GRAPHS

-The dependent value which is always varying must be on the y-axis while the
independent value must be on the x-axis.

-No unbroken lines and the line must be neat and thin.

-Unlike Chemistry or Physics graph, the points can be joined using ruler or by hand in
Biology graph.

-Do not extrapolate the line unless stated in the question.

-Label both axis together with the appropriate unit.

-Use appropriate scale,normally in product of 1,2 or 5. For example, 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and so
on.

-Use sharp pencil avoid using pen unless stated in question.

-Plot the dots within circles, of equal sizes, must be clear and not too big.

SOURCE OF ERRORS

-Temperature not controlled. For example, temperature of the water is not controlled.

-pH not controlled or not measured correctly. Difficulty in judging the colour.

-Inaccuracy in preparing serial dilution.

-Inaccuracy of equipment. (e.g use pipette instead of syringe.)

-Evaporation of the solution which can cause the concentration to change.

LIMITATION OF ERRORS

-Measure the volume accurately using syringe with narrow range of calibration.

-Repeat more times at each pH, concentration, temperature.

-Accurate specific measuring devices.

-Use colorimeter to measure the degree.

-Use buffer to control pH.

-Use of water bath.

-Use thermometer to measure the temperature.

-Thermostatically controlled environment.

-Repeat with each concentration.

-Volume of the sample must be the same because the volume increases
concentration also increases.

-Keep only one factor different and all others must be the same.
RELIABILITY

-Take minimum of three readings.

-Repeat with more pH, concentration and temperature and take the mean as result.

KEY

-Read the whole question till the end.

-Decide number of readings to take.

-Don’t go for more or less than three readings per concentration.

-Make a table.

-Write down the UNITS in each column of the table. (Concentration/ cm^3).

MICROSCOPY

-Proportion of thickness must be correct.

-Draw the organelles where you see them, don’t just draw anywhere within the cell
never draw what you’ve studied.

-Whenever you see the plant cells, draw the cell walls.

-When asked to draw two cells, draw the ones that are easiest to draw and don’t
draw more than two cells.Draw the adjacent two cells.

-Drawing should be large and unshaded use maximum space as possible.

-In plan diagrams show the relative thickness of each layer.

-Draw the exact shape, if its oval or round or has wavy outlines.

-Label the diagram.

-When asked to compare two diagrams, make a table put at least one similarity.

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT

-Irregular in shape.

-Difficulty in focusing.

-Preparation is squashed.