2, APRIL 2014
Abstract—In this research, the design of a new genetic al- specific plates having fixed colors [2]–[4]. External-shape-
gorithm (GA) is introduced to detect the locations of license based techniques were developed to detect the plate based on
plate (LP) symbols. An adaptive threshold method is applied to
its rectangular shape [5]–[8]. Edge-based techniques were also
overcome the dynamic changes of illumination conditions when
converting the image into binary. Connected component analysis implemented to detect the plate based on the high density of
technique (CCAT) is used to detect candidate objects inside vertical edges inside it [9]–[11]. Research in [12] and [13]
the unknown image. A scale-invariant geometric relationship was based on the intensity distribution in the plate’s area with
matrix is introduced to model the layout of symbols in any respect to its neighborhood where the plate is considered maxi-
LP that simplifies system adaptability when applied in different
mally stable extremal region. Many researchers have combined
countries. Moreover, two new crossover operators, based on
sorting, are introduced, which greatly improve the convergence different features in their systems [14]–[18]. The applied
speed of the system. Most of the CCAT problems, such as detection algorithms ranged from window-based statistical
touching or broken bodies, are minimized by modifying the GA matching methods [18] to highly intelligent-based techniques
to perform partial match until reaching an acceptable fitness that used neural networks [19], [20] or fuzzy logic [21]. GAs
value. The system is implemented using MATLAB and various
have been used rarely because of their high computational
image samples are experimented with to verify the distinction
of the proposed system. Encouraging results with 98.4% overall needs. Different research has been tried at different levels
accuracy are reported for two different datasets having variability under some constraints to minimize the search space of genetic
in orientation, scaling, plate location, illumination, and complex algorithms (GAs). Researchers in [22] based their GA on pixel
background. Examples of distorted plate images are successfully color features to segment the image depending on stable colors
detected due to the independency on the shape, color, or location
into plate and non-plate regions, followed by shape dependent
of the plate.
rules to identify the plate’s area. A success rate of 92.8% was
Index Terms—Genetic algorithms (GAs), image processing, recorded for 70 test samples. In [23], GA was used to search
image representations, license plate detection, machine vision,
for the best fixed rectangular area having the same texture
road vehicle identification, sorting crossover.
features as that of the prototype template. The used technique
lacks invariability to scaling because fixed parameters have
I. Introduction been used for the size of the plate’s area. In [24], GA was
used to locate the plate vertically after detecting the left
T HE DETECTION stage of the license plate (LP) is the
most critical step in an automatic vehicle identification
system [1]. Much research has been carried out to overcome
and right limits based on horizontal symmetry of the vertical
texture histogram around the plate’s area. The drawback of this
many of the problems faced in this area, but there is no method is its sensitivity to the presence of model identification
general method that can be used for detecting license plates text or other objects above or below the vehicle that can disturb
in different places or countries, because of the difference in the texture histogram. GA was used in [25] to recognize the
plate style or design. All the developed techniques can be LP symbols not to detect the LP. Another group of researchers
categorized according to the selected features upon which the tried to manipulate the problem from the texture perspective
detection algorithm was based and the type of the detection to differentiate between text and other image types [26], [27].
algorithm itself. Color-based systems have been built to detect The main drawback of these segmentation techniques was
their intensive computational demand and also sensitivity to
Manuscript received September 11, 2012; revised January 1, 2013; accepted the presence of other text such as bumper stickers or model
February 21, 2013. Date of publication March 29, 2013; date of current
version March 28, 2014. This paper was funded by the Deanship of Scientific identification.
Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudia Arabia, under Detecting license text and at the same time distinguishing
Grant No. (22-611-D1432). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks it from similar patterns based on the geometrical relationship
DSR technical and financial support.
The authors are with the Faculty of Computing and Information Tech- between the symbols constituting the license numbers is
nology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (e-mail: the selected approach in this research. Consequently, a new
gabosamra@kau.edu.sa; f.khalefah@gmail.com). technique is introduced in this paper that detects LP symbols
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. without using any information associated with the plate’s outer
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2255611 shape or internal colors to allow for the detection of the license
1089-778X c 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
ABO SAMRA AND KHALEFAH: LOCALIZATION OF LICENSE PLATE NUMBER USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND GAs 245
Fig. 3. (a) Converted binary image for image in Fig. 2, using Otsu’s method.
(b) Car image with variable illumination. (c) Output when using Otsu’s method
for image in (b). (d) Output when applying local adaptive threshold method
for same image in (b).
C. Morphological Operations
Morphological operations, such as dilation and erosion,
are important processes needed for most pattern recognition
systems to eliminate noisy objects and retain only objects Fig. 5. CCA example. (a) Input image. (b) Output objects (N = 2287).
expected to represent the targeted patterns. In LP detection,
closing operation (dilation followed by erosion) is performed
to fill noisy holes inside candidate objects and to connect
broken symbols. On the other hand, opening (erosion followed
by dilation) is applied to remove objects that are thinner
than the LP symbols. In our system, closing is applied to
fill spaces that break the bodies of symbols using a three-
pixel-disk element in the first experiment. This process is very
important especially for the recent Saudi LP layout where a
light gray watermark is used for authentication purposes. This
watermark becomes white after the binarization process and Fig. 6. M objects (64) output after size filtering of N objects in Fig. 5(b).
breaks down most of the bodies of the LP symbols, as shown
in Fig. 4(a). Fig. 4(b) shows the output after applying closing. the license number. Hmax is calculated as Wmax divided by the
For non-Saudi LP images, a disk radius of less length is used to aspect ratio of the used font. The ranges of these values can
prevent filling the spacing between the LP symbols. Removal be narrowed in the case of a mounted camera to speed up
of thin objects is performed in the size filtering stage. the process of detection but for a moving camera; the ranges
depend on the required object to camera distance range. The
D. Connected Component Analysis (CCA) and Objects output of this stage is an array of M objects. An example for
Extraction the output of this stage is given in Fig. 6 after applying size
CCA is a well-known technique in image processing that filtering on the objects shown in Fig. 5(b).
scans an image and groups pixels in labeled components
based on pixel connectivity [30]. An eight-point CCA stage IV. Genetic Algorithm Phase
is performed to locate all the objects inside the binary image
produced from the previous stage. The output of this stage is In the following sections, the formulation of the GA phase
an array of N objects. Fig. 5 shows an example of the input to resolve the 2-D compound object detection problem will
and output of this stage. be introduced in detail, indicating the encoding method, ini-
tial population setup, fitness function formulation, selection
E. Size Filtering method, mutation and crossover operator design and parame-
ters setting.
The objects extracted from the CCA stage are filtered on
the basis of their widths Wobj and heights Hobj such that the
A. Chromosome Encoding
dimensions of the LP symbols lie between their respective
thresholds as follows: Encoding of a compound object such as the LP is ac-
complished based on the constituting objects inside it. Since
the next step after plate detection is to recognize the license
Wmin ≤ Wobj ≤ Wmax and Hmin ≤ Hobj ≤ Hmax (2)
number, the main symbols identifying the plate number should
where Hmin and Wmin are the values below which a symbol be included as a minimum. In the case of the recent Saudi LP,
cannot be recognized (8 pixels for example) and Wmax can be for example, there are four Arabic digits and three English
set to the image width divided by the number of symbols in letters. Other symbols in the LP can be added to extend the
ABO SAMRA AND KHALEFAH: LOCALIZATION OF LICENSE PLATE NUMBER USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND GAs 247
X2 − X1
Fig. 8. Layout of two objects, O1 and O2. RX2,1 = (3)
H1
TABLE I
GRM Values for Saudi LP
J 1 2 3 4 5 6
RXj,j+1 0.615 0.615 0.615 0.77 1 1
RYj,j+1 0 0 0 0.2 0 0
RWj,j+1 0 0 0 −0.08 0 0
RHj,j+1 0 0 0 −0.5 0 0
C. Selection Method
In our system, the stochastic universal sampling (SUS)
method has been adopted for the selection of offspring in the
new generation. In the SUS method [31], each individual is
mapped to a continuous segment of a line equal in size to
its fitness as in roulette-wheel selection. Then, a number of
equally spaced pointers are placed over the line depending on
the percentage of individuals to be selected. In our system,
individuals of 90% of the population size (0.9 Z) are selected
to be exposed to mutation and crossover operators.
D. Mutation Operators
Mutation is needed because successive removal of less fit
members in genetic iterations may eliminate some aspects
of genetic material forever. By performing mutation in the
chromosomes, GAs ensure that new parts of the search space
are reached to maintain the mating pool variety [32]. We
have implemented two types of interchangeably used mutation
operators, substitution operator and swap operator, as follows.
1) Substitution Operator: In these types of operators,
a random position in the chromosome is selected and the
corresponding allele is changed by a new random object from
the M available objects. The new object should be legitimate,
which means that it does not belong to the current mutated
chromosome. Fig. 10(a) shows an example of the application
of this operator.
2) Swap Operator: In this operator, we implemented the Fig. 11. Proposed crossover operator steps.
reciprocal exchange mutation that selects two genes randomly
and swaps them, as shown in Fig. 10(b). This operator has the
advantage of rearrangement of the mutated chromosome in a crossover operator that insures enhancement of the generated
way that may improve its fitness by reordering of the internal offspring. Since in the case of LP detection problem, GA
objects to match the prototype’s order. is used to search for a sequence of objects having nearly
the same y-position and placed in order according to their
E. Crossover Operator x-positions, then the problem can be gradually solved by
There are many methods used to implement the crossover dividing the recombined chromosomes’ objects according to
operator. For instance, single-point crossover, two-point their y-positions into two groups and then sorting each group
crossover, n-point crossover, uniform crossover, three-parent (constituting a chromosome) according to the x-positions. By
crossover, alternating crossover [33], and so on. These oper- following the above discussion, we propose a new crossover
ators are not suitable for our problem because the resultant method that depends mainly on sorting as follows.
children will not be valid because of repeated genes that 1) The two parent chromosomes are combined into one
may be produced in the generated chromosomes. Also, if longer array Carray that includes a number NC of
we prevent repetition, the resultant children’s fitness will nonrepeated genes, as shown in Fig. 11(a)–(c). The
be enhanced slowly because of the randomness of these underlined gene number indicates its repetition and that
mechanisms. An alternative solution is to design a suitable only one copy of it will be transferred to Carray.
250 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOL. 18, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
TABLE II
Objective Distances (OD) for Plates Inclined at Different
Angles [A:−30° to +45°]
F. Replacement Strategy
Many replacement strategies are used in the case of replac-
ing only a portion of the population between generations. The
most common strategy is to probabilistically replace the less
fit individuals in the previous generation. In elitist strategy the
best fit individuals of the previous generation are appended to
the current population [34]. In our proposed system, the best
10% of the parents are selected and appended to the offspring
Fig. 13. Objective distance (OD) convergence graphs for two images shown
(90%) to produce the new generation (100%).
in a-1 and a-2 with random crossover in b-1 and b-2 and USPS crossover in
c-1 and c-2, respectively.
G. Stopping Criteria
2) The genes inside Carray are sorted in ascending order The GA stops if one of the following conditions is met.
according to the Y -coordinate of the object correspond- 1) The best chromosome’s objective distance (OD) is less
ing to each gene, as shown in Fig. 11(d). than 5. (This value is found by trial and error).
3) Carray is scanned from left to right starting from index 2) The average objective distance (AOD) is not improved
1 to L, to construct the first child giving it the first L for six successive generations. In this case, the chro-
genes, as shown in Fig. 11(e). mosome having minimum objective distance can be
4) Carray is scanned from left to right starting from index accepted if it is less than 8. This maximum limit will
NC – L + 1 to NC to construct the second child giving affect the allowable angle range for the detected license
it the last L genes, as shown in Fig. 11(f). numbers, as shown in Table II.
ABO SAMRA AND KHALEFAH: LOCALIZATION OF LICENSE PLATE NUMBER USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND GAs 251
Fig. 15. Example for locations of skipped genes stored in separate fields
associated with each chromosome.
3) The number of generations Ngen reaches to the maxi- Fig. 16. Flowchart for detecting license plate’s symbols in case of touching
and broken symbols.
mum number of generations MaxNgen (set to 20).
H. Parameters Setting
The population size (Z) is selected dynamically according
to the formula developed in [34] as follows:
Z = 1.65 × 2(0.21∗blength) (17)
where blength is the length of the chromosome in the case of
binary encoding. In the case of integer encoding, for L genes
and M objects, we substitute for blength by
Fig. 17. Examples for locating symbols touching digit’s bounding box [digit
blength = L(Log2 (M)). (18) 1 in (a)] and touching each other [last two digits in (b)].
TABLE V
Examples of Images Detected in Experiment 1 With OD Values Under Each
254 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOL. 18, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
TABLE VI
Examples of Images Detected in Experiment 2 With OD Values Under Each Image
ABO SAMRA AND KHALEFAH: LOCALIZATION OF LICENSE PLATE NUMBER USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND GAs 255
TABLE VII
Examples of Images Detected in Experiment 2 as Classified in [35]
256 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOL. 18, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
4) Aging effects. Table V: A1, B1, E5, E6, H5, H6, G5, TABLE VIII
F6 and Table VI: A1, A2, C3, F3. Table of 25 LPs for 25 Countries in Five Continents
5) Pictures cluttered with:
a) Texture regions (inside or outside the vehicle).
Table V: A3, E6, H1, H2, H3, H5 and Ta-
ble VI: A5, C4, D5, E3, F1, F2, F3, G1,
G3.
b) Edge regions (inside or outside the vehicle). Ta-
ble V: A1, B4, E5, H4, H6, and Table VI: C1, D1,
F4, G3.
c) Different objects in the background. Table V: A3,
C4, D4, H2 and Table VI: A3, C1, C2, C4, E2,
F3, F5, G5.
6) Examples of images detected despite the presence of
other text similar to the license number’s text. Table V:
D3, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and Table VI: A5, G5.
7) Both LP background and vehicle body have the same
color. Table V: B2, B5, C3, C4 and Table VI: B3.
8) Plate background color is not white. Table VI: D1,
D2. and in the detection of LPs in pictures taken in emergent
9) Touching symbols (detected after skipping modifica- circumstances that do not allow adjustment of the position
tion). Table V: A6, B6, C6, E6, H5 and Table VI: A4, and orientation of the camera with respect to the vehicle. An
A5, B3, B5, C5, D3, D5, F1. important point that should be recorded here is that through
10) Broken or missed symbols (detected after skipping mod- all the experiments done, we have tried many types of local
ification). Table V: A1, E5, F6, H6 and Table VI: A1, adaptive thresholding methods, none of them gave 0% error
A2, C1, E5, F3. rate but after introducing the skipping part of the genetic phase
Regarding the speed of our system, without code optimiza- the error percentage due to binarization has been minimized,
tion and working on a 2.6 GHZ PC with 2 GB RAM, on as shown in the final results. Local adaptive (or dynamic)
average, 0.12 s is needed to locate the LP symbols for low thresholding has been used a lot, but integrating it with CCAT
resolution images (640×480) and 0.34 s for high resolution and the skipping GA gives our technique distinction among
images (2048×1536). This nonlinear relation between speed others. In spite of increasing the computation time of the
and resolution is due to other factors that affect the speed system, the skipping part in the genetic phase reduces human
of different stages of the system such as the complexity intervention rate in the case of system failure in the detection
of the image that affects both image processing and GA of some LPs. In other words, more effort should be carried
stages. The character recognition phase is expected to take out in the image processing phase to reduce the skipping time,
not more than 0.03 s because all symbol images are now while maintaining the high accuracy rate of the system.
available; no further segmentation is required. Hence, two
to six images per second can be fully recognized depend- VII. Conclusion
ing on the resolution and capturing conditions. If we con- A new genetic-based prototype system for localizing 2-D
sider the detection speed in [9], which ranges from 39 to compound objects inside plane images was introduced and
49.8 ms for 640×480 resolution, we will notice that our system tested in the localization of LP symbols. The results were
is approximately two times slower than [9] but many points encouraging and a new approach for solving the LP detection
should be considered regarding this difference in speed. First, problem relying only on the geometrical layout of the LP
extra time is needed to segment the LP into isolated symbols symbols was experimentally proved. Also, a flexible system
as in our system. Second, the grayscale conversion and size was introduced that can be simply adapted for any LP layout
scaling times may not be considered in [9]. Third, the author in by constructing its GRM matrix. The system proved to be
[9] did not mention the programming environment that may be invariant to object distance (scaling), insensitive with respect
visual C++ or MATLAB. Finally, we believe that enhancing to perspective distortion within a reasonable angle interval, and
the speed of our system needs further code optimization at immutable, to a large extent, to the presence of other types of
many stages. images in the vehicle background. Due to the independency
Considering the genetic phase’s speed, great enhancement on color and the adaptive threshold used for binarization,
has been achieved after using the USPS crossover operator. the proposed system possessed high immunity to changes
Future research may consider clustering objects according to in illumination either temporarily or spatially through the
their sizes and/or positions before being supplied to the genetic plate area. Furthermore, our experiments proved that although
phase to allow for the detection of multiple plates and at leaving some features in the compound object representation,
the same time to increase the system speed. Currently, our due to the variable nature of the internal objects such as the
system can be used as it is in parking management systems, aspect ratios and the relative widths, a high percentage success
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