Tensile Testing II
2
Learning objectives
• Describe the complete stress-strain curve
for a uni-axial tensile test
• Explain and calculate MOR and toughness
from a tensile test
• Describe necking, work hardening and
hardness testing
3
The Complete Stress-Strain Curve
• Schematic
diagram showing
the tensile
sample
geometry
associate with
the various
regimes of
deformation in a
ductile material
eY
s y2
MOR = Ur = ò s de @ s y ´ e =
1
0 2 2E
Notes: 1) Units for Ur are Energy per unit volume: Pa or J/m3; 2) sYS
and sY are used interchangeably for Yield Stress
s y + s UTS
Toughness @ ´e f
2
• Yielding (plastic
deformation) does not
occur uniformly over
the length of the
specimen
• Yielding is highly
localized - it occurs by
a “deformation band”
spreading throughout
the specimen
Elastic
Plastic
di
Under load
Ai
l0
li
A0
d0
F
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
True Stress - True Strain
• Engineering • True
F F
s Eng = sT
Ao Ai
where Ai is instantaneous area
Dl l
e Eng = e T ln( i )
lo lo
where li is instantaneous length
Note: 1) both “engineering” quantities are less than the corresponding “true”
equivalents and so they are conservative; 2) the subscript is often dropped from
the Engineering quantities as they are the most commonly used.
dl
de T
l
li
dl li
eT = ò l
= ln( )
lo
l0
li li - lo + lo
= = e Eng +1 =1+ e Eng A0
lo lo d0
F
finally
eT = ln(1+ eEng ) = ln(1+ e )
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
True Stress
F
di
Ai
s T = s Eng (1+ e Eng ) = s (1+ e ) li l0
A0
d0
F
Note: both this expression and the one on the preceding page are
only valid up to the onset of necking
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
Necking
Localization of deformation into a
small section of the gauge length
F
Aolo Ai li
di
Ai Aolo Ai li
li l0
A0
d0
F
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
True Stress - True Strain Curves
In many metals the work hardening portion of the stress-strain plot may be described
(approximated) using the following expression:
s T Ke Tn
where
K – strength coefficient
n - work hardening exponent
30
Learning objectives
• Describe the complete stress-strain curve
for a uni-axial tensile test
• Explain and calculate MOR and toughness
from a tensile test
• Describe necking, work hardening and
hardness testing
31
Example problem
6.2FE A cylindrical specimen of brass that has a
diameter of 20 mm, a tensile modulus of 110
GPa, and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.35 is pulled in
tension with force of 40,000 N. If the
deformation is totally elastic, what is the strain
experienced by the specimen?