PROJECT REPORT

ON
“INTELLIGENT ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM”

2013-2014
A Project work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

DIPLOMA OFELECTRONICS
&TELECOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING

B.T, POLYTECHNIC, MOUDA (NAGPUR)

WHICH IS COUNDECTED BY MSBTE

GUIDED BY
Prof. HEMANT BANNAGARE

SUBMITED BY
1) ASHISH PAHUNE 2) VIKRANT MAHADULE
3) SWATI CHAKOLE 4) TRUPTI HATWAR
5) PRIYANKA MANKAR 6) MALLIKA SATIKOSRE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

BABURAOJI TIDKE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MOUDA-441104

2013-2014
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BABURAOJI TIDKE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MOUDA-441104

CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that the work contained I this project report entitled
“INTELLIGENT ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM”.Is in the partial fulfilment for the
award of diploma in ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING of Maharashtra state board of Technical education Mumbai is
bonafied work carried out the completed under my guidance and supervision during
academic year 2013-2014.

SUBMITED BY
1) ASHISH PAHUNE 2) VIKRANT MAHADULE

3) SWATI CHAKOLE 4) TRUPTI HATWAR

5) PRIYANKA MANKAR 6) MALLIKA SATIKOSRE

GUIDED BY
Prof. HEMANT BANNAGARE

Prof. S.V. MESHRAM Prof. V.M. BADWAIK

H.O.D Principal
 DECLARATION

This project and title “INTELLIGENT ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM”. In

our own project carried out under the guidance of Prof. HEMANT
BANNAGARE SIR in the department of electronics & telecommunication
engineering at B.T. POLYTECHNIC MOUDA.

This work in same form or in any other form is not submitted by any for
the award of any diploma.

PROJECTEES
1)ASHISH PAHUNE ……………….

2) VIKRANT MAHADULE ……………….

3) SWATI CHAKOLE ………………..

4) TRUPTI HATWAR ………………..

5) PRIYANKA MANKAR ………………..

6) MALLIKA SATIKOSRE ……………......

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense pleasure and great respect I take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude towards my guide, Mr. HEMANTBANNAGARE, Lecturer,
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, B.T.POLY MOUDA,
for invaluable guidance, inspiration, constant encouragement and motivation
throughout the project work.
I am grateful to Mr. S. MESHRAM, Head of Department, Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering and the faculty of Department of Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering, B.T.POLY MOUDA, for providing the amicable
environment and allowing me to use available faculties in this department during the
course of this study.
I thank Prof. V.M.BADWAIK, Principal, for his encouragement and providing all
facilities needed for successful accomplishment of the project.
I am very thankful to my friends and well wishers who directly or indirectly helped
me at every stage to complete this work.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family and almighty, without their
good wishes and blessing this dissertation work couldn’t have been completed.

PROJECTEES

1 ASHISH PAHUNE

2 VIKRANT MAHADULE

3 SWATI CHAKOLE

4 TRUPTI HATWAR

5 PRIYANKA MANKAR

6 MALLIKA SATIKOSRE
 INDEX

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WORKING
4. MICROCONTROLLER
5. COMPONANT AND DISCRIPTION
6. HARDWARE
7. SOFTWARE
8. PROGRAMMING
9. ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION
10. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER NO.1
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT:

Objective of our project is to construct a model which will help to save the energy.
Therefore our project works on automatic switching of lights and fan using in-out
counter. A counter that can change its state in either direction, under control of an in-
out selector input, is known as an in-out counter. The circuit given here can count
numbers from 0 to 999 in up and down modes depending upon the state of the
selector. It can be used to count the number of persons entering a hall in the up mode
at entrance gate. In the down mode, it can count the number of persons leaving the
hall by decrementing the count at exit gate. It can also be used at gates of parking
areas and other public places.

This circuit divided in five parts: sensor, controller, display, relays and DTMF. The
sensor would observe an interruption and provide an input to the controller which
would run the counter in up/down mode depending upon the selector setting. The
same count is displayed on 16x2 LCD displays through the controller. As controller
recognize the presence of individual in a hall controller switches the relay to turn ON
the light. There are few sensors are incorporated such as temperature sensors and light
sensor. Temperature sensor use to control the action of fan. And switch on the fan in
case of high temperature and vice versa. Alike temperature sensor, light sensor also
works with the intensity of light. This action of sensors can help to save the
electricity. Apart from this we have also used a DTMF (dual tone multiple frequency)
circuit to control the home appliances using a mobile phone. Phone use to send the
frequency of key pressed and these signals are send to controller to switch the
appliances.
CHAPTER NO.2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

This circuit divided in five parts: sensor, controller, display, relays and DTMF. The
sensor would observe an interruption and provide an input to the controller which
would run the counter in up/down mode depending upon the selector setting. The
same count is displayed on 16x2 LCD displays through the controller. As controller
recognize the presence of individual in a hall controller switches the relay to turn ON
the light. There are few sensors are incorporated such as temperature sensors and light
sensor. Temperature sensor use to control the action of fan. And switch on the fan in
case of high temperature and vice versa. Alike temperature sensor, light sensor also
works with the intensity of light. This action of sensors can help to save the
electricity. Apart from this we have also used a DTMF (dual tone multiple frequency)
circuit to control the home appliances using a mobile phone. Phone use to send the
frequency of key pressed and these signals are send to controller to switch the
appliances.

Component used:

8051 Microcontroller

ULN2003

LCD

LM358

Relay

IR TRANSMITTER-RECEVER

DTMF IC

ADC

Temp sensor

LDR
CHAPTER NO.3
WORKING
WORKING

Objective of our project is to construct a model which will help to save the energy.
Therefore our project works on automatic switching of lights and fan using in-out
counter. A counter that can change its state in either direction, under control of an in-
out selector input, is known as an in-out counter. The circuit given here can count
numbers from 0 to 999 in up and down modes depending upon the state of the
selector. It can be used to count the number of persons entering a hall in the up mode
at entrance gate. In the down mode, it can count the number of persons leaving the
hall by decrementing the count at exit gate. It can also be used at gates of parking
areas and other public places.

The project incorporates the temperature sensor to sense the inner temperature and is
able to switch the fan in case of hike in temperature and automatically turn off the fan
at normal temperature. Also a LDR sensor is involve in sense the light and turn ON
the light in case of darkness and vice versa. The system involves the DTMF circuit
which is indulged in switching the light using cell phone. Particular keys are specified
to turn ON and turn OFF the system. This can help to save the electricity.
CHAPTER NO.4

MICROCONTROLLER
ATMEL 89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

The microcontroller is the heart of this project .The microcontroller is the 40

pin IC which can be programmed. The microcontroller which we are using in this
project is AT 89S52. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, µC or MCU) is a
small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory,
and programmable input/outputperipherals. Program memory in the form of NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount
of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls,
office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By
reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor,
memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally
control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common,
integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some
microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low
as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (mill watts or microwatts). They will generally
have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button
press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most
peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long
lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical
roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with
higher clock speeds and power consumption. Here, in these project we are using the
advance version of 8051 family i.e. 8 bit microcontroller with 8k bytes in system
programmable flash i.e. AT89S52.
DESCRIPTION:

The AT89S52 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a power-
full microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,
a precision analogue comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the

RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the
next hardware reset.

Pin NumberDescription:

1–8 P1.0 – P1.7 – Port 1 (I/O PORT)

9 RST –Reset 10 – 17 P3.0 – P3.7 – Port 3 (I/O PORT)

18 XTAL2 –Crystal 19 XTAL1 –Crystal

20 GND – Ground
 21 – 28 P2.0 – P2.7 – Port 2 (I/O PORT)

29 PSEN Program Store Enable

30 ALE –Address Latch Enable

31 EA – External Access Enable

32 – 39 P0.7 – P0.1 – Port 0 (I/O PORT)

Vcc - Positive Power Supply

Pin configurations:

Fig - Pin diagram of microcontroller AT89S52

Pin Description:

VCC: Supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode,
P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-
ups are required during program verification.

Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter
2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal 19ull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-
bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI ), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins,
they are pulled high bythe internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
19ull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51,
as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification.
RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to
disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature
is enabled.

ALE/PROG:

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of
SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high.

PSEN:

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.

EA/VPP:

External Access Enable .EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1:Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator characteristics:

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that
can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 11. Either quartz
Crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock
Source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 12.
There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to
the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maxi-
mum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. [4&5]
CHAPTER NO.5
COMPONENT AND
DISCRIPTION
Components:-

1.Passive component

Power Supply Section.

1. Power plug.
2. Power connector.
3. ON-OFF switch.
4. Brige IC.(DB107)
5. Capacitor(Filtering for ac to dc).
6. Reguleted IC.(7805)
7. Ceramic capacitor.(0.1µF)
8. LCD in register 1kΩ.
RESISTORS:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric

current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current,
that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
A resistor is a two-terminalpassiveelectronic component which implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the
terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to
that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality is known as the
resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the
flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy,
such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits,
particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of
magnitude.. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating
which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular
circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with
higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinking.
CAPACITOR:

A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential
difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops in the
dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured
in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for
blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks,
for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to
particular frequencies and for many other purposes.
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte, an ionic

conducting liquid, as one of its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume
than other types. They are used in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical
circuits, particularly in power supply filters, where they store charge needed to
moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in rectifier output. They are also
widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC
should not. There are two types of electrolytic capacitors in common use: aluminum
and tantalum.

Electrolytic capacitors are capable of providing the highest capacitance values of any
type of capacitor but they have drawbacks which limit their use. The standard design
requires that the applied voltage be polarized; one specified terminal must always
have positive potential with respect to the other. Therefore they cannot be used with
AC signals without a DC polarizing bias. However there are special non-polarized
electrolytic capacitors for AC use which do not require a DC bias. Electrolytic
capacitors also have relatively low breakdown voltage, higher leakage current and
inductance, poorer tolerances and temperature range, and shorter lifetimes compared
to other types of capacitors.
CERAMIC CAPACITOR

A ceramic capacitor is a two-terminal non-polar device. The classical ceramic

capacitor is the "disc capacitor". This device pre-dates the transistor and was used
extensively in vacuum-tube equipment (e.g., radio receivers) from about 1930 through
the 1950s, and in discrete transistor equipment from the 1950s through the 1980s. As
of 2007, ceramic disc capacitors are in widespread use in electronic equipment,
providing high capacity and small size at low price compared to other low value
capacitor types.

Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles, including:

 disc, resin coated, with through-hole leads

 multilayer rectangular block, surface mount
 bare leadless disc, sits in a slot in the PCB and is soldered in place, used for
UHF applications
 tube shape, not popular now
Output Section
1. LCD (16×2)
2. 6V battery
16x2 LCD

t
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred
over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of
a LCD.
Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when Register
high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

H-Bridge Circuit:-
This is basically a motor driver IC which takes input from micro controller and can
able to drive high current high voltage inductive loads, relays, solenoids, DC motors
and stepper motors. The L293D is a high-current H bridge driver. The L293D is
designed to provide Bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5
V to 36 V. The L293D is a monolithic integrated high voltage, High current four
channel driver designed to accept Standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive
inductive Loads (such as relays solenoids, DC and Stepping motors) and switching
power transistors .To simplify use as two bridges is pair of channels is equipped with
an enable input. A separate supply input is provided form the logic, allowing
operation at a low voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is
suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 KHz. The L293D is
assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected together and
used for heat sinking.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Symbol Parameter Value
VS Supply Voltage 36 V

VSS Logic Supply Voltage 36 V

Vi Input Voltage 7V

Ven Enable Voltage 7V

Io Peak Output Current (100 1.2 A

s non repetitive)
Ptot Total Power Dissipation at 4W
Tpins = 90 C
Tstg, Tj Storage and Junction –40 to 150 C
Temperature

LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting..When a light-
emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is often small in area, and integrated optical components may
be used to shape its radiation pattern.[3] LEDs present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and
reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and
require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent
lamp sources of comparable output.

IR LED
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are solid-state P-N junction devices that emit light
when forward biased. An Infrared LED is an Infrared Emitting Diode, a term
specifically applied to PerkinElmer IR Emitters. Unlike incandescent lamps, which
emit light over a very broad range of wavelengths, LED’s emit light over such a
narrow bandwidth that they appear to be emitting a single “color”. Their small size,
long operating lifetimes, low power consumption, compatibility with solid-state drive
circuitry, and relatively low cost make LED’s the preferred light source in many
applications.

LDR (Light dependent resistance)

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is
a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other
words, it exhibits photoconductivity.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the

device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give
bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor

has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon.
In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the
photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap.
Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called do pants, added whose ground state
energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump,
lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are
sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced
by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for
conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. Photoresistors are
basically photocells.

PHOTO DIODE
Photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current
or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Photodiodes are similar to regular
semiconductordiodes except that they may be either exposed or packaged with a
window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the
device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN
junction rather than the typical PN junction

DB107 (Bridge IC):

Features:
 UL Recognized Component
 Ideal for Printed Circuit Board
 Glass Passivity Chip Junctions, Surge Overload Rating of 50A Peak
 Simple, Compact Structure for Trouble-free Performance
 Plastic Package - UL Flammability
 Classification 94V-0
7805 IC
7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

It is a three terminal 5V voltage regulator IC use to provide a constant voltage of 5Vto

the micro controller and other peripherals attached in the main board.78XXseries of
three-terminal positive voltage regulators employ built-in current limiting, thermal
shutdown, and safe-operating area protection which makes them virtually immune to
damage from output overloads.

ADVANTAGES

 78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant,

regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical
and efficient uses of space. Other voltage regulators may require additional
components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation
process. Some other designs (such as a switched-mode power supply) may
need substantial engineering expertise to implement.
 78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much
power. They have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making
them quite robust in most applications. In some cases, the current-limiting
features of the 78xx devices can provide protection not only for the 78xx
itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current

flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever
and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two
switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown
in the diagram.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a
230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the
two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.
The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay,
but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages.
Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify
the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum
output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply
relay coils directly without amplification.
Applications of relays
Relays are used to and for:
 Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of
modems or audio amplifiers.
 Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter
solenoid of an automobile.
BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse
click or keystroke.

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric

bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own
actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a
wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the
rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

Uses:

 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game shows
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms
TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switchelectronic

signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current
applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can
be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a
signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices,

and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the
early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the
way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other
things.

TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

 Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power

applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power
applications such as logic gates.
 In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown,
as the base voltage rises, the base and collector current rise exponentially. The
collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistance .
 TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM35):

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the

temperature (in ˚C). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to
oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more
accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause
more than 0.1 ˚C temperature rise in still air.

The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies
by 10mV in response to every ˚C rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor
is 0.01V/ ˚C.

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, with an output
voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus the LM35 has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming
to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full
−55°C to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration
at the wafer level. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and
minus supplies. As the LM35 draws only 60 μA from the supply, it has very low self-
heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55°C to
+150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40°C to +110°C range
(−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic
TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available
in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead
surface-mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.
PUSH BUTTONS

Push Buttons

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch

mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are
typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually
flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed
or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased
buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed
state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as
press, depress, mash, and punch.

Uses:
In industrial and commercial applications push buttons can be linked together
by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button
to be released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This
method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or
process have no electrical circuits for control.
Pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function so that
the operator will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red
for stopping the machine or process and green for starting the machine or process.
CHAPTER NO.6
HARDWARE
HARDWARE TESTING
CONTINUITY TEST:
In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if
current flows (that it is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by
placing a small voltage (wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component
such as a piezoelectric speaker) across the chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by
broken conductors, damaged components, or excessive resistance, the circuit is
"open".
Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi meters
which measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more
basic devices, generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows.
An important application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the
two ends belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible
resistance between the "right" ends, and only between the "right" ends.
This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and configuration
has been completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit
after the soldering. Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to
improper soldering, wrong and rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the
soldering iron, component failures and presence of bugs in the circuit diagram. We
use a multi meter to perform this test.
POWER ON TEST:
This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is
according to the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode.
Remember that this test is performed without microcontroller. Firstly, we check the
output of the transformer, whether we get the required 12 v AC voltage.
Then we apply this voltage to the power supply circuit. Note that we do this
test without microcontroller because if there is any excessive voltage, this may lead to
damaging the controller. We check for the input to the voltage regulator i.e., are we
getting an input of 12v and an output of 5v. This 5v output is given to the
microcontrollers’ 40th pin.
CONTROLLER BOARD PCB
PCB design RELAY

PCB Design LCD 16×2

CHAPTER NO.7
SOFTWARE
KEIL
KEIL µVision is the name of software dedicated to the development and testing of a
family of microcontrollers based on 8051 technology, like the 89S52 which we are
going to use along this manual. Most versions share merely the same interface, this
manual uses KEIL C51 µvision 3 with the C51 compiler v8.05a.

Keil µVision:
µVision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write,
compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: A
project manager, a make facility, Tool configuration, Editor, A powerful debugger.

EMBEDDED C:
The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded C Language.
This Embedded C Language is different from the generic C language in few things
like data types and access over the architecture addresses.
The Embedded C Programming Language forms the user friendly language with
access over Port addresses, SFR Register addresses etc.
CHAPTER NO.8
PROGRAMMING
#include<reg51.h>

#include<delay.h>

#include"LCD.h"

#include"adc0808.h"

sbit Relay_1 = P0^1;

sbit Relay_2 = P0^2;

sbit Relay_3 = P0^3;

sbit Relay_4 = P0^4;

sbit Buzzer = P3^7;

sbit S1 = P2^0;

sbit S2 = P2^1;

sbit D1 = P3^0;

sbit D2 = P3^1;

sbit D3 = P3^2;

sbit D4 = P3^3;

int main()

unsigned int i;

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

Buzzer = 1;
 delay(50);

Buzzer = 0;

delay(20);

LCD_INIT();

LCD_STRING("Inteligence Power",LINE1);

LCD_STRING("Saving",LINE2);

IE = 0x90;

RI = 0;

while(1)

PHASE();

Phase_Select();

x:

LCD_NUM(Count,LINE2+9);

if(S1 == 1)

while(1)

if(S2 == 1)

while(S2 == 0);

Count++;
 goto x;

if(S2 == 1)

while(1)

if(S1 == 1)

while(S1 == 1);

if(Count <= 0)

Count = 0;

else

Count--;

goto x;

if(Count > 0 && Flag == 1)

Class_A = Class_B = Class_C = Class_D = 1;

}
 else

Class_A = Class_B = Class_C = Class_D = 0;

if(FIRE == 1)

R_Relay = 0;

Y_Relay = 0;

B_Relay = 0;

BT_Relay = 0;

LCD_CLR();

LCD_STRING(">Fire Sence<",LINE1+2);

Fire_MSG();

while(1)

Buzzer = 1;

delay(100);

Buzzer = 0;

delay(100);

}
}

void Phase_Select(void)

if(R_Phase == 0 && Flag == 1)

R_Relay = 1;

Y_Relay = 0;

B_Relay = 0;

BT_Relay = 0;

else if(Y_Phase == 0 && Flag == 1)

R_Relay = 0;

Y_Relay = 1;

B_Relay = 0;

BT_Relay = 0;

else if(B_Phase == 0 && Flag == 1)

R_Relay = 0;

Y_Relay = 0;

B_Relay = 1;

BT_Relay = 0;

else if(BT_Phase == 0 && Flag == 1)

{

R_Relay = 0;

Y_Relay = 0;

B_Relay = 0;

BT_Relay = 1;

else

R_Relay = 0;

Y_Relay = 0;

B_Relay = 0;

BT_Relay = 0;

}
CHAPTER NO.9
ADVANTAGE AND
APPLICATION
ADVANTAGES

 Energy saving
 Save manual power
 It is Economical
 More applicable
 Daily Useable

APPLICATION

 Air libraries
 Entertainment venue laboratories
 Home/Office retails’ environment
 Molls & Shops
 Seminar rooms
CHAPTER NO.10
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

In this experimental setup, Light intensity can be controlled using LDR condition. So
power consumption is reduced. By incorporating this setup, we can expect more
power conservation which may turn inevitable in future. It ultimately preserves the
nation’s wealth.
CHAPTER NO.11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS REFERED:

1. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad

Ali Mazidi and Janice GillispieMazidi , Pearson Education.

2. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

WEBSITES:

 www.atmel.com

 www.beyondlogic.org

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.howstuffworks.com

 www.alldatasheets.com