very small bubbles. Stock fibers which uses equipment whose structure al-
have been dried once contain air in lows the mixing of air into the liquid.
their hollow lumen, even after pulping. This is particularly problematic in pro-
Under normal conditions, this gas cess stages following the cooking pro-
does not disturb pumping, either. How- cess where soap contributes to foam-
ever, this air may cause problems in ing and mixing of air.
wanted to replace the existing trans- the stock is pumped into two alternate to the top part of the tank. With this con-
fer system where five screws trans- tanks using an AHLSTAR™ NPP figuration, the AHLSTAR™ ARP Pump
ferred the 25% refined reject to a re- Pump. In order to guarantee good stock empties the tank completely, eliminat- The situation is aggravated by factors 2. How does the air prob- grows big enough, it begins to disturb
ject tank. In the reject tank, the stock quality, stock is recirculated 2 to 3 times ing the amount of waste stock. such as: lem appear in pumping? pumping and the operation of the en-
was diluted to 2 to 3%. From the reject through a deflaker using a conven- tire process. Pumping may also cease
tank, the stock was pumped further to tional stock pump situated between the Case 2 (Fig. 22): Separating and • Additives contained in the liquid When a conventional centrifugal pump completely. The air or gas bubble re-
screening. tanks. After this, the stock is pumped pumping white water from water such as soap, emulsifying agents, de- (Fig. 5) pumps a liquid containing a lot mains in front of the impeller for as long
from the tank into a mixing chest. The separators in the vacuum system tergents, dispersion agents, lignin of gas or air, such as stock, filtrate wa- as the pump rotates. If the pump is
In the new solution, an inlet tank was inlet head in the tank varies between of a paper machine or pulp drying compounds, and alum. ter etc., the free gas or air contained in stopped for a while, the bubble will
installed under the refiners on the floor 4.5 and 0 meters. At the end of the machine; replacing the barometric the liquid begins to gather in front of disappear. After restarting, the pump
below, where the stock was diluted di- emptying stage, at a small inlet head, leg. • Characteristics of the liquid such as the impeller. The lighter gas or air is will run normally until a new bubble
rectly to 2 to 3%. It was also assumed the air contained in the stock began to stock consistency (the higher the con- separated at the point of the lowest starts to form. In general, stopping and
that the stock contains a lot of air and separate in front of the impeller, and Water removed from the web of a pa- sistency, the higher the air content) and pressure, which is often in front of the restarting pumps this way is unaccept-
that the tank has a low level. The pump the pump was not able to empty the per machine by means of vacuum is production method used (various types impeller. Hence, an air or gas bubble able.
selection process concluded in the gas tank completely. The mill carries out separated in water separators situated of stocks contain different amounts of is formed here. That section of the
and air removing AHLSTAR™ ASP several color changes due to a cer- between the paper machine and the air under identical conditions), refin- vanes of the impeller which is inside
Pump with a built-in degassing sys- tain production program. It is very im- vacuum system. It is important that this ing degree (refining increases the air the bubble loses some of its pumping
tem. The degassing return pipe was portant to empty the tank completely water is separated as completely as content), fillers, viscosity of the liquid, efficiency. This way, the output of the
led back into the inlet tank. in order to minimize the proportion of possible so that only moist air goes and temperature of the liquid. pump decreases (Fig. 6). As the bubble
waste stock. into the vacuum pumps.
The gas and air removing ASP Pump
has operated well in this application
since spring 1997. The ASP Pump fea-
tures the following benefits:
• Simple transfer system,
• low maintenance costs, Fig. 5. The free gas or air begins to
accumulate in front of the impeller.
• additional reliability at the mill.
Fig. 6. If the liquid contains approx. 4 % of free gas or air, a conventional centrifugal pump can generally still pump it.
Fig. 20. Reject screening in a TMP plant. Fig. 21. A part of a broke stock line. However, the flow rate, head, and efficiency of the pump decrease as the gas or air content increases.
3. What are the traditional stance, a displacement pump. How- moving this disturbing gas or air in the 5.2 Pulp mill processes • The lobe rotor pump is an expen- Case 2 (Fig. 19): Feeding brown
means for eliminating ever, this solution is not always eco- pump, the pump operation becomes sive and complicated special pump. stock to washer.
nomical. If the liquid pumped contains stable. This also enhances the opera- Case 1 (Fig. 18): Pumping soap • The pump maintenance is difficult
disturbances caused by
solids, which is often the case, screw tion of the entire process and other from the washing department to and also its spare parts are expensive. At a pulp mill, brown stock is pumped
air and gas?
pumps, lobe rotor pumps etc. wear rap- process equipment. the evaporation plant. from a blow tank into an intermediate
idly. As the capacities of mills just keep The AHLSTAR™ ARP Pump with a tank. From the intermediate tank, an
Since stable pumping is imperative in
increasing, the size of displacement 4.1 Sulzer Pumps' pump The cooking process produces a lot of degassing system was installed for the APP Pump pumped this stock with a
view of the operation of the entire pro-
pumps also imposes limitations. solutions for liquids con- various gases. In conjunction with first time at a pulp mill in 1991 to pump consistency of 3 to 5% via knot sepa-
cess, factors enabling trouble-free
taining gas or air: stock washing, these gases enter the the soap mixture from the washing ration to a washer. The brown stock
pumping have been studied in the past.
4. New pump solutions filtrate tank with the wash liquor. Since department to the evaporation plant, temperature was approx. 90°C, and it
The means discovered include,
4.1.1. The AHLSTAR™ APP pump soap contained in the black liquor where the actual soap separation from contained a lot of gas, air, and foam.
among others, the following:
Sulzer Pumps has developed pump range includes the ARP Pumps (Fig. makes up very stable foam together black liquor takes place. The inlet head The problem was that the entrained
types which through their operating 7), which are used to pump stocks con- with the gases, soap separates on top in the soap tank varies between 0 and air caused fluctuations in the display
3.1 Optimizing the conditions on the
principle remove disturbing gas or air taining considerable amounts of gas of the black liquor, from where it is led 1 meters. of the feed flow rate measurement. This
suction side of the pump
contained in the liquid so as to main- and air at a consistency range of up to into a separate soap tank. From the in turn resulted in control problems.
• Size of suction pipe.
tain proper pumping and to prevent 8%, plus other process liquids. A sepa- soap tank, soap is pumped to a soap The ARP Pump has been working well
• Shape of suction pipe.
any pumping disturbances resulting rate vacuum pump is used in conjunc- collecting tank situated at the evapo- here. After this, several other ARP In June 1997, a gas and air removal
• Correct location of suction pipe in
from the gas or air. In these pumps, tion with the ARP Pump if the inlet head ration plant. The density of soap com- Pumps and more recently also ASP AHLSTAR™ ARP Pump with a sepa-
the tank.
gas or air is removed by creating a on the suction side is low. The ARP ing from the washing department can Pumps with a built-in vacuum pump rate degassing system was installed
certain pressure difference between Pump is also self priming when a be as low as 300 kg/m because of the have been installed in various appli- in this service. After the installation,
3.2 Overdimensioning instructions for
the suction side of the pump and the vacuum pump is used with it. gases contained in it. cations both at the cooking plant and there have been no problems in flow
pumps have been provided on account
degassing chamber, situated behind This difficult mixture has earlier been at the washing department. rate measurement.
of the gas content. These are partly
the impeller. This pressure difference Based on long-term experiences, the pumped from the soap tank to the
practicable even today.
is achieved for instance through suffi- ARP Pump operates trouble-free with evaporation plant using a lobe rotor Benefits brought by the AHLSTAR™ In this application, the ARP Pump gives
cient inlet head prevailing in front of liquids which contain up to 70% of air pump. ARP and ASP Pump: the following advantages:
3.3 It has also been studied which
the pump. If sufficient inlet head can- or gas. The degassing system removes The following problems have been • The disadvantages of lobe rotor • Better runnability at the washing
types of impellers, clearances, and
not be achieved, the pressure differ- that proportion of the gases or air con- encountered in the use of the lobe ro- pumps are eliminated. department, since the feed flow rate is
other potential structures best tolerate
ence can be created either with a sepa- tained in the liquid which disturbs tor pump: • Improved soap separation. under control.
liquids containing gas or air. The effect
rate or built-in vacuum pump. By re- pumping. • The soap mixture pumped has • Better, fiber-free soap quality • Improved drainage at the washer.
of turbulence for instance in the impel-
foamed from the tank onto the floor, (pumping through fiber filter). • More opportunities to optimize
ler has also been examined.
causing additional need for cleaning. brown stock washing.
14-17%
purposes in the fall of 1996, and the not contain abrasive particles and
pump worked trouble-free right from Fig. 8. Operating principle. when there is a low inlet head or a
the beginning. vacuum on the inlet side of the pump.
The benefits of the ASP Pump include:
• Easy use of a centrifugal pump,
AHLSTAR™ ARP • low maintenance costs.
Washer
10-12%
AHLSTAR™ APP
Fig. 9. AHLSTAR™ ASP Self Priming Gas Removal Pump.
Fig. 16. Pumping stock to screw presses. Fig. 17. Waste water application.
5. Practical examples and B) The pump serving the foam collect-
In the following practical solutions, we lent application for the gas removal
In the following practical solutions, we lent application for the gas removal
14-17%
purposes in the fall of 1996, and the not contain abrasive particles and
pump worked trouble-free right from Fig. 8. Operating principle. when there is a low inlet head or a
the beginning. vacuum on the inlet side of the pump.
The benefits of the ASP Pump include:
• Easy use of a centrifugal pump,
AHLSTAR™ ARP • low maintenance costs.
Washer
10-12%
AHLSTAR™ APP
Fig. 9. AHLSTAR™ ASP Self Priming Gas Removal Pump.
Fig. 16. Pumping stock to screw presses. Fig. 17. Waste water application.
3. What are the traditional stance, a displacement pump. How- moving this disturbing gas or air in the 5.2 Pulp mill processes • The lobe rotor pump is an expen- Case 2 (Fig. 19): Feeding brown
means for eliminating ever, this solution is not always eco- pump, the pump operation becomes sive and complicated special pump. stock to washer.
nomical. If the liquid pumped contains stable. This also enhances the opera- Case 1 (Fig. 18): Pumping soap • The pump maintenance is difficult
disturbances caused by
solids, which is often the case, screw tion of the entire process and other from the washing department to and also its spare parts are expensive. At a pulp mill, brown stock is pumped
air and gas?
pumps, lobe rotor pumps etc. wear rap- process equipment. the evaporation plant. from a blow tank into an intermediate
idly. As the capacities of mills just keep The AHLSTAR™ ARP Pump with a tank. From the intermediate tank, an
Since stable pumping is imperative in
increasing, the size of displacement 4.1 Sulzer Pumps' pump The cooking process produces a lot of degassing system was installed for the APP Pump pumped this stock with a
view of the operation of the entire pro-
pumps also imposes limitations. solutions for liquids con- various gases. In conjunction with first time at a pulp mill in 1991 to pump consistency of 3 to 5% via knot sepa-
cess, factors enabling trouble-free
taining gas or air: stock washing, these gases enter the the soap mixture from the washing ration to a washer. The brown stock
pumping have been studied in the past.
4. New pump solutions filtrate tank with the wash liquor. Since department to the evaporation plant, temperature was approx. 90°C, and it
The means discovered include,
4.1.1. The AHLSTAR™ APP pump soap contained in the black liquor where the actual soap separation from contained a lot of gas, air, and foam.
among others, the following:
Sulzer Pumps has developed pump range includes the ARP Pumps (Fig. makes up very stable foam together black liquor takes place. The inlet head The problem was that the entrained
types which through their operating 7), which are used to pump stocks con- with the gases, soap separates on top in the soap tank varies between 0 and air caused fluctuations in the display
3.1 Optimizing the conditions on the
principle remove disturbing gas or air taining considerable amounts of gas of the black liquor, from where it is led 1 meters. of the feed flow rate measurement. This
suction side of the pump
contained in the liquid so as to main- and air at a consistency range of up to into a separate soap tank. From the in turn resulted in control problems.
• Size of suction pipe.
tain proper pumping and to prevent 8%, plus other process liquids. A sepa- soap tank, soap is pumped to a soap The ARP Pump has been working well
• Shape of suction pipe.
any pumping disturbances resulting rate vacuum pump is used in conjunc- collecting tank situated at the evapo- here. After this, several other ARP In June 1997, a gas and air removal
• Correct location of suction pipe in
from the gas or air. In these pumps, tion with the ARP Pump if the inlet head ration plant. The density of soap com- Pumps and more recently also ASP AHLSTAR™ ARP Pump with a sepa-
the tank.
gas or air is removed by creating a on the suction side is low. The ARP ing from the washing department can Pumps with a built-in vacuum pump rate degassing system was installed
certain pressure difference between Pump is also self priming when a be as low as 300 kg/m because of the have been installed in various appli- in this service. After the installation,
3.2 Overdimensioning instructions for
the suction side of the pump and the vacuum pump is used with it. gases contained in it. cations both at the cooking plant and there have been no problems in flow
pumps have been provided on account
degassing chamber, situated behind This difficult mixture has earlier been at the washing department. rate measurement.
of the gas content. These are partly
the impeller. This pressure difference Based on long-term experiences, the pumped from the soap tank to the
practicable even today.
is achieved for instance through suffi- ARP Pump operates trouble-free with evaporation plant using a lobe rotor Benefits brought by the AHLSTAR™ In this application, the ARP Pump gives
cient inlet head prevailing in front of liquids which contain up to 70% of air pump. ARP and ASP Pump: the following advantages:
3.3 It has also been studied which
the pump. If sufficient inlet head can- or gas. The degassing system removes The following problems have been • The disadvantages of lobe rotor • Better runnability at the washing
types of impellers, clearances, and
not be achieved, the pressure differ- that proportion of the gases or air con- encountered in the use of the lobe ro- pumps are eliminated. department, since the feed flow rate is
other potential structures best tolerate
ence can be created either with a sepa- tained in the liquid which disturbs tor pump: • Improved soap separation. under control.
liquids containing gas or air. The effect
rate or built-in vacuum pump. By re- pumping. • The soap mixture pumped has • Better, fiber-free soap quality • Improved drainage at the washer.
of turbulence for instance in the impel-
foamed from the tank onto the floor, (pumping through fiber filter). • More opportunities to optimize
ler has also been examined.
causing additional need for cleaning. brown stock washing.
wanted to replace the existing trans- the stock is pumped into two alternate to the top part of the tank. With this con-
fer system where five screws trans- tanks using an AHLSTAR™ NPP figuration, the AHLSTAR™ ARP Pump
ferred the 25% refined reject to a re- Pump. In order to guarantee good stock empties the tank completely, eliminat- The situation is aggravated by factors 2. How does the air prob- grows big enough, it begins to disturb
ject tank. In the reject tank, the stock quality, stock is recirculated 2 to 3 times ing the amount of waste stock. such as: lem appear in pumping? pumping and the operation of the en-
was diluted to 2 to 3%. From the reject through a deflaker using a conven- tire process. Pumping may also cease
tank, the stock was pumped further to tional stock pump situated between the Case 2 (Fig. 22): Separating and • Additives contained in the liquid When a conventional centrifugal pump completely. The air or gas bubble re-
screening. tanks. After this, the stock is pumped pumping white water from water such as soap, emulsifying agents, de- (Fig. 5) pumps a liquid containing a lot mains in front of the impeller for as long
from the tank into a mixing chest. The separators in the vacuum system tergents, dispersion agents, lignin of gas or air, such as stock, filtrate wa- as the pump rotates. If the pump is
In the new solution, an inlet tank was inlet head in the tank varies between of a paper machine or pulp drying compounds, and alum. ter etc., the free gas or air contained in stopped for a while, the bubble will
installed under the refiners on the floor 4.5 and 0 meters. At the end of the machine; replacing the barometric the liquid begins to gather in front of disappear. After restarting, the pump
below, where the stock was diluted di- emptying stage, at a small inlet head, leg. • Characteristics of the liquid such as the impeller. The lighter gas or air is will run normally until a new bubble
rectly to 2 to 3%. It was also assumed the air contained in the stock began to stock consistency (the higher the con- separated at the point of the lowest starts to form. In general, stopping and
that the stock contains a lot of air and separate in front of the impeller, and Water removed from the web of a pa- sistency, the higher the air content) and pressure, which is often in front of the restarting pumps this way is unaccept-
that the tank has a low level. The pump the pump was not able to empty the per machine by means of vacuum is production method used (various types impeller. Hence, an air or gas bubble able.
selection process concluded in the gas tank completely. The mill carries out separated in water separators situated of stocks contain different amounts of is formed here. That section of the
and air removing AHLSTAR™ ASP several color changes due to a cer- between the paper machine and the air under identical conditions), refin- vanes of the impeller which is inside
Pump with a built-in degassing sys- tain production program. It is very im- vacuum system. It is important that this ing degree (refining increases the air the bubble loses some of its pumping
tem. The degassing return pipe was portant to empty the tank completely water is separated as completely as content), fillers, viscosity of the liquid, efficiency. This way, the output of the
led back into the inlet tank. in order to minimize the proportion of possible so that only moist air goes and temperature of the liquid. pump decreases (Fig. 6). As the bubble
waste stock. into the vacuum pumps.
The gas and air removing ASP Pump
has operated well in this application
since spring 1997. The ASP Pump fea-
tures the following benefits:
• Simple transfer system,
• low maintenance costs, Fig. 5. The free gas or air begins to
accumulate in front of the impeller.
• additional reliability at the mill.
Fig. 6. If the liquid contains approx. 4 % of free gas or air, a conventional centrifugal pump can generally still pump it.
Fig. 20. Reject screening in a TMP plant. Fig. 21. A part of a broke stock line. However, the flow rate, head, and efficiency of the pump decrease as the gas or air content increases.
Sulzer Pumps' Solutions Illustrated by Up until now, the most reliable means
to lead away the separated water from
Experience has shown that by install-
ing an air and gas separating
6. Summary
very small bubbles. Stock fibers which uses equipment whose structure al-
have been dried once contain air in lows the mixing of air into the liquid.
their hollow lumen, even after pulping. This is particularly problematic in pro-
Under normal conditions, this gas cess stages following the cooking pro-
does not disturb pumping, either. How- cess where soap contributes to foam-
ever, this air may cause problems in ing and mixing of air.