Topic:
What is the effect of industrialization and urbanization on
the development of new landscape types, Public parks,
sports facilities in 19th century in Europe?
Made By-
Pranav Gupta
3rd SEM
Dec, 2017
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Q- What is the effect of industrialization and urbanization on the development of new
landscape types, Public parks, sports facilities in 19th century in Europe?
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ENGLISH PRECEDENTS FOR PUBLIC PARKS
England’s Reform Bill of 1832 was symbolic of the increased social consciousness that followed
on the heels of rapid industrialization. The government acknowledged the need for public green
spaces as one aspect of social reform.
The crown had opened royal properties to the public in the wealthier West End of London, but no
comparable spaces existed in poorer neighbourhoods. Parks were part of the housing
developments that industrialists built in the 1830s, but these green spaces were surrounded by
gates and accessible only to residents. Birkenhead Park in Liverpool, the first non royal property
opened to the public, was one manifestation of the progressive trend. The park consisted
excavated two lakes in the swampy site & the view of the extent of the water was screened to
create the illusion of distance. The park with its unique circulation system, which separated
carriage traffic from pedestrian traffic was attractive to the people for it layers of visual interest by
constructed islands, as well as small hills and mounds.
However, its motivation was not only philanthropic; profits were to be made from developing
adjacent lands.
Similar trends influenced the development of the urban landscape in America.
Conservatories displaying rare plants were popular public attractions by innovations in
glasshouse technology; smaller glasshouses, affordable by middle-class homeowners, were used
for entertaining.
The concern for social welfare in the 19th century was prompted in part by a general awareness
of the detrimental effects of industrial development and the paternalistic concept of noblesse
oblige. Public parks were a response to unchecked urban growth and the unsanitary conditions
of cities.
STYLES FOLLOWED
The stylistic controversies that raged at the end of the 18th century were stirred up again & the
debate this time was centered on aspects of “formal” and “informal” styles. Formal styles were
characterized by the revival of “architectural” gardens— planting areas defined by built elements
and strong geometries. Often these parterres contained colourful flowers arranged in mosaic-like
patterns and changed seasonally, a practice known as carpet bedding. Plants numbered in the
tens of thousands, a symbol of the status of the owner.
Gardenesque Style
Concept – J. C. Loudon
The formal geometries of the garden were appreciated by him that were so clearly of “art” rather
than “nature.” He proposed a new style, termed the gardenesque, that reflected popular interest
in the aesthetic qualities of plants and the practice of horticulture.
The gardenesque was a particular style of planting wherein each plant was displayed
individually, expressing the artistic talents of the gardener, not the ideals of the owner or
designer. Lawn was kept away from planting areas, and ample room was provided for
cultivation and maintenance. The viewer’s focus was on the individual character of a tree or
shrub, not on the mass of vegetation or the wider landscape scene. Loudon’s theory was that a
garden is a work of creative artistry, not an imitation of nature. He believed gardens should be
composed with specimen plants of unusual form, particularly exotic species, unified in some
ordered scheme.
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Unfortunately, the result was often an unrelated collection of plants, not the structured
composition Loudon envisioned.
Picturesque Style
Concept – William Robinson
Critics reacted against the stiffness of bedding out and the eclecticism of the gardenesque style.
As per their opinion geometrical presentation of plants as degrading the true garden
art & people inclined to these practices limit themselves to wallpaper and rug design.
Robinson proposed a natural approach to planting based on the horticultural needs and artistic
qualities of the plants. He advocated the use of herbaceous borders mixed with wildflowers as a
way to merge the gardenesque with the picturesque. Masses of shrubs could be broken up by
outlying plants, softening the perimeter.
He catalogued all the new plant species introduced in the 19th century and focused on creating
low maintenance habitats.
Figure 3 picturesque style
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Rapid industrialization was taking its toll on the country. People wanted reform, and an
overthrow of the old order. A Second Republic was formed by the assembly in 1848, and Louis-
Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) was elected president.
In 1851 he dissolved the parliament and established the Second Empire, crowning himself as
emperor Napoleon III. He instigated Haussmann’s remodelling of Paris.
Haussmannization
Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann (1809–1891) was appointed Prefect of the Seine (city
manager) by Napoleon III in 1853. He implemented the emperor’s plan for modernizing the city
of Paris, which involved upgrading the existing infrastructure and adding new tree-lined
boulevards, road junctions, green squares, and parks.
Haussmann’s Concept
• Haussmann’s concept of a modern city:
• wide, straight boulevards with imposing facades, converging at major junctions marked by
monuments, public buildings and points of importance such as city gates or railway stations.
• Haussmann was able to conceptualize the entire city in technological, mechanistic terms as an
entity.
Figure 5 Haussmann’s Paris: A geometry of order and control was imposed on the medieval
fabric of Paris
Haussmann’s Design
The River Seine provided the central spine for design growth. From it were extended
perpendicularly a series of axial developments, notably the esplanade of the Invalides and
Champ de Mars with the Eiffel Tower. These developments were gradually interlaced and
interconnected with the Champs Elysees and other boulevard extensions, forming the beginning
of a regional network.
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PARIS PARKS
Haussmann’s plan keyed public parks to the city’s geography: Bois de Boulogne to the west,
Bois de Vincennes to the east, Parc des Buttes- Chaumont to the north, and Parc Montsouris to
the south.
The Bois de Boulogne, a former royal hunting park, was opened to the public by Louis XIV and
given to the city in 1851.Prior to the French Revolution, it was a fashionable location for the
social promenade. Napoleon III was impressed by London’s public parks and had Haussmann
redesign the Bois de Boulogne in the English landscape style.
Haussmann converted the Bois de Vincennes, a former military parade ground, to a public park
in 1860. Located in the working-cla ss section east of the city center, the park contained
promenades like the Bois de Boulogne, so the “common people” would have equal opportunity
to educate and improve themselves by imitating their more privileged neighbours. A former
quarry in the northern section of the city created a naturally picturesque
site for Parc des Buttes-Chaumont.
Built from 1864–1867, the park contains a steep promontory that rises from a central lake. A
suspension bridge connects the island with the banks. The cliff is topped with a circular temple.
Classically themed follies coexist with grottoes and waterfalls.
Haussmann’s plan also included the design of 24 neighborhood parks, decorated with
Alphand’s gates, treetlights, and furniture.
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS
During the 19th century, countries held world’s fairs and exhibitions to show off their cultural
advancements and technological achievements. The Great Exhibition of London in 1851 was
followed by international exhibitions in Paris in 1855, 1867, 1878, and 1889. For the exhibition in
1889, celebrating the centennial of the revolution, Gustave Eiffel designed the iron tracery of the
Eiffel Tower—at 98 4 feet high, it remains one of the tallest tructures in the world.
Figure 7 TECHNOLOGICAL FEAT: built for a world expo in 1889, the Eiffel Tower remains an
icon of Str. Engg.
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