Magna Carta (1215)

Social Contract : King grants trial by jury and

Community agrees to obey ruler; ruler agrees not to impose new taxes
agrees to protect the community and without consent of the barons
individual rights

Natural Law:
Guarantees the basic rights of life,
liberty, and property

John Locke Mayflower Compact (1620)

Pilgrim colonists agree to
form and obey their own
government

The
Enlightenment Ideas Origins of English Heritage
Application of reason to
question superstition, Sir
American and
Historic Documents
tradition, and authority Isaac
Newton
Government

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Parliament asserts its supremacy
over the King and guarantees
particular individual rights

Baron de
Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)
Montesquieu
Paine argues that the
colonies should
govern themselves

Legislative: makes laws

Separation of Powers Executive: enforces laws

Judicial: interprets laws

Gateway to American Government Chapter 1 Concept Map

  StampAct  Boston Tea Party
 Townshend Duties  Intolerable Acts

British tax colonists

French and without their consent
Indian War
Tea Duty

Causes of the
American Revolution

Americans
American Revolution Declaration of
begins Declare Their Independence
Independence

Main Ideas Common Sense

 Paine’s
 People have unalienable rights (life, liberty
 George III refuses
and pursuit of happiness) compromise
 Governments are created to protect  Second Continental
these rights Congress approves
 Governments that destroy rights can be independence
overturned  Thomas Jefferson is
 List of colonial grievances
main author
 Colonists therefore declare their independence

Gateway to American Government Chapter 2 Concept Map

  Each state had one vote in the Confederation
Congress
 Confederation Congress had to ask
states for revenue and soldiers
 Could direct an army and maintain a navy  No power to tax
 Conducted the nation’s foreign relations  No power to raise troops
and could declare war  No national executive or judiciary
 No power to regulate interstate trade

Articles of Weaknesses of the

Confederation Articles of Confederation
The Story
of Our
Constitution

Constitutional Convention Problems under the

(1787) Articles of Confederation

 States taxed one another’s goods

 Shays’ Rebellion posed threat
 Call to revise the Articles of Confederation
 Delegates agreed to scrap Articles
of Confederation
 Delegates agreed on the need for national
executive and judiciary
 Large vs. Small States led to “Great Compromise”:

• Senate: States represented equally

• House of Representatives: Number of members
• based on state’s population
 Electoral College chooses the President

Gateway to American Government Chapter 3 Concept Map

 Article I Article III
 Congress  U.S. Supreme
Preamble • House of Representatives Court
 “We the People”  Congress empowered to
• Senate
 Purposes of U.S. Government: create lower courts
• Establish justice
Article II Article V–VII
• Domestic tranquility
 Presidency
• Common defense  Amendment Process
• Executive power  Supremacy Clause
• General welfare
• Commander-in-Chief  Ratification
• Liberty
• “State-of-the-Union”
Address

Structure

Quick Tour
of the U.S.
Constitution
Principles
Ratification Debate
 Popular Sovereignty
 Federalists  Limited Government
 Anti-Federalists demand a Bill of Rights  Federalism
 Separation of Powers
 Checks and Balances

Gateway to American Government Chapter 4 Concept Map

  Tax
 Borrow
 Coin money
 Regulate interstate commerce
 Declare war
 Establish patents & copyrights
 Establish lower federal courts

 Raise & support armies

 House  Maintain navy

of Representatives
 Senate  Establish post offices

 Both houses must agree to pass a law

 President must sign bills
 Judicial review can invalidate law
Structure

Checks on Congress

Enumerated
Congress: Powers
Our Legislative
Branch
HOUSE SENATE

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Implied

Powers
HR1 introduced S 2 introduced

How a Bill
in House in Senate

Becomes a Law COMMITTEE ACTION

Referred to
COMMITTEE ACTION
Referred to
House committee Senate committee

Referred to Referred to
 “Necessary & Proper”
 Bill introduced subcommittee subcommittee
Clause (Elastic Clause)
Reported by Reported by
 Bill sent to committee full committee full committee

 Ifreported favorably by committee, Rules committee action

bill debated and voted by house FLOOR ACTION FLOOR ACTION

House debate, Senate debate,
 Bill sent to other house vote on passage vote on passage

 Conference committee irons CONFERENCE ACTION

Once both chambers have passed
related bills, a conference committee
out differences of members from both houses is
formed to work out differences.

 Bill given to
President for Compromise version from
conference is sent to each
approval or veto chamberfor final approval.

 Congress overrides veto with HOUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES
SENATE

2/3 vote in each house

PRESIDENT
Compromise version approved by both
houses is sent to president who can either
sign it into law or veto it and return it to Sign )
Veto Congress. (pass
Congress may override veto by two-thirds
majority vote in both houses; bill then
becomes law without president’s signature.

Gateway to American Government Chapter 5 Concept Map

  Birthright citizenship
 35 years of age
 U.S. resident at least 14 years

Candidates:
 Campaign

 Advertise  Winner
 Stateprimaries needs
 Debate majority of electors
 National conventions

Qualifications Nomination Process General Election Electoral College

Selection

The
Presidency:
Our Executive
Branch

Expressed
E dPPowers Many Roles Implied and
Other Powers

 Foreign policy
 Executive power  Chief Executive  Military interventions
 Commander in Chief  Commander in Chief
 Executive orders
 Negotiate treaties  Head of State
 Appoint ambassadors  Chief Legislator
 Appoint Supreme Court Justices  Chief Economist Impeachment
 Appoint heads of executive  Chief Diplomat
departments  Party Leader
 Sign or veto bills passed by  Impeached/accused in House
 Moral Leader
Congress of Representatives
 Receive ambassadors  Trial in the Senate: 2/3 majority
 Grant pardons of Senate needed for removal

Gateway to American Government Chapter 6 Concept Map

 P

U.S. District Court U.S. Court of U.S.

for the Petition of Appeals for Petition Supreme
for Writ of
Northern District for Appeal the 11 th Circuit Certiorari Court
of Florida (Appellate Court) (Appellate Court)
(Trial Court)

 Grants “writs of certiorari” to Original Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction

few cases.  All cases between U.S states,  All other cases involving some

 Oralargument with states acting as parties federal issue

 Majority and dissenting opinions  All cases with foreign diplomats

Judicial Review
 Power to declare a
Procedures of the Jurisdiction of the law unconstitutional
U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Supreme Court  Established in

Marbury v. Madison
(1803)

U.S. Supreme Court

1 Chief Justice and

The 8 Associate Justices

Judicial  President nominates Justices

and Senate confirms
Branch  Federal judges have
lifetime tenure
 But can be impeached
for misconduct
Lower Federal Courts

 U.S. District Courts: federal trial courts;

can have juries
 U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal: federal appellate

courts; divided into regional “circuits”

Washington
Alaska

Maine
Montana North Dakota

Oregon

Idaho
Minnesota 2 Vermont
New Hampshire 1
Wisconsin
South Dakota New York Massachusetts
Michigan

9
Rhode Island

Connecticut
Wyoming

Nebraska
8 Iowa

7 Pennsylvania New Jersey

10 3
Nevada
Ohio
Northern
District
Delaware

Utah Illinois Indiana District of Columbia

Maryland

6
West
Colorado
California Virginia
Virginia
Kansas

4
Missouri
Kentucky
Middle
District
North Carolina
Tennessee

Arizona Oklahoma
South Carolina
New Mexico Arkansas
Southern
District
Hawaii

Georgia
Mississippi Alabama

Texas
5 Louisiana
11
Florida

Gateway to American Government Chapter 7 Concept Map

  Code of Hammurabi
 Twelve Tables

 Law: a government-enforced  Code of Justinian

rule with a penalty
for violation  Middle Ages: Roman law, Church law,
 “Rule of Law”: Everyone is subject to the same King’s laws, “Common law” —based
laws, even our rulers on precedents (judge’s decisions)
 “Due Process” rights: Procedures for enforcing

the law are also defined by law – individuals have

the right to a hearing, to assistance of counsel, to Evolution of Law
see evidence, to confront accusers & witnesses, in Western Society
to have case decided by impartial decision-maker

Law & Due Process

Rule of Law Types of American Law

 Civil

 Criminal
Courts in Action
 Constitutional

 Military

A Civil Case A Criminal Case  Statutory

Complaint • Pretrial Discovery • Crime • Police Investigation •  Common

Pretrial Motions • Attempts at Warrant/Searches • Probable  State

Settlement • Jury Selection • Cause/Arrest • Arraignment •  Federal
Trial • Cross-Examination • Bail • Plea Bargaining • Trial •
Closing Statements • Jury Verdict • Sentencing • Appeal
Instructions • Verdict • Appeal

Florida’s
Court System

The Role of Courts Florida’s Court Structure

 Judge: interprets the law; applies its wording  Florida Supreme Court
to specific circumstances  Florida District Courts of Appeal
 Jury: determine facts and decide responsibilities  Florida Circuit Courts
 Appellate court: reviews if trial court applied  Florida County Courts
the law correctly

Gateway to American Government Chapter 8 Concept Map

 Alaska

 1st Amendment: Freedom of religion, speech,

Washington

Maine
Montana North Dakota

Oregon Vermont
Minnesota
New Hampshire
Idaho

press, petition, assembly

Wisconsin
South Dakota New York Massachusetts
Michigan Connecticut
Rhode Island

Wyoming

Iowa Pennsylvania New Jersey

Nebraska
Nevada
Ohio
Delaware

Utah Illinois Indiana District of Columbia

West Virginia Maryland

 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms

Colorado
California Virginia
Kansas
Missouri
Kentucky

North Carolina
Tennessee

Arizona Oklahoma
New Mexico Arkansas South Carolina

 3rd Amendment: No quartering of soldiers

Georgia
Alabama
Hawaii Mississippi

Texas
Louisiana
Florida

 4th Amendment: No unreasonable

searches and seizures  Proposal:
sal: usually 2/3 of each house
of Congress
 Ratification: usually 3/4 of state
legislatures

Personal Freedom Amending the

Constitution

Bill of Rights Other Amendments

Expansion of Democracy

Rights of the Accused

 13th Amendment: Ended slavery
 14th Amendment: Guaranteed the
rights of citizenship
 5th Amendment: No double jeopardy;
 15th Amendment: Guaranteed
no self-incrimination; due process
voting regardless of race
rights; just compensation for property;
 19th Amendment: Voting for women
Grand Jury for murder indictment
 24th Amendment: No poll taxes
 6th Amendment: Right to public trial
 26th Amendment: Voting for
by impartial jury; right to legal
counsel; right to confront witnesses 18-year olds
 8th Amendment: no excessive bail,
fines or cruel and unusual
punishments

Other Rights

 7th Amendment: Right to trial by jury

in many civil cases
 9th Amendment: “unenumerated” powers

 10th Amendment: “reserved” powers

Gateway to American Government Chapter 9 Concept Map

  Tinker v. Des Moines
(1969): students have free speech
rights
 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988): schools can

censor school-sponsored student newspapers

First Amendment Rights

 Marbury v. Madison(1803):  District of Columbia v. Heller

(2008):
established power of judicial review cities cannot ban handguns

Judicial Review Second Amendment Rights

U.S. Supreme Court

Key Decisions

Presidental Power Rights of the Accused

 United States v. Nixon (1974):

4):  Gideon v. Wainwright (1963):poor criminal
executive privilege did not
ot shield defendant entitled to court-appointed
President Nixon attorney
 Bush v. Gore (2000): halted  Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Suspect must
recount for lack of standards,
rds
d, be told of rights prior to interrogation
making Bush President  In re Gault (1967): minors have many “due

process” rights of adults

Racial Segregation

 Plessy v. Ferguson(1896): upheld racial segregation

if “separate but equal”
 Brown v. Board of Education (1954): overturned

Plessy. Segregation has no place in public education

Gateway to American Government Chapter 10 Concept Map

 Federalism  Federal government meets national
 Division of power between federal and state
needs, such as defense & foreign policy
governments
 State governments meet statewide
 “Reserved” Powers (left to the states)
needs, such as educational requirements
 “Concurrent” Powers (shared by federal and state)
 Local governments meet local concerns,
 Supremacy Clause
such as running a school district

Federalism
and State and Obligations and Services
of Governments
Local Goverments

The U.S. Constitution vs. Florida Constitution

U.S. Constitution Florida Constitution

 Preamble  Preamble

 Government of 3 branches:  Florida Declaration of Rights (like Bill of Rights)

• Congress  State Government of 3 branches:

• President and Vice President • Governor and Lt. Governor

Appointed Cabinet • Elected Cabinet
(not in Constitution) • Florida State Legislature
• Federal Courts: 3 levels Florida House of Representatives:
up to 120 members
Florida Senate: up to
40 members
• Florida Courts: 4 levels
Local Governments in Florida

Differences between
Florida and U.S. Constitutions
 County Governments  Elected Cabinet in Florida
 Municipal Governments:  No state income tax in Florida
Governed by mayor and a  English is the official language in Florida
council or commission;  Florida Constitution is easier to amend
sometimes has city manager
• 5 ways to propose amendment
 Special Districts:

Meet special purposes • 60% of voters must approve for adoption

 Passing law in Florida similar to Congress/

no “pocket veto” in Florida

Gateway to American Government Chapter 11 Concept Map

 Someone not born a citizen can
become one:
 at least 18 years old
 lawful permanent resident
 live in U.S. for 5 years

 of “good character”

 read& write English

 taketest on U.S. history and
government

Seminole County
 take  Obey laws
oath of allegiance
return service requested

JURY SUMMONS
County Court

 Pay taxes

 Serve on jury if summoned

Birthright Naturalization
 Register with Selective Service
Citizenship Process

U.S. Citizenship Obligations of Citizenship

(the “musts” of citizenship)

The Obligations,
Responsibilities,
and Rights
of Citizens
Responsibilities of Citizenship
(the “shoulds” of citizenship) Rights of Citizenship

 Be informed about public affairs  No Bill of Attainder, peacetime suspension

 Vote in elections of writ of habeas corpus or ex post facto laws.
 Join a political party  Individual rights guaranteed in the
 Run for political office U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights
 Serve on local committees  Amendments guaranteed the right to

 Attend public meetings vote: 15th, 19th, 24th, 26th Amendments

 Petition officials

 Volunteer for service projects

Exclusive Rights of U.S. Citizens

 Right to vote in U.S.elections

 Right to carry U.S. passport
 Right to hold many government jobs

Gateway to American Government Chapter 12 Concept Map

  Libertarian Party: wish to maximize human
freedom and to reduce government and
taxation
 Green Party: wants to reduce exploitation

 Democratic Party: favors more government of the natural environment

support for programs, such as health care and  Socialist Party:favors more public services,
public education public ownership of utilities and some industries
 Republican Party: favors less government,  Communist Party: believes capitalists exploit

lower taxes, and more freedom workers; revolution needed to achieve change

Major Parties Other Parties

Impact of Political Parties

Political Parties in Florida
Positive Effects Negative Effects

 Encourage citizens to  Divide Americans

Political Parties participate in the political  Place pressure on

and Elections process

 Help government leaders
legislators

to organize support
 Act as watchdogs over
Voting the opposing party

 Regulated by state
Elections
governments
 Voters must register Factors in Evaluating
before voting Candidates

Nomination Campaign for  Education

Process General Election  Experience, especially in

 Voters show their 
preferences for candidates
in primary elections
 Parties hold state and 
national conventions

public office
 Their views on issues
Nominees raise funds from  How capable they appear
campaign contributions, PACs,
in debating
and personal savings
 How truthful their political
Political advertising, canvas voters,
advertisements are
hold rallies, and debate on television
Voters go to polls to vote on

Election Day

Gateway to American Government Chapter 13 Concept Map

  Organize to promote their common interests
with legislators and public opinion
 Differenttypes of interest groups: based on
Can influence government through civic action: economic interests, unions, environmental
 Run for office
protection, helping particular ethnic groups, etc.
 Activities of Interest Groups: monitoring, lobbying,
 Petition government
litigation, electioneering, publicity
officials
 Impact: Lobbyists often bring expert subject-
 Speak at meetings
matter knowledge to legislators; lobbyists can
 Send letters
influence legislation; interest groups can sway
 Contribute to compaign
n
public opinion.

Individuals Interest Groups

Interest Groups
and the Media

The Media Analyzing Political

Communication/Advertising
 Newspapers, magazines, radio,
the Internet  Bias = one-sided
 People get their knowledge of  Propaganda = appeals to emotions

public affairs from the media  Symbolism = represents something

 The media act as “Watchdogs”  Look for: bias, exaggeration, being
exposing corruption, wrong- one-sided,
d, half-truths, glittering
doing or error generalities
es
Fact or Opinion?
A fact
checking with other sources. It is either
100 Where Americans Get Their News Television or false. An opinion is an expres
true
sion of
Percentage first or second preference

Newspaper
Some opinions are mere expres
80 sions of
Radio taste: “I like the taste of a fresh, crisp
apple.”
Magazine No one can dispute that the speake
r likes
apples. Other opinions are statem
60 Internet ents of
belief about the future, or about factua
l mat-
ters where the facts remain unkno
wn: “I
think people will watch less televis
40 ion in the
future” or “I believe Al Gore actual
ly had
more votes in Florida than Georg
e W. Bush
in the 2000 election.”
20

1992 1996 2000 2004 2007

Gateway to American Government Chapter 14 Concept Map

  Actions taken by governments to solve  Writeletters
problems and achieve goals.  Send petitions

 Work with political parties, interest groups,

and the media
What is Public Policy?

Citizens Influence Public Policy

Public Policy

Steps in Public Policy Process

 Identify a problem
Public Issues
 Identifylevel of government and agency
to address it
 Develop policy alternatives

A topic or problem on which  Evaluatepros and cons of each alternative

citizens disagree  Considermultiple perspectives
 Multiple perspectives can bring  Choose the best alternative
insight into how to solve the  Implement the decision
problem
 Evaluate effectiveness

Gateway to American Government Chapter 15 Concept Map

 Confederal

Presidential Parliamentary Unitary Federal

Relationship between Branches Nation and Its Regions

Reactions Types of
to
Industrial Revolution Governments

Socialism Communism

Who Holds Power

Monarchy Autocracy Oligarchy Democracy

 Constitutional monarchy  Direct democracy

 Absolute monarchy  Representative democracy
(Republic)

Gateway to American Government Chapter 16 Concept Map

 United States
 Secretary of State
Counselor (C)
Secretary of State
(S)
Department of State
Chief of Staff
f
United
ted State
States Ag
Inter
International Development (S/COS)
(S/COS)

Deputy Secretary of State

D – MR
• Department of State
Exe
ecutive Secre
(S/ES)
etariat

Exxecutive Secre
etary
Office off U.S. Foreign Assistance
(F)
Director Ambassadors
Embassies
Und
der Secrettarary for Under Secretary for
or Under Secretary for Under Secretary for Under Secretary for Civilian
n
Economic Growth
wth, Arms Controol and Under Secretary for
Pol
olitica
cal Affair
irss Public Diplomacy Security, Democracy and
Energy and Enviro
ironmentnt International Security Affairs Management
(P
P) and Public Affairs Human Rights
(E)) (T) (M)
(R) (J)

South
S h and
an Central Economic
c & Busine
iness Arms Control,, Education and Cu
Education Cultur
ltural

Consul Generals
African Affairs Comptroller, Global Conflict & Stabilization
Asian Affair
As ffairs Affairs
irs Verification, an
nd Administra
ation
(AF) Compliance Affairs Financial Services Operations
(SCA
SCA)) (EB)
(E (A)
Assistant Secretary ((AV
VC)) (ECA) Assistant Sec (CGFS) (CSO)
Assistant Secreta
Assis etary Assistant Secret
ecretary cretary
Assistant Secretar
S ry Assistant Secretary Director Assistant Secretary

European and Western Hemisphere Internationaal Secuurity International Human Resources Counterterrorism
Eurasian Affair
f s Affairs Energy Resources Budget and Planning
P (HR) (CT)
(ENR)
and Nonpro oliferattion Information Programs
(EUR) (WHA) (ISN
N) (BP) Director General of the Coordinator and
(IIP)

Assistant Secretary
Diplomats
Assistant Secretary Directorr Foreign Service and Director Ambassador-at-Large
Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretar
S ry Coordinator
of Human Resources

East Asian International Oceans and

Oceans and Int'l
Int'l
Political-Military Afffairs Public Affairs Information Resource Democracy, Human
and Pacific Affairs Organizations Environmental and Consular Affairs
Af
(PM) (PA) Management Rights, and Labor
(EAP) (IO) Scientific Affairs (CA)
(OES) Assistant Secretarry Assistant Secretary
r Assistant Sec
cretary (IRM) (DRL)
Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary
Assistant Secretary Chief Information Officer Assistant Secretary
y

Near Eastern Affairs Office

f of the Chief Office of International Narcotics
cs
Economist Diploma
atic
c Se
ecurity
(NEA) Medical Services and Law Enforcemen nt
(OCE) (DSS)
Assistant Secretary Assistan
nt Sec
cretary (MED) (INL)
Director Assistant Secretary

Domestic Foreign
Foreig
gn Serrvice Overseas Buildings Population, Refugees
es
Insstittute
e Operations and Migration
(FS
SI) (OBO) (PRM)
Direc
ctor Director Assistant Secretary

Congress President
Office of Management Office to Monitor and
d
Policy, Rightsizing and Combat Traffickingg
Innovation in Persons
(M/PRI) (TIP)
Director Ambassador-at-Large
e

Office of Global
Criminal Justice
Office of the Office of the Offi
f ce of (GCJ)
Intelligence and Office of Global Office of the
Legislative Affairs Legal Adviser Office of Inspector Office of Policy Chief of Protocol Civil Rights Special Envoys Ambassador-at-Large
e
Research General Women’s Issues Global AIDS
(H) (L) Planning (S/CPR) (S/OCR) and Special
(INR) (OIG) (S/P) (S/GWI) Coordinator
Assistant Secretary Legal Adviser Ambassador Director Ambassador-at-Large
Representatives
Assistant Secretary Inspector General Director (S/GAC)
Ambassador-at-Large

Types of Policies Who Makes Foreign Policy?

American Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy:

The Pursuit of U.S. National Interests
Foreign Policy
 Security

 ProtectU.S. citizens,
History of American Foreign Policy property, and investments abroad
 Promote trade with United States

 Encourage democracy, free enterprise,

 Spanish-American War
peace
 World War I  Humanitarian goals
 World War II  Prevent conflict/genocides
 Cold War
• Korean War
• Vietnam War Tools of U.S. Foreign Policy
• End of Cold War
 Iran Hostage Crisis
 Gulf Wars I & II
Military Resources Economic Resources
 September 11, 2001:
attacks and response  Intervention/War  Sanctions

 Deterrence  Assistance

 Coercive Diplomacy
U.S. Membership in
(Threats)
International Organizations
Other Resources
Security Council
 UN 5 Permanent Members:
USA, Russia, China, Britain, France
Trusteeship Council  Negotiations (Diplomacy)
 World Court Secretariat
Administrative Branch
10 Elected Members
(inactive since 1994)
of the U.N. headed by  Treaties
 NATO the U.N. Secretary General
General Assembly

 NAFTA International Court

Assembly of all U.N. Members
 Alliances
of Justice THE UNITED NATIONS
A Human
15 Elected Judges  International organizations
 WTO
Rights Council
Based in The Hague, Economic and Social Council
 Diplomatic negotiation
Netherlands
 International Red Cross/
Cooperates with States on
Economic and Social Matters

Red Crescent IMF WHO FAO UNESCO  Media and public opinion
International World Health Food and U.N. Educational,
 UNICEF Monetary Fund Organization Agriculture Scientific, and  Cultural exchanges
Organization Cultural Organization

Gateway to American Government Chapter 17 Concept Map