with traditional things? Like holidays, for example. Christmas is still one of
the most popular holidays in the world! It’s a time when families get together and
celebrate. New Year’s Eve, the time for hope, is the holiday that is celebrated in most
countries.
Madagascar became a very popular tourist destination after the movie Madagascar was a
hit, but Paris is still the most visited city in the world.
How many “Orlando Blooms” and “Lindsay Lohans” have come and gone? Thousands!
However it’s actors like Jack Nicholson and Katharine Hepburn who wins 3 and 4 Oscars
respectively. And then there’s Walt Disney, whose 32 Oscars in different categories can’t
be beaten!
How many “Backstreet Boys” and “Spice Girls” were there? Who remembers them now?
But The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, for example, are timeless.
Starcraft was one of the most popular videogames among kids a couple of years ago, but
Pacman won our hearts and became one of the most famous games of all time!
In short, ordinary and superficial things don’t last. They’re “here today, gone tomorrow”.

Comprehension

Choose the correct alternative according to the text.

1. The writer thinks that…

a) classics are bad

b) fads are timeless
c) classics will never be forgotten
d) Walt Disney is the most famous artist
e) Starcraft is the real name of Pacman

2. The writer uses “Orlando Blooms” and “Lindsay Lohans”…

a) to refer to temporary celebrities in general
b) because they will always be remembered
c) because he likes Orlando Blooms and Lindsay Lohans
d) because they’re still very famous
e) to refer to Oscar winners
3. The writer believes that people…
a) love fads
b) like the fads but continue to like the classics
c) change their minds all the time
d) won three and four Oscars respectively
e) like Orlando Blooms and Lindsay Lohans
 “Gung hoy fat choy!”
The Chinese dragon is the most sacred animal; it symbolizes strength and goodness. The
dragon appears at the end of the Chinese New Year’s parade to wish everyone peace,
prosperity and good luck.
Every year, the New Year falls on the same day, right? Well, not exactly. The Chinese New
Year, for example, is celebrated on the first day of the First Moon of the lunar calendar. In
other words, their New Year is usually celebrated between January 21st and February
19th.
Tradition and rituals are involved in the Chinese New Year. One of them says that
Zaowang was the Kitchen God. He invented fire, cared for the house morals, and
protected the family home. Tradition says that Zaowang left the house on the 23rd day of
the last month of the year. He went to heaven to report on the behavior of the family.
The family, of course, did everything possible to obtain a favorable report from the
Kitchen God. They prepared good food, gave present to the children, gathered the family,
and reconciled with the neighbors. The festivities lasted 15 days and ended with the
Festival of the Lanterns to wish happiness for everybody.
Traditions and cultures may be different in China and around the world now. But, at least once

a year, all human beings wish peace and happiness for the rest of mankind.

So, “Gung hoy fat choy”, by the way, means “Best wishes and congratulations. Have a
prosperous and good year”.

Comprehension

Choose the correct alternative according to the text.

1. When is the Chinese New Year?

a) On the day of the last moon of the lunar calendar.
b) On the first day of the first moon of the solar calendar.
c) On the first day of the first moon of the lunar calendar.
d) On the 21st January.
e) On the 19th of February

2. Zaowang:
a) gave presents to the children
b) was the inventor of fire
c) appeared at the end of the year
d) left his house on the 23rd day
e) gathered the family
 ––

3. To obtain a favorable report, the families:

a) wished peace and happiness for everybody
b) did not talk to their neighbors
c) reconciled with their neighbors
d) cared for the house morals
e) went to heaven
4. Traditions:
a) are certainly different now
b) are the same as they were in the past
c) may be different now
d) are different in China
e) are different in the world
5. Write T for true and F for false according to the text.
( ) The title of the text means “Merry Christmas and Happy New Year”.
( ) Zoawang was the God of the family.
( ) The New Year is celebrated on different dates in China and in Brazil.
( ) The Festival of Lanterns is the end of New Year’s celebrations.
a) F, T, F, T b) T, F, T, T c) T, T, F,F d) F, F,T,T e) F, T, F, F

Subway Rescue
By Gordon Bass

At 7:15 on the morning of February 9, the subway station at 59 th Street and Lexington
Avenue was getting crowded.
For Leah Bianco, it was a typical Monday. She was wearing gym clothes, waiting for the
train to take her four stops to Times Square. She was watching for the lights of an
approaching train when, suddenly, a man collided with her and ran away. She fell down
the five feet to the track below.
Across the platform, Randy Brown was listening to music on his portable CD player when
he heard a scream: “Please, help me!” Taking off his headphone, he kneeled, stretched
down, and pulled Leah up onto the platform. A few seconds later, a train stopped at the
platform.
Because Leah was very nervous, she went to work without thanking Randy. Later that day,
she contacted the New York Daily News. The newspaper published her photograph in a
front-page story about the incident.
Brown read it and contacted the newspaper. In a typical New York twist, the Daily News
rewarded him for his heroism with a job in sales support.
As for Leah Bianco, she thanked Brown for having saved her life. She still rides the subway
train to go to work. “I’m not afraid”, she says. And because of heroes like Brown, she adds,
“I love New York!”.

Adapted from Reader’s Digest, November 2004.

Keywords: crowded =>lotado; stops=>paradas; approaching =>que se aproxima;

to run away =>fugir; to fall down =>cair; track =>trilhos; across => do outro lado;
twist =>giro; to reward =>recompensar

Comprehension

1. Check the correct alternative according to the sequence of the events in the text.

( ) Randy was listening to music when Leah screamed.

( ) A man collided suddenly with her.
( ) Leah was watching for the light of an approaching train.
( ) Randy took off his headphone.
( ) Leah fell down onto the track.

a) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3; b) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5; c) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5; d) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3; e) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5.

2. Check the correct alternative according the sequence of the true or false sentences.

Leah works on Mondays. ( )

Leah walks to work every day. ( )
Now Randy works at the New York Daily News. ( )
Leah was wearing social clothes when she had the accident. ( )
Times Square is four stops from the 59th Street and Lexington Avenue. ( )

a) true, false, true, false, true.

b) true, false, true, false, false.
c) true, false, true, true, false.
d) true, true, false, false, true.
e) true, false, false, false, true.

3. -- Who wrote this article?

a) The New York Daily News.
b) Gordon Bass.
c) Randy Brown.
d) Leah Bianco.
e) Reader’sDigest.
4. When was this article published?
a) At 7:15 a.m.
b) On the morning of February 9.
c) In November 2004.
d) On a typical Monday.
e) In the Times Square.
5. Mark the correct option.
This is a story about __________ who had an accident at ____________.
a) a man – a subway station.
b) a woman – a bus station.
c) a man – a bus station.
d) a woman – a subway station.
e) a woman – 59th Street.

Patrick Swayze made peace with death, memoir shows

Wed Sep 16, 2009 3:48pm EDT
By: Alex Dobuzinskis

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Actor Patrick Swayze made peace with the notion of dying from
pancreatic cancer after initially finding his diagnosis a "cruel joke," according to a memoir
to be published later this month.
The "Dirty Dancing" star, 57, who lost his 20-month battle against the disease on Monday,
wrote that fighting his cancer had been an "emotional rollercoaster".
But in excerpts of the memoir "The Time of My Life", released on Wednesday, he wrote
later; "I began thinking to myself, I've had more lifetimes than any 10 people put together,
and it's been an amazing ride. So this is okay."
The book, which Swayze co-wrote with his wife of 34 years, Lisa Niemi, will be published
on September 29. Excerpts were released to People Magazine and NBC News.
Swayze was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, which has only a 5 percent, five-year
survival rate, in January 2008.
"I had been excited about the upswing my life was on," Swayze wrote. "Now it all seemed
like a cruel joke. I couldn't be dying -- I had too much to live for!"
While undergoing chemotherapy, Swayze filmed a new TV police drama series called "The
Beast," which was broadcast in the United States earlier this year.
"There are days when I feel determined to live until a cure is found, and truly believe I can
do it," he wrote. "And there are days when I'm so tired, I just don't know how I can keep
on going."
Atria Books publisher Judith Curr told NBC's "Today" show that "when he sat down to
write the book, he wanted to see if he had lived a good life.
"He absolutely was a good person and lived a good life," Curr said.
Swayze's storied career included runs on Broadway in the plays "Grease" and "Chicago."
He also starred in the 1990 blockbuster "Ghost" and the 2001 movie "Donnie Darko."
No plans have been announced for Swayze's funeral.
(Editing by Jill Serjeant and Eric Walsh)
28
Keywords:excerpt =>trecho; put together =>juntos(as); runs =>passagens;
grease =>graxa;to undergo =>submeter-se; joke =>piada;
amazing =>incrível, sensacional;to keep on =>continuar; upswing =>auge;
rollercoaster =>montanharussa; to release =>liberar; blockbuster =>sucesso

Comprehension

Check the correct alternative according to the text.

1. PatricK Swayze found

a) a cruel joke in his life.

b) his disease a cruel joke.
c) his chemotherapy a cruel joke.
d) a good memoir to write.
e) his lifetime in a memoir book.

2. Patrick Swayze was born

a) in the 40’s.
b) in the 50’s.
c) in the 60’s.
d) forty decades ago.
e) fifty decades ago.

3. Swayze’s memoir book

a) was published this month.

b) was written by himself and Lisa Miene.
c) was written by his wife.
d) had some parts released to NBC News only.
e) had some parts released to Lisa Nieme.

4. After being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, Swayze still lived for
a) five years.
b) twenty years.
c) five percent of his life.
d) a year and eight months.
e) until January, 2008.

29
5. After being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, Swayze
a) stopped working.
b) starred in “The Time of my Life”.
c) starred in “Grease” and “Chicago”.
d) starred in “The Beast”.
e) starred in “Donnie Darko”.

Obama warns teens of perils of Facebook

Tue Sep 8, 2009 6:56pm EDT

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Barack Obama warned American

teenagers on Tuesday of the dangers of putting too much personal
information on Internet social networking sites, saying it could come
back to haunt them in later life.
The presidential words of advice follow recent studies that suggest U.S.
employers are increasingly turning to sites such as Facebook and News
Corp’s MySpace to conduct background checks on job applicants.
Taking part in a question-and-answer session with a group of 14- and
15-year-old school students, Obama was asked by one pupil for some
advice on becoming U.S. president. “Well, let me give you some very
practical tips. First of all, I want everybody here to be careful about
what you post on Facebook, because in the YouTube age, whatever you
do, it will be pulled up again later somewhere in your life,” Obama said.
“And when you’re young, you make mistakes and you do some stupid
stuff. And I’ve been hearing a lot about young people who—you know,
they’re posting stuff on Facebook, and then suddenly they go apply for a
job and somebody has done a search.”
Obama referred several times to “mistakes” he had made when he was
at school but offered no specifics. He has previously admitted to drug
use when he was younger.
A survey in June by careerbuilder.com found that 45 percent of
employers used social network sites to research job candidates and that
Facebook, which says it has 250 million users worldwide, was their site
of choice.
Some 35 percent of the employers surveyed said they had found
content on the sites that had influenced them to reject a candidate.
Examples included inappropriate photographs, information about the
applicants’ drinking or drug use, or bad mouthing of previous
employers, co-workers or clients.

30
The Obama White House frequently uses Facebook, Twitter and other
social networking sites to bypass the media and communicate directly to
Americans.
(Editing by Phil Stewart)

Keywords: peril =>perigo; to warn =>avisar, advertir;

to haunt =>atormentar; applicant => candidate;
employer =>empregador;survey => estudo, pesquisa;
content =>conteúdo; background =>origem;
bad mouthing =>comentárionegativo; to bypass =>evitar.

31
Comprehension

Check the correct alternative according to the text.

1. The American President said:

a) he had never made any mistake

b) he used drug with a group of 14- and 15-year-old-students
c) he posts his background on Facebook
d) later, YouTube shows anything about anybody’s life
e) he wants everybody to post stuffs on MySpace

2. Barack Obama suggested the students to

a) post their stupid stuffs on YouTube
b) post their stupid stuffs on Facebook
c) avoid their stupid stuffs on Tuesday
d) avoid posting personal information on social sites
e) avoid posting words of advice
3. According to the text
a) American employers reject candidates by Internet
b) American employers reject candidates because of Internet information
c) American employers reject their stuffs on Facebook
d) American employers reject candidates by inappropriate photographs
e) American employers reject candidates because they access YouTube
4. 45% of the American employers
a) prefer Facebook to research job candidates
b) were surveyed by Facebook
c) have 250 million users worldwide
d) were found by careerbuilder.com in June
e) used social network sites in June
5. According to a survey in June by careerbuilder.com
a) about 35% of the US employers had found content on sites that
influenced them to reject a candidate
b) 35% of the US employers had found content on sites that influenced
them to reject a candidate
c) about 35% of the US employers have been influenced by a rejected
candidate
d) 35% of the US employers have been influenced by a rejected candidate
e) about 35% of the US employers made part in applicant’s drinking or drug
use

32
 Canada intercepts migrant ship on Pacific coast

By Allan Dowd
VANCOUVER | Fri Aug 13, 2010 2:16am EDT

(Reuters) - Canadian authorities intercepted a cargo ship on Thursday carrying

nearly 500 people thought to be Tamil migrants who have fled Sri Lanka in a bid
to enter Canada as refugees.
The government initially announced the ship MV Sun Sea was boarded at
midday when it veered toward land, but police later said it was not boarded until
evening as the ship was being guided to a naval base on Canada's Pacific
coast.
Official said the ship reported had 490 people on board and they were seeking
to be declared refugees.
If confirmed to be carrying Tamil migrants, it would be the second ship in less
than a year to reach Canadian shores with people from war-torn Sri Lanka
making the perilous voyage across the Indian and Pacific oceans.
Canadian officials have warned they may take a hard line with the latest arrival
in order to discourage other ships carrying human cargo. They also said they
will be on the lookout for members of the Tamil Tigers militant group, which is
considered a terrorist organization by Ottawa.
"Human smugglers and human traffickers are now watching Canada's response
to judge whether or not they can continue to take advantage of us," Public
Safety Minister Vic Toews said in a statement.
Canada will "send a message loud and clear" to human smugglers "if you do
this you will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law," Toews said.
Tents have been set up at the Esquimalt naval base near Victoria, British
Columbia for immigration officials to process the passengers -- who will also be
taken into police custody.
Hospitals in the Victoria area have been warned to be prepared to treat people
who may have taken ill on the long voyage, and a jail near Vancouver is being
prepared to hold the migrants.
IS CANADA OVERREACTING?
Canada received 34,000 applications for refugee claims last year. Most
applicants who reach Canada arrive alone or in small groups with little fanfare,
and usually by air. But the boat people are thought of differently, said Peter
Showler, a former chairman of the Immigration and Refugee Board.
While refugee boats rarely arrive in Canada, those that got have met with a
strong government reaction. "Canada has a long history of linking boats and
refugees and histrionic reactions," said Showler, who now heads the Refugee
Forum at the University of Ottawa's Law School.

33
He criticized officials for focusing on whether the ship was being operated by
human smugglers instead of considering whether the passengers might be
legitimate refugee claimants trying to escape persecution.
Canada's Conservative government has recently taken a harder line on law and
order issues, including tougher laws against organized crime and plans to
spend more than C$9 billion to build new prisons and retrofit old ones.
Sri Lanka's ambassador to Canada told interviewers on Thursday her
government believes the ship is being operated by organized groups linked to
the Tamil Tigers, who were defeated last year by government troops, ending a
bloody 25-year war in the island nation.
The Sri Lankan government has been at odds with the United Nations, which is
investigating allegations that thousands of civilians died at the end of the war.
The government denies the allegations. There are also claims the Tamil Tigers
used civilians as human shields.
Tamil groups in Canada, which have rallied to help the migrants, have accused
Sri Lanka of saying the migrants are linked to the Tamil Tigers in an effort to
make their refugee bids more difficult.
(Reporting Allan Dowd; editing by Rob Wilson and Todd Eastham)

Comprehension

1. About the time the MV Sun Sea was boarded.

a) The government’s information was wrong.

b) The police’s information was wrong.
c) The police denied the government’s information.
d) The government denied the police’s information.
d) Both information were wrong.

2. Canadian officials said…

a) they will encourage other ships carrying people cargo to come to Canada.
b) theywill punish only the MV Sun Sea.
c) they will punish the MV Sun Sea to frighten other ships.
d) theywillcreate a new law to punish the MV Sun Sea.
e) they will host the MV Sun Sea’s refugees.

How to Improve your EQ

We have good relationship when we understand that differences make people and life
interesting.
34
Emotions are the ingredients of each relationship in our lives, and these emotions are
stronger than our thoughts. They influence our behavior. Emotional intelligence is the
ability to identify, control, and communicate our emotions, and to identify the
emotions of other people too. The higher your emotional intelligence, the higher your
EQ (Emotional Quotient).
It is very important to know when we are stressed, angry or worried about something,
so we don’t take it out on others. When you see that other people are stressed or
angry, be patient with them. We should try to understand and show interest in others.
We should also trust people and be honest with them. Many times people are
defensive and they will see things from a negative angle. No one should be self-
centered and think they are right about everything. What is right for a person may not
be right for another.
To have good relationships the key is to listen more than we talk, and to respect
people and their differences.

Comprehension

Choose the correct alternative in the questions below:

1. To have a good relationship, people need…

a) to be different
b) to be similar
c) to respect differences
d) to identify and control
e) to be angry and worried about something

2. Emotional intelligence is…

a) not to demonstrate emotions
b) to understand and control emotions
c) to show emotions
d) not to trust people
e) to control the emotions of other people

3. When you see that other people are stressed or angry, you should…
a) be patient with them
b) ignore them
c) be angry with them too
d) be similar
e) control a negative angle
4. When people are defensive, they…
a) do negative things
b) say negative things
c) see things in a negative way
d) listen a lot
e) are right in that society
5. What is right for one person…
35
a) is right in that society
b) can be wrong for others
c) is wrong for everybody
d) is right for everybody
e) can be right for others

Give a kid a hand

The first five years of a child’s life are critical, the
experts tell us. That’s when their characters are
formed. That’s when caring counts. Someone to show
them how to do things. Someone just to hold them.
Unfortunately, for many of the world’s children,
that's just what they don’t get. And society
suffers as a result – because a deprived
child has a lot less chance of growing up an
adjusted adult. Some of us believe we can change
things – or at least try. And we need your help. No,
don’t reach for your pocket. It’s not your money – it’s
YOU we want. In your community there are dozens
of ways you can make personal contact with kids and
make a difference in their lives. Maybe you’ll help
one to read, to play a game, to learn to laugh. Maybe
you’ll just be the hand that holds out a little hope…

COME ON – HELPUS GIVE A KID A HAND

IAA INTERNATIONAL

ADVERTISING

ASSOCIATION

Source: Newsweek

Keywords: believe =>crer, acreditar; count =>contar; dozen =>dúzia

Hope =>esperança; laugh =>rir

Comprehension

Scan the text pages

1. Look at the title, subtitle and logo. Complete the information.

36
a) Text tipe (In Portuguese): _________________________
b) Published in: ________________________
c) Advertiser: _____________________________________________________

2. The title “Give a kid a hand” invites the reader:

a) to help a child.
b) totake a child for a walk.
c) to donate organs.

3. Find the correct meaning for these words: critical, expert, caring, deprived, pocket.

a) ________________: o carinho com que normalmente a mãe cuida do filho.

b) ________________: a parte da roupa onde normalmente se guarda dinheiro.
c) ________________: pessoa que conhece um assunto em profundidade.
d) ________________: da maior importância.
e) ________________: pessoa que foi privada daquilo que deveria ter por direito.

4. Check the correct meaning for the underlined words.

a) Kids need someone to hold them.

( ) segurar
( ) ouvir
( ) falar

b) You can hold out a little hope.

( ) tomar
( ) distribuir
( ) manter

c) We can change things – at least try.

( ) menos
( ) primeiro
( ) pelomenos

d) A deprived child can’t grow up into an adjusted adult.

( ) crescer
( ) rir
( ) conseguir

5. What are the true options according to the text?

Someone has:
( ) to teach children how to do things.
( ) to give them money.
( ) to hold them.
( ) to help them to read.
37
( ) to play with them.

6. Check the correct alternative according to the text.

1. The text was advertised by:

a) a children’s association.
b) an advertising association.
c) a medical association

2. The text is trying to:

a) showthe work of the advertising association.
b) call our attention to a social need.
c) sell a product.

3. The writers of the text want the readers:

a) to start an action.
b) to give money to their cause.
c) to be shocked.

Kids
At Heart Project

5003 Riverdale Rd.

Dear neighbor:

You probably don’t have much time, but we ask for just a few seconds
to read this letter.
We are a group of volunteers responsible for the Kids – at – Heart Project.
We take care of 45 children. They have no home and some don’t have a family.
Here we feed them, we play with them, we give a little bit of love.

We are not asking for money or financial support. We are

inviting you to join our group and share the wonderful
feeling of being loved by these lovely kids.
Just a few minutes a week will make a big
difference.

38
A lot of people are involved, but we
Need more. Stop by sometime.
Martin Uhl
Project manager

From Marathon
To Athens
I n September of 490 B.C., the powerful forces of the Persian
Empire landed on the plan of Marathon. They were ready to
attack the city-state of Athens just a few miles away.
The Athenians sent their best runner, Pheidippides, to Sparta to
ask for help. The runner went out of the city on foot. He ran
all that day and through the night and arrived in Sparta the next
morning. He delivered the message, got the answer, and started
the trip back.
Just a few days later, the Athenian and Persian armies clashed in
the now famous battle of Marathon. Pheidippides, although tired,
participated in the battle as an infantryman.
The Athenians defeated the Persians. Pheidippides was exhausted
when the fighting came to an end, but even so, he accepted his
commander’s request to carry the news of the victory to the
anxious people of the city. He then set out on his last and
greatest run.

39
The runner covered the distance from Marathon to Athens in just
a few hours. He shouted “Victory, victory”, and dropped to the
pavement dead.

Source: Incredible Facts,

Richard Manchester, 1996.

Marathon
The Athenians established a series of running events
under the name of marathon in memory of Pheidippides.

In 1924, the distance of a marathon was standardized at

26 miles and 285 yards (42 kilometers and 195 meters).

Keywords: defeat =>derrotar; drop dead =>cairmorto; plain =>planície;

Infantryman => soldado da infantaria; ready => pronto; runner =>corredor

Comprehension

Check the correct alternatives about the text.

1. Sparta and Athens are:

a) names of cities
b) names of sport events

2. Look at the source. The text is probably about:

a) an ordinary event
b) an important event

3. Take a look at the first paragraph. The text may talk about:
a) an event in the present moment
b) a past event

Find the meaning of the underlined words.

1. The runner, although tired, participated in the battle.

a) também
b) embora
c) exceto

2. The Athenian and the Persian armies clashed in the famous battle of Marathon.
a) enfrentaram-se
b) despediram-se
c) cumprimentaram-se

3. The commander requested him to take the good news to Athens.

40
a) despachou
b) relatou
c) solicitou

4. He set out on his last run.

a) chegou
b) partiu
c) gritou

5. The Athenians sent their best runner to Sparta.

a) enviaram
b) trouxeram
c) lutaram

It won’t happen to me
The Nazareth Chronicle
September 2006

When the door opened, I saw a 14-year-old girl.

She was M.S., a gentle and shy teenager.
She wasn’t studying or having fun with her friends.
M.S. was doing the laundry while her baby
was crying in the cradle.

Our conversation took place in the small

living room of a humble house in the
outskirts of town. While we were talking,
M.S. was breastfeeding her baby.

Life is hard for M.S. now. She can’t think

only about herself, she has to think about her baby, too.

“Why did it happen? You didn’t know you

could get pregnant?”, I asked.

“I did, but I thought… it wouldn’t happen to me.”

Donald Martin
_________________

Teenage pregnancy rates are increasing dramatically in the developing countries.

In 1998, The Brazilian Unified Health System accounted for 700,000 deliveries by
mothers between the ages of 10 and 19. By the year 2000, the number went
as high as 1 million. About 70 million dollars are spent on teenage pregnancy
41
every year – most of them unwanted.

According to recent research, teenage pregnancy is a multifactor issue:

- hostile family environment
- the girl’s mother gets pregnant at a young age
- strict cultural and social rules
- sexual abuse
- lack of information
- low self-esteem

Keywords: becomepregnant =>engravidar; pregnancy => gravidez;

developing countries => países em desenvolvimento;

Questionnaire
What do you know about teen pregnancy?

1.Most high school students are having sex.

True ( ) False ( )

2. What’s a 100% way to prevent pregnancy?

a) birth control pills
b) condoms
c) abstinence
d) spermicide
e) all of them

3. If a person doesn’t use any form of contraception when having sex, what are the
chances of becoming pregnant within a year?
a) 28%
b) 85%
c) 76%
d) 43%

4. Most teens who have had sex wish they had waited.
True ( ) False ( )

5. How many girls get pregnant before the age of 20?

a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 35%
d) 50%

42
6. What percentage of teen mothers get their high school diplomas?
a) 25%
b) 32%
c) 50%
d) 72%

7. About 70% of the fathers marry the teen mothers of their first children.
True ( ) False ( )

8. What percentage of teens pregnancies among teens are accidental?

a) 25%
b) 45%
c) 65%
d) 85%

9. The daughters of teen mothers are more likely to become teen mothers themselves.
True ( ) False ( )

Check the correct alternatives.

1. She was breastfeeding her baby.

Breastfeed means:
( ) limpar
( ) lavar
( ) rir
( ) amamentar

2. We lived in the outskirts of the town.

Outskirts means:
( ) periferia
( ) perto
( ) centro
( ) longe

3. Delivery is the process of giving birth to a baby.

Deliverymeans:
( ) entrega
( ) parto
( ) pronto entrega
( ) venda

4. Research accounted for1 million deliveries by teenagers.

43
Accountformeans:
( ) contra
( ) estimar em
( ) resolver
( ) divulgar
LOS ANGELES | Wed Mar 28, 2012 11:38am EDT
(Reuters) - Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney will pick up the
formal endorsement of former President George H.W. Bush during a visit to
Houston on Thursday, a Romney campaign official said.
Bush, 87, who was U.S. president from 1989 to 1993, has spoken
warmly of Romney during the campaign but had withheld a formal endorsement
of the former Massachusetts governor.
"Mitt and Ann (Romney) are close friends with George and Barbara, and
governor Romney is honored to have the president's support," a Romney
campaign official said.
Bush's son, former president George W. Bush, has not endorsed a
candidate in the Republican primary race, preferring to stay out of the contest to
pick a challenger to Democratic President Barack Obama in the November 6
election.
The elder Bush's endorsement adds to a long list of establishment
Republicans who are supporting Romney, whose struggles to persuade party
conservatives to back his campaign have prolonged a nominating race in which
he has long been seen as the favorite.
(Reporting by Steve Holland; Editing by Vicki Allen)

Government proposes first carbon limits on power plants

By Timothy Gardner
WASHINGTON | Tue Mar 27, 2012 4:19pm EDT
(Reuters) - The Obama administration proposed on Tuesday the first
rules to cut carbon dioxide emissions from new U.S. power plants, a
move hotly contested by Republicans and industry in an election year.
The Environmental Protection Agency's proposal would effectively stop the building of most
new coal-fired plants in an industry that is moving rapidly to more natural gas. But the rules
will not regulate existing power plants, the source of one third of U.S. emissions, and will
not apply to any plants that start construction over the next 12 months.
The watering down of the proposal led some ardent environmentalists to criticize its
loopholes, but a power company that has taken steps to cut emissions praised the rules.
While the proposal does not dictate which fuels a plant can burn, it requires any new coal
plants to use costly technology to capture and store the emissions underground. Any new
coal-fired plants would have to halve carbon dioxide emissions to match those of gas
plants.

44
"We're putting in place a standard that relies on the use of clean, American made
technology to tackle a challenge that we can't leave to our kids and grandkids," EPA
Administrator Lisa Jackson told reporters in a teleconference.
Jackson could not say whether the standards, which will go through a public comment
period, would be finalized before the November 6 election. If they are not, they could be
more easily overturned if Obama lost.
Republicans say a slew of EPA clean air measures will drive up power costs but have had
little success in trying to stop them in Congress. Industries have turned to the courts to slow
down the EPA's program.
Some Democrats from energy-intensive states also complained. "The overreaching that
EPA continues to do is going to create a tremendous burden and hardship on the families
and people of America," said Senator Joe Manchin, a Democrat from West Virginia.

Vocabulary: watering down = enfraquecimento; loopholes = falhas; to praise = louvar,

elogiar; to halve = reduzir à metade; to match = equiparar; to put in a place = pôremprática;
standard = padrão, medida, norma; to rely on = contar com; to tackle = enfrentar; to go
through = atravessar; to overturn = derrubar, revogar; overreaching = exagero; burden =
peso.

****************************************
Stem Cells
Stem cells are the master cells of the human body. All the other cells of the body come
from stem cells. They can regenerate via mitotic division and change into other tissues of the
body like bones, nerves, muscles and blood. Therefore, embryo stem cells – or trunk cells – are
very important in medical therapies to treat illnesses such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease and
spinal cord injuries. Many stem cells therapies already exist, especially bone marrow
transplants for the treatment of leukemia.
They can be divided into two categories:
 Embryonic stem cells come from the human embryo and they can mutate into other
cell types.
 Adult stem cells are the ones which can be found in other tissues like bone marrow,
blood, the liver, the umbilical cord and the placenta. But they have a limited capacity
to mutate.
There is a lot of controversy over human stem cell research because to study these
cells it is necessary to destroy a human embryo. The pro-life movement says that a human
embryo is a human life. Consequently, it must not be destroyed but protected.
Different countries have different policies for embryonic stem cell research. In China,
for example, studies with embryos are permitted, including therapeutic cloning. In Brazil, the
Supreme Court authorized scientist to conduct embryonic stem cell research in May 2008 with
restrictions: embryos must not be destroyed, and each case must be approved by an ethics
committee.

What do you know about King Henry VIII

45
 In 1534 Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and set up the Anglican Church. He
declared himself the head of the church.
Catherine of Aragon was Spanish. Henry VIII wanted to divorce her because she
couldn’t give him a son and because he had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. The Catholic
Church refused to give him the divorce and the king sent Catherine to a convent. She was a
mature and king woman. They divorced in 1533 and she died three years later.
Anne Boleyn was an attractive and ambitious woman. She married the king secretly in
1533. People didn’t like her very much and they thought she was a witch. She didn’t give Henry
a son, but a daughter, Elizabeth. Later, she was accused of being unfaithful and was beheaded.
Jane Seymour was a shy girl and different from the previous wives. Henry married her
eleven days after Anne Boleyn’s death. She gave him a son, Edward, but she died one month
later. Henry asked to be buried next to her.
Anne of Cleves was a German princess. Henry commissioned a painting of the princess
before marrying her and he found her very attractive. However, when she arrived in England,
the king found her very ugly and asked for a divorce.
Kathryn Howard was a young and lively woman. She had had other love affairs before
marriage. She was accused of adultery and was executed in 1542.
Katherine Parr was a kind and good woman and an excellent stepmother for the king’s
children. She was also a very good nursemaid for the old king. When Henry died, she married
Thomas Seymour.

****************************

How well are you managing your stress? | by Jane Revell

Teaching is one of the most stressful jobs there is. In research conducted by the
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology into how 113 different
jobs rated in terms of their stress levels, teaching came out near the top (16th
most stressful out of 113, and 6.2 on a scale of 0-10). Below mining (8.3) and the
police (7.7) - the two most stressful jobs - but well above librarians (2.0) and
museum workers (2.8) - the two least stressful jobs.
We know teaching and training are stressful and we can often feel quite exhausted.
But how many of us actually put into practice strategies in our life which help us to
cope with that stress in an ongoing way, and which prevent it turning into
something a lot more serious?
The symptoms of stress act as a warning to us to slow down and start doing things
a little bit differently ... before it's too late. What does 'too late' mean?! Well, a lot
of recent (and even some not so recent) research into the links between stress and
illness would suggest that these two things are inextricably connected. Although it
may be oversimplifying things to say that stress causes illness in a one-to-one way
(because there are so many other factors involved too), there is now overwhelming
evidence that stress is a major cause in many illnesses. Some of these illnesses are
quite minor. Some of them, however, are quite major, and we ignore our body's
warnings at our peril.
So how well are you managing your stress? Here is a little quiz to help you find out
- and which you might also use with your students.

QUIZ: HOW WELL ARE YOU MANAGING YOUR STRESS?!

1 How aware are you of your major sources of stress?

A very B so-so C what sources of stress?!

46
2 What do you know about the signs and symptoms of stress?
A a lot B something C little

3 How consciously do you anticipate stressful periods and plan for them?
A always B sometimes C rarely or never

4 Have you developed strategies to help you cope with stress?

A several B some C no need to

5 How easily can you say ‘no’ to other people’s demands?

A very easily B it depends C usually with difficulty

6 How able are you to share your concerns/anxieties with others?

A very B so-so C not very

7 Do you tend to focus on the positive or the negative?

A mainly positive B bit of both C mainly negative

8 Do you practise some form of exercise?

A regularly B occasionally C no thank you!

9 Are you
A your correct weight? B a bit overweight? C very overweight?

10 Do you make sure you take time out to relax?

A frequently B sometimes C seldom

11 Are you reasonably careful about what you eat? (ie avoiding foods high in sugar, salt, white flour,
saturated fats, chemicals)
A yes - reasonably B no C hyper-careful!

12 How much caffeine do you drink?

A little or none B some C loads

13 Do you smoke?
A no B occasionally C yes - heavily

14 How much water do you drink?

A 6-8 glasses a day B 3-5 glasses a day C less than 3 glasses a day
NOTE: Water as part of coffee and tea does not count!

15 How much rest/sleep do you get?

A plenty B just about enough C little

16 How often do you laugh?

A often B occasionally C rarely

QUIZ ANSWERS

Although these are obviously just a guide and not to be taken too seriously, there may be
important learning here nonetheless.
Give yourself 2 for every A, 1 for every B and 0 for every C that you have answered. (Highest
possible score = 32, lowest = 0).
If you have a score of 10 and under, you may already be experiencing some of the early
symptoms of stress such as frequent minor illnesses, headaches and so on. You need - without
47
getting too stressed about it (!) - to start taking action. Make sure you get adequate water,
rest, exercise and relaxation time as well as a reasonably healthy diet. You will also need to
deal actively with the things that are causing you stress.
If you have a score of between 11 and 20, you are coping pretty well. What more could you
do?! Are there any areas for improvement (indicated in the quiz above) that you are currently
neglecting and which would help if you added them to your existing strategies? Have a think.
If you have a score of over 21, you are doing brilliantly. Well done.
I am aware that this article may have raised a few questions without answering them ...
thereby possibly adding to your present stress levels! Fear not. At my teacher training sessions
in Brazil in February 2010, I hope to develop this theme and point to some coping strategies.
See you there!

************************************
North Korea agrees to nuclear moratorium, IAEA inspections
By Andrew Quinn

WASHINGTON | Wed Feb 29, 2012 3:11pm EDT

(Reuters) - North Korea agreed on Wednesday to stop nuclear tests, uranium enrichment
and long-range missile launches, and to allow checks by nuclear inspectors, in an apparent
policy shift that paves the way for resuming long-stalled disarmament talks.
The surprise breakthrough, announced simultaneously by the U.S. State Department and
North Korea's official news agency, makes possible the resumption of six-nation nuclear
negotiations with Pyongyang. It followed talks between U.S. and North Korean diplomats in
Beijing last week.
"These are concrete measures that we consider a positive first step toward complete and
verifiable denuclearization of the Korean peninsula in a peaceful manner," White House
spokesman Jay Carney said.
One senior U.S. official said the move "unlocked" an impasse over the six-party talks,
but that follow-through would require persistence and patience.
"We believe that it's important to translate this initial sign of Pyongyang's seriousness of
purpose into substantive and meaningful negotiations on denuclearization that get at the entirety
of the North's nuclear program," the official said.
Along with halting weapon activities, North Korea said it would permit nuclear
inspectors from the U.N.'s International Atomic Energy Agency to visit its Yongbyon nuclear
complex to verify the moratorium on uranium enrichment has been enforced.

Vocabulary: long-stalled = há tempo paralizadas; resumption = reinício;

halting = indeciso; follow-through = continuação; breakthrough = avanço.

Check the correct alternative from QUESTION 1 to 4, according to the text.

1. North Korea

I. will stop nuclear tests on Wednesday.

II. is going to stop nuclear tests on Wednesday.
III. stopped nuclear tests on Wednesday.
IV. accepted stopping nuclear tests, on Wednesday.
V. permitted checks by nuclear inspectors.
a) I are II correct. b) II and III are correct c) III and IV are correct

48
 d) IV and V are correct e) All are wrong

2. The text states that

a) the U.S. was surprised by North Korea.
b) North Korea’s official is new in the agency.
c) there is a possible reduction of nuclear negotiations with Pyongyang.
d) it is possible to start nuclear negotiations with Pyongyang.
e) Pyongyang followed North Korean diplomats in Beijing last week.

3. In the American government’s opinion

a) The North Korean official is lying.
b) The denuclearization of the Korean peninsula is complete.
c) The move created an impasse over the six-party talks.
d) It is a peaceful step toward complete denuclearization of the Korean peninsula.
e) It is a peaceful manner of making nuclear tests.

4. Yongbyon
a) has been enforcing uranium enrichment.
b) is going to verify the moratorium on uranium enrichment.
c) is a North Korean nuclear complex.
d) is going to visit the U.N.'s International Atomic Energy Agency.
e) fights substantive and meaningful negotiations on denuclearization.

**************************************

First Pisa, now Rome's Colosseum - it's leaning

ROME | Mon Jul 30, 2012 6:35am EDT

(Reuters) - The ancient Colosseum of Rome, where gladiators fought for

their lives, is slanting about 40 cm (16 inches) lower on the south side
than on the north, and authorities are investigating whether it needs
urgent repairs.
Experts first noticed the incline about a year ago and have been monitoring it for
the past few months, Rossella Rea, director at the 2,000-year-old monument,
said in an article published in the Italian daily Corriere della Sera on Sunday.

49
The Leaning Tower of Pisa, another of Italy's most popular attractions, was
reopened in 2001 after being shut for more than a decade as engineers worked
to prevent it from falling over and to make it safe for visitors.
Rea has asked Rome's La Sapienza University and environmental geology
institute IGAG to launch a study on the phenomenon, with investigations to be
concluded in a year.
Tests have also started to observe the effects that traffic on nearby busy roads
may have on the monument.
Professor Giorgio Monti, from La Sapienza's construction technology
department, warned there may be a crack in the base below the amphitheatre.
"The slab of concrete on which the Colosseum rests, which is like a 13-metre
(yard)-thick oval doughnut, may have a fracture inside it," he told the
newspaper.
He said intervention could be necessary if the concerns are confirmed, along
the lines of stabilisation work carried out in Pisa, but he said it was too early to
judge what kind of intervention would be most suitable.
The Colosseum - famous for hosting bloody gladiator fights in the days of the
Roman Empire - attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists and is usually
packed with visitors. (Writing byCatherine Hornby; Editing by Michael Roddy)

How to know Jesus Personally

God wants each of us to experience a life that has meaning, direction, love, and
peace. God makes this kind of life possible through a personal relationship with his
Son, Jesus Christ. But before you accept Jesus as your Savior, here are five truths that
will help you understand God’s desire for you:
1. God has a plan for your life. “No one can receive anything unless God gives it
from heaven” (John 3:27). God created you and has good plans for your life. To know
those plans, you must know God personally.
2. God’s plan gives meaning. “Jesus replied, ‘I am the bread of life. Whoever comes
to me will never be hungry again. Whoever believes in me will never be thirsty’” (John
6:35). Many people seek meaning and purpose for their life. But they never find it
because they look for meaning in the wrong things and the wrong people. When you
follow God’s plans for your life, the most important of which is to know Jesus as your
Lord and Savior, you will find meaning and purpose in all that you do.
50
 3. God’s plan gives direction. “Jesus spoke to the people once more and said, ‘I am
the light of the world. If you follow me, you won’t have to walk in darkness, because
you will have the light that leads to life’” (John 8:12). Without God’s direction, you may
not know what to do with your life. You may try a lot of things, hoping to find meaning
in each one. But if you have God in your life, he will lead you to show you how to make
your life count for him and his kingdom.
4. God’s plan brings peace. “I am leaving you with a gift – peace of mind and heart.
And the peace I give is a gift the world cannot give. So don’t be troubled and afraid”
(John 14:27). When you follow Jesus as your Lord and Savior, you will be at peace with
God. You will also be filled with of God’s peace. So when troubles come, you will be
able to have peace as you endure hardships.
5. God’s plan is for you to live with Him in heaven. “For God love the world so
much that He gave His only Son, so that everyone who believes in Him will not perish
but have eternal life” (John 3:16). Before Adam and Eve sinned (Genesis 3), they had a
good relationship with God. Therefore, they were not ashamed to come into God’s
presence. But after they sinned, their relationship with God changed, and they were
ashamed to come into God’s physical presence. Sin had separated them and the entire
human race – including you – from God. But God did not want sin to keep people from
having a relationship with Him. So He provided a way in which people could be
cleansed of their sins and live with Him in heaven forever. He gave His only Son, Jesus,
as the perfect payment for everyone’s sins.
Here are three things you must do in order to know Jesus personally as your Lord
and Savior:
1. Recognize that you are a sinner. “For everyone has sinned; we all fall short of
God’s glorious standard” (Romans 3:23). “As the Scriptures say, ‘No one is righteous –
not even one’” (Romans 3:10). Because everyone is a sinner, no one deserves eternal
life with God in heaven. In addition, no one can work hard enough to earn his life.
Instead, God gives eternal life for everyone who believes that Jesus Christ is His Son.
Before you can appreciate what Jesus has done for you, you need to recognize that
you are a sinner in need of God’s forgiveness. If you never acknowledge this, you will
never give God’s forgiveness for your sins. And you will never enter into heaven.
2. Ask Jesus to forgive you. “Yet now He has reconciled you to Himself through the
death of Christ in the physical body. As a result, He has brought you into His own
presence, and you are holy and blameless as you stand before Him without a single
fault” (Colossians 1:22). If you recognize that you are a sinner, then you may be ready
to ask Jesus to forgive you. Do you believe that Jesus is the eternal Son of God, who
died to pay for your sins? If you do and you have never thanked Christ for dying for
you, thank Him right now in a simple prayer. Pray, ”Lord, I thank you for paying for the
sins I have committed. I give my life to You. Teach me the right way to live. Amen.”
If you have believed Christ now for the first time, write your name and today’s date
on the blank lines as a record of the time of your salvation.
Name: _____________________________________________________________
Date: ______________________________________________________________
Time: ______________________________________________________________

2. Turn away from you sins. “Those who have been born into God’s family do not
sin, because God’s life is in them. So they can’t keep on sinning, because they
51
 are children of God” (1 John 3:9). As a Christian, you may sin from time to time.
But you should not continue to live a sinful lifestyle. Putting your faith in Jesus
means that you are willingly turning away from your old sinful nature. It also
means that you are living to please God. You can live to please God by obeying
the commands He has given everyone in the Bible. If you obey God, you can be
sure that you are a Christian and will one day have eternal life in heaven.

First French Empire

The First French Empire (French: Empire Français), also known as the
Greater French Empire or Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon
I of France. It was the dominant power of much of continental Europe during the
early 19th century.
Napoleon became Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804 and crowned
Emperor on 2 December 1804, ending the period of the French Consulate, and
won early military victories in the War of the Third Coalition against
Austria, Prussia, Russia, Portugal, and allied nations, notably at the Battle of
Austerlitz (1805) and the Battle of Friedland (1807). The Treaty of Tilsit in July
1807 ended two years of bloodshed on the European continent.
The subsequent series of wars known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars
extended French influence over much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its
height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 départements, ruled over 44 million
subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain,
and the Duchy of Warsaw, and could count Prussia and Austria as nominal
allies.Early French victories exported many ideological features of the French
Revolutionthroughout Europe. Seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were
abolished, aristocratic privileges were eliminated in all places except Poland,
and the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased
legal equality, established jury systems, and legalized divorce. Napoleon placed
relatives on the thrones of several European countries and granted many noble
titles, most of which were not recognized after the empire fell.
Historians have estimated the death toll from the Napoleonic Wars to be
6.5 million people, or 15% of the French Empire's subjects. In particular, French
losses in the Peninsular War in Iberia severely weakened the Empire; after
victory over the Austrian Empire in the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)
Napoleon deployed over 600,000 troops to attack Russia, in a
catastrophic French invasion of that country in 1812. The War of the Sixth
Coalition saw the expulsion of French forces from Germany in 1813.
Napoleon abdicated in 11 April 1814. The Empire was briefly restored during the
Hundred Days period in 1815 until Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. It
was followed by the restored monarchy of the House of Bourbon.

52
Wildfires rage in West, destroy 60 homes in Washington state
By Jonathan Kaminsky
OLYMPIA, Washington | Wed Aug 15, 2012 10:39am EDT

(Reuters) - Firefighters battled wildfires across the West on Tuesday, including a massive
out-of-control blaze that has destroyed at least 60 homes and burned more than 28,000
acres between two national forests in Washington state.
Another 400 homes were evacuated in the rolling hills between the northwest
Washington towns of Cle Elum and Ellensburg, at the eastern edge of the Cascade
Mountains, prompting Governor Christine Gregoire to declare a state of emergency in two
counties.
The massive Taylor Bridge Fire was among more than a dozen wildfires burning across
the West, which is wilting under a heat wave that has sent temperatures into the triple
digits. Together, the fires have burned some 500,000 acres across Idaho, Washington,
Oregon and California.
Across the nation, wildfires have consumed roughly 6 million acres (2.4 million hectares)
this year, above the 10-year average of 4.9 million acres, according to figures from the
National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho.
Authorities said the Washington state fire was started on Monday afternoon by workers
at a construction site east of Cle Elum, about 75 miles southeast of Seattle. "We don't
know what the actual cause was. We have no indication it was intentional," said Nancy
Jones, a spokeswoman for a state emergency response team. With strong winds and no
rain in the area for three weeks, more damage is likely, said Bryan Flint, spokesman for the
Department of Natural Resources.
Winds are pushing the fire east toward an area of mostly farmland, although more
homes are in its path, Jones said. The fire is burning just 4 miles northwest of Ellensburg
and 10 miles south of the Wenatchee National Forest. South of the fire is the Snoqualmie
National Forest. "All Washingtonians stand with those who have lost their homes and
property in the Taylor Bridge Fire," Gregoire said in a written statement. "The destruction
overnight is a stark reminder of how quickly and unexpectedly wildfire can move."

FIRES BURN IN CALIFORNIA

In northern California, more than 1,100 firefighters spent a third day attacking a pair of
wildfires that have destroyed two homes in Lake County's Spring Valley area and charred
some 7,000 acres.
Firefighters had contained only 30 percent of the two blazes burning dry brush in
remote Lake and Colusa counties, said Daniel Berlant, a California Department of Forestry
and Fire Protection spokesman. They did not expect full containment for a week.
But firefighters made enough progress attacking one of the fires that authorities lifted
an evacuation order for 480 homes in the Spring Valley area on Monday night, he said.
Berlant said the flames had moved east into Colusa County and continued to threaten the
area around Wilbur Hot Springs, a 147-year-old resort that offers clothing-optional bathing
in mineral water. Owner Richard Miller said he and 15 employees had to flee the property,
which was closed on Sunday for 12 days of maintenance. "It is in jeopardy," Miller said.

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 "There's fire surrounding it." But he was confident the California Department of Forestry
would protect the retreat, which includes a stucco hotel built in 1910 and nine homes.
"Wilbur is a charmed and magical place and it has all the luck," Miller said.
Two firefighters suffered minor injuries while working the blaze in triple-digit
temperatures.
Suzann Thompson, who works the front desk at Clear Lake Cottages and Marina, said the
fires decimated business throughout the area. Clear Lake, the biggest lake in California, is a
popular tourist attraction. "It's really a catastrophe," she said.

(Additional reporting by Ronnie Cohen in San Francisco; Laura Zuckerman in Salmon,

Idaho; Teresa Carson in Portland; and Dan Whitcomb in Los Angeles; Writing by Dan
Whitcomb and Mary Slosson; Editing by Cynthia Johnston, Bill Trott and Lisa Shumaker)

Obama vows justice after U.S. envoy killed in Libya

(Reuters) Wednesday, September 12 2012 16:03 EDT

WASHINGTON, Sep 12 (Reuters) - U.S. President Barack Obama vowed on Wednesday to do justice to
the murderers of the U.S. ambassador in Libya and three other diplomats, while seeking to avoid the
effects of an attack playing light on how his government handled the "Arab Spring."

In a speech at the White House, Obama called the attack on the Benghazi "outrageous and shocking"
but insisted that it does not threaten relations with the newly elected government of Libya, which took
power in July after rebel forces supported by NATO air force toppled Muammar Gaddafi last year.

The attack on U.S. diplomats, triggered by a movie production American considered an insult to the
Prophet Muhammad, may raise questions about Obama's policy regarding Libya's post-Gaddafi at a time
when he seeks re-election in November.

Obama, who apparently sought to take the initiative after the attack, pledged to work with the Libyan
government to "ensure that justice is done for this terrible act."

"And make no mistake: justice will be done," said Obama, along with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
He ordered increased security at U.S. embassies around the world against terrorism and a team of
Marines was sent to Libya to increase security for American officials.

Ambassador Chris Stevens and three embassy employees were killed on Tuesday when militants
attacked the consulate in Benghazi and elsewhere in the city, which lies east of the country and was the
birthplace of the uprising last year against government 42 years of Gaddafi. Another attack was
unleashed against the U.S. embassy in Cairo.

Stevens, a veteran with experience in diplomacy than 21 years in the profession, was one of the first
U.S. officials to reach Benghazi during the uprising against Gaddafi last year.

One of the dead was identified as diplomats Sean Smith. The names of the other two had not been
released yet for the government to notify the families first.

IMPACT ON CAMPAIGN

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Obama praised the election of Libya in July as a landmark democratic transition in post-Gaddafi and
promised that the U.S. would act as a partner, warning that it would be difficult challenges ahead.

In the series of uprisings of the Arab Spring last year, Obama opted for a cautious strategy that drew
criticism from the Republican Party.

The Shaping of a Nation: England

When the last Ice Age finished, 10,000 years ago, people could walk from the
continent to Britain and, little by little, different peoples started to populate what today is
England. The Celts arrived there around 500 BC and developed a very profitable trade with
Europe. The Romans knew that the Britain Celts had gold, silver and bronze, and this may
possibly be one of the reasons why they decided to invade Britain.
In 55 BC Julius Caesar’s army attacked Britain, but the Celts defeated him. The
following summer, he tried a second time, now with an army of 40,000 soldiers. There
were many battles and, because the British promised not to attack Rome, the Empire left
them in peace for a hundred years. The third Roman invasion was around 43 AD; Emperor
Claudius organized this final, and successful, military operation. Many tribes tried to resist,
but in the end the Romans took control of the country.
Life in Britain improved a lot under the Roman ruling. They introduced their law and
order system, straight roads, central heating, concrete, bridges, their language (Latin) and
the calendar we know today.
Centuries later, in 410 AD, Rome was attacked by Germanic tribes. The Romans had to
return and defend their country, leaving Britain without defenses. Without the Romans, it
was easy for the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes to invade England. Differently from the
Romans, they made England their new home. The name England comes from the Saxon
‘Angle-land’, or the Land of Angles.
About 800 AD England was invaded again, this time by the Vikings. The soil in
Scandinavia was not good for farming, so these Norsemen were looking for better land.
They battled with the Saxons many times, and no matter how many times they did it, the
Vikings were beaten. They always returned, till they finally succeeded.
In 1066, the Normans (themselves relatives of Vikings that had settled in France)
invaded Britain and took part of the Saxons’ territory for them to live in. The Vikings’
influence on the island is massive. Many place names in England are made up of Viking
words; for example, those of the cities of Derby, Whitby and Selby – the ending –by in such
words come from the Viking word ‘farm’ or ‘village’.
The Norman invader’s leader, William the Conqueror, became king of England and
founded the so-called Norman Dynasty. Over time, it would be replaced by other powerful
royal houses, like the Plantagenets and the Tudors.

Henry VIII’s six wives

Catherine of Aragon was Spanish. Henry VIII wanted to divorce her because she
couldn’t give him a son and because he had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. The Catholic
Church refused to give him the divorce and the king sent Catherine to a convent. She was a
mature and kind woman. They divorced in 1533 and she died three years later.
Anne Boleyn was an attractive and ambitious woman. She married the king secretly in
1533. People didn’t like her very much and they thought she was a witch. She didn’t give
Henry a son, but a daughter, Elizabeth. Later she was accused to be unfaithful and she was
beheaded.
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 Jane Seymour was a shy girl and different from the previous wives. Henry married her
eleven days after Anne Boleyn’s death. She gave him a son, Edward, but she died one
month later. Henry asked to be buried next to her.
Anne of Cleves was a German princess. Henry commissioned a painting of the princess
before marrying her and he found her very attractive. However, when she arrived in
England, the king found her very ugly and asked for a divorce.
Kathryn Howard was a young and lively woman. She had had other love affairs before
marriage. She was accused of adultery and was executed in 1542.
Katherine Parr was a kind and good woman and an excellent stepmother for the king’s
children. She was also a very good nursemaid for the old king. When Henry died she
married Thomas Seymour.
Barnes & Noble launches new tablets in e-books fight

By Phil Wahba

NEW YORK | Wed Sep 26, 2012 4:07pm EDT

(Reuters) - Barnes & Noble Inc's first high-definition tablets, unveiled on Wednesday,
were well received by analysts who said the devices keep the bookseller in the fight with
Amazon.com Inc, Apple Inc and Google Inc - for now.

The largest U.S. bookstore chain has staked its future on success in the growing e-books
industry in the face of declining sales of physical books that last year led to the bankruptcy
of the Borders bookstore chain.

Barnes & Noble introduced a $199 7-inch Nook HD tablet that will go up against similar,
recently launched products by Google and Amazon.com this holiday season.

The company also unveiled a $269 9-inch Nook HD+ tablet that will compete with the
Apple iPad. "The devices are an improvement in important ways over the previous
generations of the Nook, and they one-up Amazon in some areas," Forrester Research
analyst Sarah Rotman Epps told Reuters.

While the new products are thinner and lighter than rivals and follow a few months
after Microsoft said it would invest $605 million in Barnes & Noble's Nook e-reader and
college business, the bookstore chain still faces a daunting task. "Barnes & Noble is the
smallest player trying to do the software and the hardware development, and they don't
have the financial means beyond what Microsoft has already fronted them to keep up in
the arms race," said Morningstar analyst Peter Wahlstrom.

In many ways, Barnes & Noble, which operates nearly 700 stores, has defied
expectations. It beat Amazon to the marketplace with touchscreen devices and a color
reader in recent years, and won plaudits from reviewers this year for its glow-in-the-dark
Nook that allows someone to read with the lights off so as not to disturb others. Since the
chain launched its first Nook device, a basic e-reader, in 2009, it has won as much as 30
percent of the U.S. e-books market. Amazon is the leader with about 60 percent. This race
has proven expensive and, so far, unprofitable. The battle with Amazon is taking a toll.

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Barnes & Noble reported lower Nook sales last quarter, after earlier quarters of torrid
growth, hurt by price cuts to fight Amazon's aggressive pricing.

"Barnes & Noble must continue to invest to introduce new products with enhanced
features at prices that are the same as or lower than older, less-sophisticated devices,"
Barclays Capital analyst Alan Rifkin wrote in a research note. The problem is that hurts
profits and margins, he said. But the company's chief said the Nook devices are essential to
helping it generate sales of digital content. "We're growing the digital content portion of
the business, and that's where we envision making our economics," Barnes & Noble's
William Lynch told Reuters at a media event on Tuesday. Shares of Barnes & Noble rose
6.2 percent to $13.03 in afternoon New York Stock Exchange trading.

Assinale a alternativa correta de acordo com o texto:

1. A Barnes & Noble

a) criou os primeiros tablets de alta definição numa quarta-feira.
b) foi recebida pelos analistas na quarta-feira.
c) disse que os aparelhos mantem os vendedores de livros.
d) revelou seus primeiros tablets de alta definição na quarta-feira.
e) brigou com as empresas Amazon, Apple e Google.

2. A maior rede de livrarias dos EUA aposta seu futuro

a) no sucesso do crescimento dos livros físicos.
b) no sucesso do crescimento da indústria dos livros eletrônicos.
c) na falência da rede de livrarias Borders.
d) nas vendas dos livros físicos.
e) na falência da indústria dos livros eletrônicos.

3. A Barnes & Noble

a) falsificou o tablet Nook HD+ de 9 polegadas, da Apple, que custará $269.
b) falsificou o iPad da Apple.
c) lançou o Nook HD+ de 9 polegadas que competirá com o i-Pad da Apple.
d) falsificou o modelo one-up da Amazon em algumas áreas.
e) fez o melhoramento do i-Pad da Apple.

4. A Barnes & Noble

a) superou a Microsoft depois de alguns meses.
b) já foi enfrentada pela Microsoft.
c) ainda está tentando fazer software e desenvolver hardware.
d) recebeu um adiantamento da Microsoft para se manter na queda de braço.
e) faliu porque não tem meios financeiros.

5. De acordo com o penúltimo parágrafo

a) A Amazon superou a Barnes & Noble no mercado dos dispositivos com touchscreen e um
leitor de cor.
b) A Barnes & Noble superou a Amazon no mercado dos dispositivos com touchscreen e um
leitor de cor.
c) A Amazon ganhou aplausos dos revisores este ano pelo seu Nook que brilha no escuro.
d) A Barnes & Noble ganhou aplausos dos revisores este ano pelo seu Nook que brilha no
escuro.
e) Os preços agressivos da Amazon lutam contra um crescimento tórrido.

57
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2),
was a global war that was under way by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast
majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming
two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war
in history, with more than 100 million people serving in military units. In a state of "total
war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific
capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and
military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians,
including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted
in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. These deaths make World War II by far
the deadliest conflict in all of human history.
Although the Empire of Japan was already at war with the Republic of China in
1937, the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939, with
the invasion of Poland by Germany, and subsequent declarations of war on Germany
by France and most of the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth.
Germany set out to establish a large empire in Europe. From late 1939 to early 1941, in
a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of
continental Europe. Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the nominally neutral
Soviet Union fully or partially invaded, occupied and annexed territories of its six
European neighbors, including Poland. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth
remained the only major force continuing the fight against the Axis, with battles taking
place in North Africa as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic. In June 1941, the
European Axis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, giving a start to the largest
land theatre of war in history, which tied down the major part of the Axis' military forces
for the rest of the war. In December 1941, the Empire of Japan, which aimed to
dominate East Asia and Indochina, joined the Axis, attacked the United
States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of
the West Pacific.
The Axis advance was stopped in 1942, after Japan lost a series of naval
battles and European Axis troops were defeated in North Africa and, decisively,
at Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Allied
invasion of Fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative
and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded
France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded
Germany and its allies. The war in Europe ended with the capture of Berlin by Soviet
and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945.
During 1944 and 1945 the United States defeated the Japanese Navy and captured
key West Pacific islands, dropping atomic bombs on the country as the invasion of the
Japanese archipelago became imminent. The war in Asia ended on 15 August 1945
when the Empire of Japan agreed to surrender.
The total victory of the Allies over the Axis in 1945 ended the conflict. World
War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. The United
Nations (UN) was established to foster international cooperation and prevent future
conflicts. The great powers that were the victors of the war— the United States, Soviet
Union, China, the United Kingdom, and France—became the permanent members of
the United Nations Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged
as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46
years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers started to decline, while the
decolonization of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been
damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe,
emerged as an effort to estabilish postwar relations.

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