A

COMPREHENSIVE
GRAMMAR
OF THE
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
Randolph Quirk
Sidney Greenbaurn
Geoffrey Leech
Jan Svartvik

Index by David Crystal

,l,
!"w

lal

-----
.IIIIIIIW
Longman
Contents

Preface v

Pronunciation table viii

Abbreviations and symbols ix

1 The English language

2 A survey of English grammar 35
3 Verbs and auxiliaries 93
4 The semantics of the verb phrase 173

5 Nouns and determiners 241

6 Pronouns and numerals 333
7 Adjectives and adverbs 399
8 The semantics and grammar of adverbials 475
9 Prepositions and prepositional phrases 655
10 The simple sentence 717
11 Sentence types and discourse functions 801
12 Pro-forms and ellipsis 855
13 Coordination 915
14 The complex sentence 985
15 Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate
clauses 1045
16 Complementation of verbs and adjectives 1147
17 The noun phrase 1235
18 Theme, focus, and information processing 1353
19 From sentence to text 1421
Appendix I Word-formation 1515
Appendix 11 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 1587
Appendix III Punctuation 1609
Bib I iography 1641
Index 1665
1666 Index

abroad 7.10-11, 67; 8.41; 19.34

A absent (adjective) 7.22
(verb) (~ oneself(from)) 6.25
A--r adverbial
absoballylutely 1.16
Ao -r adverbial (object-related) absolute (adjective) 7.5n, 33; 8.106
As -r adverbial (subject-related) (~ly) 7.5n; 8.101,105,106, 130n
a -r article (indefinite)
absolute
a (as conjunct) 8.137 clause 15.34n, 58-62
a- (prefix) 1.21,30 comparison 7.7, 56n, 74-86, 89; 12.55;
(preposition) 8.29 18.45n
-a nouns 5.94 meaning 6.5, 53, 58; 9.58
-a plurals 5.95,98 abstract
ala9.10n; 17.60n adjectival head 5.74; 7.26
a-words 7.10-11 meaning 2.43; 9.55; 15.2,8; 16.24,48;
see also: adjective, adverb
17.17; 1.26
aback 16.2 noun 3.69; 4.4; 5.3, 7, 9, 17,58,75;
abattoir 1.13 6.16; 7.78; 8.106n; 9.51, 63; 10.18,
abbreviated clause 8.40, 125n, 134, 143; 39,51; 15.42n; 16.26,84-85; 17.26,
11.34n, 36n, 45-50; 12.59-65; 15.6, 51-52,54; 1.13, 23,25,32,35,36,
14,40; 17.28; 19.44 37,38,44,53; H.4
see also: prepositional phrase, question, . absurd 16.83; (~ ly) 7.56
tag
Academy 1.15, 17
abbreviation 5.66n, 81; 6.65, 66, 69; accent (prosodic) -r stress
1O.37n; 17.73; 1.15, 23n, 73; III.27, accent (regional) 1.20,27, 32
28-30 accept 16.31 ; (~ as) 16.47
see also: coordination acceptability 1.42; 2.11
abide(d) 3.18; 10.61n accidence -r inflection
ability 3.47,72; 4.51, 52, 57n, 60-62, 65, accommodations 5.77
66; 16.79 accompaniment preposition 9.7,30,52;
ablaut-r gradation 10.10; 16.15
ablaze 7.10 accomplishment-rverbs (semantic
able 16.2; (be ~ to) 3.40, 47; 4.52,61,66, classification)
68; 7.39; 12.64; 16.79 accordance (in ~ with) 9.11,63
-able 7.1,21; 16.72; 1.15,36,40 according.(as) 14.12; (~ly) 8.137, 145;
(~ to) 8.127n; 9.10,57,63
aboard 7.10-11; 8.41 ;9.66; 19.34
account (for) 16.28; (on ~ of) 8.86; 9.3n,
abode (verb) 3.18
11,44; 14.12n, 14; 15.46n; .
abolish 16.26 (take ~ of) 16.58
about (adverb) 7.62; 8.41, 48; 9.5 accurate 7.88; (more ~ ly) 8.137
(conjunction) 14.12n accusative case 6.4
(particle) 16.2 accuse 6.25; (~ of) 16.8, 57; (~ N of)
(preposition) 3.76; 7.62n; 9.7, 22, 51, 16.8
57,60; 16.69 accustomed 16.79; ( ~ to) 16.69
(prepositional adverb) 9.66 ache (noun) 5.49n
(be ~ to) 3.40, 47; 4.47, 48,66,68 (verb) 4.29; 16.41; (~for) 16.38
(just ~) 8.126 acknowledge 16.31, 60; (~as) 16.47
see also: how acquit 3.8n
above (adverb) 7.67, 70; 8.41 acronyms L13n, 73, 75, 76
(particle) 16.2 across (adverb) 1.66; 8.41; 16.3
(preposition) 9.7,19,23,32 (particle) 16.2
(prepositional adverb) 9.66 (preposition) 9.7, 22, 25 -27,28;c
pro-form use 19.47 16.6
(~all) 8; 137 -138; (the ~ ) 19.47 (pr~ositional adverb) 9.66
abridge 7.85n act (verb) 7.36; (~as) 16.22n

act-+completion, illocutionary,
locutionary, speech (act), verbs
(semantic classification: activity,
momentary, speech act,
transitional)
acting (adjective) 7.36
action -+ verb
active -+ passive
actively 8.105
actual-+ recipient
actually (disjunct) 8.127
(subjunct) 8.100, 102, 126; 18.55
adI.74
add 16.31; (~ to) 16.28
addendum 5.95
addition, in (conjunct) 8.137
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
(subjunct) 8.116, 119
(~to) 9.11,58; 13.103
addition preposition 9.7, 58
additional 5.22
additionallanguage-+ English
additive (conjunct) 8.136,137-138,143
(subjunct) 8.116-117, 119, 120, 143;
10.60; 12.29; 13.36,38
meaning 10Al, 57; 12.20,25; 13.23n,
27, 37n, 57
address to 16.57
address
forms of 5.103; 10.52-53; 17.91n;
18.5; 19.65
function 10.52
postal III.30
see also: plural, self-address, vocative
adieu 5.99
adjectival-+ adjective
adjective 2.34, 35,43; 7.1-45, 47,
71-82,84-90; 9.2, 8,10; 10.22,46,
51; 12.27, 45n, 65; 13.79; 14.24-25;
15.2,54; 16.8,68-83; 1t51; II.5-6
a-7.10-11, 21, 39
adverb related to 7.6-10, 27, 28n, 29n,
36,38,46-47,71-74,83
affixation in I.21- 32, 36-42, 45, 46,
48,50-52,55,57,59, 63n, 65, 66,
69-71
attributivefunction6.62; 7.2-4,10,11,
13,15,18,19,20-30,32,34,38,39,
45,76,78,84,85; 13.79,99n, 102;
15.2; 17.57,96-97,113-116;
I.27
attributive only 7.32-37, 73; 17.97
base7.1, 75, 79;8.54, 79,89,92,94,
106n, 125
Index 1667
adjective [cont]
central 7.3, 20-30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 44,
45; 17.97, 114
clause 7.10, 27-30; 15.61
combination with verb 1O.12n; 16.17,
33
compound 7.17; I.68, 69n; IlIA
construction -+ adjective (phrase)
criteria for 3.76; 7.2-4
disyllabic 7.81
dynamic 7AO-41, 44, 46n; 8.94; 1.55
ellipsis 7.28n
evaluative 7.84; 10.53; 16.82
final-If-ll I.41
gradable 7.13, 16n, 21, 40, 42, 44, 56,
63n, 66, 74, 87; 8.101; 9.62; 10.66;
17.114; 1.38, 39,40, 55
head2.25n, 26, 28, 29; 3.59; 5.56-57,
74; 7.14, 20,23-26; 10.66; 12.55;
13.79; 17.56-57; I.45
inflection 7.1,2-4,24,74-82,83
inherent 7.32, 40, 43, 44; 17.114
1engthof7.81; 17.115
-Iy 7.9, 81n
monosyllabic 7.81-82
negative 7.87n; 10.59; 17.96
nongradab1e 7.14n, 37,40,42,44,45,57,
87; 8.83; 17.97, 114; 1.37, 38, 39, 51
nongradable conversion to gradable
.I.55
noninherent 7.32,36,40,43,44,73;
17.97
nonparticipial16.69-83
nonpredicative -+ adjective
(attributive only)
nonrestrictive 6.20; 7.22, 24, 25, 32n;
8.94n
noun related to 7.12-14,37; 17.97,
114-118
object complement 16A4-45, 47
order 7A5; 17.114-116
participia13.12n, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19,
44n, 49, 76, 77;7.15,46,47,81;
9.50n, 63; 16.14n, 54n; 69-83;
17.64,94,98-103, 114; I.65;
IlIA
participle vs. 7.15-19
peripheral 7.3, 12,31-39,44,45,68;
17.97, 114
phrase 2.24,25,26,28; 3A7n; 7.9,20,
23-26,65; 10.8, 11,20,53,66;
llA2n, 53; 12.20,27; 15.39,62,69,
71,73; 16.20,21,24,44-47,68-83;
17.2,58,96; 18.27,42
1668 Index
adjective [cont]
positionof7~2--4, 7, 20-30, 45; 15.39,
69,71,73
postcentra17.45
postmodification by 6.47; 7.21, 22;
13.68n; 15.69,71,73; 17.15,56-60,
91n
postmodification of
-'>- complementation
postposed -'>- adjective
(postmodification by)
precentral 7.45
predicative function 2.17n; 5.37; 6.62;
7.2-4,7, 10, 13, 15, 19,20-30,
32,34,82; 8.94; 13.68,79, 99n;
15.25; 16.22n; 17.94,96,114, 115n
predicative only 7.38-39; 1.30
prehead 7.45
premodification by 5.68; 6.47; 7.2-4,
13,20-30,43,45; 7.6, 22, 65, 71,
86; 9.12; 11.32n; 13.62, 79; 15.69,
71; 16.68; 17.2,3n, 15,27,94,
96-97, 124; 18.42, 59n; 1.25, 29,
65
premodificationof7.2-4, 11, 15n, 16,
22,24, 25,26, 27n, 28, 42, 48, 50,
56-59,60,66,83,89; 8.103n;
10.58; 11.32; 15:69,71,74; 16.44;
17.96,118; 19.50
prepositional 16.68n
prepositional complement function
9.1n; 16.47
repeated 13.100
restrictive 7.22,35, 36,73; 8.94n
semantic classification 7.40-44;
17.114
series of 13.68n; 17.58, 114
stative 7.40-41,44,46; 17.95
stativejdynamic conversion 1.55
subject complement function 16.21
syntactic functions 7.20- 30
syntactic subclassification 7.31- 39
trisyllabic 7.81
universa17.35n
usage problems with 7.4n, 7, lln, 16,
24n,28n,38,75,84
see also: abstract, adverb, age, amplifier,
colour, commendatory, comparative;
complement, complementation,
contingent, conversion, coordinate,
denominal, deverbal, downtoner,
emotive, emphasizer, health,
intensifying, measure, noun, personal,
postmodification, prepositional,
prepositional phrase, provenance, suffix,
adjective [cont]
superlative, supplementive clause, time, wh-
adjunct 2.15, 60; 8.24,25-87,121,
134-135,138,144,148-153; 9.1,
16,33,45,47,63,65; 10.9,63-64;
12.49,62; 15.54,64; 16.16,20,24,
38n,48;17.51,53;18.3 -
classes 8.26-38, 143
clausal 13.15; 14.21n, 37n;15.2, 17,
20-23,33,47,48,49;18.28; IIU8
conjunction and 7.53
cooccurrence -'>- adverbial
criteria for 7.49
fronting -'>- adverbial
grammatical realization of8.39-80·
hierarchy 8045,56,66,69; II1.8
negative 8.35n; 13.36
nonrestrictive 12.70n; IIU8 .
object-related 8.37-38, 76
obligatoryjoptiona18.17, 19,22,26,
27-34,35,39,42,51,84,86;
10.9-11; 15.22-23; 16.27n;
18.5-6,43
order 8.56, 66, 125n
positionof7.58; 8.26, 27, 35,
36-38,44,47,55,63,65,68,71,73,
84,85,87,150-152; 15.20, 21n, 22,
25
predication 8.17, 19,22,26,27 -90,
150; 9.33, 60; 10.9-10; 15.22-23,
50; 16.3,21,24,48; 18.21, 24n, 43;
II.16; IIU7n
preposition and 7.55
semantic roles of8.39-80, 81,134
sentence 8.26, 36, 38, 39,43, 44, ~5,
48,50,51,58,66,71, 76n, 78,86,
87,90,92, 134n, 148, 150,153;
14.39n; 15.22-'-23,25; 18.24n;
II.16
subject-related 8.37-38, 76, 129n
syntactic features 0[8.25, 48, 77, 83
see also: adverbial, concessive, ,coordinate,
direction, duration, frequency, goal, if-,
manner, means, position,.process,
·purpose, reason, relationship, respect,
result, source, subjuilct, time adverbial
adjust (oneself)(to) 6.25; 16.28
admire 6.25; 8.107; 16.26
admission (by . .. own) 8.127n
admit4.67n; 15.54; 16.31, 39, 60;
(- tedly) Se 127, 128, 137; 19.53n,
56; (- to) 16.28
adnominal-,>- relative clause
adrift 7.10

adv-+adverb
advantage (take ~ of) 16.8, 58
adverb 2.31n, 34, 35n, 41, 43, 56; 3.27;
6.59; 7.46-74, 82n, 83, 88;
8 passim; 9.2, 10,28; 10.15, 17,59;
12.26n, 30; 14.14; 15.2; 16.3, 72n,
77; 17.114; 11.6,16; III.4
a-7.10-11
affixation in 7.1,6,7,46-47,71; 121,
31, 41, 46n, 69, 71n
classes 7.3-4,49
clause element function 7.48-49
closed~class 2.41; 7.46; 8.13,23,41,
45,54, 127, 148; 9.5n
compound 7.21, 46, 69; 19.37n; 1.57n
conjunction and 7.51, 52-53
criteria 7.46-47,51-55
derivationa17.1, 6-9, 46-47,71;
8.10n,54, 79,89,92,150,153;
III.4
gradable 7.4, 74, 87; 10.66; 1.41
head 2.26, 28; 7.46; 8.13,153; 10.66
homomorphy with adjective 7.6-10,
83
inflection 7.74,83; 8.48n
-ly-+adverb (derivational)
medial 6.50
nongradable 8.85,89; 1.41
open-class 7.47; 8.13, 23, 54, 93
participial7.58n
particle 7.61; 8.27, 33, 42n, 47n; 9.5;
10:12; 16.2-17
position of 3.27,40; 6.50; 7.10, 27,
56-70,83,89-90; 8.87; 14.6
postmodifying 2.28; 6.20, 42; 7.50, 57,
60,67,69,85; 8.52, 63n;r03n; 9.5,
35; 10.62n; 15.69,71; 17.55
premodification by 2.45; 6.50n;
72-4,11,22,24,25,26,28,42,48,
50,56-65,68; 8.24, 48n, 83, 91,
98n,107, 131, 148; 10.11n,58,59;
15.69,71,74; 17.29, 55,58,
100-101,118; 19.50; 1.41
premodificationof7.27n, 48n, 50, 60,
66,89; 8.63n, 68, 77, 83, 91, 98n,
102,106,107,113,120,131; 10.59;
11.32; 15.69,71,74
preposition and 7.55
prepositional complement function·
7.70; 9.1n
repeated 13.100
restrictive 7.35
sequence 8.79, 150
simple 7.46
Index 1669
adverb [cont]
syntactic functions of7.56-70;
8.24
without -ly 7.8; 8.106
see also: adjective, adverbial, adjunct,
amplifier, but, comparative,
complement, conjunct, coordinate,
degree, direction, disjunct, duration,
intensifying, manner, nonassertive,
operator, place, preposition,
prepositional, subjunct, suffix,
superlative, time, wh-
adverb phrase 2.12, 24, 25, 26, 28; 7.46,
48n; 8:13,19,24,78,153; 10.9-10;
13.82; 15.2
as subject 2.25
elliptica18.60
premodifying 17.94, 111
see also: coordinator, postmodification
adverbial
central/peripheral 2.15 ; 8.150-152;
10.10
clause 3.46n, 62; 4.45n, 53n, 67; 7.53;
8.13,40,53,78,106,124,127,130,
132,150; 9.55; 10.9,10,15, 16n, 65;
11.18n; 12.61,67; 13.3,50-51,82,
103; 14.4, 15,22,29, 37n, 39n; 15.2,
17-52,53,55,58-62,75; 16.24n,
38n, 49n; 17.4,23-24,33,83-84;
18.33n; 19.60
compared to complement 2.18, 60;
10.11
compared to object 8.27
cooccurrence 8.1, 5,11-12,66,69,73,
101,149-152; 11.42
directive function 11.42
element 2.12, 13;15, 16, 17,24,31,45;
4.5,20,22,23,36; 5.50; 6.32, 34n;
7.6,48-49; 8 passim; 9.1, 58, 61;
10.1-4,9-10,12,13,15,26,27,29,
33,52,64; 11.15,31, 44n, 53; 12.49,
62, 70n; 13.22, 56n, 91-92, 94, 97;
14.2,14,36; 15.1-2, 4n, 8,13,40,
65,68; 16.5; 17.52, 54n, 58, 115n,
116,122; 18.10, 11,14; 18.42n,
49-50; 19.9,35-39,80; 1.60, 63;
II.14, 16,21; H1.9, 17-18,22
ellipsis 12.59
focuson8.98n; 18.16,27
frequencyof8.1n, 13, 15n, 23
fronting4.7; 8.27, 35-38,43,44,47,
49,51, 52,55, 65,66, 70, 71, 77n,
78,81,86,87,89-92,95,96,98,
lOIn, 103, 112, 114, 120, 121, 124,
130, 138n, 143n, 144, 146, 147,
 1670 Index
adverbial [cont]
150-151; 10.16, 17,26,58-59, 64n,
66; 13.36, 54-55,92; 14.9, 39n;
15.22,25; 16.3, 38n; 17.4,84,122;
18.19, 24n, 33n, 49-50; 19.13;
II.14; III.17-18, 20,22
functions4.66n; 6.54; 8.1, 24-153;
19.80; 1.41
negative 3.44n; 6.50n; 10.58-59,66
object-related 2.19; 10.2, 10
obligatory 2.18; 8.22; 10.9-11,21;
15.5n; 1.54
optional 2.13, 15, 16, 21; 7.48; 8.22;
10.2,9,16,17; 12.44,62,64; 14.9;
16.45
order 8.15, 22,150-152
particle -7 ad verb
position of 2.13; 4.7; 8.1, 11,14-23,
121,125,149,150-152; 10.9, 17,
35,40; 13.38; 18.5, 11, 42n, 47;
III.17-18, 20, 22
realization of 2.24, 25n; 8.1, 13, 14,
17,23,39-86,89-90,93,104,116,
124,125,127,130,150,153; 10.9,
17
repetition of 8.149
restrictive/nonrestrictive 15.23, 62
scope of 13.54- 55
semantic roles 8.1, 2-10, 39-86, 153;
10.9,13; 15.24-56
sentence 2.15, 55; 8.15, 134n
subject function 7.48n; 10.15, 34, 43n
subject-related 2.19; 10.2, 10
syntactic function of 10.9; 15.17 -23
textualroleof8.1; 19.53-56
usage problems 7.9, 63n, 83; 8.21,
55n,66,69, 79, 98n, 99n, 106, 109n,
112, 114, 117, 126, 129n, 138n,
146
see also: adjunct, adverb, agent, causative,
cognate, complement, concessive,
conditional, contingency, coordinate,
coordination, degree, diminisher,
direction, disjunct, distance, downtoner,
duration, emphasizer, frequency, goal,
instrumental, manner, measure,
mobility, modality, noun phrase, place,
position, prepositional phrase, process,
pro-forms, purpose, reason, relational,
relative pronoun, respect, result, source,
space, subjunct, supplementive clause,
time
advert 1.74
advertise (vs. -ize) 1.42
advisable 3.59
advise 16.59, 62, 63; (~about) 16.57
-ae plurals 5.94
affect 16.26, 38
affected role 10.19, 32; 14.5n; 16.14, 19;
18.32,51,53
see also: object, subject
affectionately 8.91n
affirm 16.31
affirmative response 11.4-13
affixation 2.7, 37; 16.12; 17.118; 1.2-6,
14,15,20-42,52,58, 76n, 77;
H.4
see also: adjective, adverb, conversion,
deadjectival, denominal, deverbal, dormant,
negation, noun, participle, verb
afford 16.38
afire 7.10
afloat 7.10
aforementioned 19.47n
aforesaid 19.47n
afraid7.10-11; 12.28; 15.54; 16.71,78;
(~about)7.39; (~of) 7.39; 16.69;
(~ that)7.39
afresh 8.72; 19.37n
African English 1.34
Afrikaans 1.26
after (adverb) 7.68,70,83; 8.41, 55n;19.37
(conjunction) 4.15, 24;8.55n; 9.3;
12.61n; 14.12, 19n, 27; 15.25,27
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 5.46; 7.70; 8.55n; 9.3, 7,
19,38; 12.61n; 13.103; 15.25,29
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
(~am 8.137,143; (~ that/this) 7.83;
8.55n; 19.37
afterwards 7.67,70; 8:55, 72; 19.37,38
again (additive subjunct) 8.116,119
(reinforcing conjunct) 8.137,144
(replacive conjunct) 8.137, 141, 144, 146
(time adjunct) 8.55, 72,77n; 19.37
with comparative 15.71n
(~and again) 8.74n; 13.101
against (particle) 16.2
(preposition) 9.7, 17n, 53;13.81n
(prepositional adverb) 9.66n
(up~)9.10
age adjectives 7.46n
age (verb) 3.9n
(~d) 7.19; (for/in ~ s) 8.61n
-age I.32, 35
agency 9.50; 15.45; 16.23, SIn
direct vs. indirect 18.51n
see also: agent, agentive role
agenda 5.95n
 Index 1671

agent all (determiner) 6.44n, 45,49,51; 9.41,

adverbial 8.5, 78, 80,81-83 42,58; 10.42; 17.5
animate/inanimate 3.66; 9.50 (emphasizer) 7.57; 9.29
constraints on 3.71 (predeterminer) 5.15-17,23, 121;
personal/nonpersona13.75; 7.16; 9.42; 10.42,65
8.129; 9.50; 1.62, 64 (pronoun) 5.7,16, 17n; 6.13, 20, 45,
phrase -+ by-phrase 48,49,50; 7.69; 8.115; 9.58; 10.42;
preposition 3.65, 76; 9.7, 9, 43, 50, 63; 12.10,17; 17.15,24; 18.45n
10.10 after auxiliary 3.28; 17.5, 24; 18.40n
role-+agentive role pro-form use 12.10, 17
semi-7.16n; 9.51 (at ~ ) 6.61n, 62n; 8.98, Ill, 114;
suffix 7.73; 1.33 10.60,62; 16.70; ( ~ but) 8.111,
see also.' -er, noun, passive 114; 9.58n; (for ~ ) 9.56; (for
agentive role 2.21; 3.65, 71, 76; 4.4; ~ (that» 14.12; (~ in all) 8.137;
6.21; 8.129; 9.7, 50; 10.6, 13n, 18, 19.56; (in ~ ) 8.137; (not at ~)
J9,20n,21, 22, 24n, 28, 30, 33; 11.4n; (of ~ ... ) 11.53; (of ~) 7.90;
14.5n, 24n; 15.73; 16.4n, 14, 19; (with ~) 9.56
17.103; 18.32, 51-53; 1.40 see also.' above, after, and, right, round
see also.' means, verbs (semantic
classification) -all-+you
agentless -+ passi ve allege 15.54; 16.31; (~dly) 8.127,
aggregate -+ noun BIn
aggrieved about 16.69 allied to 16.69
aghast 7.10 alliteration 19.25n, 68n
agin9.7n allow 16.32, 33, 50, 57; (be ~ ed to) 4.52,
ago 9.35 66,68; (~for) 16.28;
agree 8.107; 15.54; 16.31,32; (~able) (make ~ ancefor) 16.7, 58
1.40n; (~about) 16.38; (~on/to) almost 7.56, 62n; 8.111-114, 126
16.28, 38; (~with) 16.15, 28, 38 aloft 8.41
agreement 17.36; (in ~ with) 9.63 alone 7.10-11; 8.116,118
agreement -+ concord, response along (adverb) 7.70; 8.41
ah(a)7.54; 8.136n; 11.55 (particle) 16.2
ahead 7.67; 8.41; 9.66,16.2; (~of) (preposition) 9.7, 26-27,29
9.10 (prepositional adverb) 9.66
~, ahem 11.55 (~with) 9.10; 10.40
aid (in ~) 9.66; (in ~ of) 9.11 alongside 8.41; 9.7, 66
aim (noun) 17.36 aloof7.10-11
(verb) (~at) 9.46, 63; 16.28; (~for) alphabetic -+ letters
16.28,38,41 alphabetism 1.75
ain't 3.32n already (adjunct) 8.72n; 9.28, 39; 10.60;
ajar 7.10 19.36
-al7.1, 37; I.l6n, 35, 36, 39 (subjunct) 4.22; 8.97
-al- (following -ic) 1.41 also (adjunct) 8.77n, 83,113
alarm (~ed) 16.71; (~ed at) 9.63; (conjunct) 8.137
16.69; (~ing) 16.72 (subjunct) 8.116,117, IT9, 120; 12.29;
alarm calls 11.54 13.42
alas 11.55n alternative -+ conditional-concessive,
albeit 14.12n interrogation, negation, question
alert 7.1 0-11 alternatively 8.137; 13.28
alga(e) 5.94 although 8.143n, 145; 13.8; 14.12,
alias 8.137, 141 18-19; 15.21,39-40
alienable -+ possession vs. though 8.143n; 15.39-40
alight (verb) 3.18 (~ ... ) 14.13
alike 7.10-11; (so/too (much) ~ )7.11 altogether (conjunct) 8.137
alive 7.10-11 (subjunct) 8.105
1672 Index
alumna(e) 5.94
alumnus 5.93
alveolar suffix 3.12, 14
always4.13n, 26n; 7.70; 8.63,65,76,98,
103,117; 10.60; 11.13 . among(st) (preposition) 9.7, 21,32
a.m.17.55n
am 3.23,32; (~ I not) 3.32n; (~ n't l)
3.32n
amazingly 7.56; 8.127
ambient it 10.26n; -+it (prop)
ambiguity -+ comparison, coordination,
direction, -ing participle clause,
postmodification, premodification,
space, structural
AmE -+ American English
amends 5.77
American English 1.7-8, 21-22, 23-24,
25,26,27,36,37,42
constructions l.11, 24; 2.21n; 3.12,
13n, 14n, 15, 16, 18, 19,20,23,30n,
32n,34,35,39n,42,43n,44,45,48,
59,61; 4.5n, 20n, 22n, 25n, 50, 54n,
55,58,64; 5.16, 25n, 44, 47, 49n, 66,
85,108,111, 125n; 6.12n, 24n, 25n,
46n, 56, 66; 7. 14n, 21, 56n, 57n, 66,
83;8.31n, 39, 52, 59, 61n, 62, 79,89,
91n, 97n, 98, 135, 137, 138n; 9.3n,
4,8,10,17, 18n,34,36n,37,40,41,
44, 46n, 51n, 66n; 10.8, IOn, 16,27,
36, 48n, 50, 55n,62n, 67, 68n;
11.8n, 13, 15n, 17, 24, 26n, 28, 32n,
34n,40; 12.21,25, 26, 28, 49n, 64n,
65n; 13.18n, 98n, 99; 14.12, 23n, 24,
25,26,33,36; 15.10,22, 34n, 35n,
39, 44n, 46n, 48, 50, 66n; 16.2,22,
30,32,41, 52n, 59, 83n; 17047,60,
82n,88,91, 108; 19.48,51,62
Edited 1.24
pronunciation 1.27; 2042; 3.5n, 16;
5.83; 6.52n; 7047; 11.22n; 18.8n, 17;
1.25,37, 39n, 56, 64, 65, 74; 11.1,
5,6
spelling/punctuation 1.23; 3.8, 13n,
51; 5.8; 6.66; 7.79; 9.7; 17047; I.56,
59; IlIA, 8, 11, 20n, 21, 23, 26n, 29,
30
vocabulary 1.24; 5.7, 33,45,46,47,
66n, 75,76,77,90,108,109,125;
6.63n, 64n; 7.21n, 38, 46n, 54, 56n,
69; 8041, 55,100,111,112,113,
120n; 9.11, 13n, 19n, 20, 21n, 22,
49, 57n, 58; 10.3n,30,53,60;
11.41n, 54; 14.36; 16A5n; 17.91n;
19.36n, 65; 1.42, 54, 64, 67; III.28n
American English [cont]
word-formation 5.105; I.16n, 36n, 41,
46n,63,68, 72n, 74, 75, 77
amid(st) 9.7, 21,32
(particle) 16.2
amount (a greater ~ of) 15.69; (~ of)
5.25;(~ to) 16.28n;
see also: number
amount-+measure, quantity
amplification 8.9; -+ amplifier
amplificatory -+ tag
amplifier
adjective 7.32-34, 45; 17.114
adverb 7.56, 87, 89
cooccurrence of 8.107 -1 08
position of 8.109
syntax of 8.110
subjunct8.25n, 33, 104, 105-110, 113;
II.21
amplify 7.85n
amuse 6.25; (~d) 16.71; (~d at) 9.63;
16.69
amusingly 8.127
an-+article (indefinite)
an- (prefix) 1.21
-an7.37;I.37
anacoluthon 17.63; II1.26
analogy 1.3,7-8
analysability (of words) I.l4
analysis 5.97 . .
analysis, mUltiple 2.61; 8.24, 32;
10.11-16; 13.52n; 16.5, 13,
64-67
anaphora4.11, 13; 5.30, 32; 6.15,19,
21,40,44;8.54, 78n,87, 145, 147,
153; 12.6, 11, 12, 32; 13.9; 15.2,
19n, 68n; 18.18; 19.44,46-49,
52
direct vs. indirect 5.30-31
see also: coreference, ellipsis
ancient (adjective/noun) 7.13
and2.10, 60;6.22; 8040, 138, 146;
10.37-39,40,41,44; 11.29n, 44,53;
12.68; 13 passim; 14.40; 15.34n,
46n,49, 60; 19.5,8,11,58; 11.9;
III.6-8, 12
in apposition 17.65,71, 73, 80
uses of 13.22-27
(~all) 15A6n; (~nor) 13.18n;
18.24n; (~so) 8.144,146; 19.58;
(~so on/so forth) 1O.37n; 13.104;
(~ with) 15.46n
see also: coordination, coordinator, or,
sentence (connectivity)

anent9.7n
anew 19.37n
anger formulae 11.54
angry 16.71, 78; (~about) 16.69; (~at)
9.63; 16.69; (~with) 16.69
animals (higher/lower) 5.87,104,
109-110,J17, 118; 6.8
see also: names (classified)
animate-+agent, gender, inanimate,
noiIn, subject
annals 5.77
annex clause 18.28,48
announce 16.31,50,60; (~ to) 16.57
annoy (~eel) 16.71,78; (~ed about/
with) 16.69; (~ing) 16.72, 83;
( ~ ingly) 8.127
annually 8.64
another 5.22; 6.13, 54,58; 12.10
see also: one
answer -+ response
answerable to 7.39; 16.69
-ant 1.34
Antarctic(a) 5.68
ante-1.27
antecedent 2.44; 6.15-17, 19, 22, 23,
24n,26, 31, 32-34, 40, 44; 10.36n,
44n, 48-49; 12.8-70; 13.56,64,
103n; 14.22n; 15.8,55,57,61;17.4,
5,9,10,13-32,63,66; 18.28,30;
19.10,45, 47n, 77
see also: coordinate
antelope 5.87
antenna(e/s) 5.92,94
anterior 7.85
anterior time -+ time (anterior)
anti 9.7
anti-1.25
anticipate 14.36; 16.31,35
anticipated identification 17.78
anticipatory meaning 4.35, 38, 44n
anticipatory subject-+ it
antithesis 17.80
antitheticconjunct8.136, 137, 141, 146,
148; 15.43; 19.52, 54n
antonymy 2.38; 6.53; 10.66; 13.78n,
101; 1.1, 20, 38
arlxious 16.71, 79
any (determiner) 2.54; 5.14, 23, 53; 6.45,
61; 9.58; 10.42, 43n, 59-60, 66;
15.14; 17.5
(intensifier) 7.56n, 89
(pronoun) 2.54; 6.12, 13,45,48,
52,59-61,62; 9.58; 10.42,
59-60; 12.10, 17; 15.9
Index 1673
any [cont]
pro-form use 12.10, 17
stressed/unstressed 5.14n, 39
(~ the) 10.60
any- 2.54; 6.45-47, 52, 59, 60, 61; 10.59;
15.9; (~body) 2.54; 6.9,45-47,61;
10.43,50,60; (~how) 8.137,144,
145; ( ~ more) 9.39; ( ~ one) 6.9,
45-47,61; 10.43,50,60; (~place)
10.60; (~ thing) 2.54; 6.45-47,61;
10.60; 17.15; (~ time) 10.60;
(~ way) 8.137,144,145; (~ ways)
8.137; (~where) 8.41; 9.58;
10.60
Apache 5.88
apart 7.66; 16.2; (~from) 9.10, 58;
15.44n
apex 5.96
aphaeresis 12.31, 51n
phrasa112.46n
aphoristic sentence 11.43
apiece 13.61
apodosis 15.34n
apologies 11.3, 54
apostrophe 5.114; 111.2, 27
omission of 5.118n, 125
+ s 5.81, 113
appal 16.26
apparent 16.72, 73; (~ly) 8.l27n
appear 4.29; 8.42n; 12.28; 14.36;
16.19,21, 22, 23, 24n, 34, 38n;
18.36
(it ~ s) 15.54; (it ~ s to me that)
16.60n; (~ to) 3.40, 49
appellation (apposition) 17.74, 76
appellative 10.53
appended -+ clause, coordination
appendix 5.96
apply (for) 16.28, 56n; ( ~ to N for N)
16.17
appoint 16.46,50; (~as) 16.47;
(~eel) 7.21
apposition 2.5n, 22; 6.28; 8.11 ; 9.1n, 2,
60; 10.5, 11; 11.20n; 12.4, 70n;
13.49n; 14.9, 14,29; 17.44,65-93;
18.6; 111.6
attributive 17.74, 81-84
coordinative 10.37,39,41; 13.66n;
17.80
defining vs. defined 17.68-69, 80
discontinuous full 17.66
elliptica118.29; 1.52n
explicit indicators -+ apposition
(marker)
1674 Index

apposition [cont] archaism 1.28; 2.44; 3.4n, 12n, 16, 17,

full 14.9 ; 17.66,69,70,73,92
genitive of 5.116n
indeterminacy in 17.72
marker 15.18; 17.65,73-87; Ill.lln,
13
multiple units in 17.71
nonrestrictive 5.42n, 64; 6.20; 17.68,
70,72, 73, 74-87; III.l9
partiaI14.9; 17.66,69,70,73,76-77,
79,80,82,85,92
premodification and 17.105
restrictive 5.42n; 7.25n; 17.68-69,70,
82n, 88-91,93
semantic scale of 17.74-87
strict 17.67, 70, 88-91
weak 17.67, 70, 92
see also: and, appellation, appositive,
attributive, designation, equivalence,
exemplification, identification,
inclusion, or, prepositional phrase,
particularization, reformulation, say,
substitution, titles
appositive 17.65
clause 14.22n; 15.2,4,5,6,8,10,12,
57; 17.9,26-27,35-36,74; 18.39;
Ill. 10
compound 5.102; 1.65
conjunct8.136, 137, 139,141,144
name 5.64n, 66; 10.52n, 53; 111.29
noun phrase 5.42; 10.34; 13.56; 15.61,
62; 16.47n; 17.21, 23n, 46,84;
18.40; 19.44
of-construction5.ll6n, ll7; 17.47-48,
73,93
predications 17.74
pronouns --7 -self
see also: apposition
appreciate 8.107
approach (verb) 16.19
appropriate 16.72; (~ly) 8.127
approve of16.5
approximately 8.124
approximation 8.8; 13.71,102
approximator subjunct 8.104, 111-114,
126
apropos (of) 9.lOn
apt 16.79; (be ~ to) 3.47
aquarium 5.95
-ar 7.37; 1.2, 36
Arab(-ianj-ic) 5.57n
Arabic 1.2
arc (verb) 3.8n
arch 1.24
18, 22n, 24n, 37n,48, 60, 77n;4.4n,
7n, 53n, 58n, 61n; 5.23n, 58n, 102,
103; 6.12n, 18n, 20, 42, 48n;7.15;
8.3n,29,50n,60n,64, 85n, 86, 91n,
103n, 105n, lll, ll6n, 130n; 9.7n,
15n; 10.44n, 58n; 11.26, 39,41,44,
55n; 12.27n; 14.12n, 23n, 29;
15.31n, 34n, 48, 49, 57n, 74n; 16.21,
52n, 79; 17.12,37, 91n; 18.23, 24n;
19.42; 1.13, 14
archives 5.77
are 3.32; 10.44; 18.49n; 11.9; (~n't) 3.32
area (dimension) 5.8; 9.15, 17
Argentina 5.68
arguably 8.127
argue 16.31, 35; (~about) 9.60; 16.28,
35; (~on) 9.60; (~with)9.53
-arian 1.37n
arise 3.16
arithmetical sums 1O.37n
arms (vs. weapons) 5.4, 77
around (adverb)7.10-ll, 66, 70; 8.41,48
(particle) 16.2, 12
(preposition) 9.7, 22, 26-27, 29
(prepositional adverb) 9.66; 13:101
arrange 16.32, 35; (~for) 16.28, 38,41
arranging --7 verbs (semantic
classification)
arrears 5.77
arrival9.17n
arrive 4.27,45; 9.17n; 16.19; (~ at)
16.14
art 3.4n
artfully 8.127
article 5.ll, 26-72 .
comparison and 7.84
conflated 5.60n
definite 2.30n, 41; 4.11,13; 5.2,10,11,
13,14, 16-17,21,26-35, 36, 37n,
42-50,52,55-57,58,59,62,63~64,
67n, 68, 69n, 70-72,108,125; 6.15,
20, 30n, 37n,40,42n, 45,50, 53,62,
64n; 7.24,84,86; 8.63n, 79; 9.ll,
40; 10.49n, 58; 12.8, 19n, 51;
13.71n; 16.46n; 17.26,43, 78n,
81-82,88-91,99; 18.45n
ellipsis 1.34; ll.48, 53; 12.35,51;
15.41; 17.107
followed by h 5.lln
generic reference 5.26, 33n, 38n,
52-59
indefinite 2.30n, 37,41; 4.13; 5.2, 9n,
10,11,13,14,17-19,21, 23n, 24,

article [cont]
25,26,30,34,36-38,48,52,53,59,
63,67,72; 6.45, 53, 54, 55, 67; 7.22,
39n, 56n, 62, 84; 8.103n; 9.11; 12.16,
51,55; 13.71n; 15.7,41,73,74;
16.46n; 17.47,82,96,99,122;
18.45n; 11.9
noS.2, 58, 60, 65,...69, 70
see also: article (zero)
plural 5.39
stressed 5.11n, 21, 63; 13.71n; 18.12n;
11.9
unmarked 5.36
zero 2.30n; 5.2,13,14,34, 37n, 39-51,
52,54,58,59,67,72; 6.21, 50; 7.2,
22,84; 9.49; 15.74; 16.22, 46n;
17.2,50, 78n, 82; 18.59n
see also: categorial, coordinate, noncount,
some
artificial language -+ English
artistic -+ names (classified)
-ary 7.47; 1.39n
as (adverb) 6.53
see also: as ... as
(conjunction) 6.4; 8.79, 103;9.3,
4,48; 14.12, 18,20; 15.20,25,26,
39,46-47,50, S5, 59n; 16.47n;
18.24
(particle) 10.12n; 16.2
(preposition) 6.4; 9.3, 4, 7, 48; 15.46n,
46-47
(relative) 15.55
comparative 15.39n, 50; 19.52
concessive 15.39
manner 14.18
proportional 15.51
reason 15.20, 46-47
similarity 15.50
temporal 15.20, 25, 26
vs. like 8.79; 15.50n
(~and when) 13.83n; (~for) 6.27; 9.10,
57; 17.50; (~from) 9.10; (N if)
14.12,17-19,24; 15.50; 16.24n, 34n;
(~of) 9.10; (~ ... so) 13.42n;
14.13; 15.50-51; (~to) 9.10, 57;
16.61-62; 17.50
as . .. as 6.27; 7.74, 86; 14.12-13;
15.39n, 71, 75; 17.122; 18.24
see also: far, good, long, many, often, soon,
well
ascertain 16.31,35
ashamed 7. 10-11 ; 16.78; (~of) 16.69
ashes 5.77
ashore 8.41; 19.34
Index 1675
aside 8.41; 16.2; (~from) 9.10, 58
ask 9.2; 12.65; 16.32,35,38,55,57,59,
60-63; ( ~ about) 16.35; (be ~ ed
for) 16.14; (~for) 9.2; 16.15,28,
41; (~ of) 16.57, 60
asleep 7.10-11
aspect3.21,31,32,40,44,47,49,56;
4.1,4,17-40,41,66,67;7.58Ii;
8.64; 13.98n; 14.6, 27n; 15.26, 54,
58n, 62,75; 16.3,40,42,53,79;
17.28-29,31,54n, 101; 18.16;
19.7
continuous-+progressive
durative -+ progressive
marked 19.79
mixed 4.30
narrative structure and 19.39-43
simple 4.17
tense and 4.17-20, 36; 8.61n
see also: duration, nonperfective,
nonprogressive, perfective, potentiality,
progressive, verbs (semantic
classification)
aspectual meaning 8.29; 1.35n
aspire to 16.38
assentto 16.38
assert 16.31
assertion2.46n; 8.100; 11.3,22-23,53;
15.37; 19.23n
assertive
forms 2.53-55; 3.25, 43n; 5.14, 23;
6.45,59; 8.63n, 97; 10.59n, 60, 61n,
62,63; 11.6, 12,13,28; 15:35;
16.39,73; 17.5
pronoun 6.13,45-46,48,52-58,60;
7.62n
territory 6.52,61
see also: determiner, nonassertive
asseverative 7.56n; 8.100; 1.16
assimilation 1.17, 21n; 11.10
assist 16.50
assume 14.22, 36; 15.54; 16.31,50
assuming (that) 14.12, 14; 15.34, 35n,
38n
assumption (on the ~ that) 15.34n
assumption (in tag questions) 11.8
see also: verbs (semantic classification)
assure 16.59; (~dly) 8.127, 128n;
(most ~ dly) 8.131
asterisk convention 1.42
astern 8.41
astonish (~ed) 16.71,78; (~ingly)
8.127
astray 16.2
1676 Index

asyndetic auxiliary [cont]

coordination 7.89; 10.37; 11.46; 13.1, 31,47,95, 109n, 117; 10.67-68;
3,11,17, 18, 36, 42n, 58, 68, 79, 11.8-11,24, 42n; 12.10, 62,64;
100,102; 15.49; 17.71, 86; 19.57; 13.78; 15.61; 16.52; 18,16,43
IlI.6n, 8, 12 contracted 1.31 ;3.4n, 23, 45; 4.42, 57;
parataxis 19.5n 14.23n; 11.9; m.27
textual connec;tion 19.:5-18 criteria for 3.22-30,40
at (particle) 16.2 dummy 2.49, 51; 3.21, 30, 37; 10.55;
(prepo~ition)3.76; 5.'14, 46; 7.70; 11.5,8; 12.21-23,26,40,60-62;
8.85; 9.7,15-17,34,40,41,46,51, 18.16
62,63; 16.69; 17.19 ellipsis 11.40, 47; 12.47 -50, 52, 59n;
ate3.16 13.53
-ate U, 34, 35, 39n, 42 empty--+auxiliary (dummy)
-atic 1.39 marginal--+ modal
-ation 1.1, 2, 35, 42 quasi- 13.98
-ative 1.40 semi- 3.1n, 29,40,46,47-48,49,50,
atmospheric conditions 6.17; 10.26 57; 4.41, 47, 66, 68; 8.30n, 97;
atomic 7.37 12.48n, 64; 14.26; 16.51n, 79;
atop 9.7 18.45n
-atorium 1.32n sequence 3.47; 8.20; 12.22
attachment-+subject substitute--+auxiliary (dummy)
attain (to) 9.31 syntactic function of 3.21, 22, 24-28
attempt (verb) 16.38 see also: ail, both, each, future, modal,
attend to 16.28 negative, operator, passive, subject
attention (pay ~ to) 16.8, 58 avail (~ able) 15.25; 16.81;
attitude 8.111, 122,127; 15.54 ( ~ oneself(of» 625
variety 1.19, 31-33, 36, 37,42 averse 7.10, 39; (~from/to) 7.39; 16.69
see also: prefix, variation avoid 16.39, 40
attitudina1 disjunct--+content disjunct avowedly 8.127
see also: verbs (semantic classification) awake (adjective) 7.10-11
attitudinal past--+past awake(n)(ed) (verb) 3.16
attorney general 5.102 aware 7.10-11; 9.2; 16.71,73; (~oj)
attraction --+ proximity 9.2
attribute 2.43; 4.25; 7.28; 9.55; 10.18, away (adverb) 7.10-11,68; 8.41
20,21, 26, 33~ 15.39; 16.47, 82; (particle) 16.2, 12
17.11 (prepositional adverb) 9.66
genitiveof5.116; 10.20n see also: from
see also: current, result awful(ly) 7.56
attributive--+ adjective, apposition, awkward 16.72,80,83
noun (premodification by) awoke(n) 3.16
auspices 5.77 axis 5.97
Australian English 1.26
see also: regional English
authoress 5.105
authorial we --+ we B
authorize 16.50
authorship 9.50 baby-sit I.71
auto- 1.29 baby talk 1. 77
automaton 5.98 bacillus 5.93
aux --+ auxiliary back (adverb) 7.46, 67; 8.41
auxiliary 2.27,28,29,48-49; 3.1, (particle) 16.2
21-30,31-33,36-37,45,47,48, (prepositional adverb) 9.66
52,54-56,64; 4.3,66; 7.16; (in ~ of) 9.11; (~of) 9.10, 11n;
8.30n, ( ~ up) 16.26n
 Index 1677

back-formation I.5n, 11n, 12 be [cont]

backshifting 3.59; 4.16, 24n, 60n; 8.75; 11.5,15,17,50; 12.27,48-50; 14.9,
11.46n; 14.23,28, 29n, 31,33-35; 18,26; 15.5,22,41, 42n, 55n, 56,61,
15.35; 19.39,43 64, 66n; 16.21,22,50-51,54; 17.26,
backstage 7.68 37,47, 78n, 122n; 18.22,23,26-29,
backward ~ span 33n,44-48,49,50;1.31n, 53,55
bacterium 5.95 forms of 3.2, 4n, 5n, 12, 30,32,52,54,
bad7.9n, 75, 77, 82, 83; 9.2; (~at) 9.2; 58,62; 10.34; 14.24; 15.36, 41n
(~ der/ ~ dest) 7.83; (~ ly) 7.9n, (to ~ ... ) 8.125
83; 8.105,107,108 see also: am, are, been, being, is, was, were
vs. ill 7.83 be to 3040, 45-46; 4047, 48, 66; 11.46;
see also: worse, worst 15A8n
bad(e)(verb) 3.17 be (... ) to 3040
bags of5.25n see also: about, able, apt, bound, due, going,
bahuvrihi compound 1.3, 67 likely, meant, obliged, supposed, unable,
balance 8.145; 14.13; 18040 unwilling, willing
discourse strategy 19.18, 56, 59 be- 1.30
bang (verb) 4.35 bear (verb) 3.16; (can't ~) 4.52n;
bank on 16.39 10.61n; 16.39,41
banns 5.77 beat(en) 3.16; 16.26
Bantu(s) 5.88 beaver away 16.2n, 12
baptize 16046 because (adjunct) 8.86,124,132; 15.21,
bar (preposition) 9.8, 58 23; n.21
(verb) 3.7 (conjunction) 8.86, 124, 132, 143n;
bare (verb) 3.7; (~ly) 7.56; 8.98, 9.3n; 12.31, 51n; 13.14, 18,31;
111-114; 10.59; (~ly ... ) 14.13 14.12; I5.8n, 21, 23, 47, 49
bare ~existential, infinitive (disjunct)8.143n; 13.31; 15.21,23;
barracks 5.91 11.21
barring (preposition) 9.8,58 (~of) 8.86; 9.10,44; 15A6n; (~ ...
base form 2.35,36,57; 5.80-81; 8.127, therefore) 8.145
BIn; 13.85; 1.2-4, 17,21-77; become 2.16n; 3.19, 66n, 68; 10.8,16;
IIIA 16.21,22,23; 1.31n
verb 3.2, 3-20, 30, 32, 33, 36, 52, 54, (middle verb) 10.14
58-60; 4.3; 7.36; 10044; ILl, 24; becoming ~ verbs (semantic
13.98; 15A6n classification)
see also: adjective bed 5.44 .
base morpheme 1.2n Bedouin(s) 5.88
based (up)on 16.69 been (vs. gone) 4.22n; 9.17; 13.98h
Basic English LlO (~andgoneand ... ) 13.98n;
basic relational structures 19.17 -18,55 (having ~ ) 8.61n
basically 8.127, 130n see also: being
basis 5.97 befall 3.16
basis ~ comparison before (adverb) 6.59; 7.66, 67, 83; 8041,
bath(s) 5.83n 55n, 62, 72, 77; 19.36
BBC 1.5,27 (conjunction)4.15n; 8.55n; 9.3;
be (auxiliary) 2.29,34,49; 3.21, 23, 30, 12.61n; 14.12, 19n, 27; 15.20,25,
31,32,47,54,56,64,66; 4.28; 8.16, 27n,34,52n
18n; 10.55; 11.24; 12.22n, 23, 49, (preposition) 5046; 7.70; 8.55n, 59;
59; 14.8, 18 9.3,7,19,38,40; 12.61n; 15.25,
(copula) 2.15,16,29,34,43; 3.27, 30, 27
32, 46n, 47n, 59n, 76; 404, 27, 28, (prepositional adverb) 9.66
31,44; 5.37n; 6.5; 7.10,14,15,20, negative result 15.20
29,56n, 67n; 8.42,49,51, 76,95; positional15.27n
9.17,28,60; 10.8, 10, 11,16,20,44; temporal 15.27n
1678 Index

before [cont] besides [cont]

(. " ~) 14.13n; (~now) 19.36; (preposition) 9.7, 20,58
(~ that/then/this)
7.83; 8.55n; 19.36 (prepositional adverb) 9.66
beforehand 8.55n; 19.36 (subjunct) 8.119n
beg 16.32, 38, 59, 60, 63; (~of) 16.60 besought 3.15
beget/begat 3.16,18 best 5.34; 7.75, 77, 83; (had ~) 3.45n
begin/began 3.19; 4.27; 16.19, 26, 38, 40; best-known 7.83
(to ~ (with)) 8.137; 15.18 bestride 3.16
beginning -7 verbs (semantic bet(ted) 3.17; 14.22; 16.31, 59
classification) be take 3.16
begone 3.77n betcha 12.47n
begrudge 16.39 better (comparative) 7.75,77, 82n, 83,
begun 3.19 85
behalf (in/on ~ of) 9.11, 12n (conjunct) 8.137,141,143
behave 7.17; 8.108n; 10.10; 16.24n; (subjunct) 8.96
( ~ oneself) 6.25; 7.17n (had ~) 3.40, 45-46,50; 4.60,66;
behind (adverb) 7.70; 8.41 8.96; 12.48n; 14.34; (or ~) 17.73
(preposition) 9.7, 19, 23-24 between (adverb) 8.41, 48
(prepositional adverb) 9.66 (preposition) 9.7,21, 32,39,41;
behold 3.18 13.60n,70n
being-7verbs (semantic classification) (prepositional adverb) 9.66
being 3.32; 17.83; (be(en) ~ ) 2.28n; 3.55, (~ ... and) 9.39; (~you and J) 1.17;
56, 73; 4.40n; (~ Ving) 3.56n 6.5
belief -7 verbs (semantic classification) beware 3.54n, 77n; 16.35; (~ of) 16.35
believe 4.29; 12.28; 14.30,36; 15.54; beyond (adverb) 8.41
16.26,31,44,46,50; (I ~ ) 15.54; (preposition) 9.7, 27,32,58
(~in) 16.14, 28 (prepositional adverb) 9.66
bellow (verb) 9.46n bi- 1.28
bellows 5.76 biannualI.28n; (~ ly) 8.64
bellyache, the/a 5.49n bias (verb) 3.8
beloved 7.19 bias -7 masculine, sex
below (adverb) 7.67, 70; 8.41 Bible, Books of 17 .89n
(preposition) 9.7, 19, 23, 32 biblical-7 religious language
(prepositional adverb) 9.66 bid(den) 3.17; 16.52n
pro-form use 19.47 biennialI.28n; (~ ly) 8.64
bend 3.13 big 7.34n, 36, 82, 88'
bended (adjective) 3.13 bilingualism l.3n
bends, the 5.49n billion 6.63n
beneath (adverb) 7.70; 8.41 binac 1.75
(preposition) 9.7, 19, 32 binary contrast 1.21n
(prepositional adverb) 9.66 bind (verb) 3.18
benefactive 10.19n binoculars 5.76
beneficiary 10.19n; 16.56 binomials 13.86; 19.68n
benefit (verb) 3.8n; 10.23; ( ~ from) bio- 1.66
10.23 bionic 1.76
bent 3.13; (~(ujJ)on) 16.69 bison 5.87
bereave(d)fbereft 3.15 bit (past tense, bite) 3.16; (~ ten) 3.16;
beseech(ed) 3.15; 16.63 (a ~) 7.56; 8.98, 111, 113-115;
beset 3.17 10.62; n.21; (a good ~) 7.89;
beside (particle) 16.2 (~of) 5.7; 7.64; (one ~) 8.114
(preposition) 9.7, 20 bit (= binary digit) 1. 76 .
besides 9.4n bite 3.16; 16.26; (~ at) 9.46
(conjunct) 8.137, 144, 146;9.20; bitterly 8.105
15.32 bivouac 3.8
 Index 1679

bizarrely 8.131 bound morpheme 1.2n

black (adjective) 7.13,82
(noun) 7.13
Black English 1.24
blame 16.56; (~for) 10.12n; 16.8,56,57;
(~on) 10.12n; 16.56, 57
blazes, the 8.101; 18.59n
bleed/bled 3.18
blending 3.42n, 76; 8.81; 11.13; 15.22;
17.63n; 1.9n, l5n, 73,76
see also: semantic
blew 3.16
blink (verb) 4.27
block language 10.5n; 11.45-47; 12.52;,
l8.44n; III.29n
block style III.14
blow 3.16; (~ n) 3.16; (~ down) 16.26n;
(~over) 16.19n; (~up) 16.3,4
bluntly 8.124
blush (verb) 16.21
board, on 19.34
boast (verb) 16.31
:bodily sensation -+ verbs (semantic
classification)
body I.25n
-body (pronoun) 5.12; 6.45-47; 7.21, 69;
17.57
see also: any-, every-, some-
body parts -+ names (classified), the
boil (verb) 4.27; ( ~ N soft) 16.45
bold face III.30
boo 3.lOn; 11.55
booster (pitch level) II.18
(subjunct) 8.94, 101,104,105-110,
115
bore (verb) 3.16
bored 16.78; (~with) 16.69
born 3.16; (be ~) 3,68
borne 3.16
borrowfrom 18.31n
borrowing -+ loan word
both «pre)determiner) 5.15-16,23, 73n,
121; 6.11, 45, 50; 13.5,64,68
(pronoun) 5.16; 6.11,13,20,45,48,
50,61; 12.10, 17; 17.24
after auxiliary 3.28; 17.24; 18.40n
(~ ... and) 5.50; 10.39n; 13.5,33,
35,37-42,61, 68n, 88; (the ~)
5.17n
bother (verb) 16.26, 50; (~about) 16.38
bought 3.15
bounce (verb) 4.27
bound (past tense, bind) 3.18; (be ~ to)
3.40,47; 4.47,66
boundary-+tone unit
bounden 3.18
bowels 5.77
boy (vocative) 10.53
brace 5.90
braces 5.76
braces 2.6; III.20n
bracketing 2.3; 13.16;III.3, 16,20
conventions in this book 3.75; 6.34;
7.50
see also: braces, parentheses, square
brackets
brains 5.77
branching (left-/right-) 14.38-39;
17.44
brand (amplifier) 7.56n
brand name-+names (classified)
BrE -+ British English
break (noun) 5.44
(verb) 3.16; I.l2; (~ down) 16.3;
(~even) 16.17; (~inon) 16.29;
(~off) 16.26n, 39; (~up) 16.12
break -+ anacoluthon, tone unit
(boundary)
breathalyzer I. 76
breeches 5.76
breed/bred 3.18
brethren 5.85
bribe (verb) 16.50
bride(groom) 5.105
brief(in ~) 9.1n; (~ly) 8.63,77,124
briefs 5.76
bright 7.88
brilliant at 16.69
bring 3.15; 16.26,48',57; (~ about)
16.26n; (~ to) 16.57; (~ up) 16.4,
12; (~N up healthy) 16.45
Brit 5.57n
britches 5.76
British Council 1.5
British English 1.7, 23-24, 25, 26, 27,
36,37,42
constructions 1.11, 24; 2'.21n, 49; 3.12,
13n,14, 15, 16, 17,20,21,23, 32n,
34,35,38,39,42, 43n, 44, 45, 48,
49,59,61; 4.21, 23n, 25n, 42,47,50,
55,58,64; 5.17n, 44, 46, 49n, 67n,
91n, 108, 111, 125n; 6.46n, 56, 66;
7.9,14,15,76,83; 8.50n, 52, 58, 59,
61n, 63n, 86, 88,91n, 100, 107n,
130n; 9.9, 16n, 17, 18n, 34, 40, 46n,
51n; 10. 17n, 27, 35, 36, 48n, 50, 55,
58n, 61n, 67, 68n; 11.5,13,15,28,
1680 Index
British English [cont]
30,40; 12.21-23,25,26, 65n;
13.18n, 98n; 14.12, 18, 19,22,
23-27,33; 15.lOn, 25, 29, 39,43,
44n, 48, 57; 16.2, 22, 30, 32, 41, 50,
52, 69n; 17.11,60, 82n, 99,108,112;
18.26n, 38n, 51, 59; 19.48,51,63;
1.41
pronunciation 1.27; 2.42; 3.6n, 13n,
16; 5.83n; 6.64n; 7.47; 18.8n, 17;
1.31, 39n, 56, 63n, 64; ILl, 5, 6, 7,
15n, 21
spelling/punctuation 1.23, 25; 3.8,
13n; 5.8; 6.63n, 64n, 66, 68; 9.15n;
12.51n; 17.101; 1.17, 24,42,56,59;
I1I.4, 8, IOn, 11, 14, 19,21,27,28,
30
vocabulary 1.24; 5.7, 33,45,46, 66n,
75,76, 77,90,91,103,125; 6.63n;
7.8,9,38,63,77; 8.41, 59n, 64, .
100-102, 105n, 111, 112, 120n, 127,
145; 9.7; 19n, 21n, 22, 49; 10.30,53;
11.34n, 54; 16.9,12,23, 45n;
17.91n; 18.36n; 19.65; 1.7,10,12,
33n,54,63
word-formation 1.23n, 46n, 48, 49, 51,
62, 74, 75, 76n, 77
Britisher 5.57n
Briton 5.57n
broadcast (verb) 3.17
broadcasting 1.28; 5.11n; 9.9n; 11.50;
18.14n, 26n; 19.34; 1.12
broadly 8.124
broke (adjective) 3.16
broke(n) (verb) 3.16; 1.12
brother/brethren 5.85
brought 3.15
Brown University Corpus 1.42; 3.39n;
6.31n, 46n; 9.19n, 21n, 22n; 10.17n;
IIl.3n, 7
brunchq6
budge 10.61n
build 3.13
buildings-+names (classified)
built 3.13
bureau 5.99
bureaucratic language 1.28
-burger 1. 76
burn 3.13; 16.21; (~ down) 16.26n; ,
(~for) 16.38,41; (~ t/ ~ ed)
3.13
burst 3.17; 1.12; ('" for) 16.38,41
bus (noun) 1.74n
(verb) 3.8
bust(ed) 3.17; 1.12
busy 16.83; (~ with) 16.69
but 9.4n; 11.9
(conjunction)4.53n; 6.5; 8.144,146;
9.58n; 10.66n; 11.44; 12.68;
13passim; 14.2; 15.43,44; 19.58,
59n,65; 111.7,12
(subjunct) 8.111, 116n; 10.69; 11.41
(preposition) 6.5,27; 9.7, 58; 15.44
end-placed adverb 1.26; 8.144n; 13.7n
noun phrase coordinator 13.57
use of 13.32
(~also) 8.120; 10.41n; (~er . .. )
19.59n; (~for) 6.27; 9.10, 59;
(~nor) 13.18n; 18.24n; (~ that)
9.3n; 14.12; 15.44
see also: coordinator, doubt, even, not,
sentence (connectivity)
buy 3.15; (~from) 18.31n; (~ N cheap)
16.45
by (adverb) 8.41
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 3.65, 75; 5.45,46; 7.70;
8.59,80; 9.3, 7, 9, 20,34,37,39,49,
50,51,63; 15.29n; 17.43
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
-name 5.64n, 69
-phrase 2.21; 3.65,71,75,76; 7.16;
9.39,50; 10.6, 13n; 16.4n; 17.103;
1.40
(~N of) 9.11; (~ the by(e)) 8.137
see also: agent
c
C -+ complement
Co-+complement (object)
Cs-+complement (subject)
-c doubling in verbs 3.8
cables 11.47
cactus 5.93
calculate 8.108n; 14.36; 16:31,35
calf/calves 5.83
calf(vs. veal) 5.4
call 16.26, 44, 46; (~for) 16.12,14,28,
41; (~ off) 16.4; (~. on) 16.6, 13, 14,
16,28; (~up) 16.12, 16; (~upon)
16.28
calling (role) 10.52; II.17n
see also: alarm
calque1.5n
came 3.19; (~st) 3.4n

camp (noun) 5.44
(verb) 9.37
campus 5.44
can 3.4n, 21, 39, 40, 47, 72; 4.30, 49, 50,
51,52,53;54,57n,60;61,63;6.61;
8.103,112, 116n; ll.5n, 13, 28n;
13.31; 14.22,26; 15.48; (~ not)
3.39; 10.67; ( ~ st) 3.4n; (~ 't) 3.39;
10.67; 11.8n
Canadian English 1.23, 25
see also,' regional English
canals--+names (classified)
cancel 3.8
candelabra(s) 5.95n
candelabrum 5.95
candidly 8.124
canonicall.16n
cap ( ~ ping it all) 15.18; (to ~ it (all»
8.137; 15.18
capableof4.52; 16.69,83
capital--+letter
captive, hold/keep 16.46n
cardinal numbers --+ numeral
care (verb) 10.61n; 16.35;
(~about) 16.35; (could ~ less)
10.62n; (~for) 8.107; 16.5,28,38,
41; (take ~) 14.22; (take ~ of)
16.7,58
careful 16.73, 76; (~about) 16.73; (be ~)
14.22
careful--+ formal
careless 16.76
caret III.30
Caribbean English 1.27
carry 10.24; 16.26
case (in ~) 8.86; 9.66; 14.12; 15.34, 35n,
46-47,48; (in any ~) 8.137;
(in ~ of) 9.11, 12n; 15.34n, 35;
(in ~ (that» 15.38n; (in that ~)
8.137; 15.32
case (marked/unmarked) 5.112; 6.5
see also,' accusative, common, dative,
genitive, nominative, noun, oblique,
participant, pronoun (objective,
subjective)
cast (verb) 3.17
casual--+ informal
catalog(ue) (verb) 3.8
cataphora4.11, 13; 5.31, 32, 34n, 58, 64;
6.15,17,19-21, 28n, 40, 42n, 44;
8.78n; 10.26n; 12.6,11,12, 19n;
13.9; 17.81; 19.46-48
see also,' coreference, ellipsis, what
Index 1681
catch (verb) 3.15; 4.27; 16.48, 53; (~at)
9.46; (~on) 16.3, 19n; (~sightof)
16.7, 58; (~upon) 16.29; (~up
with) 16.29
categorial (zero article) 5.40
catenative 3.1n, 29,40, 45n, 49, 57; 4.66;
15.25,62; 16.38n, 39n, 40; 18.46n
cattle 5.78
caught 3.15
causative
adverbial 8.7; 10.21; 11.24n;
15.45-47; 17.4, 18-19,34,53,84;
18.51n
meaning 3.35, 76n; 7.20n; 8.9; 9.49n;
10.4; 15.29,60; 16.78; 19.8; 1.42,
54,68
preposition 9.7, 14, 43, 44, 56
subordinator 8.145
see also,' jor, verbs (semantic classification)
cause (verb) 16.50
'cause 12.51n; 15.46-47; 111.27
cause/effect relationship 15.45-47
cause-purpose spectrum 9.43, 44-47
causer, external 10.21-22, 33
cease 16.38, 39,40
cent 6.69
central--+adjective, adverbial, clause,
coordinator, determiner, modal,
passive, premodification,
preposition, pronoun, verb
'cept (= except) 12.51n
certain (emphasizer) 7.33,34,35,43
(restrictive) 7.35
complementationof16.71, 72, 73, 79
(be ~ to) 4.66; (be ~ that) 18.36;
(for ~) 8.100,1'02; (make ~)
16.45; (make ~ that) 16.17n; ( ~ of)
16.69
certainly (disjunct) 8.127, 128, 130, 133n,
145n; 19.53n
(response) 8.130n; 11.4n
(subjunct) 8.100,102; 18.56n
certify 16.31,44,46; (~as) 16.47
-ch nationality noun ending 5.56; 7.25
-ch verb base ending 3.9
chain (discourse strategy) 19.18, 20, 22,
56
chain relationships --+ choice
relationships
challenge (verb) 16.63
chamois 5.99
chance (verb) 16.34, 38n
(noun) 17.36; (by any ~) 8.127
change (verb) 16.19; (~into) 16.22n
1682 Index

change -+ English, phonological clause 2.3-4,7,11,13-24, 48n, 55;

characterization 6.l7n, 34n, 39; 10.8,20, 3.64; 6.3,16,24, 38n, 44; 7.20,
21; 15.11, 39; 17.11 48-49; 8.134-135; 10.1~4; 11.32,
characterize as 16.47 38,45-46,54,93; 12.13; 14.5,29;
charge 16.57, 59; (,....; at) 9.46; (in ,..;) 15.57; 18.10, 11; 19.7, 28; 11.15;
9.66; (in ~ of) 9.11; (~ with) 16.57 111.20
chassis 5.99 appended 11.19; 12.70; 13.2, IOn, 84,
chat 9.60 94; 15.23
chatter away 16.3, 12 central vs. peripheral elements 2.13,
cheat (N) of16.8 14-15, 17,27,60; 7.48-49; 8.36,
check (verb) 16.31, 35; (~ (up) on) 16.29, 38,45; 12.44; 13.54; 15.18,20-21,
35 23; 11.16; 111.9
check (graphic) III.30n dependent-+subordinate clause
checking -+ tag discourse reference 19.46-48
cherub(imjs) 5.101 element 2.12-24, 25, 47; 3.65; 7.22,
chew at 9.46 48-49,50, 53n; 8.1, 88, 92,121,
chid(den) 3.16 134; 10.1-33, 51, 52; 11.15,24,38,
chief(adjective) 7.35; (~ ly) 8.116; 54; 13.52, 84; 14.1; 15.39,65,75;
17.73,87 16.66; 17.9-10,51-52, 115n, 116;
chide(d) 3.16 8.4-6,9,11,20; 111.9
child(ren) 5.85, 113 elliptical 3.26, 42n; 7.29; 8.60; 10.37;
chime in 16.31n 12.28,59-65,68,70; 13.10n, 32,
Chinaman 5.57 34-35,83-84,94-95; 14.2n, 19,
Chinese 5.57 41; 15.66n, 72; 16.80; 17.17; 18.24;
choice vs. chain relationships 2.5-6,12; III.9
3.49n; 5.12 frequency data 10.17n
choose 3.16; 15.8,9; 16.35, 38,46; (~ as) independent vs. dependent 10.1;
16.47 14.2
chose(n) 3.16 main vs. subordinate 14.2-4; 18.29
christen 16.46 matrix 7.52; 8.147; 12.69; 14.4;
chronological sequence -+ time 15.62
(sequence) order 4.24; 7.52; 8.17, 22; 13.6-9, 18,
church 5.44, 108n 22-23; 14.13,37-41; 15.4n, 12,
circa 9.7 20-23,25, 28n, 29, 32, 37, 41, 43,
circumstance 44,47,49,50,53-62,74; 17.4, 84;
clause 15.45-47, 71 18.20-25, 32n, 59
IIleaning 15.29,45,60 position of elements 2.12-15, 17,45,
see also: that 50,55,57; 3.37n; 6.32,38; 9.48;
citation form 6.16 10.17; 11.15, 34,40; 15.42,51; 16.4,
citations 17.90 44n, 55, 56n; 17.115n, 116; 8.9,13,
cities-+names (classified) 20-25, 32n, 37-40; III.8
claim (verb) 12.28n; 15.54; 16.31, 38 pro--+pro-forms
claim editing 17.80 semantic role oflO.18-33; 18.10
clamour for (verb) 16.38,41 sequence-+clause (order)
clarification 8.145; 12.4; 13.39, substitute-+pro-forms
57; 15.67; 17.17,63-64, 121; superordinate vs. subordinate 2.9;
18.58 10.1; 13.10n; 14.3
class 5.44 syntactic function of elements
class -+ closed-class 10.5-17; 15.65; 16.66
class as 16.47 types 2.16-24, 32; 10.1-4, 17,33;
classic(adjective) 7.13; 1.39n 14.7,9; 15.25, 34, 39, 46-47; 18.10,
vs. classical I.39n 45,51
classic (noun) 7.13 underlying structureof7.72-73; 9.14,
classical 1.34; 11.4 38; 10.15; 17.41, 115n, 116; 18.39;
 Index 1683

clause [cont] close [cont]

1.60-65 (amplifier) 7.33
see also: abbreviated, absolute, adjective, (prepositional adverb) 9.66
adjunct, adverb, adverbial, annex, (~ly) 7.8; (~to) 7.70; 9.5,10,20;
appositive, circumstance, comment, 16.69; 19.34
comparative, comparison, complement, close (verb) 16.19, 26
complementation, compound,
closed class 2.34, 39, 40, 41, 42; 5.10,12;
concessive, conditional, contingent,
6.1,13,63; 7.46; 8.13, 41n; 11.3,
contrast, coordinate, copular,
declarative, disjunct, -ed participle, 45; 12.52; 17.97; 18.5, 12n, 14, 17n;
embedding, exception, exclamatory, 19.24n, 33-35; 1.28, 52, 58;
extraposition, final, finite, ij-, 11.9-10; III.29n
imperative, indicative, infinitive, -ing, see also: adverb, premodification,
initial, interrogative, intransitive, quantifier
kernel, manner, medial, negative, closed condition ---7 condition
nominal, nonfinite, nonrestrictive, not, (hypothetical)
object, parenthetic, participle, passive, closed system ---7 closed class
phrase, place, positive, clothes 5.77
postmodification, preference, clothing (vs. garment) 5.4
preposition, pro-forms, proportional,
clove(n) 3.15
purpose, reason, relative, reported,
reporting, restrictive, result, resumptive, cloverleafslcloverleaves 5.83n
reversal, rhetorical, sentence, similarity, clubs 5.77
since-, subject, subjunct, subordinate, clung 3.18
summative, supplementive, tag, clo 1.75
than-, that-, the-, time, transitive, co- 1.6, 17, 24
verbless, wh- coalescence Ll2n; ILl 0
clean (adjective) 7.8, 82; 16.45 coastline ---7 names (classified)
(adverb) 7.8; (~ ly) 7.8 coat-of-mail5.102
(verb) 16.26 C.O.D. 1.75
clear (adjective) 16.72,73 cod 5.87
(emphasizer) 7.33,34, 73 code 3.26
(make N ~ ) 16.45 codex 5.96
clearly (conjunct) 8.127,128, 145n codification ---7 rules
(intensifier) 7.34 coercive---7verbs (semantic classification)
(subjunct) 8.100 coexisting 19.36
cleave(d) 3.15 cognate
cleft 3.15 object 8.7; 10.29,30,33
cleft sentence 2.59; 6.5,17; 8.120; subject 10.29n
1O.44n; 13.42n; 17.15; IS.12n, 21, cognition ---7 verbs (semantic
25-30,31; 19.48n; ILl5 classification)
focus of 8.25, 68, 83, 92,102,110,113, cognomen 5.64n
120,121,134,135; 15.10n, 20; coherence 19.2-3, 28
16.36,66 cohesion 19.2, 69-84
pseudo- 4.4; 7.28n; 1O.46n; 14.6,29; scaleof3.69; 9.12; 13.52; 16.3-4,8
15.8n, 9, IOn, 15,66; 16.36,66; see also: discourse (connecti v·ity)
18.25,29-30,31; 19.61 coinage 3.4; 1.2n, 3, 7, 9, 15, 16
see also: that, what, when, where, who, why coinciding 19.36
clever 7.36; (~ at) 16.69; (~ ly) 8.127 col- 1.6, 17, 24n
cliche 8.120; 15.53; 18.26n; 19.24n cold 5.49n
climb 9.31; 10.27; (~ up) 9.31 collective
cling 3.18 gender 5.104, 108
clippers 5.76 noun 1.24; 5.91n, 108, 111, 117, 118;
clipping 12.31, 5In; I.l2, 73, 74; 1II.27 6.16; 10.35,36, 48n, 50; 17.10,39,
close (adjective) 7.S 109
(adverb) 7.8 see also.' we
1684 Index
college 5.44
collide 16.19
collocation -+ semantic (restrictions)
colloquial 1.33 ; -+ informal
colon 6.66; 14.29; 17.77; III.3, 6, 10-11,
13,16,21,28n
colour (verb) (~ N blue) 16.45
colour adjectives 7.45,46n; 13.68;
17.114
com- 1.6, 17, 24n
combinatory coordination 13.35,46,
59-60, 64- 75, 79
see also: apposition, coordination
combining form 1.3, 15n, 17, 23n,
28-29,32,57,59,66,70
see also: compound
come 3.19; 4.45; 8.28, 30, 45, 47; 14.24n;
16.2n, 19,21, 23n, 24; (~about)
16.34; (~across) 16.6, 53;( ~ and
... ) 8.30; 13.98; I.l8n; (~by) 16.6,
12; (~ down with) 16.29; (~ into)
16.15; (~off) 16.19n; (~ out)
16.19n; (~to) 3.49; 16.19n;
(~ upon) 16.53
comfortable with 16.69
comfortably 8.1 03n
comfyI.74n
comic(af) I.39n
comitative 9.52; 1O.32n
comma 1.23; 2.15; 6.63n, 67n; 8.17, 36,
144; 10.65; 13.11, 16n, 52n; 14.29,
40; 15.49,54,74; 17.6,22,68,72,
114; 18.20; 19.9,29; H.20; m.2, 3,
6-9,10,11,12,13,16,17,20,21,
22,30
correlative III.l6, 17-19,22
inverted -+ quotation mark
serial IIL6, 8, 9
see also: punctuation
command (verb) 16.32, 59, 63
command4.42n; 8.50,91; 11.2n, 3, 29,
42,53; 18.19,57; IIL23n
see also: directive, imperative
commander-in-chief5.102
commence 16.38, 39
commendatory adjective 13.99
comment (verb) 16.31; (~on) 16.28
comment
clause 7.28; 8.133; lUln, 12; 12.28n,
30n, 65n; 14.20,29, 36n; 15.53-56;
18.20n; 19.65
function as 11.44; 13.27; HL20n
comment [cont]
disjunct, su bjunct -+ metalinguistic
comment
see also: topic
commentaries 4.7; 11.50
committed 4.51,66
common 7.81n; (in ~) 9.66; (in ~ with)
9.11; (~/y) 8.65, 77
common
case 5.112; 6.2; 15.12
core 1.19,31,40,42; 1.6
gender 5.104, 107; 6.9; 17.43n
see also: noun
Commons, the 5:77
communicate (about) 9.60; (~on) 9.60;
(~ to) 16.57
communication -+ names (classified),
verbs (semantic classification)
communications 5.77
communicative
dynamism 8.28; 13.22n; 18.3, 8,9,10,
12, 13,23,32, 36n, 38, 43; 19(.12
function 1.3; 2.46, 57-59; 17.45, 109;
18.1
see also: genitive
commutability 2.5, 6
comp -+ comparative
comparative
absolute 7.85; 17.97
adjective 7.1, 2-4, 7,11,23,42,
74-82,84-86,87; 9.62; 10.58,62;
12.27,55; 13.71, 100; 14.13n;
15.63; 16.23; 17.114, 122;
19.52
adverb 7.83-8~, 87; 8:55; 13.100;
14.16n; 15.52n, 63; 19.52
clause4.13n, 53n; 7.53, 86; 8.48,
109n; 9.4; 10.61; 11.43n; 12.69;
14.20; 15.2,49, 50n, 63-75;
16.47n; 17.122; 18.24,41,42;
19.52
construction 3.45n; 4.28; 6.4, 59;
7.56n, 85; 8.21;.9.4; 12.35; 14.16n;
15.51n;16.13, 17; 17.121
correlative 14.13
element 11.44; 15.63-75; 18.41
frequency of7.82n
implicit 7.85 .
item 15.64
premodification of 7.89
preposition 9.5,20
quantifier 5.24; 6.53; 10.66
syntactic function of 15.75
see also: again, as, coordinate, more, other

compare with 16.57; (~ d with) 15.69n
comparison (by (way of) ~ ) 8.137; (in~ )
8.137; 9.66; (in ~ with) 9.11,12
comparison 7.74-86; 8.78, 89,110; 9.4;
11.44; 12.20, 25n; 13.100, 103;
15.63-75; 18.23; 19.52
ambiguity in 15.67
basis of 7.82n, 85, 86;9.7, 62; 15.63;
19.52; 1.70
clause of 15.22, 50
ellipsis in 12.43, 44, 61, 65n, 69;
15.64n, 66-67; 19.52
focusof8.48n, 83, 102, 106, 113,
120
inflectiona17.1, 2-4, 74-84, 85n, 86,
89,90; 9.5, 20; 10.58; 15.6( 19.52
irregular 7.75-78
multiple/partial contrasts 15.68
periphrastic 7.2,74-75,77,81-82,
83,86,89,90; 10.58; 15.64; 19.52
standard of 15.63-75
see also: absolute, article, clause,
equivalence, excess, good, ill, least, less,
little, maximizer, nonequivalence, old,
small, sufficiency, verbs (semantic
classification), well
compass(es) 5.76n
compass points 8.41n
compatible (with) 16.69
compatibility 19.17, 55-56, 72
compel 16.50
compensation -J> structural
compete with N for 16.17
complain 16.31, 60; (~about) 16.28
complement
adjective phrase as 2.24; 3.74; 7.9, 29,
30; 8.94; 17.15; 18.27
adverbial as 10.11; 16.20,24
clause as 3.46n; 8.61n, 120; 9.58n;
15.1,4-15,47; 18.29, 30
compared to adverbia12.18, 60
element 2.13, 15, 17,18,22,24,45;
3.66,77; 5.37, 42; 6.5, 24, 29, 32;
7.23; 9.3, 45, 47; 10.1-5,8,10,18;
11.31; 12.20; 13.60; 14.9; 15:1-2,
64; 17.47; 1.65; 111.9
ellipsis 9.65; 1O.8n; 12.59; 16.4n;
17.55
identificatory 10.8, 20, 21, 26, 46n
object, 2.17, 19; 7.2, 20, 22, 33;
10.2-5,8, 10, 11, 18,20,33; 11.15;
13.91; 15.1,4,8, 15,61,62,65;
16.43-54,68; 18.21,27
position of 10.8,20; 15.71, 74; 18.5
Index 1685
complement [contl
prepositiona12.26, 28; 5.1, 35; 6.3, 23,
24,26, 29, 32, 38, 39; 7.14,23,26n,55,
68;9passim; 10.6,48,66; 11.14, 15n,
18,31; 13.56, 57n, 81, 93n; 15.1-8,
12, 18, 59, 64n,65; 16.4n,5, 14;
17.35, 52,j5; 18.21, 36; 19.34;
1.70
prepositional phrase as 2.25; 10.10, 11
subject 2.16, 17,19; 6.3, 4, 23, 35; 7.2,
14,20,22; 8.28; 10.2-5,6,8, 10, 11,
16,18,20,21,26,33, 39n; 11.15,38,
42n; 12.48-49, 59; 13.56,92; 14.29;
15.1,4-15,22,39,47,56,62,65,
71; 16.20-22, 46n, 68; 17.65,83;
18.21,29,30, 45n; 1.53
substitute-J> pro-forms
verb 10.14
vs. verbless clause 10.16
see also: adjective, adverb, adverbial,
attribute, characterization, concord,
coordinate, nominal clause, noun
phrase, preposition, prepositional
phrase, pro-forms, relative pronoun,
reversal, subject
comp1ementation 2.16-19,28,32; 8.78;
16.18-83; 17.2, 121-122; 18.41
by clause 3.76n; 4.29; 8.21; 12.64-65;
17.122
modification and 2.33, 60
of adjective 2.32; 3.47n; 7.21, 22, 24,
25, 27n, 39, 50; 8.31, 85; 9.1,
60-63; 11.18; 15.1-12,59; 16.44,
68-83; 17.56,58,122; 18.42
of noun 16.84-85
of verb 2.21,32; 3.57; 4.27, 67n;
6.25n; 7.53; 8.26, -27, 42n, 49,51,
75n; 9.1,60-63; 10.2,4,10,11,
12n, 13, 16; 12.34; 14.20,29; 15.18,
22, 54n, 59, 61,62,64; 16.1-67; 17.33
zero 16.24
see also: certain, complex transitive,
.copular, ditransitive, intransitive,
modification, monotransitive, transitive
complete (adjective) 7.33; 8.106; (~ ly)
8.105-109
completion -J> verbs (semantic
classification)
completion of act/event 2.15,32; 4.25,
38-39; 9.17; 16.12; 17.54n; 1.35n
complex 2.4n; -J> coordination,
determiner, finite phrase, noun
phrase, preposition, pro-forms,
sentence, subordinator, verb
phrase, word
1686 Index
complex transitive verb/construction
2.16,18,22; 3.51; 6.25n; 8.34n, 37,
49,76; 10.2-4,8; 1l.24n; 15.10n;
16.17,18,20,36, 39n, 43-54,55,
64-67,84; 1.54
see also: complementation, monotransitive
complexity -+ grammatical
compliance (in ~ with) 9.11
composite -+ name, pro-forms
compound 2.4n
analysed as clause elements 1.34,
61-65
partial1.59n
plural of I.31n
verbless 1.64
word 2.36; 3.76; 5.91,102,121,
122n; 7.77, 83; 8.41n, 143n; 13.85;
15.31; 17.110; 18.15,41; 1.17,
28-29, 33n, 38, 41n, 57-72, 76;
I1I.4
word vs. noun phrase 17.104-106,
114, 122n; 1.59
see also: adjective, adverb, appositive,
bahuvrihi, combining form, coordinate,
derivation, lexicalization, noun, plural,
premodification, preposition, pronoun,
sentence, stress, tense
compounding I.3-5, 15, 52
compressed -+ predication
compromiser subjunct 8.104,111-114,
115,126; 11.21
compulsion -+ obligation, verbs
(semantic classification)
compulsory 16.72
con-1.6, 17, 24n
concatenated -+ focus
concede 16.31, 32
conceivably (disjunct) 8.112, 127, 130n
(subjunct) 8.112
conceive 16.50; (~of) 16.28
concentrate on 16.28
concern (be ~ ed) 15.19; (~ ed) 7.21;
16.78; (~edwith) 16.69
concerning (preposition) 9.8, 57,60
concessive
adjunct 8.86, 135
adverbial 8.7, 72
clause 3.61; 4.53n; 8.127,132, 134;
14.13,24; 15.20,21,32,39-42,71;
17.84; 18.19n,24
conjunct8.136, 137, 141,143-146,
149; 13.2'0; 1'9,54n, '60n
disjunct 8.127
concessive [cont]
meaning 8.9, 97n, 127n; 13.24; 14.14;
15.29,43, 54n, 60; 19.59
preposition 9.7, 56
subordinator 8.145; 13.20
see also: as, conditional-concessive, if, that,
though, when, while, whilst
conclude 16.31; (to~) 8.137,143;
15.18
conclusion, in 8.137; 19.56
conclusive-+ verbs (semantic
classification)
concord
gender 6.24; 10.6-8,48-50; 11.8;
16.39; 17.11-12, 13
grammatical 10.35-36, 40-41, 45, 48;
17.10
notional 10.35-36, 39-42, 45
number 2.49,57; 3.2, 52; 5.25,108,
111; 6.5, 9,11,22,24; 10.6-8,
34-43,44,46,48-50; 11.8; 15.8,
16; 16.39; 17.2, 68n, 90; 18.46
object-complement 10.46
person 3.52; 6.6, 22, 24; 10.6-8,34,
44,48; 11.8, 15n; 16.39
pluraI5.73n, 76, 77, 78, 91n; 7.23, 25;
10.6,34-43, 48n, 50; 13.46, 66, 103;
17.11
prosodic 18.19
semantic restrictions on 10.51
singular 5.75, 91n; 6.38n, 46; 7.26;
10.6,34-43; 13.60; 17.9, 11,90;
18.46
subject-complement 10.46, 48
subject-object 10.48
subject-verb 3.g 59, 62, 65; 6.12,
22; 10.34-45,47-50; 13.45-46,
49n, 7ln, 95; 17.9
usage problems 5.22n, 125; 6.5; 8.39n;
10.35-36,41-46,48-50; 13.66
see also: determiner, proximity
concreteness 2.43; 3.69; 5.3, 7, 9,17,58,
·75; 7.73; 9.55; 10.18,51; 15.8,9,
13n; 16.26,55; 17.39,45,51-52·
54; 18.50; Llln, 32:33, 34, 35, 38,
62
concurrent(ly) 19.36
condemn 165'0
condescend to HU8
condition (on'" (that» 15.34
condition
direct 15.33
hypothetica13.30n; 14.l0n, 18n;
J535~36

condition [cont]
indirect 15.33, 35,38
negative 9.7,59; 13.30; 15.35n
open 14.19n, 23n, 24, 25n; 15.35-38
see also: future
conditional
adverbial 8.7, 13
clause/sentence 3.46,61; 4.9, 42,43,
45, 52n, 57, 64; 6.60; 7.29; 8.127,
132,145; 10.57,61; 11.15n,41;
13.30; 14.4, 13,20,22-25,27; 15.6,
11,20,27,32,33-38,39,73; 17.34;
18.24
meaning 8.9; 9.32; 10.61; 11.29n, 43,
53n; 13.25, 37n, 83n; 14.40; 15.27,
28,29,44, 46n, 52, 60; 17.4
rhetorical 15.37
see also: if, verb phrase
conditional-concessive clause
alternative 13.28n, 94; 14.13, 18-20,
22, 24n, 41
universal15.8n, 41, 42
conducive question 8.97n; 11.6-8, 12,
16
confer (about/on) 9.60
confess 16.31, 39, 44, 46,60; (~ to)
16.28n
confetti 5.1 OOn
confide 16.31
confident 16.71
confidentially 8.124
confine to 16.7, 57
confirm 16.31, 35
confiated -+ article
conform to 16.28
conformity (in ~ with) 9.11, 63
congratulate on 16.57
congratulations 5.77
congratulations 11.54
conjecture (verb) 16.31
conjoin(t) 2.10; 13.49
equivalence of 11.21; 13.93,96
see also: coordination, either, not
conjunct2.10n, 15,60; 7.49, 51, 54, 65;
8.24, 78n, 122n, 126, 127,134-147,
148-153; 9.1, 57, 65,66; 10.9,64;
11.14, 15n, 18n; 12.5,62; 13.3;
14.13, 39n; 15.17,18, 21n, 23,32;
18.5-6; 19.18,38,53-54; III.17
conjunction vs. 7.51; 8.146; 13.6-8,
10-13,16,18-19; 15.44n;
19.58
cooccurrence 8.144
correlative use 8.145; 15.39
Index 1687
criteria for 7.49; 8.134-135,143
negative 10.58n
positionof8.15, 17,23,144,147;
10.17; 18.5-6
semantics of 8.136-142
syntaxof8.134-135,147
see also: additive, antithetic, appositive,
concessive, contrastive, coordinate,
discourse, enumerative, equative,
inferential, listing, reformulatory,
reinforcing, replacive, result, so,
summative, time, transitional
conjunction 1.18; 2.34, 41; 4.15n; 6.5;
7.51,54; 8.9, 53; 9.1n, 2-4,10;
12.5,44; 13 passim; 14passim;
15.59n; 18.10; III.22
coordinating -+ coordinator
ellipsis 13.16-17, 79
process of 2.46
subordinating -+ subordinator
see also: adjunct, adverb, conjunct,
coordination, correlative, exclusive,
preposition, time
connection (in ~ with) 9.11
connective devices 19.19-68
connectivity-+asyndetic, covert,
discourse, ellipsis, logical, prosody,
punctuation, rhematic, sentence,
stress, text, theme, time
connotation 13.22
conscious 7.39; (~of) 7.39; 16.69;
(~ that) 7.39
consent to 16.28, 38
consequence (as a ~ )8.137; (in ~) 8.137;
(in ~ of) 9.11
consequence (meaning) 8.140n; 13.23,
35; 15.45; 19.8·
consequently 8.137, 143n, 145
consider 10.12n; 15.19,54; 16.31,35,39,
44,46,50; (~as) 16.47
considered (style) -+ formal
considering (conjunction) (~(that))
14.12
(preposition) 9.3,8,57
consistof10.14n
consonants 3.7,8,44; 5.11, 81; 7.79;
1.17,72; III.4n
conspire 16.38n
constantly 8.65, 77
constituent
clause-+ subordinate clause
immediate/multiple/unitary 2.4-8;
8.1
obligatory 2.13, 18,26,30,32,33;
10.4; 12.34; 16.69
1688 Index

constituent [cont] contrast (by ~ ) 8.137; 15.43; (by way

structure 2.3-10, 48n; 6.20; 13.2, 16, of ~) 8.137; (in~) 8.137; 15.43
32,65; 14.2-4,37-41 contrast
see also: coordinate clause 15.32, 43
constrain 16.50 meaning 13.24, 37n; 15.31; 18.12,16,
consul-genl:jraI1.18n, 31n 17n; 19.17, 34
contact (noun) 1.56; (in~ with) 9.11 see also: binary
(verb) 1.56 contrastive
contemporaneous(ly) 19.36 conjunct 8.136,137,141; 19.56
contemporary 19.36 see also: focus, stress, where, while, whilst,
contend 16.31 you
content 16.78; (~ with) 16.69 contribute to 16.28
content disjunct 7.28; 8.94, 100, 102n, contrive 16.38
123,124, 125n, 127-133, 149; convenient 16.80; (~ly) 8.127
9.63; 10.66; 15.20-21,23,47,53, conventions in this book-+asterisk,
57 bracketing, italics, parentheses,
contents 5.77 small capitals
context, in 9.66 converse (noun) 19.52; (~ ly) 8.137;
context 2.32-33, 52, 58; 3.12n; 6.40; 19.52
8.117; 11.3,45; 16.14; 19.1,3-4, converseness 9.19, 32n; 15.27n; 18.31
15,48 conversion 2.38n; 1.3,12, 15, 18,30,42,
see also: linguistic, situational 43-56
Continent, the 1.8 adjective/noun 7.13, 24n; 12.55n;
continents -+ names (classified) 17.51; 1.48
contingency adjective/verb 1.50
adverbial 8.2, 7,49,59,86,87,92, direction of 1.44
103, 132; 9.55; 15.30 formal modification in 1.56
meaning 15.30-32, 34, 46; 17.54n full 1.45
see also: causative, concessive, conditional, minor types 1.52
if, purpose, reason, result, when, where noun/adjective 7.l4n; 1.51
contingent (up)on 16.69 noun/verb 1.11, 49
contingent adjective clause 7.29 partia17.13n; 1.45
continual frequency -+ continuous phrasal 5.123; 17.111, 122n;18.41;
frequency 1.17,52,59
continually 4.26n; 8.65 pronoun/noun 6.20n-
continuative-+coordination, relative secondary 2.32n;.4.28; 5.5, 6, 7,
clause 62-64,75; 10.4; 11.46;1.53-55
continue 16.38, 39,40; (to ~) 15.18 verb/noun 17.51; 1.47
continuing 15.18 see also: adjective,count, intransitive,
continuing-+verbs (semantic manner, monotransitive, noncount,
classification) prefix, pronoun, word class,
continuous word-formation
aspect -+ progressive convey 16.31
frequency 8.64,65, 67 convict of16.57
continuously 8.65 convince 9.2; 15.54; 16.59;' (~ of) 9.2;
continuum -+ varieties of English 16.57,59
contour -+ intonation cooccurrence -+ adverbial
contra-1.25 co-op 1.12
contraction -+auxiliary, negative, coordinate
phonological, prefix, pronoun, -s adjective phrases 13.49, 79
contrariwise 8.137 adjectives 7.7,22,24; 8.31n; 13.20,
contrary (on the ~) 8.137, 144; 9.66n; 79,99,100,102; 17.58; 1.51n;
13.32; (~to) 9.10, 66n; (to the ~) 111.8
9.66n adjuncts 8.46, 74

coordinate [cont]
adverb phrases 13.80
adverbials 8.11, 120; 13.20,50-51,
82
adverbs 13.80, 100, 101, 102; III.8
antecedents 6.22
articles 13. 71n, 95n
clause constituents 13.12-13,18,
20-21,34,43-49,91-93
clauses 8.15,30,36, 94n, 140; 10.1, 7n,
41; 11.18n, 29n, 53n; 12.36,68;
13.16-17,18,20-21,34,48,50-51,
52,53,57,58,59,64,89,90-95,
103n, 104; 14.2,29; 15.21n, 26, 43,
57; 17.9; 18.5; 19.11, 81; III.6:-7,
15,22
comparatives 7.85
compounds 1.59,70; III.4
conjuncts 8. 144n
determiners 13. 71, 100
finite vs. nonfinite clauses 13.50-51
genitives 13.72
genitives and possessive pronouns
13.74
imperative and statement 11.29n
imperative clauses 13.52n
interrogative words 13.84
masculine and feminine 6.9
modifiers 13.70
nominal expressions 13.75-76
nonfinite clauses 13.50-51
noun phrase constituents 13.64-76
noun phrases 5.12n, 38; 6.5, 22;
7.11n; 8.40; 10.34n, 35, 37-41;
12.45n, 54, 56, 68; 13.39,49,56-63,
64,73-74,94,102; 15.41; 17.44,71,
120; 1II.8
noun and adjective 7.14n; 13.68n
nouns 5.50; 9.42; 13.67, 102; 1.51n
numerals 13. 71, 102
participle and adjective 3.76
phrases 11.18n; 13.35, 104
possessive pronouns 13.73
postdeterminer and adjective 13.71n
postmodifiers 13.69; 17.61; I.51n
predicates 13.12, 35, 37, 48, 52, 53n,
55; 18.5; 1II.7, 8
predications 2.51, 52n; 12.68; 13.21,
34,35,47-48,53,55; 18.5; 1II.7, 8
prefixes 1.2On; lII.5n
premodifiers10.38; 13.68; 17.114,
119; 1I1.8
prepositional adverbs 13.101
prepositional complements 13.69
Index 1689
coordinate [cont]
prepositional and non-prepositional
construction 17.17
prepositional phrase and adjective
9.1n; 10.11
prepositional phrases 9.50n; 13.39,57,
69,81,84; 1II.8
prepositions 9.9, 55n; 13.81, 101
pronouns 6.5,22; 10.44,50
proper names l2.18n
question and statement 19.62
questions 19.59
reflexive and phrase 6.27
relative pronouns 13.84
sentences-+ sentence (connectivity)
subjects 6.9; 10.21,35,37-41,44,50;
13.34,61
subordinate clauses 13.14-15,18, 35n,
50-51; 14.37-41; 15.4n; 19.59
subordinators 13.83
verb phrases 13.21,78
verbless clauses 13.50
verbs 3.69; 4.15; 13.78,98
word-components 8.134; 13.85;
III.5n
words 13.75
see also: parallelism
coordinating conjunction -+ coordinator
coordination 2.10,11,44; 8.138; 9.52;
10.5; 11.21; 12.1-5,43,44, 45n, 61,
68,69; 13 passim; 14.1-4; 16.13;
17.23,44,65,112; 19.7, 18,57-60,
66; III.6-8, 12
abbreviations for 13.104
adverbial scope and 13.54-55
ambiguity in 13:16, 50, 55, 65, 67, 69,
70,75,79; 17.61
appended 13.43, 90, 94; 17.80
complex 13.43, 56n, 90-93, 96-97
conjunctions and 13.10-11,18
continuative 13.101
correlati ve -+ correlati ve (construction)
expressive 13.98-102
gradience 13.5-6, 18->19, 103
idiomatic 13.98-102
ill-assorted 13.87-89
intensifying use of 13.100
interpolated 13.29, 54n, 78, 90, nn,
95-97,103; III.19
iterative 13.78, 101; 16.3
levels of 13.58
mixed 13.38, 82
multiple 13.16-17,18,58
number and 13.66
1690 Index
coordination [cont]
parentheticall3.96n
premodificationand 17.105,121
pseudo- 8.30; 13.98-99; I.18n
quasi-9.4; 10.40; 12.69; 13.19,103;
14.15n; 15.64n, 68
semantic features of l3.3-4, 47 -49
sequence in 13.8-9, 18,22-230,60,
73-74,86
simple l3.43-89, 96; 19.57
syntactic features of l3.6-17, 96
vs. subordination 2.60; 13.2-4,
18-19; 14.1-4,40; 19.57-60,66
see also: apposition, asyndetic,
combinatory, ellipsis, noun phrase,
polysyndetic, segregatory, space,
syndetic, time adverbial
coordinative -7- apposition
coordinator 2.10,41,60; 7.52; 8.119,
138,144,146; 12.18; l3passim;
14.2,37-41; 15.44n, 47, 60; 17.23,
61,114; III.6-8, 10, 12, 13, 18
centrall3.5, 18-19,36-37; 17.65;
19.58-59
frequency of19.58
quasi--7-coordination (quasi-)
semi-13.19,103
uses of l3.22-32
see also: but, conjunction, gapping,
subprdinator
cop -7- copula
cope with 16.5
copula 2.16n; 3.32, 46n, 47n; 8.42;
10. IOn, 16,20; 16.21,79; 17.26
current/resulting 3.66; 16.21-23
ellipsis 15.71
copular
clause/sentence 2.22; 3.66; 5.37, 42;
7.20,29; 9.45; 10.8; 15.62; 16.17,
20,21-24, 46n, 47,55,64; 17.15,
65
verb 2.16, 18,22; 3.68, 74, 76, 77, 78;
6.25n; 7.3-4,10, lln, 14; 8.28, 33,
42,82,84; 9.1n, 47, 48, 50n; 10.2,
11,16,18,21,26; 15.55n, 71, 74;
16.4n,21-24; 17.122n; 18.22;1.54
verb, semantic function of 16.23
see also: intransitive, phrasal verb,
prepositional verb
copulative verb -7- copular verb
cor- 1.6
cordially 8.90
(~ yours) 8.91n
core -7- common core, grammar
coreference 3.70; 4.13; 5.5, 30, 36; 6.9,
15,17, 19, 21, 22n, 23, 24, 25, 27n,
30,31,32; 8.l33n; 10.7,48; 1l.8;
12.4n, 5,8-13, 19,24; l3.52-53;
15.27n; 16.39,79; 17.65, 66n, 77,
121; 18.52,59; 19.44
see also: pro-forms, pronoun, substitution
corpora 5.93
corps 5.99
corpus(es) 5.93
corpUS-7- Brown, Lancaster-Oslo/
Bergen, London-Lund, Survey of
English Usage
correction -7- self-correction
corrective (clause function) 13.29; 18.12,
14,15
correctly 8.127
correctness notions l.17
correlative
construction 5.50; 7.82n, 86; 8.116n,
119,120,140,144; 9.ln; 10.7, 39n,
41; 12.17; 13.5,20,33-42,61,71,
88,103; 14.13,17, 39n; 15.2,6,
8n,30,39,41-43,49,50,51,
63-75; 17.77n; 18.24,41,42,57;
II.20
coordinator vs. subordinator l3.42n·
multiple 13.39
noncorrelative vs. 18.57
restrictions on 13.39-41
see also: comma, comparative, conjunct,
pronoun, proportional, punctuation,
subordinator, through
correspondences, systematic 2.20- 23;
13.21,44; 17.51-52
correspondingly 8.137
corrigendum 5.95
'cos 12.31, 51n; I.74n; III.27
cosec 1.74
cost (verb) 2.21n; 3.17
could 3.4n, 21, 39, 40; 4.30,50,51,52,
53,59-64, 65n; 8.103,112; ll.5n,
l3; 14.20,23,26; 15.36,48; 18.16; .
(not/ ~ n't) 3.39; 10.68; 14.36n;
(~st) 3.4n
see also: can
counsel (verb) 3.8; 16.63
Counsellor 10.53
count (as) 16.22n, 47; (~on) 16.39;
(~on . .. to) 16.51n
count
conversion to noncount 1.53
noun 4.4, 7, 35; 5.2-9,11,14,17,
21-25, 36, 39, 42, 49n, 50, 52,58,
 Index 1691

count [cont] crown 16.46; (~as) 16.47

75, 91n; 6.50, 52, 54, 55; 7.13, 14n, crucial 16. 72
63,78; 10.38,42,62; 12.15, 55n; crudely 8.124
13.68; 15.41,69-70,71,73; 17.47, cruel7.81n
54; 1.32,34,35,47 cry out 16.4n
pronoun 6.41, 45, 49,53; 12.18n cultural dominance 13.86
see also: noncount -culture 1.66
counter- 1.25 cunningly 8.127
counterfactuaI3.42n, 52; 4.65; 15.35n curious 16.72, 79; (~ly) 8.127,131
see also: condition (hypothetical), factual currency symbols 6.69
counties-+- names (classified) current
counting II.l 0 attribute 10.8, 20; 11.15n; 12.20;
countries-+-names (classified) 16.21-23; 1.54
couple (noun) 10.36n relevance 4.18, 20
course (in the ~ of) 8.52 see also: copula, result, verbs (semantic
course, of9.5n; l1.4n; 12.51; 19.56 classification)
(concessive conjunct) 8.137, 141; curriculum 5.95
19.53n curtai17.85n
(resultive conjunct) 8.137, 140 customarily 8.65
(subjunct) 8.100 customs 5.77
'course 12.51 cut (verb) 3.17; 16.26; (~ down on) 16.29;
court 5.44 (~Nshort) 16.17; (~up) 16.12
court martial 5.102
courtesy subjunct 8.90-91; 17.97
cover (verb) 16.26
covert vs. overt5.12n, 104; 6.1; 7.14; D
10.34n
connectivity 12.5; 13.1; 19.3-5, 11, -d (inflection) 1.18
15,21 'd 3.23,33,39,40, 45n; 4.57
see also: ellipsis, semantic (implication), daily 7.9; 8.64
syndetic damn (a ~) 10.62; (~sight) 7.89
crab 5.77 dances-+-names (classified)
craft 5.91 dangling participle -+- unattached
crave for 16.41 dare (to) (marginal modal) 3.40, 41, 42;
crazy 16.76 4.66; 10.61n, 68n; 11.13
creative language 1.3 (lexical) 3.42; 10.68n; 11.13; 16.50
creativity 2.40; I.l2n, 15 (~ d) 3.42n; 1O.68n; (not/ ~ n't) 3.42;
credentials 5.77 10.67;(~say)3.42n; 10.61n; 15.54
creep 3.15 dash 17.68n; II1.3, 7,11, 16,20,26, 28n
creole 1.27, 35, 38 en vs. em II1.5n, 28n
crept 3.15 data 5.91, 98n; 10.34n
criminal (adjective) 7.13, 37 dates 1.23; II1.28n
(noun) 7.13 see also: numeral, tables
crisis 5.97 dative case 6.4
criteria(s) 5.98n; 10.34n see also: recipient
criterion 5.98 datums 5.91
crochet 3.8n days (... ~) 15.29
crooked 7.19 days-+-names (classified), time
crop (~N short) 16.45; (~up) 16.19n de- 1.2, 17,22
cross (verb) 9.31; 10.27; (~over) 9.31; dead (amplifier) 7.56n
(~swords with) 16.8 de-adjectival 1.31
cross (graphic) II1.30n noun 7.43; 17.51; 1.36, 37, 48
cross-references 4.8n verb 1.50
crossroads 5.91 see also: affixation
1692 Index

deal (noun) 5.25; (a good/great ~ ) 5.25; definiteness [cont]

6.53; 7.69, 89; 8.98,105,115; 10.61n see also: article, determiner, frequency,
(verb) 3.15; (~ t) 3.15; (~ with) 16.14, noun phrase, past, pro-forms, pronoun
28 defy 16.50
dear (adjective) 7.8 degree 2.57; 6.41n; 8.106,126; 9.64;
(adverb) 7.8; (~ ly) 7.8 11.32; 13.100; 14.13; 15.63-75
Dear 10.53n adverb 6.53; 8.48n; 10.66; 12.10;
debate (noun/verb) 1.56 13.102; 15.2
deceive 16.26 adverbia16.50n; 8.2, 9, 15,17,19,
decide 3.59; 9.2; 16.31, 32, 35; (~on) 104; 10.60; 18.41,42
9.2; 16.28, 38, 39 see also: absolute, amplifier, comparative,
decidedly 8.127, 128n; (most ~) 8.131n diminisher, gradability, intensifying,
decision 3.59; 17.36 measure, positive, prefix, superlative,
declarative 2.46; 3.32n that
clause/sentence 2.14, 27, 46, 56n, 57; deictic item -7 deixis
3.32n; 4.50; 5.37n; 8.43, 97,103, deign 16.38
109, 120n, 147; 10.2,5, 6n, 7n, 17, deixis 4.11n, 17; 6.42n, 43; 8.10n; 9.40;
57, 61n; 11.1, 13,24,37; 12.46; 14.30,32; 19.44
13.22,28,30; 15.3-4; 7,54; 18.10; deletion -7 ellipsis
111.23 deliberately 8.93
ellipsis in 12.46, 47-48 delight ( ~ fully) 8.127; (~ in) 16.38, 39
negative/positive 8.97, 103, 109; 12.60 delighted 16.78; ("':"' about) 16.69; (~at)
question 11.2, 5n, 12, 14n, 19n; 12.47, 9.63; 16.69; (~ to) 15.54; (~ With)
49n 16.69
see also: verbs (semantic classification) demand (verb) 14.25n; 16.32,38
declare 16.31, 44, 46, 50, 60 demean oneself6.25
decline 7.85n; 16.38 demi-1.28
decree (noun) 3.59 demo 1.74
(verb) 16.32 demonstrate 14.25n; 16.31, 35, 37n
decreolization 1.35 demonstrations 4.7
deduce 16.31 demonstrative
'deed (= indeed) 12.51n phonology and 1.18
Deejay 1.75 pronoun 3.38; 4.11n; 5.124n; 6.11,13,
deem 16.31, 44,46; (~as) 16.47 20,40-44,45; 12.10, 19; 14.30,35;
deep (adjective) 7.8,66,88 15.57; 17.15n
(adverb) 7.8; (~ly) 7.8,56; 8.105, 107 see also: determiner
deepfreeze 3.16; 16.45n denial-7 negation
deer 5.87 denomina11.3,31
(vs. venison) 5.87n adjective 7.37, 42, 45; 17.102, 114,.
default (in ~ of) 9.12n 118; 1.22, 25-30, 37,38-39,51
defence (in ~ of) 9.12 noun 17.51; 1.32-33, 37
deferred -7 preposition verb 1.22,30,46,49,71
define 16.26; (~as) 16.47 see also: affixation
defined -7 apposition denotation -7 unique
defining -7 apposition, mutually deny 16.31, 39, 57; (~to) 16.57
defining/exclusive, restrictive deontic 4.49n
definite 7.33 depend 16.35; (~ ent (up)on) 16.69;
definite description 5.70 (~on)16.35;
definitely (disjunct) 8.127 (~on ... to) 16.51n
(subjunct) 8.100,101,103 dependent clause-7subordinate clause
definiteness 4.45; 5.11, 26~27, 41, 90, depress (~ed) 16.71,78; (~ed with)
121n, 126; 6.1, 21, 40, 45; 7.22; 16.69; (~ing) 16.72
8.40, 61n, 129; 9.21; 11.36; 12.10; deprive (of) 16.7, 8, 57; (~N of) 16.8
18.31,52 deputy-1.29
 Index 1693

derivation 2.36, 37; 3.8n, 12n; 5.105; determiner [cont]

6.64; 1.3, H.4 cooccurrence 5.122n
direction of 1.11 n definite 2.30; 5.11, 22n; 6.50n; 7.23,
zerO--7 conversion 24,62,84,86; 12.10; 17.7,38,
see also: adjective (participial), adverb, 88-89,91
affixation, compound, inflection, prefix, demonstrative 4.11n; 5.14, 16; 6.40,
suffixation 42,44,86; 9.12; 17.46
derogatory ellipsis 5.42n; 10.5n, 20n; 12.50n, 52;
meaning4.26n; 13.98 13.66-67,75; 17.88-89,91
word 1.76n indefinite 2.30; 5.11; 6.30n; 17.5, 7, 96
see also: pejorative interrogative 5.14; 6.36-39; 15.8
describe 16.26; (~ as) 16.47 negative 3.34n; 5.14; 6.45, 62
description --7 definite description, possessive 5.14,16, 23n; 7.24, 86; 17.14
structural quantitative 5.14, 16; 8.71; 13.76
descriptive--7 genitive, name relative 5.14; 17.13,24
descriptor 5.60,69; 17.89; HI.29 repeated 10.39n; 13.100
position of 5.68n universal 2.30; 5.14; 6.45, 47; 18.45n
deserve 16.39 zero 17.96
desideratum 5.95 see also: coordinate, partition,
designation (in apposition) 17.74,79 postdeterminer, predeterminer, wh-
desirable 3.59 detest 16.39
desire 16.26, 32, 41; (~ d) 7.21 develop/ram ... into 16.17
despise 16.26 deverball.3, 31
despite 8.86; 9.7, 56; 15.39n adjective 7.21; 16.72; 17.114; 1.21n,
destination 30,40
intended 9.7,45 noun 8.106n; 9.38; 10.25,30; 15.14n;
preposition 4.34; 9.7,16-17,23,30, 17.41,51-54; 1.22, 27, 34-35, 46,
32,43 47,61-63
prepositional adverb 9.66 see also: affixation
destined (be ~ to) 4.66 devoid 0/9.10
detail (verb) 16.63 di-1.28
detect 4.30 diachronic vs. synchronic 1.3, 5, 8, 13,
determination 17.36 44,71
determination 2.30, 33; 6.20, 39n, 42 diaeresis HI.4n
determinative 2.27,29,31; 5.10-25; 6.2, diagnosis 5.97
3,13,23,29,30,36,38,54,63;7.45; dial (verb) 3.8
12.56; 13.72-76; 15.12n, 69-71, dialect 1.9-10, 20-21, 22-27,32; 3.30n,
73; 17.2,24,52,94,96,110,113 43n; 6.27n; 7.56n; 8.16, 29, 50n,
see also: genitive 97n, 107n, 116n; 9.7n; 10.3n, 58n;
determine 16.31, 32; (~ d) 16.79 11.8; 15.5n; 16.39,66; 17.78n;
determiner 2.29,30,34, 35n, 41; 5.1, 2, 18.59
10-14,61,63,64,72, 91n; 6.1,11, randomly distributed 1.39
13,20,30,45-46,48,49-51,54,55, see also: American, British, mid-Atlantic,
56n,57,58,59,65;7.2, 13, 14, 25n, regional
63,64,90; 8.52; 9.12, 49n, 58; dialogue 11.51; 12.43, 65n
10.34,42,53,59,60,62; 12.16, 17; see also: ellipsis
13.39,60,67; 15.12, 14; 16.8,76; diamonds 5.77
17.16, 23n, 27,47, 61, 117, 120; diaries 11.47
19.44-45,49,76 dice 5.91
assertive/nonassertive 5.14 dictionary I. 70n
central 5.10-14, 121; 7.45; 15.7; dictionary --7 vocabulary
17.2 did 3.16, 36; 11.8n; (~n't) 3.36; (~st)
complex 5.25 3.4n
concord 10.35n die (noun) 5.91
1694 Index

die [cont] directive [cont]

(verb) 3.7,10; 4.27; 16.19, 21n; (~of) see also: adverbial, command, do,
9.49n; 16.15 imperative, negative, positive, question,
differ(ence)from 16.69n verbless
different 16.69n, 74; (~ly than) 16.74n; direcrly (adverb) 7.8
(be ~ ) 13.46; ( ~ from) 16.69; (conjunction) 14.12; 15.25,29
18.31n; (~than) 15.66n; 16.74; dis- Ll4, 15
(~ to) 16.69n (negative vs. privative) 1.21-22
differentiation -l>- noneq ui valence disagree 4.29
comparison disagreement -l>- response
difficult 6.59; 16.80; (- ly) 1.41n disappoint(~ ed) 16.71, 78; (~edwith)
dig (verb) 3.18 16.69; (~ ing) 16.72; (~ ingly)
digs (noun) 5.77 8.127
digress 16.19 disastrous 16.72
dim 7.88 discern 16.31
dimension disclose 16.31, 35
meaning 7.46n; 17.114; 19.34; 1.41 discontinuous
types 9.7,15-17,25-26,29,32,34; construction 8.22n, 33, 35, 63n, 118n;
19.34 10.12; 15.75; 16.68; 17.44,62,64;
see also: area, line, point, surface, volume 18.39
diminish 7.85n scope 10.65
diminishersubjunct8.9, 104, 111-114, see also: apposition, noun phrase, pronoun,
115, 117n; I1.21 subject
diminution adverbial-l>- diminisher discount (verb) 1.56
diminutive 1.77 discourage 16.39
dint (by ~ of) 9.11, 12n; (for ~ of) 9.12n discourse
direct (adjective) 7.8 analysis 1.13
(adyerb) 7.8 conjunct 8.136, 137, 142
(verb) 16.63 " connectivity 10.57, 58n; 12.5.".9;
direct-l>-agency, anaphora, condition, 17.45; 19 passim; ILl 6
indirect, object, question, reason field of 1.19,28,36,37; 17.124
direct speech 14.28-35; 15.54n; 16.31; function 11 passim
18.20n,23; lILlO, 14n, 21 reference 19.46-51
free 14.28, 35; 19.43 strategies 19.18, 56
punctuation of 14.29 see also: balance, chain, clause, initial,
direction initiator, noun phrase, sentence, step, the-
adjunct 8.39-48,50, 149; 15.22 discover 4.27; 8.138n; 16.31, 35, 37n, 53,
adverb 7.10, 46; 1.41 54
adverbiaI8.3, 10; 15.31; 16.3 discreteness 1.27
ambiguity with position 8.43 see also: gradience
meaning 2.18; 17.19; 19.34 discuss 16.26, 35
prepositional 9.19, 32; 10.10n; 16.48 disdain 16.38
see also: derivation, path, predication, diseases -l>- names
verbs (semantic classification) disgusted 16.78; (~at) 9.63; 16.69;
directive 2.46,57, 58; 3.48, 52; 4.63; (~ with) 16.69
.8.50; 11.2,3,4,10,16,17,24-30, disinclination 17.36
34,40, 41n, 42, 53n; 13.25; 14.29; disjunct 2.15, 60; 7.27n, 56n, 57, 58, 65;
16.30n, 31; 18.10; 19.47n, 62 8.24,85,86,88, lOOn, 112, 117n,
elliptical11.30n 120,121-133,134, 135n; 147,
indirect 3.59n; 14.33; 16.32,59-60, 148-153; 9.1, 48, 57,58; 10.9,52,
63 64; 11.18n; 12.62; 15.53; 18.5-6;
vs. statement 11.25n 19.53; lIU8
with let 11.26-28 c1ausaI13.18n; 14.21n; 15.2, 17,20,
with/without subject 11.24-25 23,49; lIU8

disjunct [cont]
criteria for 7.49; 8.121
negative 10.58n
personal 8.129
positionof3.27; 8.15,17,149,
150-152; 15.20; 18.5-6
subject-oriented 8.94n, 95
syntax of 8.130-133
see also: concessive, consequence, content,
contingency, factive, formulaic,
frequency, i/-, inferential, manner,
metalinguistic comment, modality,
outcome, process, purpose, reaction,
reason, respect, result, speech-related,
style, truth judgment, value judgment
disjunction 10.41; 13.31; 15.41
dislike (verb) 4.29; 6.25; 8.107; 16.39
dislocation (right vs. left) 17.78; 18.58n
dismayed with 16.69
dismissal formulae 11.54
disparagement 5.63n; 6.21; 1.33, 37,
39n,67,72
dispose (~ cl) 16.79
dissatisfied 16.78
distance
adverbial 8.3, 39,42,47; 10.66; 19.34
general/specific 8.39
expressions 6.17; 10.26
distant/rom 16.69
distant reference-+near
distinct/rom 16.69
distressed 16.71; (~ with) 16.69
distributive 5.18; 6.51; 9.7; 10.37n, 47;
13.61
disturb (~ed) 16.71; (~ingly) 8.127
disyllabic forms 7.81; 1.19
see also: adjective
ditransitive construction/verb 2.16,21,
32; 10.2-4,7, 12n; 14.33n; 16.20,36,
38,42,55-63,64-67,84; 18.32,38
see also: complementation
dive(d) 3.16
divided-+ focus, usage
DIY17.112; 1.75
DJI.75
do (auxiliary) 2.29,34,45,49-51; 3.21,
24,25,26,30,31,36-37; 10.55,
68n; 11.1,5-9,13,15,17, 30n;
12.10,21-26,49,60-62; 18.16
(lexical or main) 2.29, 34, 44n; 3.38;
10.30; 11.15n; 12.10,21-26; 16.26,
57; 18.43
directive use 2.57; 3.37n; 11.30;
18.55-56
Index 1695
do [cont]
forms of 3.4n, 5n, 9, 16, 30,36,38;
12.23,26; 18.49n
pro-form use 2.44; 3.38; 4.4,33;
12.9-10,21-26; 15.15; 16.66n;
18.27,29
-periphrasis-+do (-support)
-support 2.49,51, 56n; 3.34, 35, 37,
40n, 43n, 44,47,48,49,51n, 52,
59n; 4.55; 11.30n; 12.40,60-61;
18.16,56n
transitive vs. intransitive 12.21-23,
25,26
(~away with) 16.9, 14,29,39; (be
~ne/or) 16.14; (do ~) 3.37n; (~es)
3.16,23,36; 18.49n; 11.9; (~es it)
(predicate) 10.15n; (~ esn't) 3.36;
(~/or) 16.57; (~ it) 12.10,24-26;
(~ne) 3.16, 36, 38n; (~ not) 3.37;
(~n't) 3.36, 37; 11.28-30; (~n't
be) 3.37n; (~so) 2.51; 12.10, 12,20,
21,23-26; 19.45; (so ~ ing) 12.23n;
(~st) 3.4n; (~ th) 3.4n;
( ~ that) 12.10, 24-26; (to so ~ )
12.23n; (will ~) 8.100; (~ without)
16.6
Doctor 10.53; 17.91
doer-+agent
does-+do
dogged 7.19
-dom 1.32
don't-+do
dormant affix 1.13n
dot-+period, suspension
double (predeterminer) 5.15,18
double-+genitive, marking, negative,
preposition
doubt (verb) 15.6n; 16.26, 31, 35
(~but) 16.31n; (no ~) 8.127n; 15.54;
(~/ul (as to)) 16.73; (~less) 8.127;
19.53n
dove (past tense, dive) 3.16
down (adverb) 7.46.66; 8.41
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 7.70; 9.7, 26-27, 32;
19.32n
(prepositional adverb) 9.66; 13.101
(~with)II.42
downhill 8.41
downright 7.56
downstairs 7.11n, 67, 70; 8.41
downstream 8.41
downtoner
adjective7.33,45,87; 17.114
1696 Index

downtoner [cont] dwe1l3.6n, 13; (~ed) 3.6n, 13;

adverbial 7.56, 62, 87; 8.104, 107n, (~ (up) on) 16.28
111-114; 1O.62n, 66; 11.21 dwelt 3.6n, 13
position of 8.114 dye (verb) 3.7,9; (~N pink) 16.45
syntaxof8.113 dynamic--7adjective, have, noun,
downward(s) 8.41 dynamic verb meaning
downwind8.41 . dynamic verb meaning 2.43; 3.35, 48,
dozen 5.89 66, 76, 77; 4.4, 6, 7, 14, 15,22,25,
Dr 17.91; H1.28 . 27,28, 29n, 30, 31, 32, 33-35, 45,
dragoman 5.84n 47; 8.42; 9.16, 42; 10.14n, 18,20,
drank 3.19 55n; 11.24; 12.25~26; 13.23,78;
draw 3.16; (;.., n) 3.16; (~out) 16.12; 14~22n; 15.22, 31, 50, 60n; 16.39,
(~ up) 16.26n 44; 17.95, 101; 18.51n; 1.47
dread (verb) 16.38, 39,40; (~ful) 16.72 dynamism --7 communicative
dream 3.15; 16.31; (~ed/t) 3.15
dregs 5.77
dress (oneself) 6.25
dress--7names (classified)
drew 3.16 E
drink (verb) 3.19; 4.27; 16.19; (~up)
8.108; 16.12 E ( = end position) --7 final
drive 3.16; 16.19,44,48,50; (~n) 3.16 -e
drop (verb) 4.27; 16.19 addition 3.7,9
drove 3.16 loss 3.7,9; I.l7
drown (be ~ ed) 3.68 mute 3.9, IOn; 5.81; 7.79
drunk (verb) 3.19; (~ with) 16.69 each (determiner) 5.14, 18; 6.45, 49, 51;
drunken (adjective) 3.19; 7.19 8.52; 9.41, 58; 10.37n, 43
dual (pronoun) 6.13, 20,45, 48,49, 50,51;
gender 5.104,106 9.58; 12.10, 17; 13.61
number 5.16, 73n; 6.11,50,61; 13.39 after auxiliary 3.28; 18.40n
see also: noun pro-form use 12.10,17
duck (noun) 5.87 (~andevery) 13.71; (~other) 6.13,
due 15.59n; 16.79;(~s)5.77 31; 13.46, 60
due to 9.10; 14.14; 15.46n, 59n; 16.69; eager 7.39, 81n; 12.65; 16.71, 79
(be ~ ) 3.47; 4.66 earlier 7.66, 83; 8.55, 77; 19.36, 47n;
dug 3.18 ( ~ on) 8.55n .
du1l7.44n early 7.9,83; 8.55, 71
dummY--7auxiliary, it (prop), theme earn(ed) 3.13
du(o)- 1.28n pronunciation with/-t/ 3.13n
duration earnings 5.77
adjunct 8.51-54,57,63,68,73,74,76, earth 5.29n; (on~) 6.39n; 7.64; 8.100;
77,81; 16.48; 17.53 11.14n; 18.59n
adverbia14.5n, 13,20,39; 7.67; 8.4, ease, with 8.103n
11; 9.42; 15.26,27; 16.24n easily 8.103n
aspectua13.13n; 4.7, 25-26, 38 east(ward(s)) 7.46n; 8.41; 9.66
limited 4.25, 38 easy 10.15n; 16.80
preposition 9.7,36-39,42 eat(en) 3.16; 4.27; 10.51n; 16.26
subjunct 8.98, 108,115 -eau nouns 5.99
syllabic 11.2 echo (verb) 3.9
see also: nonprogressive, progressive, echo utterance 11.33-37
verbs (semantic classification) see also: exclamation, explicatory,
during 8.52, 59n, 61; 9.7, 34,36; 11.14n question, recapitulatory, wh-
dvandva--7coordinate (compounds) economic(al) I.39n
dwarfs/dwarves 5.83 economy of expression 17.123; 19; 60n
 Index 1697

-ed (denominal) I.30, 38; IlIA element -+ adverbial, clause,

participle 3.2,3-4,6-20,32,33,35, comparative, complement, object,
36,38,40,49,53,54,55,56,64,76, pushdown, subject, verb, wh-
77; 4.67; 7.15-19,47, 58n, 81; elf/elves 5.83
8.l27n, BIn; 9.3, 17, 50n; 13.98n; elicitation experiment 1.42; 3.42n, 43n,
16.69; U2, 24, 65,69 48n
participle clause 3.2; 4.67; 8.59n, 61n, eligible 16.79
125; 13.50; 14.6-7, 18, 19; 15.25, elision 3.45n; I.33, 37,41; lUO
30, 31n, 34, 39,53,56,58-62; elk 5.87
16: 14n, 20, 49, 54; 17.29,33- 35; ellipsis 5.97
18.29,45 ellipsis 2.52; 3.43,44; 6.5,17; 8.152;
premodifying 17.100-103 12.1-7,10, 16n, 18, 20n, 21, 26, 27,
with/without subject 14.6 29,31-70; 19.48,67; III.26n
see also: adjective anaphoric 5.31; 12.7,42-43,44,45,
-ed z vs. -ed2 3.4, 6,11-20 55n,67
edge 5.120 cataphoric 5.32n; 12.7,42-43,44,45,
Edited American English 1.24 54n, 55n, 67; 13.81
editing 17.80 classification of 12.41-44
see also: claim, mistake, nuance, reference, coordination and 12.45n, 55, 68;
well 13.44-49,55,90; Hl.5n
editorial we-+we criteria for 12.32-38
educated use of English 1.7, 20n, 22, 27, dialogue use 11.51; 18.11n
28,30,34,36,37; 5.57n; IIU final 12.44, 45, 46, 54, 56, 57, 59, 62,
-ee (adjective base ending) 7.79 68,69 .
(suffix) I.34 formal type 12.41,44,45
-ee(d) spelling in verbs 3.9 functional type 12.41,43,44,53-70
EEC 1.75 general 7.55; 12.38,43,44, 45n,
e'er III.27 53-65,68; 13.51n, 53n, 56, 95
-eer 1.33 indeterminacy 12.32, 38n
eerily 8.131 initial 12.44, 46, 52, 57, 66, 68, 69
effect -+ cause limits of 13.45-46
effected-+re$ult (object) medial 12.23, 44, 48n, 50n, 52, 58, 62,
e.g. 8.137; 17.73, 86; 1.75; I1I.11 64; 13.12, 53n, 92-93
egg on 16.2n quasi- 5.124; 6.29; 12.38,40, 54n, 60,
eh? 11.11, 55 62; 13.64
either (adverb) 10.60 sentence connectivity and 19.33,
(determiner) 5.13,14,16, 73n; 6.61; 44-45,60n
10042,60; 13.5 situational12.38, 42,44,46-51, 54n,
(pronoun) 6.13,45,48,59-61,62; 63n
10.42,60; 12.10, 17 special 12.43, 44, 66-70
(subjunct) 8.116 standard 12.8, 38, 40n, 60, 68
multiple conjoins with 13.39-41; strict 12.38, 39, 68
15.41n structuraI12.38, 42, 44,52, 59n
pro-form use 3.26; 10.57n; 12.10, 17 textuaI7.24; 12.42-43,44,.45
(~one or the other) 10.60; (~ ... or) virtual 12.18, 40, 54n
10.41,44; 13.5,33-34, 35, 39~41, weak 7.24; 12.38,46,65; 17.90
68n, 71; 15.6n, 41 without speaker-change 11.52
eke out 16.2n, 12 see also: adjective, adverb phrase,
elbow (verb) 16048 adverbial, apposition, article, auxiliary,
clause, comparison, complement,
elder 7.76; 10.51n
conjunction, copular, declarative,
eldest 7.76
determiner, directive, exclamative,
elect (verb) 16.46, 50; (~as) 16.47 head, imperative, infinitive, initial,
electric(al) I.39n interrogative, it, modification, name,
electrocute I. 76 nonfinite, noun, noun phrase, object,
1698 Index

ellipsis [cont] en- 1.30

operator, postmodification, predicate, -en 7.37; I.42, 50
predication, premodification, (plural) 5.74,85
preposition, prepositional phrase, participle ---+ -ed participle
pro-forms, pronoun, question,
en dash ---+ dash
recoverability, relative clause, response,
sentence, stress, subject, subordinate enable 16.50
clause, subordinator, substitution, there, enablement ---+ verbs (semantic
verb, we, wh- classification)
else (concessive/inferential conjunct) enchanted with 16.69
8.137,144,146; 13.28,30 enclitic2.48; 3.23; 10.55-70; 11.7-11,
(postmodifier) 6.37n, 47; 7.69; 17.57 22; 13.42n; 15.36
(something ~) 8.138n; (~ where) 8.41; postposed 5.123
19.33 see also: not, -n't
eM (= end-medial position)---+ medial enclose 4.26n
em- I.30 encounter---+ verbs (semantic
'em 6.14n classification)
em dash ---+ dash encourage 16.50
embarrass(~ ed) 16.78; (~ing) 16.72 end (noun) 5.120
embedded clause ---+ subordinate clause (verb) 16.26
embedding (no~ (of)) 10.62; (~up) 16.21,22

clause 2.9; 10.1n; 12.1; 14.5; end-focus 5.117; 8.22,44,47,92; 13.81n;

17.61-64, 112
multiple 2.8-9, 52n; 14.37 -41
phrase 2.8; 5.121; 6.24n; 8.118n; 13.2
see also: genitive, self-embedding
embrace 6.31
Emcee I.75
emotive
adjective 5.64; 7.32n; 16.70-72,78;
17.114
force 3.25; 9.63; 10.21n; 14.25; 15.54;
III.2,23
see also: emphasis, verbs (semantic
classification)
emphasis 3.39n, 72; 4.55; 5.16; 6.42n;
7.89; 8.91, 95, 109n, 144; 10.6,7,
17,48,69; 11.8, 15n, 25, 30n, 52n;
12.19n, 28n, 30,60; 13.5n, 42, 71,
101; 14.37; 15.28n, 40, 41, 70, 73;
18passim; 19.23n, 34n, 65, 96;
.1 I. 10, 21; III.25
emotive 18.16, 55-57
see also: exclamation, negation, operator,
positive, pronoun, reflexive, stress
emphasizer
adjective 7.33-34, 45,87; 17.114
adverbial 8.8; 20; 18.55, 56n
cooccurrence restrictions 8.101
position of 8.102
subjunct 8.96,99-103, 126n
syntax of 8.1 02
empty 7.88n; (~of) 16.69
empty---+auxiliary (dummy), it (prop),
theme
14.37; 16.4, 7n, 14,56; 17.44;
18.3-4, 11-21,26,29, 31-32, 36n,
42,37-40,42,50; 19.12; 11.15
end position ---+ final position
see also: initial, medial
end-weight 5.117; 8.23, 66, 150, 153;
13.86; 14.39; 16.7n, 56n; 17.44;
18.9,32,37,40,43
endeavour (verb) 16.38
ending---+verbs (semantic classification)
endocentric ---+ headed construction
endorsing items 13.5, 33-42, 64, 68;
14.13; 18.12n; 19.7
English
additional language 1.3
Basic 1.10
contemporary change in 1.11, 19n, 40;
4.28n; 6.12n; 8.61n; 9.36; 14.12n,
24n, 26; 17.108
first language 1.3
for Specific Purposes 1.10
foreign language 1.3-6, 7, 10, 15,27,
32,34,36,38; 5.9; I.12n, 14n
functional load of 1.1-2
geographical spread of 1.1-2
importance of 1.1-5, 9-11
international/intranational1.3, 9, 41
learning 1.32
national 1.9-10
native 1.3-4, 7,10,35
neutral 1.31-33
nonnative 1.3,7
Nuclear 1.1 0
 Index 1699

English [cont] -er [cont]

quality of 1.2 (comparative) 7.2,74-86; 13.100;
school models of 1.7 15.63-75
second language 1.3, 6, 7,10,27, (denominal) 1.33
34-35,36,38,41 (deverbal) 1.32n, 33
speakers of 1.1- 2, 4 (familiar) 1.33, 77
standards of 1.11 er~but
teaching of 1.4-5,6, 10, 27, 34, 38 erlebte Rede~indirect speech (free)
see also: American, British, -eroo 1.77n
communicative, creative, dialect, erratum 5.95
Edited, educated, network, error~performance error, punctuation
nonstandard, regional, standard, variety -ers 1.77
English(-man/-woman) 5.57n -ery 1.32
enjoin 16.32, 63 -es plurals 5.97
enjoy 6.25n; 8.107; 16.26,39 escape (verb) 16.39,40
enlarge 7.85n; (( ~ up)on) 16.28 -ese 5.88; 1.37
enormously 8.105 Eskimo(s) 5.88
enough (adverb) 2.28; 6.53; 7.22, 50, 60, ESP I.75
97;8.98,111,113-115,127,131; especially 5.17n; 8.116; 17.73,87
10.62n; 15.73; 16.75n Esq 17.91n
(determiner) 5.13, 14, 17n, 23n; 15.73 -esque 1.39
(pronoun) 6.13,57; 12.10, 17; 15.73 -ess 5.105; 1.33
(~of a . .. ) 15.73n essentia116.72, 82; (~ly) 8.127, 130n
enquire 16.35; (~of) 16.61 -est 3An; 7.2, 74-86
ensuing 19.37 establish 16.31, 35
ensure 16.31, 32 esteem 16A6; (~ as) 16A7
-ent 1.14 estimate (verb) 8.108n; 16.31
enter 16.19 -et 1.28n
entire 7.33, 35n; 8.106; (~ly) 7.56; et a113.104n
8.105-107 et cetera 13.104
entitle 16.50 et seq(q) 13.104n
entrails 5.77 etc 10.37n; 13.104; lIl.28
entreat 16.32, 63 -eth 3An
enumerative conjunct 8.136, 137-138, ethnic nouns~names (classified: peoples)
143, 144n, 148 -ette 5.105; 1.19, 33, 77
envelop(e) 1.56 etymology 5.82; 1.2, 3, 71; IlIA
envisage 16.39 popular 1.13
envy (for) 16.56, 57 -eu nouns 5.99
epistemic ~ modality, possibility euphemism 7.38n
epistolary formulae 8.91n; IIL11 Euro- 1.66, 76n
equal (verb) 7.85n; 10.14 Eurovision 1.76
equality~equivalence comparison evaluative~adjective, how, noun, verbs
equally (conjunct) 8.137, l38 (semantic classification: general.
(subjunct) 8.116,119 evaluation)
equative conjunct 8.136,137-138; 19.52 even 8.116, 117,119; 13A2; 15.30; 19.55;
equative verb ~ copular verb (but ~) 10.41n; (~if) 8.145;
equip 3.8n; 16.50 14.13-14, 18-19, 24n; (not ~)
equivalence 8.120n; 10.57n; (~so) 19.56;
comparison 15.63, 71, 72, 75 (~ when) 14.14n
in apposition 17.74,75-80 see also: if, now, though
see also: conjoin(t), functional equivalence, even ~ stress
nonequivalence event (at all ~ s) 8.137; (in any ~ ) 8.137;
-er (adjective base ending) 7.81 (in the ~ of) 15.34n; (in the ~ that)
(agential) 1.11, 16n, 31n, 34, 62, 63, 71 14.12, 14n; 15.32, 34, 35, 38n
·1700 Index
event--+completion, past, progressive,
verbs (semantic classification:
momentary, transitional)
eventive
object 3.35; 10.30,32,33; 18.38,43
subject 7.30; 8.51; 10.10,25,33; 16.24
see also: noun, verbs (semantic
classification: event)
eventually (adjunct) 8046, 55, 72
(conjunct) 8.137; 19.38
ever (intensifier) 6.39n; 7.64, 90; 8.60,
69,112; 11.14n; 15.9n, 29; 16.70
(time adjunct) 2.54; 4.13n; 7.70;
10.60; 11.13
(time subjunct) 8.98, 117n
(for ~) 7.70n; (hardly ~) 8.98;
(not . .. ~) 8.70; (yours ~) 8.91n
vs. -ever 15.9n
see also: never, since
-ever 5.14; 11.14n; 15.8,9,42
every 5.12,14,18; 6.13, 45, 47, 49, 51;
8.52,64; 9040, 41, 58; 10.37n, 43,
65; 17.5; 18A5n
(~one) 6.51
see also: each
every- 5.12; 6.45-47, 49,51; (~body)
6.9,12,45-47,49; 10043,50;
(~one) 6.9, 45-47, 49; 10043,50;
(~ thing) 6045-47, 49, 50n; 9.58;
17.15; (~ where) 8041
evident 16.72; (~ ly) 8.127, 128
ex- L1.7, 27; IlIA
-ex nouns 5.96
exact7.35
exactly (disjunct) 8.126
(subjunct) 8.116, 118n, 120n; 15.50
exaggerate 7.85n
exam Ll2, 74
examine 16.26
example,for8.137; 17.73,86; 19.55;
IILlI
exceed 7.85n
except 9.4n; 12.51n
(conjunction) 6.5; 14.12; 15.34n,44
(preposition) 6.5,27; 9.7, 58
(~for}6.27; 9.10, 58-59; 15A4n;
(~ that) 9.3n; 14.12; 15.34,44; 16.28n
excepting (conjunction)( ~ (that)) 14.12;
15044
(preposition) 9.8,58
exception (with the ~ of) 9.11, 58
exception
clause 15.34, 44
preposition 9.7-8, 58; 15.15; 18.39
excess comparison 15.63, 72-75
excessive(ly) 15.73
exchange (in) 9.66; (in ~ for) 9.11
exclaim 16.31, 35n
exclamation 2046,57,58; 4.13; 5.37;
7.88n; 8.106; 11.2,8, 11,41,54;
14.25n, 35; 18.16, 27n, 55-56;
19.18
echo 11.33, 37; 14.33n
indirect 14.33; 16.35n
mark 11.22; IILl, 3,14,20,23
point --+ exclamation (mark)
see also: verbless
exclamative2.46; 11.1, 10,31-32,37;
111.23-24
ellipsis 11.32
see also: exclamatory
exclamatory
clause/sentence 4.7; 6.34n, 52n; 7.30;
8.97n; 10.17; 14.20; 15.3,4, 7; 16.35n
phrase 6.55n; 11.53
question 11.8, 22-23; ILl8
the 5.37n
see also: exclamative, how, tag, what
excluding (preposition) 9.8,58
exclusive (~ ly) 8.116; (~ of) 9.10
exclusive
vs. inclusive conjunction 1I1.8n
plural 17.109
subjunct 8.116
see also: mutually defining, or, we
excuse (verb) 16.57; (~for) 16.57;
(~me)10.53;11.34n ~
exemplification (apposition) 17.74,86
exhort 16.63
existential sentence 3.47; 1O.34n; 11.40,
44; 15.15; 17.15,50; 18.44-54
bare 10.2n; 15.14; 18.47,49
frequency 18.50
have-9.55; 16A4n,54; 18.51-53
infinitive with 18048, 53-54 .
relative with 18048, 53
space adjunct and 18.50
there 2.59; 3.29, 47; 6A3lL; 10.34n;
12047; 16.83n; 17.31; 18.23, 32n,
44-50
verbless 18.54
verbs in 18049
see also: nominal clause, there, ·verbs
(semantic classification)
exocentric--+ headed construction
exocentric compound --+ bahuvrihi
expect 12.28; 14.36; 15.54; 16.26,31,
41n,50

expectation 10.61; 11.8
new vs. old 11. 7
positive/negative/neutral 11.8 ; 14.23
expecting -+ verbs (semantic
classification)
expense (at the ~ of) 9.11, 12n
experiencer 10.21n,23n, 30; 16.71,73
explain 16.26, 31, 35, 37n, 60; (~ to)
16.57
explanation (clause function) 13.23n, 27
expletive 8.21; 11.54; 18.13,55, 59n;
I.16n,76n
it 10.26n; -+ it (prop)
explicatory echo 11.33, 36
explicit-+ apposition (marker)
explicitness 1.29; 2.58;7.82n,85, 86;
8.10n, 52; 9.66; 12.4; 15.64n, 71n;
17.8,10,13,21,24,30,33,37,52,
61,104,107-108,117,120,121,123
see also: apposition, postmodification
explode 4.27
express (verb) 16.35
expression -+ diminisher
expressive -+ coordination, repetition
extensibility 2.7 -10
extensive-+copular verb
extent (to some ~) 8.105,111,114-115;
10.60; l1.4n; (to what ~) 8.25n,
110n; 11.15n
extent-+measure (phrase)
external-+causer, modality, negation
extra-1.26n,29
extralinguistic factors 4.11-12;
5.27-29; 6.15, 40, 43; 12.6-7, 12,
46; 15.38, 68n; 17.66, 80; 18.9n
see also: situatiorial context
extraordinary 16.72
extraposition 18.33-36
clausal 3.70; 6.17; 7.28n; 8.128;
12.47; 15.4,6-7,10,12; 16.28,30,
35, 37, 41, 45, 46, 60n, 70, 72, 73,
79; 18.33-36, 44n
of object 3.70; 15.7; 16.34n; 18.35
of subject 2.59; 14.39; 15.4,6,7,10,
12; 16.18n, 34, 38n, 59, 60, 72, 73,
76,80,82,83; 18.33-36, 44n
phrasal 18.33n
see also: -ing participle clause, it
extreme 7.33,34; 8.106; (~ ly) 7.56;
8.106,109n
extrinsic -+ modality
Index 1701
F
face (in (the) ~ of) 9.11; (~up to) 16.9,
29
fact 9.2; 17.26; (in ~) 9.5n; 12.30;
(the ~ (that)) 14.14
factive disjunct 8.129
factual 3.52; 15.49-50
see also: condition (open), counterfactual,
verbs (semantic classification)
factuality orientation 19.15
factually 8.127
fail 6.59 ; 16.38; (~ to) 3.49
failing (preposition) 9.8
faint 7.38
fair 7.82; 8.100n; (in all ~ ness) 8.125
fairly 7.56; 8.100-102
faithfully, yours 8.91n
fall (verb) 3.16; 16.2n, 19, 21; (~ back)
16.19n; (~ down) 16.21; (~en)
3.16; (~off) 16.19n; (~out) 16.3,
19n;(~ through) 16.19n
falling tone 8.135; l1.5n, 7n, 8,10,12,
14,20,22,23, 28n, 36, 37; 14.36n,
37; 15.54n; 17.86; 18.18; 19.9,26-27,
63,65; 11.12,13, 15n, 18n; III.23
fall-plus-rise tone 10.65; 18.8n;
18.17-18, 59n; 19.65; II.15
fall-rise tone 4.53; 8.112, 143n; 10.52,
65; 11.25; 14.37; 18.16, 18;
19.26-27; 11.14, 15n
familiar with 16.69
familiar -+ informal, -s
familiarity marker 1.74n, 77
family -+ names (classified)
fancy 16.31, 39 .
far (adjective) 7.75,82,83,88
(adjunct) 7.83; 8.41,48; 10.61n
(subjunct) 7.90; 8.63n, 105; 10.62
(~and away)7.90; (as ~ as) 9.11,17;
14.12; (by ~) 7.90; 8.105; 15.19;
(~from) 18.31n; (how ~) 8.3, 48,
110n;10.13;11.15n;(so~)8.62, .
72; 19.36; (so ~ as) 15.19
see also: farther/est,further/est
farewells 11.54
farther 7.75, 83; 8.48
farthest 7.75, 83; 8.48n
fascinate 16.26; (~ d) 16.78
-fashion 7.46; 1.41n
fast (adjective) 7.82; 1.41
(adverb) 7.6,83
(amplifier) 7.56n
(~er ... than) 15.52n
1702 Index

fated 16.79 figure (verb) 14.36; (~out) 16.12

Father 10.53 fill (out) 16.26n; (~up) 4.27
fathom 16.35 final 19.38
faux pas 5.99 final position
favour (noun)(in ~) 9.66; (in ~ of) 9.11 in clause 6.38-39; 7.29; 8.15n, 21, 22,
(verb) 8.107 23,26,35-38,43,44,47,49,51,55,
FBII.75 56,60,63,65,66,73, 77n, 78n,
fear (for ~ (that)) 3.61; 15.48; (I ~) 84-87,90-92,95,97,98, lOin, 102,
15.54 105,108,109, ll1n, 114, 119, 124,
feasible 15.25 144,150-152; 10.9, 16, 17,63,64;
fed 3.18; 16.31; (~up) 16.4n 12.30n; 13.61n, 91; 14.9; 15.49n;
feeble 7.33 18.5,11; 19.65n; IlL8, 17-18,20
feed (verb) 3.1'8; 6.25; 10.51n in sentence 4.24; 8.l43n; 10.52-53;
feel 3.15, 76; 4.29-30; 6.25n; 7.9; 10.23; 11.25; 13.4n, 8-9,18,55,103;
14.30; 16.21,22, 24n, 26, 31, 50, 52, 14.13, 16n, 29,37-41; 15.20-23,
53,54 25, 28n, 29, 37,41,43,47,49,
(~as if) 14.36; (I ~) 15.54; (~ like) 53-56, 57n, 59-62, 75; 18.59n
16.24n; (~oneself) 6.25 see also : but, ellipsis, initial, medial, so
feet 5.84 finally (adjunct) 8.55, 72
fell (past tense,fall) 3.16 (conjunct) 8.137; 19.37, 38, 56
(present tense,fell) 16.l9n (and ~) 8.144
felt 3.15 find (verb) 3.18; 10.4n; 16.26,31,44,46,
female (gender) 1.26; 5.56, 57n, 50,53, 54, 57; (~for) 16.57; (~out)
104-106,109-111; 6.1,8-10,13, 16.4,12,35; (~out about) 9.60;
14; 10.50; 1.33n 16.35; (~strange) 16.45
feminine fine (adjective) 7.8; (~ r) 7.85
gender-+ female (adverb) 7.8; (~ ly) 7.8
suffix 1.33 (verb) 16.57
usage 5.66n; 11.30,32; 19.65; I.76n finish (verb) 4.34; 16.40; (~up) 16.12
see also: coordinate finite
feminism 6.10 clause 3.22,25,52; 6.5, 25n; 7.20;
festivals-+names (classified) 8.10n, 13, 20n, 23, 24, 30n, 53, 86,
fever 5.49n 87,124,125,130; 9.3, 4, 55; 10.6,
few (determiner) 2.54n; 6.44n, 59; 10.59; 34, 55, 57, 58n; 11.40; 12.59; 13.35,
12.39 50; 14.5-9, 10-14,18, 19,20-41;
(postdeterminer) 5.23-24; 10.66; 15.1-3, 4-9, 18~23, 34, 41n, 42n,
13.71n; 15.9 46n, 48,53,58,71, 74n; 16.25,30-35,
(pronoun) 2.54n; 6.48,62; 12.10, 17; 50,61,64,66,73; 17.2, 9-26,
12.39 29,31,33,35,36,37,44,92-93;
predicative use 5.23n 18.32,33,54; 19.39,41,60; lIU8
pro-form use 12.10, 17 verb 2.49; 3.2, 30, 32, 52, 59; 4.17n;
(a ~) 5.23, 38n; 6.48, 53, 57, 62; 11.37; 12.23,26; 13.92n; 14.5, 15,
10.35n, 59, 61n; (~andfar between) 20; 16.22,77
8.48; 13.71n; (~er) 5.24; 6.48, 53; vs. nonfinite criteria 3.2, 30, 52
10.66; 12.10, 17; (~ est) 5.24; 6.48, see also: coordinate, object,
53; 12.10, 17; (too ~ ) 6.57 postmodification, subordinator, verb
see also: less,1east phrase
ff13.104n finite phrase 3.21, 52-57; 4.18n, 67;
fictional narrative-+present (fictional) 8.122n; 10.34; 17.28, 54; 18.16
field -+ discourse (field of) followed by nonfinite phrase 3.57
fifth 6.64 simple vs. complex 3.54- 55, 57
fight (verb) 3.18; (~with) 9.53 structure 3.54-55
figurative -+ metaphorical finiteness scale 3.52, 56
figuratively 8.124. fire (verb)4.27, 35; (~ away) 16.12
 Index 1703

firm (amplifier adjective) 7.33, 43 focus [cont]

firms --+ names (classified) marked 18.11,12,21,29,37,39; 11.15
first subsidiary 13.37
(adjunct) 8.55,72; 19.36 see also: adverbial, cleft sentence,
(conjunct) 8.137, 138n, 143; 19.38,55, comparison, end focus, focusing
subjunct, information, interrogation,
56
negation, operator, theme, to
(postdeterminer) 5.34, 119; 6.63-64;
17.15,32 focusing subjunct 2.56; 8.17, 25, 97n,
(~andforemost) 8.144n; (at ~) 19.38;
lOOn, 102,116-120,121,134;9.63;
(~ly) 8.137, 138n; 19.38; (in
11.7; 14·.14n; 15.20,30; II.21
the ~ place) 8.137; (~ofall) 8.137 -fold 1.28n, 41n
folk(s) 5.78
first language --+ English
fish (noun) 5.87
folk etymology --+ etymology
follow 16.26; (as ~ s) 17.73; 19.47;
fissile 1.9
fission(able) 1.9
IIU1; (the ~ ing) 19.47
following (adjective) 7.21; 19.37
fit (adjective) 16.79,81
(verb) 3.17,68; 10.14; 16.27,50 (preposition) 9.8
(~ting) 3.59; 16.72
fond 7.39; (~of) 7.39; 16.69
fool (around) 16.12; (~ ishly) 8.127, 128
fix Nup with 16.9
foot/feet 5.84
fixed phrase 3.60; 4.7n, 53; 5.34n, 51, 70,
vs.feet 5.89n; 7.22
114; 7.6, 21, 26, 66n; 9.1n, 5n, 15n,
foot, on 5.51
19n; 10.58; 15.14; 16.52; 17.28n,
foot (rhythmical) 11.2
103; 18.45n
for'(conjunction) 2.60; 8.146n; 13.5,
see also: stereotyped
8-10,12,18-19,103; 14.6, 17, 33n;
fixed stress --+ stress 15.10, 44n, 46-47; 16.36,41,66,75,
fixed word -order language 2.14
80,82; 17.30,31; 19.58; Ill. 18
flammable 1.21n (particle) 16.2
flannels 5.76 (preposition) 2.23; 7.70; 8.9, 52, 55n,
flash (verb) 4.27 59,60,86,133; 9.7, 9,10,36,38,42,
flat (adjective) 7.8 43,44,45,46,53,62; 10.19n,47;
(adverb) 7.8; (~ly) 7.8; 8.124,125 16.57, 69n; 17.37
flatter 16.26 (prepositional adverb) 9.66n
flee/fled 3.15, 16; 9.31; (~ from) 9.31 cause 8.9, 146n; 9.44
flew 3.16 purpose 8.9; 9.45
fling (verb) 3.18 respect 8.9
flounder (noun) 5.87 see also: certain, example, instance, long,
flown 3.16 sake, start, sure, thing
flu 1.74 forasmuch as 14.12
flung 3.18 forbad(e) 3.16
fly (verb) 3.16 forbear 3.16
fob off(on) 16.9n; (~N off with) 16.9 forbid(den) 3.16; 16.63
focus (verb) 3.8 force (verb) 16.50
focus(es)/foci 5.93 force--+communicative, emotive,
focus 1.18,29; 2.56, 59; 5.40, 117; 6.5, external causer, illocuti6nary,
43n; 8.8, 56, 66, 84, 86, 87, 1J7; locutionary, privative
10.32,59,65; 11.8n; 12.24; 13.4n, forceps 5.76
22n; 14.36, 37; 15.10n, 20, 23, 62; fore- (locative) 1.26
17.4; 18.9, 10-54; 19.34n; 1.58, 59, (temporal) 1.27
70; 11.16, 21 forecast 3.17; 16.31
concatenated 18.18 forego 3.19
contrastive 2.56; 5.17; 8.18, 21, 35, foregoing, the 19.47
130; 12.24, 28n, 54, 56n; 16.6; foreman 1.24n
18.21n, 22, 56; 11.9,15 forementioned 19.47n
divided 17.78; 18.17,21,26,37, 38n, 59 foremost 7.82n
 1704 Index

foresee 3.16; 16.31 forsook 3.16

foretell 3.16; 16.31 forswear 3.16
forever4.26n; 7.70n; 8.98; 9.36 fortnightly 7.9; 8.64
forewarn 16.59 fortunate 16.72,82,83; (~ly) 8.127,128,
forget 3.16, 18; 8.75n, 107; 16.26,31,35, 130,133n
38,39,40 forum 5.95
forgive 3.16; 16.57; (~for) 16.57 forward(s) 8A1; 16.2
forgo 3.19 forward -+-span
forgot(ten) 3.16 fossilization 3.62; I.5
form -7 meaning, phonological fought 3.18
form/function 2.12,24,29 found 3.18
form class-7word class fractions 5.15,18; 8.118n; 10A1n, 42;
formal (vs. informal) 1.17, 23, 31-:33, 37, 15.71n; IlIA
38,41,42; 8.21; 9.7n; 19.87; I.16 see also: numeral, partition
constructions 2A4; 3.23, 34, 59, 60, fragmentary sentence 11.38
61, 66; 4.26n, 42, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 'fraid 12.51n
57,58; 5.17, 23n, 55, 64,103; 6.3-5, frame -7 time
9,12, 18, 19,31,35,38,39,42,50, frankly (adjunct) 8.148
53n,56, 66, 69; 7.7, 22, 56n, 86; (disjunct) 8.124,125,130,148
8.35,52,79, 80,.85n, 86, 90-91, 97, (subjunct) 8.100, 126, 148
98, 103n, 140, 144;9.6, 38n, 44, 57, free (adjective) 16A5, 79, 81
60; 1O.7n, 8,41,42, 43n, 45, 50,53, (~from) 16.69
55,56,58; 11!7, 8,14, 15n, 18, 28, free -7 direct speech, indirect speech,
37,41,54; 12.11, 19,23, 28n, 35, variation
61n; 13.36, 61-63, 72n, 78, 81, 88, free combination-7phrasal verb,
91,94,96; 14.12-13,24; 15A, 5, 8n, prepositional verb
12,34, 35n, 36,38, 39,44,46,48, free morpheme 1.2n
49,50,51,57,58,59,67,73,74; freedom 17.36
16.30,32,36,42,59,60,63,70; freeze 3.16;16.21; (~N hard) 16A5
17.12,14,17,19,24,30, 91n, 96, French lA, 5n, 6, 8, 15; 5.99,104; 9.7n,
122; 18.14n, 24, 48, 54; 19.18,42, IOn; 17.59-60; 1.6,13,14,21,36;
47,49, 51,60,62,63, 64, 65, 68n; HA
1.26n, 27n, 34;HL5n, 11,12,13,20, French fries 1. 74
26n,29 frequency, with AD] 9 Al
vocabulary 4.23; 5.77; 6.25; 7A6, 83; frequency (fundamental) 11.2, 17
8.3n, 78n, 111, 127, 137; 9.7, 8,10, frequency (statistical) 1.42; 17.115
15n, 19, 21, 22, 32, 56, 58; 10.53; frequency (temporal)
11.54; 13.61; 16.79; 17.73; 19.33, adjunct 8.52-54,64+71,73,74,76,77
36-37,47; 1.39; HI.28 adverbial4A, 6, 15,20,23,26; 5.18;
formally 8.127 8.4, 11; 9A1; 15.28
former 7.36; 19.36; (~ly) 8.55; 19.36; definite 8.64, 66
(the ~) 19A9 disjunct 8.67n
formula(e/s) 5.92, 94 high 8.65,67, 70
formulae (punctuation of) HI.30 imperatives and 8.77n
see also: anger, disjunct, epistolary, indefinite 8.53, 64, 66-71
formulaic (utterance) low 8.65,67,70
formulaic quantifiers and 8.71
disjunct8.127n; 18.17 subjunct 3.27; 8.98, 108,115
question 3.24n; 19.62 universal 8.65, 67
subjunct 8.90 see also: continuous, occasion, period,
subjunctive 3.58, 60; 4.53n usual
utterance 2.58; 3A2n; 11.38,54; frequentative -7 verbs (semantic
12.34, 65n; 19.48;1.7 classification)
. forsake(n) 3.16 frequently 8.65, 67 ":71, 77
 Index 1705

jridge 1.74 future [cont]

}riendlily 1.41 tense 4.3.41
}riendly 7.9, 81n; (~ with) 16.69 tIme 3.30. 46, 48.4.2-5,37,38,40,
}righten ( ~ ed) 16.71, 78: (,~ ed about) 41-48,51,52,56,57,58,62,65n.
16.69; (~ing) 16,72 66: 8.49,55,57,63, 75,76,98, 103.
}rolic{verb) 3.8 112; 9.35; 1l.8n, 24, 46; 14.22 -23,
from (particle) 16.2 20--27; 15,35,36; 15,68n; 16,30,
(preposition) 7.70; 8.59, 62; 9,7, 9,10, .+6n; 18,16
15,18,27,28,32,37,44,47,61; nme, using present tense 4.9
16.42,69 time, using past tense 4. 16
(away ~) 7.70; 9.10,15,18; 16.2; See also past. present. tense
(~ , , . to) 8.62; 9.37,39 -/y 1.42
front(in - )9.19,66; 16,2; Un - 0/)9.11,19
fronting2.59; 8.152; 10.7n, 58-59; G
11.21; 13,9L.n; 15.51; 16,13, 15;
18.19,20-25,58, 59n; 19.7 -g doubling in verbs 3,8
see also: adverbial, myselj; object, gainsay 3,5n
predication, pronoun, theme, wh- gallows 5.91
}rosty 16.81 galore 5.23n
froze(n)3.16 games -,.. names (classnied)
frozen expression -+ fixed phrase ganglion 5.98
frozen style 1.33; 5.43, 50; I.36n gapping 12.44; 13.92-93; III,9
-juI5.102;7.1; 17.102;I.3, 15,32,38 garment (vs. clothing) 5.4
fulfilment 15.11 -gate I.l3n, 76
jull7.35n, 88n: 8.106; (- of) 16.69; garher 16.31
(- y) 8,105,106 gare 3.16; (- st) 3.4n
full-+ apposition, con version, verb gaze at 9.63
full point/stop --,> period geese 5.84
jun 7, 14n; (for/in -) 9.45n; (make- of) gender 5 104-111; 6,8-10
16.58; (~nily) 8.127,131 animate ).104-110
function -+ communicati ve, discourse, classes5.1V4, 105-110; 17,39,58
ellipsis, form, nonfinite, regulative grammatical 5, 104
function word -+ word (grarnmatical) inanimate5.104. 110, III
functional con version/shift-+ con version indetermiUd.te 6.9: 10.50
functional equivalence 2.12,20 marked vs. unmarked 5.105, 6.10,12.
functional load -+ English 1.64
fundamentally 8,127, 130n; 19.56 mixed 17.11
funds 5.77 notional 5,104
fungus(es)/fungi 5.93 noun 5,57n, 104-111
furiOUS 16.78; (~ with) 16.69 pronoun 1.26; 5,104,6,1,8-10,13.
further (adverb) 7.83; 8.48 14,24,32,34,41
(conjunct) 8.137,143 scale 5.109-110, 117; 17,39
(subjunct) 8.116, 119 see also: collecti ve, common, concord,
(ordinal) 5.22; 7.75 dual, female, genitive, mg.le.
(~more) 8.137, 143n nunpersonal, pers0n(li
furthest 7.75, 83; 8.48n genera 5.93
fuss (make a ~ about/of/over) 16.58; general, in 8.125n
(~ y about) 16.73 general-+ distance, ellipsis, noun,
future, in (the) 8.59n numeral, subjunct·
future general evaluation -+ verbs (semantic
auxiliary 4.42, 46, 57, 65n classification)
frequency of expressions 4.42, 45, 47 general knowledge -+ extralinguistic
in the past 4.37, 48; 14.26 factors
past in the 4.19, 45n general/particular 19.17, 22, 55
1706 Index
generalization 1.18; 2.41, 43,61
generally (disjunct) 8.124, 125n
(frequency adjunct) 8.65, 67
( ~ speaking) 8.67n
generic
noun (phrase) reference 3.72n; 5.17,
26, 33n, 38n, 40,52-59, 60n; 6.21;
7.22,24,25,26, 39n, 71; 8.71;
10.38,46,58,61; 12.35; 14.23n;
15.13, 34n; 17.3, 12, 19,46,99,
109
pronoun 6.21, 23; 1.65n
sentence 10.13
see also: article, one, we, you
genitive
case 5.112-126; 6.2-4, 5, 29, 30n, 56,
58; 7.13, 23; 9.54; 10.20n; 15.12;
16.42,53; 17.33,36; 111.27
communicative factors 17.45
construction 2.29; 5.72, 115 -126;
7.86; 8.133; 9.12n; 12.54; 14.39;
15.13-14; 17.38~45
descriptive 5.116,122; 17.38, 110
determinative 5.121,126; 6.2-3; 10.6,
7,48; 17.38-39
double 5.126
embedded 5.123
gender and 5.117
grammatical status of 5.121-126
group 5.123; 13.72; 15.12,75; 17.44,
119; I.l8n
independent 5.124; 6.2-3, 30
inflection 5:113-114; 6.47; 7.69;
15.75; 17.38, 119; 111.27
lexicalfactors 17.39,43,45
local 5.125
meanings of 5.63n, 112, 116; 17.46n
modified/modifying 5.122
multiple 17.118
name 5.72
noun classes and 5.118; 17.39,42
noun heads and 5.120
o/vs. -s 5.115; 17.38-45,62, 109, 119
of origin 5.116
ordinals and 5.119
partitive 5.64n, 116, 117; 17.40,46
possessive 5.112, 116, 118n; 10.20n
post- 5.126; 6.29, 30; 17.38,46
premudification by 5.14n; 17.94, 109,
110; 17.118; 1.64
pronoun 6.2-4,29,31,33,34,36;
16.42,53; 17.13-14
relational factors 17.40
split 17.44
genitive [cont]
superlatives and 5.119
syntactic factors 17.44
zero 5.113-114
see also: apposition, attribute, coordinate,
measure, objective, o!(-construction), -s,
subjective
gentlemen 19.65
gents 1.74
genus/genera 5.93
geographical-+ names (classified)
German 5.57n, 84n
German 1.2; 5.104, 123; 8.91n; I.l4, 25n
Germanic 1.40; 11.4
gerund 15.12n; 17.54; 1.3
see also: -ing participle
gerundi vel gerundi val clause -+ -ing
clause
gesture 11.25, 53
get 1.24; 3.18, 49, 66; 6.25; 8.47; 10.3,
30, 32n; 11.24; 16.2n, 21, 23, 24, 26,
39n,44,48,50,53,54
(~around to) 16.39; (~ away with)
16.9, 12,29; (~ by) 16.3; (~ down
to) 16.29; (~ going) 16.17; (~ (N)
off) 16.4n; ( ~ on) 16.3; ( ~ over)
16.6; ( ~ rid of) 16.17; ( ~ to) 3.45n,
49; (~up) 6.25; (Ved) 3.40, 49
see also: passi ve
GHQI.75
gird3.l2n
girl-1.33n
girt 3.12n
give 3.16; 10.30,32; 16.2n, 57; 18.43
(~in) 16.3,4; (~n) 3.16; (~place to)
16.58; (~ris.e to) 16.8; (~to) 16.57;
18.31n; (~up) 16.4n, 39;
(~wayto)16.7,58
given (conjunction) 14.12,14; 15.34, 35n
(preposition) 9.3,8
(~ that) 14.12; 15.34, 35n
given-+names (classified)
given vs. new information 2.56, 59;
6.43n; 8.45, 54,116,151; 9.9~ 10.6;
12.4,24; 13.3; 17.78, 109; 18.8-54;
19.12,23,25, 34n, 60n, 66-68;
II.l6
semi-18.8n
glad 16.71, 78;( ~ about) 16.69; (~at)
9.63; (~of) 16.69
glance at 9.63
glasses 5.76
glide/glode 3.16n
gloss over 16.12
 Index 1707

glow (verb) 4.27 graffiti 5.100n

go 3.9,12,19; 4.22; 7.15; 8.28, 30,45,
47; 9.17, 50n; 15.19; 16.2n, 19,21,
23,24,39n
(~ across) 16.12; (~ and) 8.30;13.98;
(~astray) 16.3; (~ infor) 16.39;
(~ into) 16.5,14; (~on) 16.3,40;
(~past) 16.12; (~ with) 16.15
goal
adjunct 8.39-48, 86, 149
adverbiaI7.38n; 8.3
intended 9A6
preposition 9.7, 46
GodIII.29
goin' III.27
going (be ~ to) (semi-auxiliary) 3AO, 47;
4.43,44, 45n, 46, 47, 48, 66; 8.21,
30n; 12.64; 15A8n; 18.29
goings-on ---7 verbs (semantic
classification)
gone 3.12, 19
vs. been---7been
gonna 8.21; 12A8n; 1.18
good 7.9, 75,77,82,83; (a~) 6.64n;
(~and ... ) 13.99; (as ~ as) 8.111,
114; ('"" at) 16.69; (~for) 9.36;
(very ~) (response) 8.100
comparison of 7.77
see also: better, best, bit, deal, many
goods 5.77
googolI. 7, 14
goose/geese 5.84, 87n
gospelI.13
got 3.18; 8.16; 1O.55n; (had ~ to) 3A5;
(have ~ ten to) 3A5n; (~ ta) 3A5n;
8.21; 12A8n; (~ten) 3.18; (~to)
-gram 1.66
grammar 1.12-18, 20, 23-28, 31; 2.1,
11,37; 4.3; 19.2-4,28
core 2.11
information structure and 18.1, 20-59
lexicologyand 1.13, 16, 18,42;
2.35-38; 19.22; 1.1,7,8, 12n, 14,
18; IlLS
meanings of 1.14; 2.11
notiona12A3
outline of 2.1- 2
phonology and 1.18; 2.56
pragmatics and 1.18; 2A6n; 19.2
school1.14n
semantics and 1.18; 2A6n, 56; 11.2;
19.2; 1.12n, 31
textual structure and 19.19, 21, 30-68
traditional 1.14-17 ; 2A; 4.17n, 42;
6.5; 9A; 13.39-40; 15.59n, 73n;
17.54
see also: intonation, prescriptive,
punctuation, rule, tone unit
grammatical
complexity 2.1,44,46; 8.13; 10.ln;
14.2,37 -41; 17.16; 18.7; 19.55,60
see also: concord, gender, genitive,
hierarchy, subject, word
grammaticality ---7 acceptability
grant (verb) 16.32, 57; (~ ing (that»
14.12; (~ to) 16.57
grant-in-aid 5.102
granted (conjunct) 19.56
(conjunction) 8.145; 14.12; 15.35n
(preposition) 9.8
(~ that) 8.145; 14:12; 15.35n

3A5n -graph 1.66

see also: have graphemics ---7 graphology
government 16.8, 30 graphology 1.12; 6.64-69; 18.14; 1.17,
graciously 8.90 74, 76n
gradability 5.24; 6.53; 7A, 85n; 8.5, 9, see also: sentence
80,99,101,104,147; 10.65n; 11.8n; -graphy 1.66
17.98; 1.21n, 36n, 37 grassroots 5.77
see also: adjective, adverb, degree, grateful 16.71
nongradable, noun, verb (semantic great 7.33, 34, 82; (~ly) 8.105,107
classification: gradable) see also: deal, many
gradation 3.11, 12, 19 great- IlIA
gradience 1.27; 2.60, 61; 3AO, 47n, Grecian 5.57n
50-51,56,57; 4.32, 49; 5A2n, 70; greedy 16.76, 79
8.25n, 104; 9A, 12; 10.11-16; Greek 1.14,16; 5.82,97-98,114; 1.6,
12.37; 13.5-6; 14.14,29; 15.9, 44n, 14,28; 11.4
62; 16.11, 15,58,64-67; 17.21,54, greetings 11.54; 19 A4
91; 18.lOn; 1.3, 12n, 18, 35n, 59n grew 3.16
see also: coordination, passive, word class grieve 15.54; 16.26
1708 Index

grind (verb) 3.18 hard (adjective) 6.59; 7.36, 82; 16.80; 1.41
grisly 7.9 (adverb) 7.83; 8.105
gross 5.90; 7.21 hardly 3A2n; 6.59; 7.56; 8.98,100, Ill,
ground (past tense, grind) 3.18 112, 114, 117; 10.64; (~ ... ) 14.13
grounds (on (the) ~ (s) of) 9.11; as response 8.130n
(on the ~ that) 14.l4n see also: ever
group -+ genitive has 3.13, 33; 18A9n; (~n't) 3.33
grouse (noun) 5.87 hast 3An
grow 3.16, 66n; 10.16; 16.21, 23, 24; hasten4.26n; 16.38n
(~into) 16.22n; (~n) 3.16; (~up) hate 8.107; 16.38,39,40,41
4.27 hath 3An
growl (verb) 9A6n have (auxiliary) 2.29,34,49; 3.2, 21, 30,
guarantee (v~rb) 16.31 31,33,47,54,56; 4.28; 8.16; 12.22,
guess (verb) 12.28; 15:54; 16.31, 35; 23,49; 15.11
19A7n (lexical or main) 2.21n, 29, 34; 3.30,
guts 5.77 34-35,68; 4.4, 27, 28, 31 ;"8049;
9.55; 10.14,23,30, 32n, 55; 11.5,
15; 14.9; 15041; 16.27, 52, 53, 54;
17.37; 18043; 1.31n
H dynamic vs. stative 10.55
elision 3A5n
h (initial) 5.11n forms of 3An, 5n, 13, 30, 33; 11.9
habitual3A8; 4.20, 28, 57, 61; 8.52; frequency of 3.33, 34, 48n
11.24, 46n; 14.23n; 15.30; 17.99 passiveofl0.23n; 18.32n
see also: past, present, progressive (do ~ to) 11.13; (~ done with) 16.17;
habitually 8.65, 67 (don't ~ to) 10.67,68; ( ~ got) 3.34,
had 12A8n; 14,20; 15.36 35; 18.51; (~ got to) 3040, 45, 48,
(past tense) 3.13,33 50; 4.50,51,54,55,56,66; 8.21;
(~da) 14.23n; (~n't) 3.33; (~st) 11.5; ( ~ had to have) 3.57; ( ~ n't)
3An; (~ to) 4.55n,61n; 14.34 3.33, 34; ( ~ to) 3.33, 40, 46, 47-48,
see also: have 50; 4.50,51,54,55,56,66,68; 8.21;
half (adverb) 5.17n; 11.21 11.13; 12.64; 14.23
(predeterminer) 5.15-16, 121; 10042 see also: been, existential, had, health
(pronoun) 5.7, 13,16; 12.10,.17 having
(1lOt/-n't ~) 8.107n; II.21;(the ~) prepositions of9.7, 55
5.17n see also: verbs (semantic t:;lassification)
half/halves 5.83 he 5.104-107,109-110; 6.2-6, 8-11,
half- IlIA 14,18,20; 10.50; 12047; 19.51; 11.9
hamstring (verb) 3.18 (~or she) 10.50
hand (noun) (at the ~ s of) 9.11 ; (by ~ ) head (noun) 5.90; (~s) 5.77
5.51; (on the one/other ~) 8.137, (verb) 9045
141; 15.32; 19.55,56 head 2.26, 27 - 33; 6A6n
(verb) 16.57; (~down) 16:12; (~in) clause -+ clause (main)
1604; (~ to) 16.57 ellipsis of 5.89, 124; 6.64; 9.14n;
handicap (verb) 3.8 12.54.:...58
handsome7.81n; 11.43n multiple 17.120
hang 3.18 see also: abstract, adjective, adverb,
hanky 1.74n genitive, noun phrase, personal,
happen 7.36; 11.15n; 16.19, 34, 38n; pronoun
(~ to) 3.40, 49; 4.66; 16.60n . headache 5A9n; 1.12n
happily 8.127, 129 headed/nonheaded construction 2.26, 27
happy 7.39; 16.71, 78;(~about)7.39; headlinese 1.28; 4.8n; 11.46; 12.52;
16.69; (~that) 7.39; (~to) 7.39; 14.29; 17.82n, 104, 109; III.29n
15.54; (~ with) 16.69 headquarters 5.91
 Index 1709

health hesitate about 16.38

adjectives 7.38, 77 hesitation 19.59n; 11.10
enquiries 18.16 hew(ed/n) 3.14
use of have 3.34 hey 10.53; 11.55
use of how 11.15n Hiberno-English 1.25
heaps of5.25n; 10.43n see also: regional English
hear 3.16; 4.8,29-30; 10.23; 15.54; hid(den)3.16
16.26,31,35,52,53,54 hide (verb) 3.16; 6.25; (~oneself) 6.25
(~ about) 9.60; 16.28, 35; (~ d) 3.16; hierarchy
(~of) 16.28; (I ~) 15.54 grammaticaI2.7-10, 12, 14n, 46;
hearer -+ speaker 5.121-124; 6.19; 12.45; 13.2-3,93;
hearing -+ verb {semantic classification) 14.2-4; 17.61,71; 19.28; IIL22
heartily 8.105 see also: adjunct, punctuation, space
hearts 5.77 adverbial, time adverbial
heave(d) 3.18 high (adjective) 7.8, 66, 82, 88
heaven (in ~) 8.100; 18.59n; (in ~ 's (adverb) 7.8; (~ ly) 7.8,56; 8.105
name) 11.14n; (~s) 5.77 high -+ frequency, pitch
heavy 7.36,88 higher animals -+ animals
heavy-+end-weight, punctuation, stress highlight (verb) 3.18
Hebrew 1.2; 5.101 highlighting 2.59; 8.126n; 10.17; 13.4n;
heck ((in) the ~) 7.64; (~of a) 7.64,89 18.7,26-29; 19.34n, 67
hedged -+ performati ve him 6.2-6,8-11, 14
hedging 8.124,126; 15.33, 38,40,54 himself6.6, 14,23-28
see also: tentativeness hindmost7.82n
height (dimension) 17.114 hint 16.31; (~at) 16.28
held 3.18 his 5.14; 6.2-6, 8-11, 14, 29; 12.39
heliport I. 76 historic(al) I.39n
hell (in the ~) 7.64; 8;100; 18.59n; historic-+ present
(~of a) 7.64,89; (the ~) 7.64; history -+ English (history of)
8.100; 11.14n; 18.59n; (~uva) hit (verb) 3.17; (~ off) 16.4n
17.47 hither 19.33; (~to) 19.36
hello 11.54; 12.34 hm 7.54
help (verb) 16.19, 26, 38, 50, 52; hoe (verb) 3.9
(can't ~) 4.52n; 16.39 hold (verb) 3.18,68; 10.24; 16.26,31,44,
hemi- 1.28 46; (""' forth aqout/on) 9.59; (~ out)
hence 8.137, 144,145; 13.11; 19.33; 16.12
(~forth/ ~ forward) 19.37n holiday (noun) 1.14
her 1.26; 5.14; 6.2-6, 8-11,14,29; home (adverb) 7.46n, 67, 70; 8.41, 50n;
(~s) 6.2-6, 8-11, 14,29 19.34
here (place adverb) 3.23; 4.l1n; 6.43; (noun) 5.44
7.67,70; 8.41, 48; 19.33, 34, 64n; (particle) 16.2
11.21 (at ~) 5.51
(time adverb) 19.36 homeward(s) 7.46n
and now 19.15, 31-32 homograph 2.38
pro-form use 8.10n, 41; 12.10, 11; homomorph 2.38; 3.41, 47n; 7.6-10, 13;
19.47 12.16, 18,39-40
(~abouts) 8.41, 48; (~ ... be) 8.47; homonymy 2.38; 7.32, 34,35, 36n, 39;
18.23; (~by) 4.26n; 7.46; ll.3n; 8.143; 13.87; 16.6n; 17.97
(~ upon) 19.37n; (~ with) 4.26n; verb/noun 1.19
7.46 homophone 2.38
herring 5.87 honestly (disjunct) 8.101n, 124, 127n,
herself6.6, 14,23-28 130n
hertz5.90 (subjunct) 8.100-102
hesitant 16.79 honorific 7.76n
1710 Index

honours 5.77 hurt (verb) 3.17; 4.29; 6.25

-hood I.13n, 32 hybrid -+ word-formation
hoo/s/ hooves 5.83 hyper-1.24
hop (verb) 3.7 hyperbole 8.126; 16.4n; 18.55; 19.45;
hope (noun) 16.28n; 17.36 1.24,76n
(verb) 3.7; 4.28,47; 12.28; 14.22; hypercorrection 1.17; 3.62n; 6.5, 35n,
16.31,38 38n; 8.8In; 9.4; 15.5n; 17.63n
(~for) 16.14, 28,41; (~fid) 16.71; hypernym 19.21, 24
(~fully) 8.127, 129n; (I ~) 8.129n; hyperurbanism 6.27
15.54; (~ less at) 16.69, 83; (- of) hyphenation 6.64n, 67; 8.89n; 13.1 02n;
16.28n 16.14n; 17.58, 101, 108, 121, 122;
horrified i 6. 71 I.l7, 21, 24, 27n, 59; 11.6; lI1.3, 4,5
horsepower 5.90 hypocoristic 1.65n, 77
hospital 5.44 hypotaxisJ3.2; 14.2; 17.114, 116; 19.5n;
hourly 7.9; 8.64 Ill. 8
houses 5.83 hypothesis 5.97
hove 3.18 hypothetical meaning 3.30, 46, 62; 4.62,
how (conjunction) 7.28n, 53; 14.20; 15.7, 63n,64; 8.127; 11.l3; 15.50; 16.40,
8; 17.18 72n
(exclamatory) 2.57; 8.105, 109n; see also: condition, past, verbs (semantic
10.17; 11.1,31-32; 15.7,74; classification)
16.35n; 18.57 hypothetically 8.127
(interrogative) 7.53, 66, 88; 8.10, 25,
78,79,80,110; 9.43,48, 49; 10.11;
11.14-19; 15.64,66, 69n; 16.15,
61n; 18.59n
(premodifier) 8.83,102, 106, 120
evaluative 11.15n 1(= initial position)-+initial
in pseudo-cleft sentence 18.30 T (= speaker) 14.8; 15.18n, 19n, 21;
pro-form use 7.53 19.39,64
( ~ about) 11.40; ( - about that) 16.2-6,8-11,14,18,27; 12.28n, 47-48;
11.40n; (and ~ ) 11.32n; ( ~ come?) 14.22,27, 36n; 15.37n, 54; 19.51n,
1l.l5n, 40; ( - goes it?) 11.15n; 77n; IlI.29n
(~ if) 11.40 vs. me 1.17
see also: far, health, long, much, often, (X and ~) 6.5; (~ 'da) 4.23n;
times, well (~ 'll be . .. ) 15.37n
however (conj)lnct) 8.l37, 143-146; -ipluraI5.93,100
13.19 +1.66
(conjunction) 8.106; 1l.l4n; 14.20; -ia11.39
15.42 -ian 1.3 7; 11.5
(intensifier) 8.77; 83, 102, 120 -ible 7.21; 16.72; 1.40
howsoever 14.20 -ic 7.1,37,47; 17.102; 1.37, 39,41; 11.4
HP 5.90 -ica17.47; 1.37, 39
hug (verb) 16.26 -ices plurals 5.96
human-+no(!n -ics 5.75
humanities 5.77 ID 1.75
humbly 8.90 idea unit-+ tone unit
humbug (verb) 3.8 ideally 8.127, 130n
hundred 5.89; 6.65 identification (apposition) 17.74, 77 -78
hundredweight 5.90 anticipated/postponed 17.78
hung 3.18 see also: complement, that
hunt (verb) 4.27 identify (oneself) with 6.25
hurrah (verb) 3.8n idiom 3.35, 42n, 45, 47, 66n, 69, 70n;
hurry up and . .. 13.98 4.13n, 53n, 57n; 5.43, 50, 51, 117n,
 Index 1711

idiom [cont] im-U7,21

122n; 6.17n; 8.47n, 59n, 96; 9.26,
34,36,65, 66n; 10.16n, 23n, 43,
46n, 47,58,60; 11. 24n; 12.28n, 51,
63n, 65n; 13.25, 66n, 71, 87;
14.25n; 15.36,53, 64n, 68n; 16.3-9,
11,12,13-17,21,24n,29,58,69n;
17.37,57; 18.24n,48n,49; 19.68n,
69n; I.7, 17
semantic criteria for 16.12
semi- 16.12
see also: coordination, fixed phrase, modal,
stereotyped
iE (= initial-end position) -+ initial
ie 8.137; 17.27,73; I.75; IIUl
-ie 1.77
-ie verb base ending 3.9, 10
if2.60; 3.62; 4.45; 8.9, 49; 13.18-19;
14.12,18-19; 15.6,20,21,30,32-40
adjunct vs. disjunct 15.21
-clause 3.30n; 4.16, 52n; 8.124,125,
140,147; 11.41; 12.63; 13.15, 25n,
28n, 30; 14.18-19,22,25; 15.6,
19n, 20,32-40, 48n; 16.31n, 72n;
18.33n
concessive 8.9
conditional 4.64; 8.9; 14.12n; 15.6,20,
32-38,40-41
contingent 15.30, 39-40
frequency of 15.6
interrogative 14.12n; 15.6
(~and only if) 15.35n; (~and when)
13.83n; 15.35n; (as ~) 3.62; 9.4;
(even ~) 8.145; 15.32, 39-41;
(~Imay)4.53;( ~ I were you) 3.62n;
15.36; (~not) 13.103; 15.34;
(~only) 11.41; 15.35n; (only ~)
15.35n; (~ ... or) 14.13; 15.6;
(~so) 15.34; (~ ... then) 8.145;
14.13
see also: as, even, how
if.f13.104n; 15.35n
-ifX 1.35, 42
il-1.17,21
ill 7.38, 77; 1.65; (~ er) 7.83
comparison of 7.77
ill- 7.83
ill-assorted -+ coordination
illnesses -+ names (classified)
illocutionary act/force 11.3, 13, 16, 17,
20n, 22, 41, 42, 53; 15.38 . impossibility 17.36
iM ( = initial-medial position) ~ medial
I/M ( = initial or medial
position) -+ initial
-im plurals 5.101
imaginative prose-+informative
imagine 4.29; 12.28; 14.24, 30, 36; 16.31,
35,39,44,46,50
immediate constituent -+ constituent
immediate situation 4.11-12; 5.28
immediately (time adverb) 8.55; 15.27,
29; 19.37,55
(conjunction) 14.12; 15.25, 29
impair 7.85n
impatient 16.78; (~with) 16.69
imperative 3.59; 16.72
imperative
clause/sentence 1.28; 2.13n, 46; 3.37n,
77n;4.64n; 6.24; 7.41; 8.16, 77n,
90-91,95,102,109, 118n, 130, 147;
10.6,17,34; 11.1, 10, 13, 17,24-30,
37, 54n; 13.25,30, 52n; 18.55;
11.13; III.23n
ellipsis analysis 12.46n
first person 3.51n; 4.8n; 6.7; 11.10, 13,
26-28
frequency of 11.27
illocutionary force of 8.47 ; 11.29
marker-+do, don't, let's
mood 3.51,52,54,58
particle-+do, let
passive 11.24
perfective passive 11.24n
persuasive 3.37; 18.55-56
progressive 11.24
quasi- 3.54n; 4.52n; 11.30n
subject in 2.57; 10.6; 11.1,25,27;
12.46n; 13.52n; 15.54
verb 2.57; 3.2; 4.4; 6.25n; 11.40, 43;
14.22,24; 16.33
see also: command, coordinate, directive,
frequency (temporal), negative
imperfective 4.17
imperial-+names (classified)
impersonal-+ it, subject (personal), you
impinge 3.9
implicature 11.4
implicit 16.72
implicit-+comparative
implore 16.63
imply 16.31
impolite -+politeness
important 16.72, 82; (most ~ (ly)) 7.28n
impossible 16.72, 80
impotent 16.79
imprecation -+expletive
1712 Index
improper 16.72
improve 4.27
in (adverb) 8.41
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 5.44, 119; 7.70; 9.7,
15-17,25, 32, 34, 35, 40, 49n; 51;
16.77
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
(~N of) 9.11; (~Nwith) 9.11;
( ~ that) 14.12
in-1.17, 21, 26n, 36n
-in 1.47n
-in' (= -ing) 3.5n
-in-law(s) III.4
inalienable -+ possession
inanimateness-+agent, gender, noun,
subject
inasmuch as 14.12; 15.46; 1.18
incense (verb) 16.26
inception -+ verbs (semantic
classification)
incessantly 8.65, 77
incidentally 8.137,142,143
incite 16.63
inclination 17.36
inclined 16.79; (~to) 16.69
included 17.73, 86
included clause -+ subordinate clause
included units -+ punctuation
including (preposition) 9.8; 17.34,73,86
inclusion (apposition) 17.74, 85-87
inclusive-+ exclusive, or, our, we, your
incompatible (with) 16.69
incomp1ete-+ completion, question,
sentence
incontestably 8.127
incontrovertibly 8.127
incorrectly 8.127
increase (verb) 7.85n; 16.19
incredibly 8.127
indeed (conjunct) 8.103n
(disjunct) 8.127, 130n
(subjunct) 2.28; 7.57, 60; 8.100,101,
103n; 12.30; 18.55; 19.55
as response 8.130n
indefinite-+article, determiner,
frequency, noun phrase, past,
pro-forms, pronoun, subject
indefinitely 8.63
indentation H1.11, 14,21,30
reverse III.14n
indention -+ indentation
independent-+ clause, genitive, -ing
participle clause, pronoun, subject
indeterminacy 2.11,15,60-61; 4.66n;
8.24,96; 1l.3; 12.18, 26n; 14.36;
15.60; 17.33
see also: analysis (multiple), apposition,
ellipsis, gender, gradience, sentence
index(es) 5.96
index entries III.17n
indicate 14.25n; 16.31,35
indicative
mood 3.37, 52, 55, 58, 59, 62; 4.16n;
10.34,44, 55n; 14.24-25; 15.36;
16.30, 33, 50, 59, 70- 73; 1.40n
indicator word 2.37
indices 5.96
indignant 7.39; 16.78
indirect
offer 15.38
request 11.29n; 15.38
thought -+ indirect speech
see also: agency, anaphora, condition,
direct, directive, exclamation, indirect
speech, object, prepositional phrase,
question, reason, statement
indirect speech 3.30; 4.16, 24n, 48n, 58n,
60,61; 1l.3, 46n; 12.28; 14.28-34;
16.31n,63
free 4.48n, 60n, 61; 14.28, 35; 19.43
indisputably 8.127 ...
Indo-European 2.34; 3.11
indoors 7.70; 8.41
indubitable 16.72
indubitably 8.127
induce 16.50
-ine 5.105
inequality -+ none qui valence
comparison
inevitably 8.127
infer 16.31
inference, tentative 4.56, 66
inferential
conjunct8.136, 137, 140,144,148
disjunct 13.30
relation 19.17
inferior 7.85
infinitive 3.2,52,53,54,55,56, 59n;
15.36,52; 16.69n; 17.54n
bare 3.2,30,35,40,41,42,43,45; 4.3,
42,43,47,48,64; 7.39; 9.49; 10.55,
67, 68n; 11.13, 16,40; 14.6, 15,16;
15.15, 66n; 16.17,20,52,53,54;
18.29
clause 2.22; 3.46n; 4.52; 6.24; 7.22;
8.21,30,86,125,128; 9.2, 3n, 6;
10.65; 12.23; 14.6-8, 13n, 15-17,

infinitive [cont]
25,33, 36n; 15.3, 4n, 6, 8, 10-11,
12, 18, 25, 34n, 44, 46n, 48, 50, 53,
56,58-60,65, 66n, 73, 74n; 16.20,
22,28,36,38,41,42,43,49,50-52,
63,64-67,68,70,73,75-82,.83;
17.30-32,33-34,35-36,93,122;
18.29,35-36,53; 19.60; 111.17
clause ellipsis 12.64-65
marker-+to
object + 16.32,41,44,50,63
passive 15.73; 16.63n,81; 17.31
perfective 4.19,67; 14.34n; 16.76-77
progressive 4.46
split 8.21; 12.23n; 18.42n
to- 3.2, 30,40,42,43,44,45,49,51,
70, 77n; 7.22; 8.21, 132; 9.55;
11.13n, 18,40,41; 12.23n, 64-65;
13.50-51,98, 103n; 14.6-8, 13n,
17, 23n, 33; 15.3, 4n, 6, 8, 10-11,
12, 18, 25, 34n,44, 46n,48, 50, 53,
54,56, 58-60, 65, 66n, 73, 74n;
16.17,20,22,28,31,36,41,42,
50-51,52,54,59,63,68,75-82;
18.29,35-36; 19.60
vs. participle construction 16.40
wh-clause 12.63; 16.20, 35, 37, 62, 73
with/without subject 14.6, 16, 17, 33;-
15.10, 48n, 73; 16.20,36,38,41, .
80-82; 17.35-36
see also: existential
infix 1.18, 31n, 76n
inflammable 1.21n
inflection 1.14-15,18; 2.4, 7, 35; 3.30,
50,62; 4.3, 17n; 5.104,123; 7.13,
23,74-86; 8.29, 48n, 63n; 10.34n;
12.55n; 13.100; 15.75; 16.2; 1.3,
16n, 17, 31n,38,45, 71
vs. derivation 1.31n, 41
vs. preposition 5.123
see also: adjective, adverb, comparison,
genitive
inflectional
language 6.4
morpheme I.2n
influencing-+ verbs (semantic
classification)
inform 9.2; 16.59,61; (~ about) 9.60;
(~of) 9.2, 60; 16.57
informal(vs. formal) 1.26, 31-33, 37, 38,
42; 11.49,53; 17.124
constructions 1.24; 3.23, 30n, 32n, 34,
36n, 38, 43, 62, 66; 4.13n, 26n, 43,
46, 52n, 65n; 5.17n, 23, 25, 35n,
Index 1713
informal [cont]
55n, 66n, 76, 84n, 102; 6.3-5, 8,9,
12n, 18, 20, 21, 24n, 31, 35, 38, 43n,
52n, 53, 55n, 56, 64n; 7.7, 8, 14,22,
29, 56n, 60, 63,64, 70n, 78n,83;
8.21,30, 31n, 39, 42n, 47,52,62,
65n, 75n, 76, 78,86, 89, 91, 97n, 98,
114, 117n, 119, 124n, 143, 146n;
9.3n,4,5,6,8, IOn, 16, 18n,37,40,
41,44,58,60; 10.lOn, 15, 23n, 27,
30, 34, 41-45, 50, 55n, 60; 11.5, 8,
11,12, 15n, 18,24,26,28, 32n, 34,
40,44,47,49,53-55; 12.11, 17,23,
27, 29n, 35, 46, 48n, 50n, 51n,52,
61n, 63n, 64n, 65n, 68; 13.7n, 12,
36, 72n, 74n,88,91,94,98-99, 102,
103n, 104; 14.12-13, 23n, 26, 29n,
30n, 36; 15.5n, 6, 9n, 12, 15, 18,22,
25, 34, 35n, 37n, 39-40, 44, 46n, 48,
50, 54n, 57n, 71, 74; 16.3,9, 14n,
22,29; 17.11n, 12, 14-16, 19,30,
44,46,47, 57n, 60n, 78,80,
111-112, 119; 18.20,22,27, 28n, 30,
34, 40n, 43, 45, 48,57-59; 19.2, 18,
42-43, 47n, 48, 50, 51, 59, 60, 61n,
62,63,65
pronunciation 3.45n, 51; 6.14n, 52n,
69; 19.34n; 11.10; 111.5, 27
punctuation/spelling 3.36n, 45n, 51;
6.14n; 8.21; 9.7; 17.47; 1.39; Ill. 11,
20, 24n, 26, 27
vocabulary 3.16; 5.7, 35n, 49n, 57n,
77,78,90; 7.57n, 61, 89; 8.65,100,
102n, 105n, 111, 112, 115, 127, 135,
137,145; 10.30,53,60,62; 11.54;
13.103n; 14.12;'15.18; 16.3,21,29,
69n, 80; 17.11n, 91n, 112; 1.7,12,
23n,24 .
word-formation 1.16, 18, 24, 29, 34,
38, 40n, 41, 46n, 47n, 48n, 51, 52,
65n,67,68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76n, 77
information
processing 8.1; 18passim; 19.25,61,
66-68 .
sequence and 19.68
structure 8.14, 37, 151; 13.3; 14.40;
15.28n; 18.40; 19.60n, 83-84
unit 17.68, 78n; 18.3-19; 19.27; 11.11,
16
value 8.47,87; 11.36,45; 12.51-52;
17.102; 18.2-4
see also: communicative (dynamism),
focus, given (vs. new), grammar,
prosody
1714 Index
informative vs. imaginative prose 3.73
infrequently 8.65, 70n, 77
infringe 3.9
-ing participle 3.2, 3-5, 7-20, 32, 33, 36,
38,40,42,49,53,54, 55, 56; 4.8n,
67; 7.15-19,81; 12.22n; 15.12;
16.28n, 77; 1.68, 69
-ing participle clause 3.2, 44n; 4.67; 8.13,
28, 59n, 61n, 75n, 125;9.1-3,6,38;
11.18,40; 12.23,65; 13.50-51;
14.6,19; 15.3, 12-14,25,34,39,53,
56,58-62; 16.4n, 20, 36, 38, 39-40,
42,49,53,68,83; 17.28,29,30,
33-34,35,36,64; 18.20, 29, 48n;
i9.60
ambiguity with noun phrase 15.13-15
extraposed 18.34-35, 36n
independent interpretation 16.39
premodification by 17.98-99
with/without subject 9.38; 14.6, 19n;
15.12,75; 16.20,36,38,39,42,83;
17.28-30; 19.60
see also: nominal clause
-ing suffix (denominal) 1.32
(deverbal) 8.127,133; 10.30n; 16.72;
17.53,54; 1.3, 16n, 31n, 35,61-63,
71
ingratiate oneself(with) 6.25
ingredient preposition 9.7,61
inhabit 10.27n
inherent -i> adjective (inherent)
initial (position)
-end position 8.22,23,35,47,49,63,
90,118; 18.9
in clause 3.23; 6.38-39, 41; 7.29, 54;
8.15,16,20,23,26,35-38,43,44,
,47,51,52,55, 65,66, 70,71, 77n,
78,81,86,87,89-92,95,98, lOIn,
109n, 112, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121,
124, 130, 138n, 143n, 144, 146, 147,
150-151;9.6,42,58; 10.17,58,59,
60n, 64n, 66; 11.1, 14n, 19,31;
12.27n, 28-30; 13.11, 36, 38, 84;
14.9; 15.5,7,42,71; 17.49-50,78;
18.5,9-10,13,19,20-25,49,50,
58,59; 11.14; IILl7-18, 20, 22
in'discourse 8.135,142
in phrase 5.121; 13.41
in sentence 4.24; 6.27n; 8.147;
10.52-53; 11.25,49; 13.7-9, 18n,
54-55,103; 14.13n, 16n, 24n, 29n,
38-41; 15.12,20-23,25,32,41,43,
47,50,53-56,59-62; 16.38n; 17.5,
34, 122; 18.20-25, 33n; 19.60n
initial [cont]
in word 1.3
letter 5.29,66,70, 71n, 118; 10.53;
17.91n; 19.75; 111.28, 29
or medial 8.20
words omitted 11.49
see also: adverbial (fronting), ellipsis, final,
fronting, medial, preposition, so, stress
initialism 1.13n
initially 8.55, 138n
initiator
discourse 7.54; 11.15n
role 10.21n
inland 8.41
inner 7.85n
innermost 7. 82n
innings 5.91
inquire 16.35
inquiry 11.3, 4, 16, 17,22, 40, 53
insertion operation 2.46
inset (verb) 3.17
inshore 8.41
inside (adverb) 7.68, 70; 8.41
(preposition) 9.7, 15n, 55n
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
(~of)9.10
insignia 5.95n
insist 3.59; 14.25n; 16.31,32; (~ on) 16.28
insistence 4.57,61; 18.56
insofaras 14.12; 15.55 ;Ll8; (~ that) 14.12
insomuch as 14.13
inspire 16.50
instance,for 8.137,139; 17.73, 86
instantaneous -i> present
instantly 8.55, 77n
instead 8.137, 141; 9.5n, 66; 15.32; Ll8;
(~of) 9.3n, 10, 13; 14.19n
in ... stead Ll8
institutionalization 1.7, 24, 26, 27, 34,
35; 2.42; 3.23; 5.42n, 43, 71; 6.35n;
7.21; 8.9, 91n, 96; 11.26n; 12.48n,
51n; 13.83n; 15.59; 17.91, 104,
108-109,111-112,116; 19.26,
34-35; 1.5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 36n, 57, 61;
11.9,20; IILl, 27
scale of 5.70
temporary 17.109
institutions -i> names (classified)
instruct 16.32, 59, 62, 63
instructional language 1.28; 11.48
instrumental
adverbial 3.75; 8.5, 78, 79, 80,82-84;
11.15n
language 1.3

instrumental [cont]
meaning (in conversion) 1.47; (in
compounds) 1.63
noun 17.116; 1.49
object 10.31
preposition3.75; 9.7,14,43,49-50,51
subject 9.49; 10.21,33
instruments -+ names (classified)
insure 16.31
intellectual (adjective/noun) 7.13
intellectual state -+ verbs (semantic
classification)
intend 4.29, 47; 16.32,38, 41n, 50;
(~as) 16.47
intended-+destination, goal, recipient
intensely 8.105
intensify 7.85n
intensification 2.57; 3.76n; 5.38; 6.30,
39n, 61n, 62n; 7.84, 87-90; 8.21,
81,99; 9.5; 11.l5n, 31-32; 13.1,
102; 15.9n, 35n, 70, 74; 16.3,70;
18.55; I.16n, 30, 72, 76n
see also: coordination, negative
intensifier-+ intensifying
intensifying
adjective 7.4n, 14n, 33-34,36,45,73;
8.106n; 13.99; 17.114
adverb 2.57; 5.17n, 24; 6.62n; 7.2,
16-18,22,34,35,42,56,57,58,
60-64,77,87-90; 8.20, 48, 63n, 69,
77,98,103,131, 147, 150;9.50n,64;
12.10; 14.36; 16.4; 17.96-97, 114;
19.50
preposition 9.32n, 58n
subjunct8.17, 104-115, 148; 14.14n
see also: amplifier, approximator, booster,
compromizer, coordination, diminisher,
downtoner, maximizer, minimizer
intensity -+ loudness
intensive-+copular verb
intent (up)on 16.69
intention 17.36; (~ ally) 8.93;
(without ~) 8.93
intention 4.42,43,46,48,57,58,61;
8.94; 14.24,25,45; 19.62
inter- I.14, 26
interested9.2; 16.78; (~in) 9.2; 16.57
inter/ere with 16.28
interference variety 1.34-35, 36, 38
interim, in the 19.36
interjection 2.34,42, 58n; 7.51; 11.55;
14.35; 18.55
intermediate function -+ verb
international-+ language
Index 1715
interpol I. 76
interpolation 13.27n; 17.68n
see also: coordination
interrogation
alternative 8.25, 83,95, 102, 110, 113,
120,121,134; 11.20-21; 13.28n,
94; 14.13; 15.6,20, 41n, 42; 16.31n
focus 8.77,83, 92n, 120; ll.5n; 15.20
scopeof2.55; 8.113, 120; 13.47
see also: question, wh-
interrogative
adverb-+wh- (wQrd)
clause/sentence 2.46,49,50; 3.21, 24,
34,42,44,45, 48n,52; 4.53n, 54;
6.37n, 59, 60, 69; 8.16, 68, 77n, 83,
103,109,110,124; 10.6; 11.1-2,
5-23,37,40; 12.63; 14.17,20; 15.3,
4,5-6,7,8,9,12,49,51,54; 16.35,
37n; 18.33n;19.62, 65; III.23-24
ellipsis in 12.46n, 49-50, 63
meaning 2.56; 6.53
negative/positive 8.97
pronoun-+wh- (word)
see also: coordinate, determiner, if,
wh- (question), yes-no question
interrupted -+ discontinuous
intervals, at AD] 9.41
intestines 5.77
intimate -+ informal
into 9.7,13,15-16,26,32; 10.10n; 16.2
intonation 1.18; 2.15, 56; 5.37n, 39n;
6.33; 7.63n; 8.17,43, 100, 117, 124,
126n, 127n, 130n, 143n; 10.16,52,
64,65; 11.22, 56n; 13.47n, 54, 92,
96-97; 14.29,37,41; 15.6n, 20, 21,
23, 28n, 49n, 5( 62,74; 17.68,72,
84,86,112; 18.28, 37, 56, 59n;
19.65; II.1-2, 8, 11-20; III.2
vs. music 11.2, 17
see also: nucleus, punctuation, tone,
tone-unit
intra- I. 26n
intranational-+ language
intransitive
construction/verb 2.16, 32n; 3.38, 68,
77n; 4.34; 6.25n; 7.lln, 15,55;
8.22n, 28,32,33,47,94; 9.46, 47,
65n; 10.2-4, IOn, 12n, 16,21,22,
24,30; 11.46; 12.34; 15.8n; 16.2n,
3,4n,5,18-19,21,24,26,28,38n,
75; 17.29, 31,43, 102; 18.13,32,43,
49; 1.24, 42, 50, 65
conversion to copular 1.54
conversion to transitive 16.19; 1.54
1716 Index
intransitive [cont]
pure 16.19
see also: complementation
intrinsic -7 modality
introduce to 16.57
introductions 11.53, 54
invariable form 2.35; 3.1n, 44, 50; 6.54
see also: noun, plural, singular
invariably 8.65, 67 -68
invariant-7tag
invent 8.138n; 16.26
inversion2A6; 9AO; 10.60n; 12.33n;
17.109; 18.22-24
subject-operator 2.50; 3.23,24, 37,40,
47; 4.53n; 8.35, 70, 98,112,119,
120; 10.6, 7n, 17,57,58,59,66;
11.1,5-23,31, 34; 12.29~30, 60;
13.36, 38,40,42; 14.10, 13n, 20,
25n; 15.5, 34, 36, 50n, 74; 18.22,24
subject-main verb 3.24n;8A7; 10.26,
43n; 11.39; 12.27n, 28; 14.29; 16.3;
17.78n; 18.21,22,23, 24n, 49-50
inverted commas-7quotation (marks)
invest in 16.6
invitation 17.36
invitations 4.64n; 6.60; 11.3,4, 17, 20n,
29,40,53
invite (verb) 16.63
involve 16.39; (~d) 7.21
inward(s) 8A1
-ion 1.39; IIA
-ious I.39
ir- 9.57n; I.17, 21
Irish English 1.25
see also: regional English
ironically 8.127
irony4.64n; 5.37n; 8.70; l1.7n, 34,54,
55n; 12.9n; 15.38, 54n; 17.57n, 112;
18AO, 55; 19A7n, 65, 75; 1.21n, 32
irrational 16. 72
irregardless (of) 9.57n
irregular-7 comparison, plural,
sentence, subordinate clause, verb
irregularly 8.65, 70n, 77
irrespective (of) 9.10, 56n; 15.39n;
(~ whether) 15A1n
irretrievably 7.56
irritate ("< d) 16.71; (~ ing) 16.72
is 3.32; 12A8; 18A9n; (~n't) 3.32
see also: that
-is nouns 5.97
-ise I.42
-ish (adjectival) 5.56-57; 6.64n; 7.1, 25;
17.102;1.15,38,70
islands -7 names (classified)
-ism 1.32, 36
-ist 1.32, 37
issue (noun) 19.24n
it
ambient-7it(prop)
anticipatory 2.59; 3A9n, 70; 6.17;
8.128; 10.26n; 12.28,47-48; 14.6,
26; 15.3,25; 16.30, 34n, 45,72,73,
76,82,83; 18.33-36, 44n
comment clause use 15.54-55
dummy/empty/expletive-7it (prop)
extrapositive-7 it (anticipatory)
impersona18.91n; 16.59n
introductory -7 it (prop)
nonpersona15.104, 107 -111; 6.8, 14,
20
nonreferring -7 it (prop)
omission 11.50; 12A7-48
personal pronoun 3.38; 5.104,
107-111; 6.2, 6, 8,14,20,21,39;
9.9; 15.19n; 18.33n
preparatorY-7 it (anticipatory)
pro-form 7.29; 12.13,24-26,28; 15.3;
16.36; 19A7
prop 6.17; 10.15,26,33, 50n;
12A7-48; 15.59; 18.25-30, 33n;
19A8n
referring 6.16
stressed 6.16, 29
(~ ... all) 6A5; (~s) 5.14; 6.2, 6,14,
29; (~self) 6.6,14,23-28
Italian 5.100
italics 5.11n; 9.7n, IOn; 14.29; 18.14;
II.21; III.24, 28
convention in this book 2.35; 3.1n;
7.50
itch (verb) 4.29; (for) 16.38, 41
-ite 1.37, 39n; 11.5
item of5.7
item -7 comparative
item subjunct 8.92-98
iterative4AO; 12.1
see also: coordination
its(elf) -7 it
-ity 1.14, 36, 39; 11.5
-ive 1.40
-ix nouns 5.96
-ize I.2, 15, 35,42
 Index 1717

J kill (verb) 16.26

kilohertz 5.90
jagged 7.19 kilometre 1.66
jail 5.44 kind (~ ly) 7.9; 8.90-91; 11.29n; (~ of)
Japanese 1.2; 1.13 5.6; 7.56n, 64; 8.111,113,114,126;
jargon 1.28 10.43
Jaycee 1.75 kind-7-noun
jeans 5.76 kingly 7.9
jerk back 16.4 kinship terms 5.66n
Jesus 5.114 kiss (verb) 6.31; 16.26
jingles 1. 72 KLI.75
jitters, the 5.49n kneel(ed) 3.15
job (vs. work) 5.4 knelt 3.15
joint-7-participation knew 3.16
journalistic language 1.28 knickers 5.76
jubilant 16.78 knife/knives 5.83
judge (verb) 8.108; 16.31,35,44,46 knit(ted) 3.17
jump (verb) 4.35; 9.31; 10.27; (~over) knock 4.35; (~ down) 16.26n; (~ N
9.31 flying) 16.17; (~ N senseless) 16.45
junior 7.85 know 3.16; 4.4, 29; 12.28,35,65; 14.30,
just (diminisher subjunct) 8.111 36n; 16.26, 31, 35, 50, 52; 17.112;
(emphasizer) 7.57; 8.100, 102 19.47n
(restrictive subjunct) 5.17n; 8.100n, ( ... ~ s) 15.54; (be ~ n that) 18.36;
(~how to) 4.52; (1 ~) 12.65n;
116,118,120; 11.40; 15.20,27,29,
50 15.54; (~n) 3.16; 7.83; (be ~ n (to»
(time adjunct) 4.22, 47; 6.59; 7.46; 3.76n; (well ~ n) 3.76n; (you.~)
9.28,59n 15.54; 19.17,65
(time subjunct) 8.98 knowledge -7- extralinguistic factors,
(~as) 13.42n; 14.14; (~ ly) 8.127;
shared knowledge
(not ~ ... but) 9.41n knowledgeable about 9.60; 16.69
justify 16.39

K -I (syllabic) I. 76n
k (= thousand) 6.65
karate I.13
keen 7.9; 16.79; (~(up)on) 16.69
keep 3.15; 10.24; 16.2n, 21, 23, 24, 26,
44,46,48; (~ away from) 16.29;
(~on) 16.40; (~on at . .. to)
16.51n; (~pace with) 16.8, 58;
(~quiet about) 9.60; (~ tabs on)
16.8; (~up with) 16.29; (~ Ving)
3.40
kennels 5.91
kept 3.15
kernel (of clause) 13.54
key I.12n
key words III.29
kibbutz(es/im) 5.101
kick (verb) 4.27; (~ at) 9.46
kidnap 3.8
L
-I doubling 3.8; 7.79.
LA 1.75
lab 1.74
lack (verb) 3.68; 10.14; 16.27
ladies and gentlemen 19.65
lady 19.65
laid 3.16
lain 3.16
lakes-7-names (classified),
Lallans Scots 1.25
lamb 5.4
Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen corpus 1.42;
3.39n; 6.46n; 9.19n, 21n, 22n; 15.47
language-7- block, bureaucratic,
creative, English, fixed word-order,
foreign language, formal,
inflectional, informal, instructional,
instrumental, journalistic, learned
legal, iiterary, occupational, ,
1718 Index
language [contl
printed, regulative, religious,
scientific, spoken vs. written,
standard, technical
languages -+ names (classified)
large 7.88; (~ ly) 8.116
larger situation 4.11 ; 5.29
largest 5.34
larva(e) 5.94
laser 1.75
last (conjunct) 8.137
(postdeterminer) 5.22, 34, 67, 119;
7.21; 8.52; 9040; 17.15, 32; 19.38
(time adjunct) 8.55, 77n; 19.37
(verb) 8.51'; 16.24n" 48
(at ~ )9.1n, 28; 19.55; (~butnot
least) 8.144n; 19.56; (~ ly) 8.137;
19.38; (~of all) 8.137; (~ out)
16.12; (this/these ~) 8.60n
late (adjective) 7.8, 36
(adverb) 7.8, 83; 8.55n, 77
(~ly) 7.8, 70, 83; 8.55, 62, 63; (of ~)
7.70n
later 7.70,83; 8.55, 72, 77; 19.37,38,
47n; (~ on) 8.55n
Latin 1.2,14,15; 4.17n; 5.82, 91, 93-96,
112,123; 604; 7.21n, 85; 9.7n;
13.104; 17.54n; 1.6, 14,21,28,39,
56,75; 1104
see also: neo-classical
latter 17.97; (the ~) 19049
laugh (vs. laughter) 504
laugh (at) 9A6n, 63; (~ ... off) 16An;
(~ ... self sick) 16A5n
lay (verb) 3.10, 16; 9.16n; 16.19n, 48;
(~down) 16An
lay (past tense, lie) 3.16
-le (base ending) 7047, 80, 81
lead (verb) 3.18; 16.26,48,50
leaf/leaves 5.83
lean(ed/t) 3.15
leap(ed/t) 3.15; 9.31; (~over) 9.31
learn 3.13; 4.8; 16.31, 35, 38; (- about)
9.60; 16.28; (~ed/ ~ t) 3.13
learned (adjective) 3.13; 7.19
learned language 1.28
least (postdeterminer) 5.24; 7.78
(pronoun) 6048,53; 12.10, 17
(subjunct) 8.111,113,11'5
in comparison 7.74, 82n, 83; 8.131;
19.52
vs.fewest 5.24
(at ~) 8.116; 9.1n; (in the ~) 8.111;
10.62; (~of all) 8.111
leave (verb) 3.15; 4045; 9045; 10.27;
16.19,44,46,53,54,57; (~before)
16.15; (~off) 16.39; (~ out) 16.12;
( ~ N standing) 16.17; ( ~ to/for)
16.57
lecture about/on 16.28
led 3.18
left (adverb) 8041
(past tense, leave) 3.15
left-+ branching, dislocation
lega11anguage 1.28; 3.14n, 37n, 59;
4.58n; 8.91n; 9.12n, 38n, 56; lUn;
12.20n; 13.104n; 14.20; 15.36;
17.73; 19.23, 47n, 64n; 111.29
lend 3.13; (~to) 18.31n
length (dimension) 5.8; 17.114
(of structure) 2.7-9; 7.81; 8.87, 150,
153; 17.115; 18.7; 19047, 68n;
111.10/-18,20
see also: adjective, long, medial, noun
phrase, prepositional phrase, short,
subject, tone unit, vowel, word
lengthen 7.85n
lent 3.13
less (postdeterminer) 5.24
(preposition) 9.8
(pronoun) 6048, 53; 12.10, 17
in comparison 7.74, 82n, 83, 86;
8.131; 10.66; 13.100; 15.63-64,
69n, 71; 19.52
vs. fewer 5.24,53
(~ er) 7.78, 83; (no/not (any) ~ (... )
than) 15.70; (~ofa ... than)
15.69n, 71n; (~so) 12.27;
(~ ... than) 14.13;15.63-64, 70
-less 7.1; 9.57n; I.5, 38
lessen 7.85n
lest 3.61; 8.86; 14.12; 15048
let (lexical) 3.17, 51; 11.26n; 16.52
(particle) 3.51, 60; 11.26-29;
16.52n
(~alone) 13.103n; (~down) 16.26n;
(~Nbe) 16.17;(~Ngo) 16.9, 17,.
52n; (~on) 10.61n; lQ.31n; (~out)
16.31n,34n
see also: directive, let's
-let 1.15,33, 77
let's 3.51n; 6.7,18; 11.26,29, 30n; 1I.9;
(~ not) 3.51n; 11.30n; (~ us) 3.51n;
(~ you) 3.51n
letter (alphabetic) 5.81; 8. 138n, 143;
17 .88n; 111.3, 28, 29n
capital 5.29, 60, 66n, 70,118; 8.138n;
10.53; 14.29; 17.91n; 19.75; I.59,

letter [cont]
75; III.l, 4, IOn, 11, 14,21,23,25,
29,30
reduplication 13.1 04n
see also: acronym, initial, silent
letter-writing 1O.53n; 11.47; 17.91n;
19.65,85; 111.2, 11, 14n, 30
letters 5.77
level-l> coordination, hierarchy
le~el tone I1.l4, 15n, 18n
leieme -l> lexical, vocabulary
lexical
factors 9.12; 12.2; 13.89; 16.21; 17.39;
18.1; 19.7; 11.16
hybrid -l> word-formation
item 2.35; see vocabulary
linkage 19.19, 21-24, 25n, 33-35,72
morpheme 1.2n
recurrence 19.23
see also: genitive, prosody, verb
lexicalization 17.8, 51, 96, Ill; 1.8,
9-12, 13-15, 36n, 38,57,65
conditions on compounds 1.58
phrasaI9.12n; 1.l2n, 16
see also: conversion, relexicalization
lexicography 2.38n
lexicologY-l>grammar, vocabulary
lexicon -l> vocabulary
liable 16.79; (~ to) 4.66; 16.69
lib 1.l2, 74
libretto 5.100
lice 5.84
licence/ license 1.56
lick N into shape 16.8
lie (verb) 3.4n, 10, 16; 4.27,32,38;
10.24; 16.19,21,24; (~and . .. )
13.98; (~st) 3.4n; (~low) 16.17
lieu, in 9.66; (~ of) 9.11, 12n, 13
life (in all . .. ~ ) 8.62
life/lives 5.83
liger 1.76
light (adjective) 7.8,88
(adverb) 7.8
(verb) 3.18; (~ed) 3.18
(in (the) ~ of) 9.11, 12n; 14.14;
15.46n; (~ ly) 7.8; (~upon) 16.5
light -l> punctuation
lighter I.l 0
lightning (verb) 3.5n
like (conjunction) 8.79; 9.4; 14.12, 36;
15.50; 19.60n
(particle) 16.2, 22, 24n
(preposition) 6.27; 7.81; 8.79; 9.4, 7,
9,48; 13.103n; 15.50n, 71; 17.37n
Index 1719
like [cont]
(verb) 4.29, 64n; 8.107; 15:8,9; 16.26,
38,39,40,41,44,54
vs. as-l>as
(and the ~) 13.104; (if you ~) 4.52n;
8.126; 12.65n; (~ to)
(approximator) 8.112n;
(would you ~ ) 4.58n
-like 1.3, 38
likely7.9,81n;8.127; 14.36; 16.72,79;
(be ~ to) 3.47, 66; (most/quite/
very ~ ) 8.127
likewise (conjunct) 8.137, 143
(subjunct) 8.116
pro-form use 12.10, 25n
(do ~) 12.10
liking -l> verbs (semantic classification)
-lily 7.9; 1.41
limiting -l> restricti ve
line (in ~) 9.66; (in ~ with) 9.11
line (dimension) 9.15, 17
linearity 18.3
-ling 1.33
"linguistic
context 6.1, 15, 38n; 7.30; 8.144n;
10.4; 11.38,41; 12.6-7,9,46; 14.8;
15.13,73; 17.8, 46n, 80
organization 1.12-13, 18,27
see also: extralinguistic factors
linguistics 1.12,16,18; 2.4n; 1.l6n
see also: textlinguistics
linkers 13.6
see also: discourse (connectivity), lexical
linking verb -l> copular verb
links 5.91
list 11.20; 17.86; 1I.1G.-,-13; 1I1.l1, 23n
listen 4.30; (~ to) 4.30; 10.23; 16.28,53
listingconjunct8.136, 137-138,143; 15.18
lit 3.18
literal-l> metaphorical
literally (disjunct) 8.124, 130n
(subjunct) 8.100, 126
literary language 1.28; 19.28
little (adjective) 5.24n; 7.88 ,
(determiner) 6.59; 10.59
(frequency adjunct) 8.65, 77
(minimizer) 8.111-113
(postdeterminer) 5.23-24; 7.83;
10.66; 15.9
(pronoun) 6.48, 53, 62; 7.69; 12.10,
17; 17.15
comparison of 7.78, 83
(a ~) 5.23-24, 38n; 6.48, 53, 62; 7.56;
8.77,98, Ill, 114, 115; JO.59,61n,
1720 Index
little [cont]
66; 12.10, 17; 11.21; (as ~ of a ...
as) 15.71n; (~r/ ~ st)7.78n;
(too ~ ) 6.57; (very ~ ) 8.65
liturgical-+ religious language·
live (verb) 4.26, 27, 32, 38; 8.51; 10.24;
16.24; (~ down) 16.2n, 4; (~on)
16.28
lively 7.9, 81n
liven up 16.3
livestock 5.78
'll3.23, 39, 40; 4.42, 57
loads of5.25n; 10.43n
loaf/loaves 5.83
loan word l.5n; 3.4; 9.7n; 1.6,19,27,31,
36n, 39; II.4
loath (to) 7.39; 16.79
loathe 16.38, 39,40
LOB -+ Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen corpus
local-+ genitive, negation
locally 8.41, 48
locative
object 9.31; 10.27,33
preposition 9.5,20,32,37, 49n; 16.14
quasi- 5.44
subject 10.25, 26, 33
see also: name, noun, place, prefix, space,
verbs (semantic classification)
locus 5.93
locutionary act/force 11.3
lodgings 5.77
logical 16.72
logical
connectivity 10.18; 15.60; 19.55
necessity 3.46,48; 4.54,55,57; 10.67
status 2.46, 47, 53, 55; 10.70
see also: the
-logy 1.66
London-Lund corpus 15.47
lonely 7.81n
long (adjective) 7.66,80,88
(adverb) 7.70,83; 8.62, 63n, 77;
IO.61n _ -ly 7.1,.6-9,37,46-47, 8In, 83; 8.10n,
(all . .. ~) 8.63n; (any ~ er) 8.97;
10.60; (as ~ as) 9.12n; 14.12; 15.25,
26,32,34, 35n, 46; (before ~) 9.1n;
(~er) 8.63n; 10.61n; (for ~) 8.62;
(~for) 16.28, 38,41; (how ~) 8.4, 9,
25, 59n, 60, 63n, 115; 9.36; 10.10;
15.29; (no ~ er) 8.97; 10.60;
(so ~ as) 15.25,26,34, 35n;
(very ~) 8.63n; 10.61n
long structure 8.35, 47,56, 87, 116, 125,
145,150; 10.17,35; 11.8n; 13.27n,
long structure [cont]
86; 14.13,39; 15.4n, 5n, 12, 35n,
39n, 41, 44n,46n, 75; 16.4, 7n,44n;
17.58, 115; 18.5,9, 19,37,40,58;
II.20; III.9
see also: length, noun phrase, prepositional
phrase; short structure, subject
look (verb) 4.30; 7.9, lln; 10.11n, 16;
16.21,22,23, 24n; (~after) 16.5,
15, 28; (~asif) 14.36; (~at)4.30;
10.23; 15.19; 16.5,28, 53; (~down
on) 16.9, 29; (~for) 16.5;
(~forward to) 16.9,29,39; (~ in
on) 16.9; (~on) 16.28; (~outfor)
16.29; (~over) 16.6n; (~s) 5.77;
(~to) 16.28; (~up) 16.4, 19n;
(~upto)16.29
loom (verb) 16.21
loose (adjective) 16.45
Lord 5.66n; 17.91n
Lords, the 5.77
lose 3.15; 16.26; (~hopeof) 16.8;
(~sight of) 16.58; (~ touch with)
16.7,58; (~ track of) 16.58
lost 3.15
lot (a ~)7.69, 89; 8.77, 105, 115;
(a ~ of) 5.23, 25; 6.53; 8.98; 10A3n
lots (adverb) 7.89
(~of) 5.23, 25; 10.43
loudness 15.53; ILl
louse/lice 5.84
love (numeral) 6.64n
(verb) 4.27, 64n; 8.107; 16.26,38,39,
40,41
(be in ~) 13.46; (~ly and . .. ) 13.99
low 7.82,88; (~er)7.85n .
low -+ frequency, pitch
lower (verb) 7.85n; 16.26 .
lower animals -+ animals
luck(~ ily) 8.127; (~y) 16.82
luggage (vs. suitcase) 5.4
lull N to sleep 16.8
54,89, 138n, 153; 1..1,3, 16n, 31n,
38, 40n, 41, 69n; IIIA
sequence of7.60; 8.79,150
see also: adjective, adverb
 Index 1721

M manner adverbial [cont]

meaning (in conversion) 1.47
M (= media1position)-+-media1 preposition 9.7, 43, 48
m (reaction signal) 7.54 subordinator 7.53
m (= million) 6.65 see also: as, process
-m (vs. -mme) spelling 3.8 mannered -+- formal
'm (= am) 3.23 man-oJ-war 5.102
'm (= ahem) 11.55 manservant 5.102
ma'am 10.53; 19.65 manual-+- style
macaroni 5.1 OOn many (postdeterminer) 5.23-24; 10.43;
machine (vs. machinery) 5.4 13.71n; 15.9, 69n
macro- I.24n (pronoun)6.44n,46,48,53,62;
mad 16.76; (~about) 16.69 10.61n; 12.10, 17
madam 19.65 predicative use 5.23n; 6.53n
made3.13 pro-form use 12.10, 17
main7.73;(~ly)8.116; 15.20; 17.73,87; ( ~ a) 5.23n; 1O.35n; 13.66n; (a good ~ )
(~s)5.77 1O.35n, 61n; (a great ~) 5.38n; 10.61n;
main -+- clause, inversion, negative, verb (as ~) 15.71; (as ~ (...) as) 15.71n;
maintain 16.31 (so ~ ) 12.17; (that ~ ) 12.17
major 7.85 Maori 1.26
majority 10.43 marginal-+- modal, preposition,
make 3.13; 7.36;10.30; 16.2n, 22n, 26, subordinator
44,46,52,57; 18.43; (~N do) mark you 15.54
16.17; (~do with) 16.17; (~for) marked vs. unmarked form 2.3Sn; 3.58;
16.57; (~into) 16.47; (~off) 7.88; 13.1,17; 18.9-10
16.19n; (~out) 16.4, 31n, 35; see also: aspect, case, focus, gender,
(~out to) 16.51n; (~ up) 16.19n, pronoun, theme, voice
26n marked condition -+- condition
making -+- verbs (semantic classification) (hypothetical)
mal- 1.23 marker-+- apposition, familiarity,
male (gender) 5.104-106, 109-110.; 6.1, modality, restrictive, status
8-10, 12, 13, 14; 10.50 marking, double 4.19n
see also: masculine married (get ~ ) 13.46; (~ to) 18.31n
mammonolatry I. 7, 8 marry 10.14n; 16.26; (~off) 1O.14n
man 1.3, 54n, 60n marvel 16.33, 35n
vocative 19.65 masculine
(~like) 1.38n; (~ly) 7.9; 1.38n; bias 5.3Sn, 56; 6.10; 11.30; 19.65
( ~ nish) 1.38n . gender -+- male
man/men 5.84, 102 see also: coordinate
-man 5.56-57, 84n, 102; 1.3, 33n, 64 mass-+-noncount, noun
manage 8.108n; 16.38; (~to) 3.49 mass communication -+- names
mandative -+- subjunctive (classified)
manifestly 8.127 master 1.33n; (~ ly) 7.9
mankind 5.54n matching relation 19.17
manner 8.79; (in . .. ~) 9.48; (~s) 5.77 material
manner adverbial noun 9.61
adjunct 2.18; 8.5, 19, 55n, 78,79, preposition 9.7,61
80-84,88,90,92,94, 103n, 109, math(s) 1.74n
115n, 148, 153; 10.10n, 18; 15.49n; mathematical symbols 6.68
16.48; 17.53; 1.41 matrix 5.96
adverb vs. phrase 9.48 matrix -+- clause
clause 7.53; 8.78; 15.22 matter (verb) 16.19
disjunct 8.123 -124 (it doesn't ~ /no ~ whether) 15.41,42;
meaning 15.49, 50; 17.18,20 (on the ~ of) 8.85; 9.11, 57
1722 Index
maxi- 1.24
maximize7.85n
maximizer
comparison of 8.106, II 0
modification of 8.1 06, II 0
subjunct8.104,105-110
maximum 5.95
may 3.21, 39, 40, 51, 60; 4.47, 49, 50, 51,
52,53,54,60,61,63; 6.61; 8.103;
l1.5n, 8n, 13, 39; 13.31; 14.24n, 34;
15.40,48, 55n; 18.16, 24; (~as well)
4.53n; (~not) 3.39; 10.67; (~n't)
3.23,39; 10.55n; 11.8n
maybe 8.127
M.C.1.75
me 6.2-6, 8-ll, 14, 18n, 27
see also: I
meals--+names (classified)
mean (verb) 3.15; 16.26,31,38,50;
(I ~) 17.80
meaning vs. form 2.35n, 38n, 41; 4.1;
13.47,51; 1.3, 9,10,15,20
meaning relations --+ semantic (relations)
see also: absolute, abstract, additive,
anticipatory, aspectual, causative,
circumstance, concessive, conditional,
consequence, contingency, contrast,
derogatory, dimension, direction,
genitive, grammar, hypothetical,
inferential, -ing participle clause,
instrumental, interrogative, lexical,
manner, matching, modal, negative,
nonfinite, noun, object, outcome,
passive, place, pragmatic, preposition,
process, progressive, pronoun, purpose,
putative, reason, reciprocal, repetition,
resemblance, respect, result, semantic,
some, subject, time, verb, verb phrase,
word, word-class
means (noun) 5.91
(by ~ of) 9.11; (by any ~) 10.62; (by
no ~) 6.50n; (~of) 9.lln
means
adjunct 8.5,7,78,79,80, 81n, 82-84,
88; 10.10
preposition 9.7,43,49
see also: noun, process
means/agentive spectrum 9.43, 48-51
meant 3.15; (be ~ to) 3.47
meantime 8.137, 145; 19.36; (in the ~)
8.137; 19.36
meanwhile 8.137, 143n, 145 ;19.36; (in
the~)8.137; 19.36
measure
adjective 7.66
measure [cont]
adverbial 8.3, 4, 9, 48,57,63; 10.10,
60, 66; 16.24n
genitive of 5.116; 17.38
phrase 5.18, 38n; 6.4ln; 7.88; 9.32n,
35,64; 10.13, 14,20n, 27n, 35n;
13.102; 15.64n; 16.27n; 17.55, 108;
I.53
see also: noun, partition, verbs (semantic
classification)
media 5.95n, 98n; 10.34n
medial
cooccurrence 8.20
end- 8.19,20,23,60,84,90,102,114,
130
in clause 5.16; 7.27; 8.16-18, 22, 23,
38,47,55,63,65,71,78n,81,86,
90,91-92,95,97,98,102,103n,
105,107,109,114, 116n, 117, ll8,
119,121,124,130,146,150-153;
10.17, 58n; 13.38,95; 18.6,47;
II1.17-20
in sentence 10.52; 11.8n, 25; 13.55;
14.29,38-41; 15.22,25,47,53-56,
57n, 60; 18.20n, 59
initial- 8.18,20,21,23,47,55,65,102,
109n, 114, 130
long structure at 8.17
medial- 8.20
variants of 8.18- 20
see also: ellipsis, final, initial
medical (adjective) 7.13, 37
(noun) 7.13
medium 5.95
medium 1.19, 29-30, 36,42
meet 3.18; 6.31; 16.19,26
memo 1.74
memorandum 5.95
men 5.54n, 84; 19.65
-men 5.56-57
-ment 1.34
mental state--+verbs (semantic
classification)
mention (verb) 14.30; 16.3L, 60;
(make ~ of) 16.8; (not to ~)
13.103n
mercifully 8.127
mere 17.97; (~ Iy) 8.1ll, ll6, 118;
(not ~ Iy) 8.120; (not ~ Iy . .. but)
10.41n
merger 6.2; 13.11; 17.33
Merriam-Webster Third International
Dictionary 1.13n
mess (around) 16.12; (make a ~ of) 16.7, 8
 Index 1723

Messrs 5.103 miscalculate 8.l08n

met 3.18 miscast 3.17
metalinguistic comment disjunct 8.8, misdeal (verb) 3.15
111,126; 10.66; 11.24; 12.31; 15.38 misgive 3.16
(subjunct) 8. 120n, 126 mishear 3.15
metanalysis 1.71n misjudge 8.108
metaphorical vs. literal 1.8; 3.14n, 16, mislay 3.lOn
18; 5.122n; 8.2,4, 42n, 55, 126; mislead 3.18
9.l5n, 19n, 32, 33, 39n, 61; 10.10, 11, mismanage 8.108n
21, 32n, 47, 51; 14.22; 16.3, 4n, 5n, misrepresent 8.108n
12,14,24,29,48; 18.55; 1.7, 12n, 26 miss (verb) 16.39
see also,' preposition Miss 5.66,103; 10.53; 17.91n; 19.65;
metaphorically 8.124 (-es) 5.103
-meter 1.66 misspell 3.13
metonymy 10.21n misspend 3.13
metropolis 5.97 missus 19.65
mews 5.91 mistake (verb) 3.16; (~for) 16.47
mhm7.56 mistake editing 17.80
mice 5.84 mister 10.53; 17.91n; 19.65
micro- 1.24n, 66 misunderstand 3.18
mid-Atlantic dialect 1.24 MITI.75
middle-+become, verb mixed -+ aspect, coordination, gender
midi- 1.24 mM( = medialmedialposition)-+medial
might 3.21, 39, 40; 4.50,51,53,59-63, mm 11.55
65n; 8.103; ll.5n, 13; 14.20,23, -mme spelling 3.8
24n, 34; 15.36,48, 55n; 18.24; mob 1.74n
(~ as well) 4.53n; (~ not) 3.39; mobility 2.12-15; 6.28; 7.27, 55, 63n;
10.68; (~n't) 3.39; 10.68; l1.8n 8.14,38; 9.5; 10.1,9; 13.36-37,
mighty (intensifier) 7.56n 103; 15.22,55,75; 17.34,58; 111.17
mike I.74 modal
mildly 8.111 auxiliary 2.29,34,41; 3.1, 4n, 21, 30,
millennium 5.95 31,39,47,50,52,54,55,56,64,72;
million 5.89; 6.65 4.16n, 19, 30, 37,40,41,42,46,47,
mind (verb) 10.61n; 16.26,35,39; 48,49-66,68; 6.61; 7.39; 8.21, 55n,
(~ you) 15.54; (if you don't ~) 75,97,103, 116n; 10.34,41,44,55,
8.124n; (to PRON ~) 9.63 6On, 61n, 67-68; 69; ll.5n, 8n, 13,
mine 6.2-6,8-11,14,29 24, 28n; 12.10,22,23,40,47; 14.6,
mini- 1.13n, 15, 17,24,77 8,22,24-27,34,36; 15.14,40,48,
minimal free form 1.2n 49,52,54, 55n, 68; 16.59,63, 71n,
minimize 7.85n 72n; 18.24, 27n
minimizer subjunct 8.104, 111-114, central 3.39, 40, 41; 4.50
115; 11.21 construction 3.48, 54; 4.3, 8n, 48,67
negative 8.111-114 frequency of auxiliaries 3.39n; 4.42,
see also,' nonassertive 47,50,53,56, 58n; l1.n
minimum 5.95 idiom 3.40,45-46,47,50,66; 7.83;
minor 7.85 15.52; 16.33
minor-+conversion, postmodification, marginal3.1n, 39, 40, 41-44; 4.50, 56,
punctuation, question 66; 1O.68n; 12.64; 14.34; 16.69n
minority 1O.43n meaning 3.46,47,72; 4.42, 46, 49-66;
minus (preposition) 9.8 8.9; 15.25; 16.51,79; 17.32, 54n;
minute (noun) (~s) 5.77 1.40n,54
(the ~ (that)) 15.29n particle 3.50
mis- 1.23 past vs. nonpast 4.50; 10.68; 14.23;
misbehave 8.1 08n 15.35
1724 Index
modal [cont]
past perfective 14.23, 26; 15.35
quasi- 3.51n; 4.55
sequence 3.30n
see also: noun, prediction
modality 3.21, 40, 49, 52, 56; 4.1, 41, 49;
8.96; 15.68; 16.40,42; 17.31; 1.40n
adverbial 8.2, 8, 9, 17, 117n
disjunct 8.123-124
epistemic 3.48n; 4.49n, 51, 53-55, 62,
63,65; 10.67
extrinsic vs. intrinsic 4.49,66; 17.36
markers 4.64
root 4.49n, 55
subjunct 8.88,99-103
unmarked 3.52
see also: deontic, imperative, indicative,
subjunctive
'mode' qualifier 17.60
model (verb) 3.8
modification 2.22, 28, 29, 31,32, 33n;
5.64,70; 6.1, 20, 39n, 42, 55, 56n;
7.20,46; 8.79, 83, 89, 98,103,110,
120,131; 10.53; 12.16, 17,
55-56; 13.51,67,75; 15.29; 17.52,
124; III.4
complementationand 2.33, 60; 8.31n
ellipsis 12.55, 56; 13.66
multiple 17,120-124
see also: apposition, complementation,
conversion, coordinate, genitive,
maximizer, name, nonrestrictive, noun,
postmodification, premodification,
prepositional phrase, pro-forms,
pronoun, restrictive
modulation (modalitY) 4.4%
moment (~ arily) 8.55, 63; (at the
very ~ that) 15.28n; (~ s) 15.28n;
(the ~ (that» 14.14; 15.29n
momentary act/event~verbs (semantic
classification)
monarchs ~ names (classified)
money 5.4; ( ~ s) 5.9n
mongoose 5.84n
mono 1.74
mono- 1.28
monosyllabic forms 7.81-82
see also: adjective, preposition
monotransitive
conversion to complex-transitive 1.54
verb 2.16,32; 3.65; 8.34n; 10.2, 12n;
16.18,20, 24n, 25-42, 44-46, 52,
60,64-67, 68n, 84
see also: complementation
monthly 7.9; 8.64
months~names (classified)
mood~modal, modality
moped (noun) 1. 76
moratorium 5.95
more (comparative) 5.24; 7.2, 28, 74-77,
81-86; 8.106; 10.66; 13.100;
15.63-75; 19.52
(conjunct) 8.137, 138n, 144
(determiner) 15.69-71
(intensifier) 3.76; 7.85n; 8.105, 109n,
127,131, 133n; 15.69, 71
(pronoun) 6.48, 53; 12.10,17;
15.69-71
functions of comparative 15.69-70
pro-form use 12.10, 17
(any ~) 8.97; 10.60; (no ~) 8.97;
10.58n, 60; (no/not any ~ (. .. ) than)
15.70; (~o/a) 15.69n, 71n; (~or
less) 8.111, 113; (~so) 12.27;
(~than) 10.35n; 13.103; 15.68n;
(~ ... than) 8.77; 14.13; 15.69-71;
(what is ~) 8.137,144
moreover 8.137, 143n
morpheme 2.3, 4, 5, 7, 37; 12.31; 1.2n
see also: base, bound, free, inflection,
lexical, root, stem
morphologicalform 2.37-38, 54n; 3.21,
23,30; 4.3, 17; 6.1, 11, 13,46,54,
62; 7.15n, 46, 71; 8.10n, 108n;
10.29, 34n, 43n, 49, 61; 12.8, 33n,
36,39; 13.36; 14.12n; 15.57,75;
16.2, 28n, 69n, 84; 17.51,114;
III.4
morphology 1.14, 42; 2.7, 35n, 41; 5.105;
I.2n, 39, 40, 73, 76n
see also: syntax, verb, word-formation
morrow, on the 19.37
Moses 5.114
most (comparison) 5.24; 7.2, 28, 74.,.77, .
81-86; 10.43; 19.52
(intensifier) 7.87; 8.105, 109n, 131
(pronoun) 6.48, 53; 12.10, 17
pro-form use 12.10,17 .
(~ ly) 8.116; 17.73,87; (the ~) 6.53
-most 7.82n
motel 1.76
mother-in-law 5.102
mother-tongue~ English
motion ~ movement preposition, verbs
(semantic classification)
motivation 15.45, 49
in word-formation 1.14
motive preposition 9.7,43,44

mountains--+names (classified)
mouse/mice 5.84
movable --+ stress
move (verb) 3.59; 16.19,26,32; (~out)
16.4n
movement preposition 9.22-30,32
implied 9.26
mow(ed/n) 3.14
Mr5.66, 103; 17.91n;III.28
Mrs 5.66, 103
Ms 5.66,103; 10.53n; 1.76n
MSS 13.104n
much (intensifier) 7.11, 16n, 62n, 83, 89;
8.63n, 77, 98,105,107,115
(postdeterminer) 5.23-24; 7.83;
10.61n; 15.9, 69n
(pronoun) 6.48,53,62; 7.69; 10.61n;
12.10,17; 17.15
pro-form use 12.10,17
(as ~) 15.71; (as ~ as) 13.103; 15.71n;
(as ~ of . .. as) 15.71n; (how~)
7.88; 8.25,110,113,115; 10.13;
11.15n; 16.27n; (not so - ... as)
13.42n, 103; (- of) 6.53; 10.43;
(so - so) 12.27; (too ~ of a) 15.73n;
(too - so) 12.27; (very -) 2.14n;
7.11, 62n, 77; 8.89, 107, 108
mu1tal quantifier 6.13, 48, 53; 8.67;
15.9
multi- 1.28
multiple--+analysis, apposition,
comparison,consti tuent,
coordination, correlative, either,
embedding, genitive, head,
modification, negative,
postmodification, premodification,
subordination, wh-
multipliers 5:'15, 18; 8.118n
multi-word --+ verb
mumble (verb) 16.31n
munitions 5.77
music --+ intonation
musica17.37
must 3.21,39,40,47,48; 4.47, 51, 54, 55,
56,57,60, 61n, 65; 8.103; 11.13;
14.23,34; (- not) 3.39; 10.67;
(- n't) 3.39; 10.67
with sec0I1d-person subject 4.54n
mutation 5.74,84
mutter(verb)9.46n; 16.31n
mutton (vs. sheep) 5.4
mutual(ly) 19.52
mutual participation --+participation
Index 1725
mutually defining/exclusive 2.39, 42;
5.12,15
my 5.14; 6.2-6,8-11,14,29; 10.53
myself6.6, 14,23-28 .
fronting 6.23n
N (= noun phrase in multi-word verb)
N A --+ nonasserti ve
naked 7.19
name (verb) 16.46,50; (- as) 16.46n;
(in N's ~) 18.59n; (~ ly) 8.137, 143n;
17.27,73,76-77,79,92; IILll, 13
names 5.60, 65-72, 84n, 114, 123; 10.53;
17.124; 1.75
composite 5.60, 70
descriptive 5.70; 17.59
ellipsis in 5.71
locative 5.65, 69; 17.39
modification of 5.64,71,72
personal 5.64, 65, 66, 118; 10.53;
14.29; 17.39,42,88,91; 1.37, 77
proper5.108; 10.34n; 17.3,95; 1.59
vs. noun 5.60
see also: appositive, by, coordinate,
genitive, noun, plural
names (classified)
anima15.87, 118; 17.11, 39; artistic
6.26; body parts 5.35, 36n; 6.30n;
10.49n; brand Ll5n; buildings
5.44n; 9.17; canals 5.72; cities 5.68,
118; 9.17; 17.89; coastline 5.72;
communication 5.33,45; continents
5.68,118; 9.17·; counties 5.68; 9.17;
17.89; countries 5.57, 68, 111, 118;
9.17; dances 5.55; days 5.67; 9.34,
40n, 41; dress 5.76; ethnic--+names
(peoples); family 10.53; 17.91;
festivals 5.33,67; 9.34,36; firms
5.108n, 125n; games 5.75;
geographical 5.17 , 65, 68, 72, 118;
9.17; 17.39, 88n, 89; given 5.66;
illnesses 5.49,75; imperiaI5.66n;
institutions 5.33,44,72; 17.109;
III.29; instruments 5.55,76; islands
5.72; lakes 5.68; 17.89; languages
5.9n, 57, 58n; 1.38, 39; mass
communication 5.33; meals 5.48;
monarchs 5.64n, 66n; months 5.67;
9.40n; 17.89; mountains 5.68,72;
17.89; nationalities 5.56-57,88;
7.25,42,45,87; 17.114; 1.37;
1728 Index
no- 2.54; 5.12; 6.13, 45-47, 62
no article -+ article
no-one-+no(one)
noble (adjective/noun) 7.13
nobody 2.54; 6.9, 45-47, 62; 9.58; 10.43,
50,60
nod (verb) 4.27,35
noise about/abroad 16.34n
nominal 6.1, 23, 46, 55; 7.45; 9.3
expression 12.16, 19n; 13.75-76
predicative-+noun (predicative)
see also: coordination
nominal clause 4.64n; 7.53; 1Ll8n, 45;
12.20; 14.9,22; 15.2,3-16,25,65;
16.35,43, 83n; 17.63, 112; 18.33,39
complement use 3.46n; 10.8
existential15.16
-ing3.49;9.1; 16.47; 19.60
object use 3.62; 4.29; 10.7; 18.28
prepositional complement use. 9.1
relative 6.20, 35n; 10.7, 34, 38;
lLl8n; 12.63; 15.1n, 2, 3, 5n, 8-9,
12n,18,53,56; 1~9, 12, 18,20;
18.29,33n
subject use 10.6, 15
that-lLl8; 13.50-51; 14.20,22,30;
15.54; 17.26; 18.26n; II.16
vocative use 10.53
wh-9.1; 12.63; 13.50-51; 14.22
nominalization 1.28; 2.31n, 43; 6:24n;
7.72-:-73; 9.14; 10.25; 14.5; IS.13n,
14; 16.36, 84; 17.26,33,47,51-53;
18.43; 19.22,49; L26n, 31n, 35, 42,
44, 71n
nominally 8.127
nominative case 6.4
non- U5, 17,21; IlI.4
nonagentive-+ verbs (semantic
classification)
nonassertive
adverb 10.60
context 3.42, 43; 4.51; 5.23; 7.56n, 78,
86; 8.62,107; 9.58; 10.57-70;
13.31; 15.14; 16.32n, 35, 39, 61, 71,73
determiner 6.45; 10.60
form 2.53-55; 5.14; 8.63n, 69,97,98;
10.57-70; 11.6-7, 12, 13, 16, 17,
22,23,28; 14.36n; 15.27,35,52,63,
73; 17.5; 18.24n
minimizer 8.111-114
pronoun 6.13, 45-46, 48, 53, 59-61,
62; 10.60
territory 2.53; 6.52
see also: assertive, determiner
nonattributive -+ adjective (predicative
only)
nonce-formation 2.42n; 8.89n; 17.111;
I.5n, 15, 18, 32, 40n, 41, 49, 58, 71n
noncommitted4.51,66
nonconclusive-+ verbs (semantic
classification)
noncorrelative-+correlative, so, such,
through
non count
conversion to count 1.53
indefinite article and 5.9n
noun2.30n; 4.4, 7, 34, 35; 5.2-9,11,13,
14, 17, 23-25, 39, 49n, 52, 54,58, 59,74,
75, 87n, lOOn; 6.50, 52; 7.14; 10.38,
42; 12.16, 19; 13.66,79; 15.7,
69-71, 73; 17.54; 1.32,35,36,47
pronoun 6.41,45,49,53,61; 12.18n
see'also: count
nondefining -+ nonrestricti ve
none 6.12, 44n, 45, 48, 62, 64n; 10.42,58,
60; 12.10, 17, 18; (~the) 10.60
nonequivalence comparison 15.63,
71-72,75
nonetheless 8.137,145
nonfactual condition -+ condition
(hypothetical)
nonfinite
clause 2.13n; 3.37n, 40,52; 6.24n,
25n, 31; 7.20; 8.13, 20n, 29,53,59,
61n, 75n, 86, 87, 127n, 132; 9.3,
32n, 55; 10.ln, 6, 34, 57, 58n;
12.22n, 43-44; 13.35n; 14.5-8, 10,
15-19; 15.1-3, 10-15, 18-19, 30,
34,41,50,56,58--':62; 16.25, 36-42,
49,64; 17.2,8,28-36,37, 54n, 62,
92-93; 18.33-36,53-54,59; 19.38,
41,60;III.18
clause ellipsis 12.67
forms 2.27; 3.2, 32, 36, 40, 45, 47, 48,
52; 4.55,66; 9.3; 10.34; 11.43;
12.23,26,49,59; 14.5, 10; 16.17;
17.54n; 18.27
frequency of clauses 14.6'
functions 3.30
phrase 3.22n, 49n, 52, 53, 56, 57; 4.19,
67-68; 17.58
verb-+ nonfinite (forms)
verb phrase, meaning in 4.67-68
with/without subject 10.6; 14.7-8;
15.58-62; 16.36,49; 17.28-30
see also: coordinate, finite, not, object,
postmodification, subordinator, verb
phrase

nonflammable 1.21 n
nongradab1e ~ adjective, adverb,
gradability, noun, verbs (semantic
classification)
nonheaded ~ headed
noninherent ~ adjecti ve (noninherent)
non1imiting ~ nonrestrictive
nonlinguistic~ extra linguistic factors
nonnative~ English
nonnegative forms 3.23, 32, 33, 36, 39
nonparticipia1 ~ adjective
nonpast ~ modal, present
nonperfective 3.34; 4.67; 8.61; 14.26;
16.39
nonperson 1.21n
nonpersonal gender
in noun 5.104, 107-108, 118n;6.37;
15.12; 1.34
in pronoun 6.1, 8, 14,16,20,29,
33-34,36-39,41,42,45,47,49;
10.49-50; 16.15; 17.11-15, 22, 25
see also: agent, it, noun (personal), subject
(personal)
nonpredicative-> adjective (attributive
only)
nonprogressi ve construction 4.25 - 33,
46,67; 10.14; 17.7, 98n; 18.43
see also: verb (stative meaning)
nonreflexive ~ verb
nonrestrictive
clause 8.94n; 15.23, 28n, 29; 18.6;
111.18, 19
modification 5.64; 6.20, 53; 13.79;
14.9; 15.2; 17.3, 4-29, 34,35, 44,
48-50,58,65,94,95,110,115; III.19
see also: adjective, adjunct, adverbial,
apposition, postmodification,
premodification, relative clause
nonsentence 11.38, 45; 53-55
nonspecific ~ specific
nonstandard 1.22, 37,41
construction 1.20; 3.32, 34n; 5.67n,
89n, ll1n; 6.5, 18n, 43n, 55n; 7.7,
56n, 83; 8.69; 9.4; 10.63n, 70;
12.20n; 13.74n; 14.29n; 16.24n;
17.91n, 112; 19.42n, 63; 1.18n
orthography 3.36n, 44, 45n, 51;
12.47n, 48n, 49n, 50n; 14.23n;
17.47, 112
pronunciation 3.5n; 1II.27
vocabulary 3.17; 9.57n; 10.53; 19.65;
I.12,46n
nor (cbordinator) 10.41; 13.5, 18-20,40,
103; III.6, 12
Index 1729
nor[contl
(subjunct) 8.116,119,120; 12.29;
13.11,36,40; 18.24n
pro-form use 3.26; 6.59; 12.29, 30n;
18.24
see also: and, but, neither
normally 8.65,67 -69, 125; (~ speaking)
8.67n
normative~prescriptive
north(ward(s)) 7.46n; 8.41; 9.66
not (particle) 2.34,48,50,54; 3.22-24,
37, 42n, 45, 47, 51n, 58; 6.50n, 59;
7.15n, 22, 56n; 8.8,103,113, 116n,
117,120,131;10.54-70; 11.7,28;
12.64; 13.36-37,42; 15.36; 17.96;
11.9
clausal vs. phrasa18.116n
position in·nonfinite clauses 14.6
position in questions 11.7
position with conjoins 13.42, 57
pro-form use 10.66n; 12.28; 13.57;
15.64n; l6.71n, nn
(~a) 10.62; (~at all) 8.70;
(and ~ ... ) 13.42n; (~ ... but)
10.41n; 13.33; (~one) 10.62; (or ~)
11.20; 15.6 .
see also: even, ever, half, if, just, much,
negation, no, only, yet
notably 8.116; 17.73,87
notary public 5.102
note (verb) 16.31,35; (take ~ of) 16.58
nothing 2.54; 6.12;45,62; 10.60; 17.15
(numeral) 6.64n
notice (noun) (take ~ of) 16.8, 58;
(until further ~) 8.59n
(verb) 16.31, 35, 42n, 52, 53
notify 16.59
notional~concord, gender, grammar,
passive, plural, subject
notwithstanding 8.137,145; 9.7, 56;
15.39n
nought 6.64n
nought (symbol) 6.64n
noun 2.28,29,34,35; 3.23, 59; 5 passim;
6.1,13; 7.33, 86; 8.47, 54, 103n,
106n, 133n; 9.11; 10.5n; 11.45;
14.24-25,32; 16.55-57; 18.13;
19.34-35; 11.5-6
-adjective combination 17.56, 59
affixation in 8.89; 1.21-49, 51-53, 56,
57,59-61,63-66,69-71
agent(ia1jive) 7.36, 73; 17.7,52,97;
1.18n, 34,44,62,63, 69, 71
aggregate 1.32
1730 Index
noun [cont]
animate 8040; 9.52; 10.51; 16.73;
17042; 1.64
attributive-+ noun (premodification
by)
case 5.112-126
classes 5.2-9, 13, 118
clause -+ nominal clause
common 2.30; 5.2,11,26-59, 60n,
61-64,67,69, 125; 10.53; 17.5; 1.53
compound 5.91,102, 122n; 17.59,
104-106; I.19, 61, 71; II.6; IlIA
countab1e-+count (noun)
dual class membership 5.2, 4, 58
dynamict53
ellipsis of7.24; 12.19n, 35n, 45n,
55-58
evaluative 10.53; 16.76; 18.13, 59n
eventive 8.76
general 5.7; 7.24, 26; 8.39; 9.2; 10043,
53; 11.18n; 15.8, 15; 17.24,26;
17.93; 18.13, 14n, 30, 59n; 19.35;
H.7
gradable 7.14n; 8.101; 9.62; 10.58;
15.69n,70
head-+noun phrase (head)
human5.29n, 55; 10.51; 17046; 1.27
human relevance 5.118
inanimate 5.104, 110, 111, 118; 6.16;
10.51; 14.22; 17.39,45; 1.40n, 64
invariable 5.74, 75-78
locative 5.118, 119; 17.24
mass-+noncount (noun)
material 7.14; 17.116
meaning of2A3; 6.11, 47; 7.32, 35,
43,71
means 17.116
measure 5.8, 89n
modal 17.36
modificationof5.59, 61, 64
nongradable 7.63n; 10.58
parallel use of 5.12n, 50
partitive-+ partition
pejorative 7.36n
personal 5.104-108, 111, 117, 118;
6.9,37; 7.17n, 19,24,40; 16.66;
19A7n
predicative 2.17n; 7.14n; 1.51
premodification by 5.7n, 76; 7.12-14,
45,68; 17.2,94,104-109; 1.26, 27,51
proper 2.30; 5.2,17,29,60-72,74,75,
81, 125; 8.141; 17.5,33,46, 76, 88n,
89,91,114;18.15, 28n; 19.32, 34;
1I1.29
noun [cont]
proper-common conversion 5.61;
1.52n,53
quantitative 5.18, 25,89-90; 6.65;
10.35n; 17.108
repeated 13.102
spatial 17.116; I.18
stative2A3; 17.95; 1.53
stative-dynamic conversion 1.53
tempora15.14n, 17, 18, 118; 6.52;
8.52,63; 9.38; 1O.20n; 15.25n, 26;
17.20n, 24,39; I.38
uncountable -+ noncount (noun)
variable 5.74
verbal 10.30; 15.12; 17.52-54; I.3,
31n,35,61-63
see also: abstract, adjective, case,
collective, complementation,
conversion, coordinate, count,
deadjectival, denominal, determinative,
deverbal, gender, generic, genitive,
homonymy, instrumental, material,
name, nominal, noncount, nonpersonal,
number, plural, pronoun, -s, singular,
suffix
noun phrase 2.8, 25, 26, 27-28, 29, 44;
5 passim; 6.1, 5, 6, 24, 29, 30, 31,41,
44,48; 7.27, 35n, 50, 53n, 55, 56n,
89; 8.118, 119n, 133n, 148; 9.55, 60;
10.62; 11.32,40, 41n; 12.51; 13.9,
56-76,82; 14.9, 15; 15.2-3, 5n, 8,
12,13,15,16,21,23,27n,28n,46n,
57,61,62, 64n, 71, 74; 16.39n, 41,
49,53,66,70,74; 17 passim; 18.36,
45,58-59; II.16; IlIA
adverbialfunction2.24, 25n; 8.10n,
13,23,J9,52,59,60n,64, 66, 78"
79,81,87, 104, 109, 111,,116, 137;
9040; 10.9,13,26; 14.14
basic 5.1
complement function 2.24; 5.1; 6.39;
8.94; 10.8, 11, 20n, 46-47; 12.27;
15.39; 16.20,22,44,46; 17.65;
18.39
complex 1O.1n; 13.56; 1:4.3;
17 passim
conjoint -+ coordinate
definite 4.11; 5.10, 32, 121n, 126;
10.20; 12.7-8, 10, 11, 15, 18n;
15.69n; 17.38,46-47,76,79,81;
18048,50
direct object function 2.21,24; 3.65,
70; 5.1; 6.25n; 8.55, 71; 10.7, 13,
21,27-32; 15.67; 16.20, 25-63;
17.28,54; 18.39

noun phrase [cont]
discontinuous 9.58; 10.17; 17.26,122;
18.32n, 39-41, 44n
discourse reference 19.46, 49-51
ellipsis 7.55; 12.54-58; 13.64,71-76;
17.121; I.48
frequency of 17.124
headof2.28, 29, 30; 5.1-2,10, 12n,
16,25,70,73,89,124;6.9,32,54,
57,63; 7.2, 13n, 20, 45, 78; 8.40,
115; 9.58; 10.25,29,34-38,50;
12.15-16,55-58; 13.56,67,79,
102; 14.14, 22n; 15.2,8; 16,57,
69-71,75; 16.8,68, 74, 84;
17 passim; 18.13; 19.49
in multi-word verb 10.12n; 16.2-17,
36
indefinite 5.10, 11,32,36, 121n, 126;
6.52; 7.22, 62; 9.21; 10.20; 12.11,
15; 17.28,38,42,46-47,77,79,81,
99; 18.47 -48, 50
indirect object function 16.20, 55
long 8.47; 15.12,75; 16.44n; 18.7,58;
1I.20
plural, with singular head 13.66
postmodification 2.31 ; 3.76; 5.1, 27,
32,58,59, 71, 113n, 123; 6.61; 7.21;
8.40,44,49, 61n, 115; 9.1, 54, 55,
57,58,66; 10.1n,29,35,38,66;
11.18; 12.16; 15.1-8, 12, 16,61;
17.2-63,94,95,100,103,104-108,
119-124; 18.5-6,39,42; 1I.8
postposed in coordination 10.41, 44
premodification 2.31 ; 5.1, 7n, 9n, 27,
32,58,71,76,89; 6.54; 7.2, 63-66,
88; 9.49n, 66; 10.38; 12.16;
13.102n; 15.74,75; 17.2-8,29,38,
44,47,54,58-59,88-89,94-124;
18.13, 59n; 19.24n; 1.65; 11.8; I1I.4,
5n
prepositional complement function
3.44n; 5.1; 7.68; 9.1-3; 16.2, 5
prepositional object function
16.28-29,38
reference 2.30; 5.26-72; 6.15; 7.71;
12.11
sentence function 11.45, 53-55; 16.64
simple 17.124
structure 2.8, 28; 5.1, 70, 73; 6.24n;
7.45,68; 8.24; 11.18; 13.56-76; 17
passim; 18.39-40; 1.4,10, 41n, 58
subject function 2.21,24; 5.1; 6.25n,
50; 8.71; 10.6, 15, 18-26, 34-43,
46-50,59; 11.42; 15.42n, 67, 75;
Index 1731
noun phrase [cont]
17.54; 18.13, 39,40,50,51; 1I.16,
20
substitution 12.14-20
vocative function 10.52-53; 11.25
see also: appositive, but, compound,
coordinate, generic, infinitive, -ing
participle clause, pro-forms, stress, tag
now (conjunction) 14.12; 15.25,27,28, 46
(resultive conjunct) 8.137, 143
(time adjunct) 4.11n; 6.43; 7.10, 70;
8.10n; 55; 19.36,55; 11.21
(transitional conjunct) 8.23, 135, 137,
142,143; 11.21
premodifying 7.68
(~and again) 8.74n; (~and then)
8.74n; (by ~) 8.72; 19.36; (even ~)
8.72; (~for) 11.41n; (just/right ~)
8.98; (~ that) 14.12; 15.25,27,28,
46; (until ~) 9.1n; 19.36; (up to ~)
19.36
nowadays 8.55
nowhere 8.41; 10.60; 13.36
NP-+noun phrase
-n't 2.48,50,54; 3.23; 8.8; 10.55-70;
11.7-11,22; 13.42; 15.36; 1I.9
(~half) 5.17n
nuance editing 17.80
nuclear stress/syllable/tone -+ nucleus
nuclear tai1-+ tone unit
Nuclear English 1.1 0
nucleus 5.93
nucleus 2.52,56; 3.25, 42n; 4.57n; 5.28,
63; 6.16, 23n, 27, 28; 8.91, lOIn,
116,119, 143n, 144; 10.55,65;
l1.5n, 8-11, i5n, 30; 12.15n, 24, 28,
30n, 56n, 60, 63, 64; 16.6, 16; 17.26;
18.1-19,40,41,56,57; 19.14,
25-27,67; 1I.1l-15, 18,21
falling, etc. -+ tone
frequency of 11.5n, 14n; II.15n
see also: focus, intonation
number II1.30n
vs. amount 5.25n
(a ~ of) 5.25, 38n; 10.43;
(a greater ~ of) 15.69
number
classes 5.73-101
noun 5.11,61,62,73-103, 108; 7.13,
14,23; 10.34-43
pronoun 5.111 ; 6.1, 11-12, 14, 24, 34,
40,41,45; 10.44,48-50; 12.18n
see also: concord, coordination, distributive,
dual, plural, prefix, quantifier, singular
1732 Index

numbers -+ numeral 14, 16n, 18, 19,21,24,27-32,33,

numeral 2.34, 42; 5.11n, 18,20-22,89;
6.58,63-69; 7.25n; 8.52; 9.8;
17.86n, 97; I1I.4, 9
cardinal 2.42; 5.20-21, 38, 66n;
6.50n, 54, 63-64; 7.52; 8.118n,
138n, 143; 13.71; 15.9
general ordinal 5.20, 22, 34, 119; 7.21;
17.32
in dates 1.23; 6.65, 66
in fractions 6.67
in titles 5.66n
in years 6.65, 66
order of 5.22
ordina12.42; 5.20, 22,34, 66n, 119;
6.63-64; 7.62; 8.61n, 138n; 17.32;
19.38; 1.18n
postposed 17.88n
premodification of 7.62
punctuation with 5.81; 6.63n, 64n, 66,
67
scope of 13.76
usage problems with 6.63n
see also: coordinate
o prepositionaI2.23n; 3.49; 14.33;
O-+object
Od-+object (direct)
OJ -+object (indirect)
0(= other referent) 6.6
-01.15,77
-0 (stressed) 1.77n
-0 nouns 5.100
-0 verb base ending 3.9
-0-1.66
oasis 5.97
oaths 5.83
oats 5.91
obelisk (appropriately,last item indexed
in this book) III.3On
object (verb) 16.31; (~ to) 16.28
object
affected 10.7,18,19,21,24,27,28,32,
33
clause 3.40,70; 10.7n, 66n; 11.18;
12.28,47; 15.4-14,54; 16.4n, 20,
30-42,59-63,66; 17.26; 18.7,28,
35-37, 44n; II.16
direct 1.28; 2.17, 19,23; 3.33, 42n, 49,
65; 4.34; 5.35; 6.23; 7.17n, 73; 8.11,
22,33, 63n, 71, 78n, 85n, 115; 9.31,
46,49,55; 10.2-5, 7, 8-':10,12,13,
39n, 66n; 11.15, 19,42; 12.25, 26n;
13.61n, 91-92, 93n, 94, 97; 14.29;
15.1,4-14, 18,22, 48n, 65, 73;
16.4-10, 17,20,25-63,66,75,80,
81; 17.112; 18.20n, 27,38; I1I.9, 21
effected-+result (object)
element 2.13; 16, 17,21,24,45; 3.65,
66,70; 6.24, 29,32; 7.22, 23, 29;
8.49, 138n; 10.1-5, 7,48n; 11.31;
13.56; 14.5n; 15.1-2,65,67; 17.115n,
116; 19.35; 1.60, 62,64; II1.9
ellipsis of 1.28; 2.32n; 10.4,7; 11.48;
12.59; 15.66
fronting8.27; 1O.46n; 13.92n; 18.5,
20n,21,24
indirect 2.17, 19,23; 6.23, 24n; 8.11;
9.46; 10.2-5,6,7, 16n, 19,32,33;
11.15n; 13.91; 14.33; 15.1,8, 48n,
65; 16.20,55-63; 18.27, 32,38
+ infinitive-+infinitive
meaning (in conversion) 1.47
orderofdirectjindirect 10.7, 17n;
16.55; 18.38
personaI5.35n; 10.27n; 16;15
positionof2.14; 10.7
16.5-7,56
prepositions with indirect 16.57, 60
pronoun 3.38; 6.3, 24-25, 35; 8.22;
16.4,66; 18,14n, 38
quasi- 8.6
raised 16.41n, 49, 54, 64-
realization of 2.24; 10.7
resultant -+ result (object)
semantic properties oflO.7, 19,21,24,
27-32
syntactic function of 10.7
territory 6.5,24,27, 35n; 15.67
see also: adjunct, adverbial, cognate,
:complement, concord, eventive,
extraposed, infinitive, instrumental,
locative, nominal clause, noun phrase,
prepositional, prepositiol,lal phrase,
recipient, reflexive, relative pronoun,
result, time adverbial
objective
case-+pronoun (objective form)
genitive 5.116, 118n; 17.41-43,45,
51,115n
role -+ affected
see also: subjective
oblig -+ obligatory
obligation 17.36
 Index 1733

obligation 3.31, 46, 48; 4.49,51,54,55, off(adjective) 10.11n

56,58,65,66; 8.128; 10.67; 11.13; (adverb) 8.41
14.23, 25n; 15.5; 1.40n, 54 (particle) 16.2
obligatory 16.72 (preposition) 9.7,15, 18
obligatory -+ adjunct, adverbial, (prepositional adverb) 9.66
constituent verb (~of) 9.10
oblige 16.50; (be ~ edto)3.40 offer (verb) 10.30; 16.38,56,57; (~ to)
oblique case 6.4, 12n; 9.3n 16.56,57
oblique stroke 2.6; 6.66; I.59n, 76n; offer 4.57,58,60, 64n; 6.60; 8.91n; 11.3,
III.28n,30 4,6n,17,29,53
observationa1-+ verbs (semantic see also: indirect
classification) officially 8.127
observe 16.31, 35, 52, 53 offset 3.17
obsessed with 16.69 offshore 8.41
obsolete -+ archaism offside 7.67
obtain 16.26 offspring 5.91
obvious 16.72, 73 often 7.83; 8.65, 67 -71, 77; (as ~ as)
obviously (disjunct) 8.127, 133n 15.28n; (~er/ ~ est) 7.83; (how ~)
(subjunct) 8.100 7.88; 8.4, 64,115; (very ~) 8.98;
occasion (~ al) 7.36; (~ ally) 7.36; 8.65, 11.4n
77; l1.4n; (onADJ ~ s) 8.64, 66; oh (exclamation) 11.55
9.41 (initiator) 7.56; 8.135n; 11.9,41
occasion frequency 8.64, 66 (~for)11.41
occupational language 1.3 oh (numeral) 6.64n
occupations -+ names (classified) oho 11.55
occupied with 16.69 OK8.l00, 135; 13.102n; I.75; III.28n
occupy 10.27n okay-+OK
occur 7.36; (it ~ s to me that) 16.34n, -olatry I. 7n
59n,60n old 7.36, 66, 76, 82, 88; (~er)7.85;
occurrence-+privilege, usual, verbs 1O.51n
(semantic classification) comparison of7.76
oceans-+names (classified) Old English I.5
o'clock 17.55n; II1.27 old expectation -+ expectation
-ocracy 1.32 old-fashioned -+ archaism
odd 16.72; (~ly) 8.127,131 old information -+ given
-odd6.64n omission -+ elision; ellipsis, zero
odds 5.77 omit 16.38
-oe verb base ending 3.9 on (adverb) 8.41, 46
o'er 111.27 (particle) 16.2
-oes plurals 5.81 (preposition) 5.44; 7.70; 8.52, 85; 9.7,
of (particle) 16.2 15-17,32,34,36,40, 46n, 49n, 57,
(preposition) 2.23; 5.25; 6.30; 8.85; 60; 14.19n; 15.25; 16.69
9.7, 10, 49n, 54,55,60,61; 16.57, (prepositional adverb) 9.66; 13.101
69; 17.37, 38-45,48-50,54,89 (~N of) 9.11; (~ to) 9:10, 15n
-construction 5.19, 115-117, 120-121, see also: account, onto, top
124n, 126; 6.29n, 42,58; 7.24; -on nouns 5.98
8.133; 9.54; 12.10; 14.23n; 15.14; once (adverb) 4.13,23; 7.70; 8.55, 64,
17.38-45 65n
-genitive-+oj-construction (conjunction) 14.12, 18-19; 15.25,27,
-phrase 5.6-9, 16,58, 66n, 71, 89; 30,34
6.34n, 37, 48, 50; 6.65; 7.64, 84, 86; (predeterminer) 5.18
9.55; 12.51,56; 16.76, 82; 17.36 (at ~) 8.65n; 9.1n; 19.37; (~more)
-pronoun 17.24 8.65n, 72; 19.37n; (~ ... then)
see also: appositive, genitive, pronoun 14.13
1734 Index

one (conjunct) 8.137 operator [cont]

(noun phrase head) 5.11n; 6.55n; 18.10, 40n, 59; 19.63
17.57n dummy/empty-+auxiliary (dummy/
(numeral) 5.11n, 19,21,38, 52n; 6.54, empty)
55n, 65; 7.62; 12.15-16 ellipsis 12.44, 46, 48-50,52,67; 13.21,
(pronoun) 5.63n; 6.11,13,48,52, 53; 15.58, 66; III.7
54-56; 8.143; 10.50; 12.10, 15-16 emphatic 3.25,37,40; 11.22; 18.42n,
generic 4.9ni 6.21,54,56; 15.54; 19.51 56
pro-form use 6.11, 41, 54,55; 7.86; focuson2.56n; 8.18n, 130; 18.16, 24
12.10, 12, 15-16,20n in reduced clause 3.26,37,40; 6.4
(~and) 10.41n; (~another) 6.13, 31; pre-adverb 3.27, 40
13.60; (~ ... another) 6.54; see also: inversion, negative, nonnegative,
(between ~ and two) 9.41n; (~of) subject
6.48,54-56; 10.43n; (~or the opinion, in PRON9.63
other) 10.60; (~or two) 10.41n; opinion -+ verbs (semantic
(~ 's) 6.56; (~self) 6.23, 24n, 56; classification)
(the ~ (s» 12.19 opportunity 17.36
see also: no, not opposed to 16.69
-one 5.12; 6.45-47; 7.21, 69; 17.57 opposite (adverb) 8.41, 48
only (adverb) 6.59; 7.46; 8.77n, 83; 10.59 (preposition) 9.7, 20; 18.31n
(conjunct) 8.137, 143, 144n, 146-147; (prepositional adverb) 9.66
13.11; 15.34,44 (~ly) 8.137, 141n; 19.52; (the ~)
(conjunction) 15.44 19.52; (~ to) 9.20
(diminisher sUbjunct) 8.111 opposition
(postdeterminer) 5.34, 119; 7.21 ; preposition 9.7,53
17.15,32 role 10.32n
(restrictive adjective) 7.35; 17.97 opt -+ optional
(restrictive sUbjunct) 3.42n; 5.17n; opt out 16.19n
8.113,116,117,118, 119n; 13.57; optati ve -+ subjunctive
15.20,35n optionality2.6, 12,13,15,17,26,31,32,
frequency of 8.117n 33
usage problems 8.117 see also: adjunct, adverbial, preposition,
(if ~) 14.14; (~ if) 14.14; (not ~ but reflexive
(also» 8.120; 10.41n; 13.33,42,57 or2.10; 8.141,144,146; 10.41,44;
onomatopoeia 2.42n 11.29n; 12.68; 13 paSsim; 14.13,40;
onset -+ theme, tone unit 15.34n; II1.6, 8, ·12
onto 9.7, 15-16; 16.2 and vs. 13.31
ontological-+ existential (bare) appositive 17.65, 73, 76, 80
-ool.77n exclusive 13.28, 34
ooh 11.55 inclusive 13.28
oops 11.55 uses of 13.28 - 30
open (adjective) 10.22n; 16.45 (~so)6.64n; 13.102
(verb) 10.22n; 16.19 see also: either
open-+adverb, condition, open class, -or 1.34,39
quantifier, solid oral (adjective/noun) 7.13
open class 2.34, 40-42; 6.63; 7.46, 47, oratio obliqua-+ indirect speech
71,83; 8.13; 16.8; 18.4, 12n; 19.34; oratio recta -+ direct speech
1.21,58; 11.8,10 ordain 16.32
see also: adverb, closed class order (noun) 3.59
operator 2.48-50, 52n, 53, 55; 3.21-30, (verb) 3.59; 16.32,57,59,63
34- 37,40,44,,45,48,52; 6.50; 8.15, (~for) 16.58; (in ~) 14.17; (in ~ that)
16,18,19; 10.6,55-59,64; 9.12n; 13.14; 14.12; «in ~) to) 9.45,
11.5-23, 30n; 12.21-6,29-30, 49; 14.17; 15.48; 16.38n
59-60,62; 14.23n; 15.66; 17.78n; order-+adjective, adjunct, adverbial,
 Index 1735

order [cont] outcome

clause, command, numeral, object, disjunct 8.132
prefix, premodification, pronoun, meaning 15.25; 19.60n
sentence, verb phrase, word outdo 3.5n, 16
ordinal-7 genitive, numeral outdoors 7.70; 8041
ordinarily 8.65 outer 7.85n
orientation outermost 7.82n
participant/speaker/hearer 8045; 9.27 outfight 3.18
preposition 9.7,27,30 outgrow 3.16
prepositional adverb 9.66 outright (emphasizer adjective) 7.33
textual 19.15-16, 69 outrun 3.19
see also: factuality, narrow, negative, outset, at the 19.56
place, positive, prefix, time-orientation, outshine 3.18
wide outside (adverb) 7.11n, 68, 70; 8041
origin preposition 9.7, 32, 47 (preposition) 9.7, 15n, 55n
see also: genitive (prepositional adverb) 9.66
original 7.87 (~of) 9.10
originally (adjunct) 7.87; 8.55, 72 outskirts 5.77
(conjunct) 8.137, 138n outward(s) 8041
-orium 1.32n outwardly 8.127
orthography 1.12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29,35; outwith 1.25; 9.7n
2.36,37-38,42; 9.13; 14.12n; over (adverb) 7.62n; 8041
I.12n, 43n, 59; III passim (particle) 16.2
see also: nonstandard, space, spelling (preposition) 3.76; 7.62n, 70; 8.59;
-ory 1. 32n, 39n 9.7,8,19,23-24,25,26,27-30,32,
-os plurals 5.81 36,60; 16.6
ostensibly 8:127 (prepositional adverb) 9.66; 13.101
other (ordinal) 5.22 (~and over) 8.74n
(pronoun) 6.13, 58; 12.10 over-1.24
comparative use 15.69n overall 8.137
(or ~) 6.52; (the ~) 5.22n, 54 overbear 3.16
see also: each. either. one overboard 8 Al
otherwise 8.137, 143n; 12.27n; 13.11, overcast 3.17
30 overcome 3.19; (~with) 16.69
ouch 11.55 overdo 3.5n, 16
ought 3.30; 8.103; 11.13n; (~ not) 3043; overeat 3.16
10.67; ( ~ n't) 3043; 10.67; 11.8n; overestimate (verb) 8.108n
(~ to) 3040, 41, 42n, 43, 47n; 4049, overfeed 3.18
50,51,56,60,65,66; 8.21; 11.13n; overflow (noun/verb) 1.56
12.64; 14.34; 18.16,24 overhang (verb) 3.18
our 5.14; 6.2-6, 8-11, 14,29; (~s) overhead 8041 ; 9.19, 66
6.2-6,8-11, 14,29 overhear 16.52,53
inclusive 13.73 overjoyed 16.78
ourselflourselves6.8, 11, 14,23-28 overland 8041
-ous7.1; 17.102; 1.2,39 overnight 7.67
out (adverb) 7046; 8041 overrate 8.1 08n
(particle) 16.2, 12 override 3.16
(preposition) 9.7, 18n overrun 3.19
(prepositional adverb) 9.66 overseas 8041
(~and out) 13.102n; (~of) 7.70; oversee 3.16; (~ r) 1.24n
9.7,10,13,15,18,28,32,44,61; overshoot 3.18
16.2 oversleep 3.15
out- 1.24, 26n overt -7 covert
outbid 3.17 overtake 3.16
1736 Index

overthrow 3.16 parenthesis 5.97

overwhelmed 16.78 parenthetic 5.37n; 10.35,40; 17.6,48,
ovum 5.95 68; 18.13,59
ow 11.55 clause 6.32; 12.70; 13.27n, 95~96;
-ow (adjective base ending) 7.81 14.35; 15.23, 53-56; 18.20n; m.2
owe (to) 16.57 sentence IlL20, 23
owing to 9.10; 15.46n, 59n see also: coordination, parataxis, right
own (emphatic possessive) 6.30; 10.6,7, part (verb) 16.22n; (in';") 8.111, 114;
48; 11.25 (~ly) 8.111,114; (on the ~ of)
(verb) 4.27; 10.23 9.11; (~with) 16.28
owning--+verbs (semantic classification) part of speech --+ word class
ox(-en/-es) 5.85 part-whole relation 17.106
partake 3.16
partial--+ apposition, compound,
p conversion, quotation
partially 8.111
p --+ particle
participant
p5.90; 6.69
relations 19.15-16, 31, 61,64-65, 69
-p doubling in verbs 3.8
role 10.18-33; 16.14,57; 17.51; 18.31,
pace (preposition) 9.7
38,51-52
pain (noun)(of) 9.11n; (on ~ of) 9.11,
see also: orientation
12n;(~s)5.77
(verb) 15.54 participation, joint/mutual/unitary
paint Ll1; (~ N red) 16.45 13.60,70n;.16.19
pair (a ~ of) 5.76 participial--+ adjective, participle
pairs (in textual structure) 19.59 participle 2.43; 3.30,56; 7.19, 21n, 45,
pajamas 5.76 83; 9.2; 14.12, 14; 16.17; 17.54,94,
palaeo- 1.29 98-103
pan- I.29 affixation in 8.127; 1.23, 24
panic (verb) 3.8 clause 3.47n, 70; 7.27; 8.89; 9.55;
pants 5.76 10.6n; 12.35; 14.14,40; 15.19;
paper 1.11 17.93; m.17
paradigmatic relationships 2.5-6 prepositional 16.14n
paragraph 19.18, 28, 73; IlLl, 3,14-15,20 see also: adjective, adverb, coordinate, -ed,
-en, infinitive, -ing, passive, past present,
prosodic 19.27, 87n unattached
parallelism 3.32n; 12.2; 19.7
particle 16.2-17; 18.14
structura15.12n, 50, 54n; 6.29n;
position of 16.2-4,6, 13, 16
12.45n, 54, 55n, 68-70; 13.42-43,
reduplicated 16.3
51,57,63, 75, 82,91; 14.13; 15.41;
see also: adverb, do, enc1itic, let, modal,
18.21; 19.7, 14,59; Il1.6n, 12; 19.
not, phrasal verb, pragmatic
see also: noun
particle-verb combinations--+ phrasal
paralysis 5.97
verb, prepositional verb, verb
paraphrase 2.20
parataxis 13.2, 23; 14.2,40; 15.34n, 54n, (multi-word)
74; 17.63n; 19.5,7,8 particular (restrictive adjective) 7.35
(~ly) 8.116; 17.73, 87; (~s) 5.77
parenthetical 13.96n
see also: asyndetic particular, in (conjunct) 8.137; 17.73,87
paratroops 1. 76 (subjunct) 8.116, 118n
pardon?11.34n; (I beg your ~) 10.53; particular --+ general
( ~ me?) 11.34n particularization (apposition) 17.74,87
parentheses (punctuation) 17.68n; IlL3, particularizer su bjunct 8.116
13,16,20,24,30 partition 2.30; 5.5-8,16,58-59,64;
convention in this book 2;6; 3.12, 39; 6.45-46,48,52; 8.56; 9.54; 12.56;
12.4,14 17.46,50

partition [cont]
fractional 5.7
measure 5.8
quality 5.5,6, 7n; 9.54; 17.40
quantity 5.7, 17; 9.54; 17.40
scope of 5.7n
singular vs. plural 5.7, 8
typical 5.7
see also: genitive, plural, singular
party 7.21n
pass (verb) 9.31; 10.27; 16.19,26;
(""' by) 9.31; (""' away) 16.19n;
(""' for) 16.22n; (""' out) 16.19n;
(""' over) 16.26n
pass --+ passi ve
passage
preposition 9.7,22,24-25,28,30,32
prepositional adverb 9.66
passer-by 5.102; 1.18n
passive 1.28; 3.2, 63-78
agent 3.65, 66, 71, 75, 77,78; 6.21;
8.90,94, 129
agentless 3.68, 71, 75, 77, 78; 8~94
auxiliary 3.32,66
central 3.75, 77, 78
clause 2.21; 3.47,49, 57, 59n,63~ 78;
6.21; 8.39n, 80, 84, 91; 10.33;
11.24; 14.6-7; 15.4,12; 17.28,29;
18.31-32, 49n, 51n, 53; 19.60
constraints on use 3.67 -73; 4.40n;
10.25; 12.22n
correspondence with active 2.21 ; 3.29,
42n, 45, 47, 65; 7.16, 29; 8.5, 78n,
80,94,129; 9.6, 50, 51, 63; 10.6,7,
8,12,13,14,21,27; 12.25, 26n;
14.6; 15.10n; 16.4-9, 15,20,26,
27-67; 17.31,51,100-101; 18.45;
1.40
frequency of 3.73
get- 3.66; 11.24; 16.77n
gradient 3.74,78
meaning 3.72; 7.15; 10.30, 32n;
15.73n; 16.39,79,83; 1.40
notiona13.77n
only (verbs) 3.68
participle--+ -ed participle
prepositional 3.69 ; 16.9, 14,53,58
pseudo- 3.49, 66, 77,78; 11.24n;
16.4n,14n
semi- 3.76, 78
statal 3. 66n, 68, 77; 17.100
true--+passive (central)
verb phrase 2.21; 3.54, 55, 56; 4.34,
67; 14.31; 15.54
Index 1737
passive [cont]
verbs lacking 3.68
see also: have, imperative, infinitive,
subjunctive, voice
past (adjective) 7.21,36
(adverb) 8.41; 16.3
(general ordinal) 5.22
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 9.7, 25, 27-~8, 32
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
(this/these,,",) 8.60n
past
attitudina14.16, 29, 37; 14.34n
definite 4.11, 13, 14
event 4.14-15, 20, 24
form 3.2,3-4,6-20,30,36,39,42;
4.16n, 55, 57n, 58n, 59-64
habitual 4.14-15, 20, 24, 57; 19.42
hypothetical 4.16, 19, 24n, 64; 14.23,
34; 15.50; 16.30,33, 72n
indefinite 4.13, 20, 21, 22
participle--+ -ed participle
perfect --+ past (Perfective)
perfective 4.17,19,24; 14.23,25-27,
31,34; 15.35; 19.40n, 43
perfective progressive 4.17
progressive 4.17, 25, 36, 37n, 48; 19.43
simple 1.24; 3.37, 52, 54; 4.8,11-16,
18,20,21, 22n, 23, 24, 25, 30; 8.47,
62,75,98; 14.26-27, 29; 18.16, 23n,
27n,44
state 4.14-15,20,24
tense 3.2, 11-20, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37,44,
45,51,52,54,55,58,62,64,77; 4.1,
3,10,11-16,19,25,36,40,48,55,
57n, 58n, 59-64, 67; 8.55n, 60n,
112n; 10.34,44,68; 11.16-17,39,
46n; 12.40; 14.23,26,29,31,35;
15.35,36; 17.28; 19.39-43
tense, for future tiine 4.16
tense, for present time 4.16
tense, situational use of 4.12
time 3.40, 42, 44,48; 4.2,3,4,5,8,
11-15,19,36, 57, 60~61, 66; 8.55,
57,60,63,75, 77n; 9.35;11.24;
14.23,25,34; 15.35; 16.39,40;
18.16; 19.39-43 '
see also: auxiliary, future, modal, present,
subjunctive, time
patently 8.127
path
directional 83, 46, 149; 9.26
preposition 9.7,22
prepositional adverb 9.66
1738 Index
patient role --+ affected
patois 5.99
paucalquantifier 6.13, 48, 53; 8.67; 15.9
pause8.143n; 10.69; 14.41; 17.22;
. 19.27; II.19, 20; III.2
pay (verb) 3.10; 10.30; 16.38n, 55, 57;
(~for) 16.28, 57; (~ to) 16.57;
(~ to .. .for) 16.56n; (~ with) 16.57
see also: attention
p.c.I.75
peculiar 16.72
pejorative--+noun, prefix, suffix
pence --+ penny
pendant participle --+ unattached
pelJding9.7, 8, 38n
penny 5.9.0; 6.69
people 5.78; 7.24
peoples --+ names (classified)
per 5.18; 8.64; 9.7; (as ~) 9.10
per- I.2n
perceive 4.30; 16.31, 35,53
perceiver vs. percept 4. 30
perctption4.30; 8.127n; 17.15n
see also: verbs (semantic classification)
pelject (adjective) 7.4n, 33, 43; 8.106
(~/y) 7.4n, 56n, 87; 8.96, 105, 106
perfect aspect/tense --+ perfecti ve
(aspect)
perfective
aspect 3.2, 33, 34, 42n, 45n, 48, 64,
72n, 77; 4.1,17,18-24,32,33,38,
39,56,62,65,67; 8.21, 29, 60, 62,
63n, 75n, 97, 98, 108; 9.17,31;
11.24; 12.22; 14.6, 19,26-27;
15.11; 16.39,52; 17.28-29, 101;
18.29,49n,51n
construction 3.54, 55, 57
frequency of 4.18n
progressive 4.17,32,38-40,67
simple 4.19, 38-40, 67
tense--+ perfective (aspect)
see also: imperative, irifini tive, modal,
nonperfective, past, present
perform 7.36
performaIice--+potentiality
performance error 4.23n; 17.80
performative 3.50,51; 4.7, 26n; 11.3;
16.44; 19.5n
hedged ll.3n
performer --+ agent
perhaps 4.53; 8.127, 128, 130; l1.4n;
15.40 .
period (~ ically) 8.65; (during the ~
(that)) 15.28n
period (punctuation) 1.23; 6.66, 67;
14.29; 19.9; 1.75; IIU, 2, 3,11,14,
21,23,28-29
period frequency 8.64, 66
see also: time
periodicals --+ names (classified)
periphery (of class) 2.39, 42
see also: adjective, adverbial, clause
periphery (of construction) 2.13, 60
see also: adverbial, clause
periphrasis 8.59
see also: comparison, do
perjure oneself 6.25
permanence 4.32; 10.11n
see also: temporary
permanently 8.63, 65
permission (vs. permit) 5.4
permission 3.47; 4.49, 51,52,53,60-63,
65,66; 10.67, 68n, 69; 11.13,29;
13.31
see also: verb
permit (noun) (vs. permission) 5.4
(verb) 16.39, 50
(be ~ ted to) 4.61n, 66
perpetually 8.65
perplexing 16.72
person 5.78;" (in ~ ) 8.125n; ( ~ s) 5.78
-person 5.105; I.3, 33n, 64
person 2.49,57; 3.2; 6.1, 6-8, 14,24,34;
10.6,44; 15.37n
first 3.32, 51n, 58, 62; 4.26n, 42,54,
55,58,64; 6.1, 5, 6-7, 8,11,13,14,
15,18,20,21,22,23,27,29; 8.90;
10.6,44,49; ll.5n, 26-28, 41, 47;
12.7,47-48; 13.56n; 14.24,32;
19.77; III.29n.
second 3.4n, 32, 51n, 58, 62; 4.9n, 42,
54n, 58n; 6.1, 6, 8,11,12,13,14,15,
20,21,22,23,24,27,29;8.90;
10.34; ll.5n, 25-28; 12.7,47;
13.56n; 14.32; 19.77; III.29
third 3.2, 4n, 30, 32, 52, 54, 58, 62; 4.58n;
6.1,6,8,9-10,11,13,14,15,18,21,
22,23,29; 8.90, 91n; 9.63; 10.34,
44,49-50; 11.25-28; 12.7, 12,47;
14.24,32; 19.64, 68n, 77; III.29
unmarked 10.44
see also: concord, .imperative, must, -s
(verb singular), shall, subject
personal
adjective head 5.74; 7.23-25
gender 5.104-108, 111, 117;6.1, 15,
33-39,41,42,45-47,49,56;
17.11-16,22,25

personal [cont]
reference 7.76n; 9.51n; 10.12n; 15.2,
8, 12; 1.34
see also: agent, disjunct, it, names
(personal), nonpersonal gender, noun,
object, pronoun, subject
personal belongings ~ names (classified)
personally (adjunct) 8.125n
(disjunct) 8.124, 130
(intensifier) 8.125n
personification 5.107; 6.8; III.29n
persuade 6.25; 16.59,63; (~of) 16.57
persuasive ~ imperative
perturbed 16.78
pervasive
preposition 9:7,29,30,36,61
prepositional-adverb 9.66
pet forms I. 77
petition (verb) 16.59
pets~names (classified)
ph~phrasal verb
ph-pr ~ phrasal-prepositional verb
phenomenon/phenomena 5.98; 10.34n
phone 1.74
phoneme 1.12; 2.42
phonetics 1.12
see also: spelling
phonological
change 1.1 0, 27n
contraction 1.28n; 11.9
criteria 3. 12; 8.21; 12.51; l3.86;
16.16; 1.2, l3; I1I.4
form of word 2.37-38; 10.22; 12.31,
46, 48n, 50n; 17.80; 19.21n
rules 1.25, 27; 2.37,42; 3.5-6, 23, 32n,
33n; 5.80, 114; 6.27n, 29; 7.80, 83;
11.55; 1.19, 38, 43n, 56
transcription 11.1
see also: demonstrative, grammar,
pronunciation, reduction, word-
formation
phonology 1.12, 16, 18,20,34
photo 1.74
phrasal (prepositional) adjective 16.68n
phrasal ~ adjective, aphaeresis,
conversion, extraposition,
Iexicalization, not, phrasal
prepositional verb, phrasal verb,
premodification, suffix
phrasal prepositional verb 7.55; 16.2,9,
10,20,25,29,35
Type I vs. Type 11 16.9, 29
phrasal verb 7.55, 61; 8.22, 33, 47n, 96;
9.5,65; 16.2,3-4,6,7, 10, 12,16,
Index 1739
phrasal verb [cont]
19n, 20, 26n, 31n, 34,39; 18.14;
1.12n, 18,34, 40n, 47n, 50; H.8
copular 16.21
particle in 7.55; 16.2-4, 16; 18.14;
1.18, 26n, 40n, 50; 11.8
Type 116.3,4,7, 10, 19n
Type 11 16.4, 6, 7, 10, 26n, 34n
vs. free combination16.3-4
vs. prepositional verb 16.11, 16
phrase 2.3,4,7,8,25-33; 6.24; 10.In;
14.38; 1.l2n .
vs. clause 14.5n
word order 2.14n
see also: adjective, adverb phrase, by-,
coordinate, embedding, finite phrase,
fixed, generic, initial, measure, negative,
nonfinite, noun phrase, of-,
prepositional phrase, ready-made, verb
phrase, word
physical (adjective/noun) 7.13n
pick up 16.4n
pidgin 1.35, 38
piece (of) 5.7; (~together) 16.12
pierce (through) 9.31
pig (vs. pork) 5.4
pincers 5.76
pitch 1.12; ILl-2, 8,9,11,18
high 11.37; ILl8
low 5.37n; 12.30n, 46; 17.68n; 11.11
narrow 17.6; 19.27;11.15, 18; Ill. 12
range 11.23, 55; l3.68n; 17.6; 18.14;
19.14, 65n; ILl 5, 17, 18; III.12
wide 11.55; 18.14; 19.14,65n;ILl8
pity (verb) 4.29
place (verb) 9.16n; 16.48
(in ~ of) 9.11; (no ~) 10.60; (take ~)
7.36
-place 7.69
place
adverb 7.10,67,70; 12.10; 17.55;
19.33
adverbia16.42; 8.3; 10.18,60; lU8n;
I5.8n; 16.24,48; 17.1-8-19,24;
18.26n, 46, 50
clause 7.53; 15.31,32; 17.24
meaning (in conversion) 1.47; (in
compounds) 1.63
orientation 19.15, 32
preposition 6.27; 9.6, 7, 9,14,15-32,
33,64; 16.48; 17.17, 106; 1.26
reference 2.18; 8.3, 40; 14.30,35;
16.12,14; 17.114; 18.46; 19.32-34
relator 19.31,32-34,46-50,55
1740 Index
place [cont]
see also: noun (spatial), position, space
adverbial, where
place-names 5.72; 19.32
placing --,)- verbs (semantic classification)
plague, the/a 5.49n
plain (adjective) 16.72,73
(intensifier) 7.33, 56n
(subjunct) 8.1 OOn
Uust ~) 8. lOOn:
plainly (disjunct) 8.127
(subjunct) 8.100
plan (noun) 17.36
plan (verb) 16.38; (~for) 16.41
planeL74
planes--')-names (classified)
plateau 5.99
play (verb) 3.8n; 4.27, 28; 9.53; 13.46;
16.19,21;( ~ around) 16.3, 12;
(~at) 16.39
plead 3.18n; 16.21; (~guilty) 16.17
pleasanti81n; 16.80
please (courtesy subjunct) 8.90-91;
11.29n,53
(verb) 15.8, 9; 16.26
(~d) 16.71; (~d about/at/with)
16.69; (~d to . .. ) 15.54; (ifyou ~)
8.124n
pleasing 16.72; (~ly) 8:127
pled 3.18
pledge (verb) 16.32
plentyof5.23, 25; 6.53; 10.43
pluperfect--,)-past perfective
plural
compounds 5.102
-en 5.74,85
foreign 3.4n; 5.74, 82, 92-101
forms of address 5.103
invariable 5.56-57, 74, 76-78, 86
irregular 5.74, 82-91, 113; 17.43n
mutation 5.74,84
names 5.67,68,72,84, 125; 7.25n
notionall0.35, 50; 15.9n
noun 2.30n; 4.4, 7, 35; 5.2, 7, 11, 13,
14, 16, 21, 23-25, 26, 29n, 39,
52-58,62,73-103, 118n, 122; 6.1,
21,31, 50, 52, 53,58, 65; 7.11n, 14n,
24, 63n; 8.52; 9.12, 41; 10.34-43;
12.55n; 13.60-62,66-71,79; 15.7,
72n, 73; 17.20, 26, 52, 104,
108-109; 1.35; 111.27
noun lacking 5.62
partitive 5.6,7,8
pronoun 5.76; 6.6, 7, 8, 9, 11-12,14,
plural [cont]
18,20,22,23, 38n,41, 45, 46, 49,
51n, 57, 58, 61; 10.35-36,44-50;
13.62; 19.13n
regular 5.74,79-81,87-91,92-101;
17.43n
-s 5.74,80,81,83; 17.119; 1.31n
subject 3.58, 59n, 62; 4.35n;
10.34-50; 13.94; 16.69n
summation 5.74,76; 10.43n
unmarked 5.74,78
verb 3.32, 52; 5.108; 10.34-50; 13.46;
15.9,36
zero 5.74,86-91; 10.34
see also: article, compound, concord,
exclusive, nou.n phrase; number,
partition
pluralia tantum in -s 5.74, 77; 17.109
plus (conjunction) 13.5n
(preposition) 9.8
ply with 16.7
p.m.17.55n
podium 5.95
poem (vs. poetry) 5.4
poetess 5.105
poetry (vs. poem) 5.4
point (at) 9.46; (at this ~) 19.36; (be on
the ~ of) 4.47; (from ... ~ of view)
8.89,133; (~less) 16.83; (~out)
16.12, 31n, 35, 60; (~ to}9.46
point (punctuation) --,)- period
(punctuation)
point dimension 9.15
point of orientation --,)- time-orientation
point of view 15.46
point vs. period--,)-time
poised 16.79
polar 7.37
polarity 8.8; 10.54-70; 11.22;18.16
neutrall1.6
see also: negative, positive, question,
subjective
poles--')-communicative dynamism
police 5.78; (~man) 5.78
polish N smooth 16.45
polite 7.81n
politeness 3.17,19; 4.16, 28, 37, 50, 52n,
53,57,63, 64n; 6.5, 20, 60; 8.90,91,
127,142; 10.53, 68n; 11.4, 6n, IOn,
11, 13, 25, 29n, 34; 13.56n, 73n;
14.23, 29n, 34n; 15.33,38; 17.91n;
18.5; 19.62,65; 11.13
politic(al) 1.39n
poly- 1.28

polysyllabic forms 18.5; 1.2, 3,56, 74;
II.3,8n
see also: preposition
polysyndetic coordination 13.17, 58
ponder 16.35; (~ on) 9.31
pooh 11.55
poor (~ ly) 7.38; (the ~) 7.24; 12.35n
popes-+names (classified)
popular etymology -+ etymology
pork (vs. pig) 5.4
pose as 16.22n
position 19.24n; (~of) 5.42n
position 2.18; 9.7,15-22
negative place preposition 9.7,18,32
positive place preposition 9.7, 16-17,
32,34
prepositional adverb 9.66
relative 9.7, 19, 30
space adverbia18.3, 39-49,85, 149,
153; 15.22, 27n, 31; 16.48; 18.27
time adjunct 8.52-54, 55-62, 65n, 72,
73, 74, 75n, 76, 77, 149, 153
time adverbial 4.9, 11, 19,23,24,26,
40; 7.67; 8.4,11,13
time preposition 9.34,36
time subjunct 8.98
see also: direction
position (in sentence)-+ adjective,
adjunct, adverb, adverbial,
amplifier, clause, complement,
conjunct, descriptor, disjunct,
downtoner, emphasizer, final,
initial, medial, not, object, particle,
preposition, prepositional phrase,
process, quantifier, rather, reflexive,
relative pronoun, space, space
adjunct, stress, subject, subjunct,
subordinate clause, time adverbial,
verb
positional-+ before
positioner role 10.24, 33
positive 7.21
positive
clause 2.53; 3.42; 6.59; 8.58, 114,
120n; 9.37; 10.55-70; 11.23; 13.14,
30,61; 15.14n,27, 34, 35n, 68n, 71,
73, 74
directive 11.24, 28, 30
emphatic 3.25
orientation 6.60; 7.77; 10.57,65; 11.7,
8, 12-13,22; 15.44; 16.23n; 17.96;
18.16
preposition -+ position (positive place)
question 10.57-59, 66, 70; 11.6, 7n,
Index 1741
positive [cont]
8-15,16,18-23; 14.36n; 15.54
see also: declarative, expectation,
interrogative, pronoun
possess 10.14, 23
possession 3.33,34; 5.112,116,117,
118n; 6.10
alienable vs. inalienable 17.102
possessive
pronoun 3.70; 5.14, 35, 36n, 63n, 112,
117, 121, 124; 6.2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13,
14,23,29-30,31,38,45, 50n; 9.12,
63; 10.49; 11.25,53; 12.10, 54n;
13.62; 16.36,53
see also: coordinate, determiner, genitive,
the
possibility 17.36
possibility 3.31, 72; 4.49, 51, 52, 53,
60-63,65,66; 10.67; 11.13; 13.31;
15.1 1, 25; 16.79; 17.54n; 18.33n;
1.40n,54
epistemic/root4.53, 54; 17.36
possible 7.36; 15.25; 16.72,82; (be ~)
4.52; (if ~) 15.34; (it is ~) 4.53
possibly (disjunct) 4.53; 8.112,120,127,
130
(response) 8.130n
(subjunct) 8.112
post of5.42n
post-1.14, 17,27
postal-+ address
postcentral premodification 17.114
postdeterminer 5.10, 20-25,34; 6.53,
57n, 58, 64; 7.45; 17.2, 15,97
see also: coordinate
posterior 7.85
post-genitive -+ genitive
postmodification 2.28, 31, 32
ambiguity in 17.62-64
by adjective 17.56-60
by adverb phrase 17.55
by finite clause 9.55; 12.20n, 34;
13.51; 15.31n; 17.2,9-26,37,
61-64, 119; 18.23n '
by nonfinite clause 9.55; 10.6n; 12.34;
13.51; 15.62; 16.54n; 17.2,28-36,
37,61-64, 119
by prepositional adverb 9.65
by prepositional phrase 3.76; 5.115;
6.20,26; 7.14, 24, 25,64; 8.24; 9.1,
14,16,33,40,45,47,50,52,54,55,
57,58,60,61,66; 10.42,66; 12.35n,
51; 13.66n; 17.2,37-50,61-64
ellipsis of 12.44, 45n, 54-58
1742 Index

postmodification [cont] predicate 2.47,51; 8.104; 15.57; 18.40,

explicitness of 17.8,37,61,94 43
frequency of 17.37 ellipsis 6.4; 12.61
minor types of6.20; 17.55-60 see also: appositive, coordinate, pro-forms
multiple 17.61-64 predication 2.48,51, 52n, 57; 6.17n;
nonrestrictive vs. restrictive 17.3-9, 7.27; 8.117,119, 126n, 129; 10.17;
13-25,34,48 15.57; 16.43; 18.11,21
see also: adjective, adverb, adverbial, compressed 5.5; 10.66
coordinate, intensifying, mode qualifier,
direction of 17.41-43
nonrestrictive (modification), noun
phrase, relative clause, restrictive. ellipsis 3.37, 45n; 8.21, 25, 77, 83, 95,
(modification) 102, 110, 113, 121, 134; 12.21,23,
postponement 16.56n; 17.78; 18.31-43, 30,44,59-60; 13.53, 92n
45,49 fronting 3.26; 12.23n; 14.20; 15.39,
see also: identification, subject 47; 18.27
postposition 3.51n; 9.58; 15.6, 49n, 69, scopeof8.25, 77, 83, 95,102,110,113,
71, 75 121,134
see also: enclitic, numeral, subjunct 8.96
postmodification, preposition, pronoun, see also: adjunct, appositive, coordinate,
quantifier, till, until negation, pro-forms, relativized
posture--+-verbs (semantic classification) predicative~adjective,few, many, noun
potential size 2.7 -10 predicator 2.13n
potential word--+-word predict 16.31, 35; (~ably) 8.127
potentiality vs. performance 16.40, 42 predictability 1.1, 8, 9-10,14
poultry 5.78 prediction (modal meaning) 4.42, 49, 51,
pound (noun) 5.89 57,58,60-62, 65, 66; 11.3
power (noun) 17.36; (~less) 16.79 prefer 3.59; 4.64n; 8.107; 16.32,38,40,
pp 13.l04n 41,44; (~ably) 8.127
pr--+-prepositional verb preference clause 15.52.
practically 7.56n, 62n; 8.111,114 prefix 13.85; 17.107; 1.2-3, 6,17,18,19,
practice/practise 1.56 20n, 21-30, 31; IlI.4
pragmatic attitude 9.53; 1.25
implication 19.19, 20,21,48,69 contraction 1.28n
particle 3.51 conversion 1.30
pragmatics 1.13,18,42; 2.46n, 58; 4.50; degree 1.24
11.3; 13.4,22,28; 14.36; 19.2-3, 10cative 1.24, 26
70-71; 1.13; 111.2, 23n negative 7.81; 8.131; 9.50n; 10.66;
see also: grammar 18.15; 1.21, 40
pram 1.74n neoclassical 1.28-29, 56
prapsI.74n number I. 28
pray 16.32, 63; (~for) 16.28 order 1.27
prayers --+- religious orientation 1.25
pre- 1.14, 27 pejorative 1.21n, 23, 24, 30
preach about/on 9.60; 16.28 privative 1.22
preceding 7.21; 19.36 reversative 1.22
precentral premodification 17.114 size 1.24
precise 7.73; (~ ly) 8.116, 118n, 120n; time 1.28
(more ~ ly) 8.137 . prefixation 1.3, 21- 30
precise--+- recoverabi1ity see also: coordinate, deadjectival,
precise reformulation 17.80 denominal derivation, deverbal
precision (in expression) 13.28; 17.80 prehead premodification 17.114
pred --+- predicati ve preliminary to 9.10
predeterminer 3.28; 5.10, 15-19, 121; premises 5.77
6.11,42,50, 57n; 7.45, 62, 63; 8.71; premodification 2.28, 29, 30, 33; 6.67;
10.42; 11.32; 12.10; 17.2 7.56-66,67; 10.43n; 14.13; 15.50,

premodification [cont]
69,71; 17.2,94-122; L28
ambiguity in 17.117-121
central17.114
compounds as 1.17, 59
ellipsis of 12.54-58
multiple 17.117 -122
nonrestrictive vs. restrictive 5.64;
17.3-8,95
postcentral/precentra1/prehead 17.114
prepositional phrase7 .22
sequence in 17.113-116
zones 17.113-114
see also: adjective, adverb, adverb phrase,
apposition, comparative, coordinate,
coordination, -ed, genitive, -ing
participle clause, nonrestrictive
(modification), noun, noun phrase, now,
numeral, postcentral, precentral,
prehead, preposition, pronoun,
restrictive (modification), sentence,
stress, superlative, then
prenomina1-+ noun
preparatory to 9.10
preparatory -+ it
prepare (~ d) 16.79; (~ for) 6.25; 16.38,
41; (~oneself) 6.25
preposition 2.26,28,29,34,40; 5.35, 50,
51,6.4,5,26,27,35, 38, 39; 7.26n,
51,62; 8.9, 52; 9 passim; 10.40,51;
13.57,93, 103; 14.6, 11, 14, 19n;
15.8, 25n, 59n; 16.61, 66n, 70, 73;
17.17-20,24,64,104-107; 18.54
absence 9.40-42
adverb and 9.5
centra19.2
complex 2.36,40; 5.51n; 9.5, 7,
10-13,20,57,66; l3.66n;
15.34n, 59n; 16.2,61; 17.17,37,48,
nn; 1.12n
compound 1.57n
confusion 13.89; 17.63n
conjunction and 9.2-4
criteria 9.2
deferred 6.38-39; 9.6; 11.14; 15.5n,
9; 16.2, 14, 16,81; 17.17-19, 30,
64n; l8.42n
ellipsis 8.78; 9.1n, 12, 31; 10.27;
12.51,52; 13.69-70,81; 15.5n, 10;
16.35,37,38,73; 17.48
frequencyof9.19n, 21n, 22n, 38n
in multi-word verb 3.44n, 69; 1O.12n;
16.2-17
initial in clause 9.6, 42; 11.14n; 15.5;
17.17-18,24,30,35; 18.28
Index 1743
preposition [cont]
marginal 9.3, 8,57
meanings 9.14-59
metaphorical use of 6.27n; 9.32
monosyllabic 9.7, 9, 65
negative 9.18,28,52-53; 10.59
optiona19.2n
polysyllabic 9.7,9; 16.6
positionof6.38-39; 16.83, 84
postposition 9.56
premodification of 7.61
sequence of two 9.1n
simple 9.7-9, 12-13,65-66
stress on 9.7, 9, 10; 18.14n, 17n;
19.34n; H.8
three-word 9.11, 66
two, governed by verb 16.17
two-word 9.10,.66
see also: accompaniment, addition,
adjective, adjunct, adverb, agent,
causative, comparative, complement,
concessive, coordinate, destination,
direction, duration, exception, goal,
having, inflection, ingredient,
instrumental, intensifying, locative,
manner, material, means, motive,
movement, object, opposition,
orientation, origin, participle, passage,
passive, path, pervasive, place, position,
positive, prepositional phrase, purpose,
reaction, reason, recipient, relative
pronoun, respect, result, role, source,
standard, stimulus, subject matter,
substance, support, target, time
prepositional .
adjective 16.68n
adverb 7.55,61; 9.5,13,19, 39n, 64,
65-66; 13.81n·; 14.26; 16.2; 1.41
complement of adjective I. 70
object 6.24, 26; 10.7n; 15.73; 16.5,7,
8,15,20,35,38,41,56,57,59,60,
66n,81
object complement 16.47
see also: coordinate, destination,
orientation, passage, path, pervasive,
position, postmodification,
prepositional phrase, prepositional verb,
result
prepositional phrase 2.8, 18,23,25,26,
28; 5.115,121; 6.27, 47; 7.14, 22,
50,55,61,68, 71, 86; 8.10n, 78, 79,
80,81,85,86,87,115; 9 passim;
10.32,66; 12.61n; 13.81, 82, 84, 93,
103; 14.2, 14; 15.5, 10, 16, 39n, 44n;
16.3,8,13,14,17,55,62; 17.8,20,
24,36,37-50,51-53,55,58,
1744 Index
prepositional phrase [cont]
104-107,109,119,123; 18.28,42;
19.34n; 1.41, 63
abbreviated 8.41n, 52, 55n, 78; 16.4n
adjectival similarity 9.1n
adjective complement 16.68, 69;
17.103, 122
adverbial 2.17, 18, 21n, 23, 24; 3.65;
8.13, 15n, 17, 19,22,23,24,39,40,
47,52-53,55,59,60, 61n, 64,65,
66,89,93,104,106,109,116,124,
125,127,133,137,150,153;9.1,14,
47,57; 10.9-10,26, 29n; 11.18;
14.9,26; 15.2, 25n, 26, 27n, 31n,
46n; 16.15,48; 17.4, 14,49-51;
18.33n; IP6
appositive function 17.47 "':'48
complement function 12.20; 15.62n
ellipsis 16.17
indirect object 10.7; 18.27,38
long vs. short 8.17; 10.17; 14.6;
15.46n
modification of 9.64
position of 6.19; 7.22, 86; 9.58; 11.31;
16.13,15, 23n; 17.49-50; 18.33n
reduced -+prepositional phrase
(abbreviated)
subject function 2.25; 9.1n; 10.15,26,
34; 18.33n
syntacticfunctions9.1, 14; 17.48
see also: complement, coordinate, of-
(construction), postmodificatloIi,
premodification
prepositional verb 2.18n, 61; 5.51; 8.22,
32-33; 9.6, 65; 13.93n; 15.10,73;
16.2,5-8,9-12,13-16,20, .24n, 25,
28,35,37,38,39,41, 46n, 47,48,
53,56,62; 17.17, 103; 1.12n, 40n,
47n
copular 16.22n, 24
syntactic criteria for 16.13, 16
Type 116.5,6,10,13-14,20,25,28
Type 11 16.7-8, 48n, 56
vs. free combination'16.11, 13-15
see also: phrasal verb, stress, verb (multi-
word)
prescriptivism 1.7, 17,22; 4.42, 52, 53,
58; 6.3, 4, 5,12,31,35,53; 7.4n, 9;
, 8.21, 106, 117; 9.4; 10.35,42, 46n,
59n, 62n, 63n; 12.23n, 35;
13.39-40,88; 14.13n; 15.6n, 12,
46n, 50n, 67; 16.69n, 74;1.14
see also: grammar (traditional),usage
present (adjective)7.21, 36
present [cont]
(at ~) 8.55n; (~ly) 8.55; 19.36
present
fictional 4.10, 36
forms s.39
habitual3.35n; 4.6, 7, 8n, 36, 40;
14.26,27; 19.42
historic4.8, 10,36; 14.29n, 31; 19.42
instantaneous 4.6n, 7, 15,26,30; 13.25
= nonpast 4.3
participle-+-ing participle
perfective 1.24; 4.4, 5n, 8, 13, 17,
18-19,20-23,24,40, 45n; 8.63;
11.46; 14.26-27,31; 15.54; 19.43
perfective progressive 4.17
progressive 4.7,17,25-26,36,41,44,
45,47; 8.98; 14.26; 19.43
simple 3.37,52,54; 4.5-10, 25, 26, 28,
30,41,45,47, 53n; 8.47; 1O.5n;
11.46; 14.22,24,26-27,29; 15.54,
68n; 18.16, 23n, 27n, 44
state 4.5,6, 7; 14.22n, 31; 19.41-42
tense 2.35n; 3.2, 4n, 30,32,34, 35n,
36,37,45,52,54,55,64; 4.1-10,
I1n, 14, 15, 18,28,37,67; 8.55n;
10.34,44,68; 11.13,46n; 12.40;
13.25; 14.22,29,31,34-35; 15.36;
17.28; 19.39,41-43
tense, for fictional narrative 4.10
tense, for future time 4.9, 52n; 14.22n;
16.31n
tense, for past time 4,8
time 3.30, 42; 4.1-7; 14, 16,20,43,
44; 8.57, 61n, 75; 14.23-24; 15.35;
19.39,41-43
timeless 4.5,6; 14'.31; 19.41-42
see also: auxiliary, future, subjunctive,
tense
presentative function 18.49-50
press (verb) 16.50
press-+news reporting
presumably 8.127
presume 14.36; 15.54; 16.31,44,46,50
presuppose 16.31
presupposed information -+ given
presupposition 11.4, 16-19; 13.22, 32;
18.12,27n
pretend 16.31; (~ to) 16.38
pretty (downtoner) 7.56; 10.62
prevent 6.59; 16.42; (~from) 16.57
previous 19.36; (~ ly) 8.55; 72, 77; 19.36;
(~to)9.10 '
pride (verb) ( - .. .selfon)6.25,27n; 16.7n
primarily 8.116 . ..
 Index 1745

primary ---+ stress, time (-orientation), pro-forms [cont]

verb
principa17.35; (~ ly) 8.116
principal clause---+clause (main)
principal parts of verb 3.11
printed language 1.22, 42
prior 7.85; 19.36; (~ to) 9.10
prison 5.44
prisoner, hold/keep 16.46n
private ---+ verbs (semantic classification)
privately 8.124
privative force 16.8
see also: dis-, prefix
privilege of occurrence 2.12; 13.49n
pro ---+ pronoun
pro 9.7
pro- 1.25
pro-adverbial---+ pro-forms
probability 8.103; 17.36
probably 8.120, 130; l1.4n; 14.36
proceeds 5.77
process (in (the) ~ of) 9.11
process---+verbs (semantic classification)
process adverbial
adjunct 8.2, 5, 10, 25n, 37, 78-84,88,
89,92,95, lOOn, 102n, 108n, 109,
115n, 124, 143, 148,150, 153; 10.60;
11.18n; 12.10; 15.60
cooccurrence restrictions 8.82
meaning 3.13n; 7.73; 9.31, 32; 11.15n
positions of 8.84, 87
realization 8.78
syntaxof8.83
see also: instrument, manner, means
processing ---+ information
proclaim 16.31, 44, 46, 50; (~as) 16.47
pro-clause, pro-complement---+pro-
forms
produce 16.26
productivity 3.59; 5.50, 70, 105; 8.127;
11.43; 12.34,51; 16.12, 45n; 17.60;
1.2,5,6,8, 10, 13-16,20,21-77
profI.74
profess 16.38, 44, 46
pro-forms 2.44-45,55; 3.26; 4.33; 6.1,
16, 17n, 4i, 42n, 48; 7.29; 8.10n;
12.1-31,39, 65n; 15.3, 15,21;
17.77-78; 19.44-45,47,72,77
adverbial 2.44; 7.53; 8.10n, 41, 55,
78n, 87, 148, 151; 12.9-11, 21, 27;
19.33,34,36
clause 3.22n; 1O.7n; 12.10,13,21-30;
15.34, 35n, 54n, 55n, 64n; 16.71n,
72n
complement 12.10, 21, 27-30
complex 12.10
composite 2.51
definite 12.9
ellipsis and 2.52
indefinite 12.9
limitations on 19.45
modifier 2.44
noun phrase 6.1
predicate 2.44, 47n, 51; 12.10,21-26,
60n
predication 2.51; 3.38; 6.17n; 8.25,
77,83,95,102,110,113,121,134;
12.10,12,21-26,29-30; 15.66;
18.29
scopeof8.25, 77, 83, 95,102,110,113,
121, 134
substitution 12.8-13
wh-words and 2.45
-x 12.13
see also: above, all, any, below, do, each,
either,few, here, how, it, likewise, many,
more, most, much, neither, nor, not, one,
reflexive, similarly, so, that, then, there,
these, this, those, thus, time adverbial,
wh-, which, who, whom
program(me) (verb) 3.8
progression 19.17, 55-56, 69
progressive
aspect2.35n, 43; 3.2, 48, 49, 51, 64, 77;
4.1,17,25-40,44,46,47,65,67;
7.38n, 41; 8.29, 42, 60, 76, 98; 9.17;
10.14n, 25; 11.24; 12.22n, 23n, 35;
13. 78n; 14.6, 19,22,23, 27n, 31;
15.28n; 16.21,40,53; 17.7,28-29;
18.29,43, 49n; 19.40n; 1.53, 55
construction 3.54, 55
prone 16.79
pronoun 2.34,35,44; 3.23; 5.12;
6passim; 8. 133n, 134, 135; 10.6,60;
12.9-11, 26n, 33, 40n; 16.6; 17.124;
18.26n, 52; 19.2; II.S
anticipatory ---+ it
case 6.1, 2-5, 12n, 14, 32-35; 11.15n;
15.5n
central 6.13, 14-30
compound 5.12; 6.12, 31,46-47,51,
52,59,61,62; 7.21, 69; 17.57; 1.57n
contraction 6.7, 14n
conversion to noun 6.20n
correlative 6.31,54
definite 6.1, 15,36,37; 12.10; 17.12
discontinuous 3.70n
1746 Index
pronoun [cont]
ellipsis 6.27n; 12.47-48,52
emphatic 6.20,27,28,30
frequency of 6.46n
fronting 6.23n, 35; 18.28
head 2.29; 6.20, 50; 7.25n; 13.56
indefinite 3.38; 5.117n; 6.1, 5, 8, 9, 11,
12,13,23,36,37,45-48,54; 7.21,
62,69; 8.47,143; 9.58; 10.42-43,
48n,50,53; 11.16; 12.10, 17; 15.59;
17.15,57; 19.51
independent 6.14, 29, 31,38;
13.73-74
marked 6.35
meaning of term 2.44
modification of 6.20, 30
negative 3.34n; 6.13, 45-46, 48, 62;
9.58; 10.62
objectiveform 3.51, 65, 70n; 6.1,2-5,
10,12,13,14,23,24,25,27,33-35,
36,38; 9.4; 10.7,8, 14, 44n; 11.26;
12.61n; 13.73n, 74n; 15.5n, 8n, 10,
12, 27n, 67; 16.36,49; 17.12;
18.27n
of- 5.16, 46, 48, 58, 59,62
order of precedence 6.22
personal 2.27, 30, 36; 3.38; 5.1,
104-111; 6.1-13, 14-22, 24, 27,29,
30,32,35,39,40,45,50; 8.47; 9.2,
63; 10.44n, 48-50,53; l1.5n, 18n,
25-28,47,53; 12.7-10; 12, 6ln;
13.56n; 14.30, 32,35; 16.16,49;
17.12,16,63,88; l8.14n, 21, 23, 24,
27n; 19:51; II.9
positivf! 6.13; 9.58
postposed 5.l7n, 50; 7.21
premodification of 7.62
proxy 17.77; 18.58
quantifier-+pronoun (universal)
reference 5.104-111; 6.1, 7,15-21,
39,40-44; 10.34n,48-50; 12.45;
13.9; III.20n
sequence 6.27; 13.56n, 73n
sexual bias in 6.10, 56; 10.50
shift 14.32, 35
stressed/unstressed forms 6.16, 29,
46n, 52n, 54, 61 ; 11.25
subjective form 2.36; 3.65; 6.1, 2-5,
12,13,14,27,33-35,36;9.2,4;
10.6,8; 11.44, 53; 13.73n, 74n;
15.5n, 8n, 10,67
substitution 6.11,12,53,54,55;
12.8-20; 15.21,66; 17.63; 18.58;
19.10, 12, 13, 14,24,44
pronoun [cont]
universal 6.13, 20, 45-46, 48, 49-51;
10.65; 18.45n
unmarked 6.9, 10, 12, 16, 17,35; 10.50
usage problems with 6.3, 4- 5, 8, 10,
18,31,34-35,38,53,56;9.4;
10.48-50; l1.25n; 12.61n; 13.56n,
73n, 74n; 16.42; 17.14-17,22
zero -+ relative clause
see also: assertive, case, concord,
conversion, coordinate, coreference,
count, demonstrative, gender, generic,
genitive, nonassertive, noncount,
nonpersonal, number, object, of-,
person, plural, possessive, reciprocal,
reflexive, reinforcing, relative, -s,
singular, subject, suffix, than, wh-
pronounce 16.31,32,44,46,50;
( ~ illegal) 16.45
pronunciation (of items) 2.45n; 3.13n,
16,23, 32, 33, 36, 39, 43, 44, 45n,
47n,51; 5.11, 56, 63n, 66n, 80, 84n,
88,95, 97n, 99, 114; 6.12n, 29, 46,
64; 7.19, 46, 79, 80; 8.137; 9.9;
11.55; 12.64n; 13.71n; 16.69n;
17.15n, 43n; 1.3, 35, 39n, 40n, 41,
74n, 75; II.1, 9-10; I1I.4, 27
see also: American English, British
English, informal, nonstandard,
phonology, Received Pronunciation,
spelling
prop-+it
proper 7.21, 81n; 16.72
proper-+name, noun
prophesy 16.31
proportional
clause 11.43; 14.2:2; 15.51
correlative 14.13
see also: as
propos, a-+apropos
proposa117 .36
propose 16.32, 38, 39, 60
pro-predicate, pro-predication -+ pro-
forms
prosody 1.29; 18.59n; 19.14, 87-90;
IIpassim; III.1-2, 5,12,15, 16n,
18,22,23,25
connectivity 19.19, 25-27, 28-29, 73,
75,87n
information structure and 8.28;
18.1-19,21,26, 42n; II.16
lexical independence of 19.25
prominence5.17;8.98n, 150; 12.28n,
56n;13.16n; 17.6,95; 18.1-9;
19.12,25-27, 65n; 11.9,15; III.29

prosody [cont]
systems 11.2
transcription 1.29
see also: concord, focus, intonation,
paragraph, prominence, punctuation,
stress
prospect (noun) 17.36
protasis 15.34n
protectfrom 16.7, 57
protest (verb) 16.31
pro to- 1.29
proud 16.71; (~of) 16.69
prove 3.14n; 6.25; 14.25n; 16.21,22,31,
35,44,46,60; (~d/ ~ n) 3.14n;
(~ (oneself)(to be)) 6.25
provenance adjectives 7.42
see also: names (nationalities)
pro-verb-+do (pro-form)
proverb 4.12; 7.83; 1l.43; 13.25n; 15.16;
1.7
provide 16.48n, 57; (~ d (that)) 9.3;
14.12,14; 15.34, 35n, 44n; (~for)
16.28,57; (~ .. .for/with) 16.48n;
(~with) 16.7, 57
providing (that) 14.12, 14; 15.34, 35n
proviso (with the ~ that) 15.34n
pro-X -+pro-forms
proximity
concord 10.34n, 35, 40-45; 15.16; 17.11
spatial 6.43
temporal 6.43 ; 15.26,29
proxy -+ pronoun
prudently 8.127
pseud 1.23,74
pseudo- 1.15,23
pseudo-+cleft, coordination, how,
passive, subject, subjunctive
psst l1.55n
psycholinguisticfactors 17.113; 1.14n
PTO 111.28, 29
pub 1.74
public -+ verbs (semantic classification)
public facilities -+ names (classified)
publicly 7.47
publishing -+ printed language
pull (along) 16.4n; (~ up) 16.19n
punctual-+verbs (semantic
classification)
punctuation 1.23; 11.47n; III passim
connectivity 19.19, 25, 28-29, 73-74
cooccurrence 111.3, 16, 24n
correlative 111.3, 16
error6.31n; 1I1.16n
frequency of IIl.3n, 7
Index 1747
punctuation [cont]
grammar and 8.38, 100, 117, 143n;
10.16; 13.1, 16n, 17n, 52n, 54, 96;
14.29,40-41; 15.6n, 20, 21, 23,
28n; 17.68,72,84,112,121; 18.34,
41; 19.9, lln; 111.2, 7, 15
hierarchy 111.3, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18,23
included units in 111.2,9, 16-21,22
light vs. heavy IIl.11, 22, 30
minor conventions 111.30
prosody and 11.52n; n.20
separation 111.2,3-21
specification 111.2, 9, 23-30
successive units in 111.3-15,22
see also: American English, British
English, colon, comma, dash, direct
speech, formulae, hyphenation,
informal, numeral, parentheses, period,
semicolon, space (orthographic)
punishfor 16.57
pure (central adjective) 7.34
(emphasizer adjective) 7.33,34
(~ly) 8.116,118
pure -+ intransitive
purportedly 8.127
purpose (~ ly) 8.93; (on ~) 8.93
purpose
adjunct 8.30,86, 132; 11.15n
adverbial 8.7; 10.10,21, 24n; 17.33
clause4.53n; 8.86; 14.13n, 24; 15.20,
48,72-73,75; 17.33
disjunct 8.94n
meaning 8.9; 13.37n; 15.27, 34n, 49;
16.51; 1.62n, 65
negative 3.61; 8.86; 15.46n, 48
preposition 9.7, 32n, 42, 45
see also: cause,for, if, so, that, until
pursuance (in ~ of) 9.12n
pursuant to 9.10
push (home) 16.4; (~N open) 16.45
pushdown element 6.35n; 11.18; 15.4n,
65, 66n, 68; 17.63; 18.20n, 28
see also: relative clause, wh-
put 3.17; 8.126; 10.30; 16.2n, 48;
(~about) 16.34n; (~across)
16.26n; (~an end to) 16.58; (~a
stop to) 16.58; (~away) 16.4; (~by)
16.6; (~down) 16.4; (~down
to) 1O.12n; 16.9; (N off) 16.4, 26n,
39; (~on) 16.4; (~paid to) 16.17;
(~straight) 16.17; (~ N to rights)
16.8; (~up) 16.4; (~ up to) 16.9;
(~up with) 10. 12n; 16.9, 12, 13, 14, 29;
(~ ... )17.80
1748 Index

putative meaning 15048-49 question [cont]

see also.' should direct6.37n; 8.15,130; 9.6; 13.94;
putt(ed) 3.19 14.35; 15.5,38; 19.62
puzzled 16.78; (~at) 16.69; (~ as to) ech02.56n; 11.12n, 14n, 34-36;
16.73 14.12n,33n
pyjamas 5.76 elliptical 10.17 ; 11.20-21
incomplete l1.36n
indirect 3.62n; 8.130,147; 9.6; 14.33;
15.5,6; 16.61,63; 19.62
a information ~ wh- (question)
mark 11.29n; IlI.1, 3, 14,20,23
qua 9.7 minor 11.22-23
quadrillion 6.63n polar 11.5n
quail (noun) 5.87 reduced 2.58n; 3.37
quality~partition, verbs (semantic see also.' conducive, coordinate,
classification) declarative, exclamatory, formulaic,
interrogation, negative, not, positive,
quantifier 504,16, 38n, 39; 6045-48, 51,
ratiocinative, reason, reflective,
58; 7.83; 8.52, 59, 67, 71,108,115, response, rhetorical, tag, verbless, wh-,
118n; 9040; 10042-43,66; 11. 7n; yes-no
12.10,17, 70n; 15.9, 69n; 17.31,59,
quick (adjective) 7.82; 16.77
86n
(adverb) 7.83
closed class 5.20, 23-25 (~er . .. than) 15.52n; (~ Iy) 7.88
negative 6.62
quid 5.90
open class 5.20, 23, 25; 6.53
quiet7.81n
position of 3.28, 40
quit(ted) 3.17; 16.39
postposed 3.23n, 28, 40; 5.23n
quite (compromizer) 8.111,113,114;
scope of3.72; 13045,76
Il.21
universal ~ pronoun (universal)
(diminisher) 3.76; 8.111; 10.62; Il.21
see also.' comparative, frequency, multal,
paucal, superlative (maximizer) 8.96, 105
(modifier) 7.56, 63, 89; 8.77, 111n,
quantifying, quantitative,
131,147; 1O.62n
quantity~determiIier, noun,
(predeterminer) 5.17n; 6.53
partition, some
as response 8.120n, 130n
quantity 0/5.25
«not) ~ all) 6.50n; ( ~ so) 8.130n
quarrel (verb)(about) 9.60; 16.28;
quotation IlUOn, .20n, 21
(~ with) 9.53; 16.28
marks 1.23; 14.29; IlI.3, 20n, 21, 25
quarterly 7.9; 8.64
partia114.29
quarters 5.77
see also.' direct speech
quasi- IlIA
quote, to 8.126
quasi-~auxiliary, coordination, ellipsis,
imperative, locative, modal, object,
subject, subjunctive
quest (in ~ of) 9.11,12 R
question 2045,46,48,50, 53; 337; 4.52,
55,58;8.85,90,97, 102, 106, 125n, R ( = regular variant) --7 variant
146n, 147; 10.8,55,57, 68n; 11.2,3, -r base ending 7.80
4-23, 29n, 32; 13047; 14.25n, 29; races ~ names (classified)
15.10n, 35, 54; 16.15; 18.19,24, radar I.75
27n, 49,57; 19.32, 47n, 61-63, 66; radio~ broadcasting
Ill. 23 radius 5.93
abbreviated 11.15n, 16 ragged 7.19
alternative 11.4, 20-21, 53; 13.28n, rain (verb) 4.27; 10.26
47n, 94; 14.33 raise (verb) 16.19n
as directives 19.62 raising ~ object

ran 3.19
rang 3.19
range-+nucleus, pitch
rapid(ly) 7.6,36
rarely 2.54n; 8.65, 68, 70, 77, 98; 10.59;
11.31
rate (verb) 8.108n; 16.44,46; (~ as)
16.47; (at any ~) 8.137, 143n;
(at a/the ~ of) 9.41
rather (booster) 3.76; 8.105n; 10.62
(compromizer) 7.56, 89; 8.111,113,
114
(conjunct) 8.126, 137, 141, 143; 13.32
(predeterminer) 5.17n
as response 8.130n
position of7.56n
(had ~) 3.45n; 7.83; (or~) 17.73, 80;
(should ~) 3.45n; (~ than) 10.40;
12.69; 13.103; 14.15, 16, 19n;
15.52; (~ ... than) 13.42Ii.;
(would ~ I'd ~) 3.40, 45-46, 66;
7.83; 8.96; 10.61n; 15.52; 16.33
ratiocinative question 11.23n
ravioli 5.100n
re 9.7,57
re- I.17, 27
're 3.23, 32
reach (verb) 10.27
reaction
preposition 9.7,63
signa17.54; 11.54
read (verb) 3.18; 15.54; 16.19, 57;
(~ about) 9.60; 16.28; (~ to) 16.57
readily 8.103n; (more ~ ... than) 15.52n
readiness 17.36
ready 16.79; 81
ready-made phrases 1.7, 8n
real (central adjective) 7.34,81
(emphasizer adjective) 7.33,34,73
(intensifying adverb) 7.56n; 1.46n
really (disjunct) 8.127, 130n
(intensifier) 7.56n, 57
(subjunct) 8.23, 96, 99-102, 109; 11.6;
18.55-56
real condition -+ condition (open)
realization 2.6; 19.2
realize 4.29; 14.30; 15.54; 16.31, 35
reason (noun) 17.18 - 20
(verb) 16.31
(~ableabout) 16.69; (~ably) 8.127;
(the ~ (that» 15.46n; (the ~ why)
15.46n; 17.18,20
reason
adjunct8.55n,86; 11.15n
Index 1749
reason [cont]
adverbial 8.7, 121; 140; 10.10
clause 7.53; 8.127,132, 143n; 14.13;
15.20,21,45-47
direct/indirect 15.45
disjunct 8. 14On, 143n
frequency of clauses 15.47
meaning 13.23; 14.14; 15.28, 34n,
55n, 60; 17.18-20
preposition 9.7,43,44
question 11.15n, 40
see also: as, since, while
rebind 3.18
rebuild 3~ 13
recall (yerb) 16.31, 39
recap (~ping) 15.18; (to ~) 15.18
recapitulate (to ~) 15.. 18
recapitulating 15.18
recapitulatory echo 11.33, 34'- 35
recast 3.17
receive 4.27 ; 10.32n; 16.26; (~from)
18.31n
Received Pronunciation 1.27; 1.56
recently 4.22; 7.70; 8.55, 62, 63, 77
recipient
intended vs. actual 9.46
object 10.33
preposition 9.7, 32,46; 10.10
role 2.23; 10. 7n, 19, 20n, 23, 30, 33;
16.56; 18.51-52
subject 10.23, 30,33
reciprocal
expression 13.46
pronoun 3.70; 6.13, 31, 54; 7.11n;
13.46; 19.11n
pronoun frequency 6.31n
relationship 13.60; 18.31n
reckon 14.36; 16.31,44,46,50; (as) 16.47
reclassification -+ conversion
recognize 14.30; 16.31
recommend 16.32,39,60,63; (~. to)
16.62
record (verb) 16.35
re(-)cover I.27n
recoverability 5.31; 8.129; 12.6-7,41,
42,44,45-52; 19.48; 1.9-10,14
precise 12.33, 34, 36~38, 65
unique 12.6, 38, 40n; 14.28
verbatim 12.32
see also: ellipsis, situational, structural,
textual
recurrence 8.64, 69; 15.26, 30, 34
see also: lexical
recursion 17.115,117,120; L57n
1750 Index
redo 3.16
reduce to 16.7n
reduced form-+operator, question,
reduction, relative clause, sentence
reduction
phonological 3.23, 36n; 9.9; 12.31,46,
48n, 50n, 64n; 14.23n; 17.15n; 11.9
syntactic 2.52, 58n, 59; 12.1-5; 14.9,
12n; 16.66
see also: abbreviated clause, ellipsis,
pro-forms
redundancy 2.52; 3.71; 12.1-2, 7; 13.71;
15.6n, 46n, 73
reduplication 5.81n; 7.70n; 16.3
see also: coordination (iterative), letter,
particle
reduplicative compound I. 72
reel back 16.3
refer to 16.28, 57
reference (in/with ~ to) 8.85; 9.11, 57
reference -+ anaphora, cataphora,
discourse, generic, near vs. distant,
noun phrase, personal, place,
pronoun, semantic, situational,
specific, sporadic, time
reference editing 17.80
referendum 5.95
referring -+ it
reflect 16.31,35; (~on) 16.35
reflective question 18.33n
reflexive pronoun 3.70; 5.104; 6.5, 6, 8,
11,12,13,14,20,23-28,31,45,56;
8.125n; 10.6,7,8,48; 11.25; 16.39;
18.l1n
basic use 6.23,24-27
emphatic use 6.23, 27, 28, 30; 18.39
object 7.17n; 1004,6; 16.7n, 45n, 46,
53n;1.54
optional 6.27
position of 6.28
precedes subject 6.23n
pro-form use 12.10
semi-emphatic use 6.27
see also: coordinate, verb (nonreflexive,
reflexive, semi-reflexive)
reformulation (in apposition) 17.74, 80
reformulatory conjunct 8.126,136,137,
141,143
refreshingly 8.127
refusal 17.36
refuse (verb) 16.38, 57
regard (as) 16047; (as ~ s) 9.57; (in ~ to)
9.11,57; (~s) 5.77; (with ~ to)
9.11,57
regarding (preposition) 9.8,57
regardlessof9.1O, 57n; 14.14; 15.39n;
(~ whether) 15Aln
regional English 1.11,19,20-21,22-27,
36,37,41; 3.14n, 23, 30n; 4.50, 64n;
5.17n, 23n, 58n, 111n; 6.12n, 27n,
67n; 7.56n, 57n; 8.144n; 9.7n;
10.10n; 12.22n, 30n; 13.7n; 15.5n,
74; 18.27
see also: American, British
register -+ discourse (field of)
regret4.67n; 8.107; 15.54; 16.33,38,39,
40; (~tably) 8.127,129; 9.63
regular-+noun, plural, verb
regularly 8.65, 70n
regulative language 1.3
reindeer 5.87
reinforcement 18.58-59
reinforcing conjunct 8.136, 137-138,
148; 15.18
reinforcing pronoun 17.78
reject 16.26
rejected condition -+condition
(hypothetical)
rejoice 16.33; (~ at) 9.63; 16.28
relater word 2.37
relation (in ~) 9.66; (in ~ to) 9.11;
(~s)5.77
relational-+ basic, genitive
relational verb -+ verb
relationship 3.34
time adjunct 8.53,72; 15.25,26
time adverbial 4.22; 6.27n; 8.4, 11
time subjunct 8.97
relative (~ ly) 7.56; (~to) 15.69n
relative clause 2.9 ;.4.64n; 6.19,20,
32-35,42; 7.22, :24,25; 9.6,55;
10.1n, 7n, 17, 43n, 44n; 11.18n;
1204; 13.50-51,84; 14.3, 22n; 15.2,
8-9, 25n, 27n;28n, 29n, 31n, 39n,
44n, 51, 57, 74n; 16.6, 15, 16;
17.2-6,8,9-25,26-34,37,61,76,
79,92; 18.48,53; 19A7n
adnomina16.35n; 15.2,.8, 57;
17.9-25,34
continuative 15.57n
elliptical 7.86
free-+nominal clause (relative)
independent -+ nominal clause
(relative)
nonrestrictive 5.64; 6.33, 35n; 7.25,
27,29; 8.94n, 132; 13.103n; 15.57,
60-62; 17.3-6,9,13, 21, 22~25,
26-27,33,66,81; 19A7n; 1II.19
 Index 1751

relative clause [cont] remaining-+verbs (semantic

pushdown 6.35n; 17.63-64
reduced 7.21,22,24; 12.35n; 17.56,
66,82,83,92
restrictive 5.64; 6.20, 33,47,53,61;
7.25,86; 10.61; 11.53; 14.14,20,
23n; 15.34n; 17.3-6,9,13-21,22,
25,26-27; 18.28
sententia18.133; 13.27, 103n; 15.2,
29n, 55, 56, 57; 17.5, 9
telescoped 17.21
zero 6.33-34; 11.53; 12.19, 59n;
14.20; 17.11, 13-20,22; 18.28
see also: existential, nominal clause,
postmodification
relative destination -+destination
relative determiner-+determiner
relative pitch -+ pitch
relative pronoun 6.8,11,13,20,32-35,
36,38; 7.53; 9.6; 1O.44n, 49,51;
14.20; 15.2,55,60,66; 16.15;
17.9-25,63,66; 18.28,48
adverbialfunction 17.13-14, 17-20,
22,30,34
complement function 17.11,13-14,
22,25,30
neutra16.34n
object function 7.13-14,15-16,22,
30-34
position 6.32; 13.84; 18.28
prepositional complement function
17.13-14,16,17,24; 18.28
subject function 17.13-14, 15,22,
28-32
see also: coordinate, that, wh- (pronoun),
when, where, which, who, whom, whose,
why
relativized predication 3.26
relator-+place, time
re'lay/'relay 3.10n
re/end 3.12n
relevance -+ current
relexicalization 1. 71 n
reliant (up)on 16.69
relieve(~ d) 16.78; (of) 16.57
religious language 1.28; 3.4n, 16; 6.7,
12n; 7.70n; 9.7n; 14.20; 15.3In;
II.10
relish 16.39
reluctance, with 8.93
reluctant 6.59; 16.79; (~ly) 8.93
rely on 16.28; (~ ... to) 16.51n
remain 10.16, 24; 16.21,22,23,24;
5.77
classification)
remake 3.l3
remark (verb) 16.31, 60; (~ably) 8.127
remember4.52n, 67n; 15.54; 16.26,31,
35,38,39,40; (can/could ~) 14.26n
remind 16.48n, 59, 61, 62, 63; (~of)
16.7,57
remote from 16.69
rend 3.13
render 16.44
rendezvous 5.99
rent (verb) 3.13; (~from/to) 18.31n
repay 3.10n
repeat (verb) 16.31; (~ edly) 8.65
repent 16.39
repetition
expressive 7.89; 12.4n; 18.58; 19.23
meaning4.35n, 67; 14.27; 15.28
offorrns 17.61; 19.72
see also: adjective, adverb, adverbial,
coordination (iterative), determiner,
emphasis, never, noun, verb
repidginization 1.35
replacive conjunct 8.136,137,141, 143,
146
reply (verb) 16.31
reply-+response
report (verb) 15.54; 16.26,31,44,50,60;
(~ back) 16.31n; (~ edly) 8.127
reported
clause 14.28-35
request 8.91
see also: directive (indirect), indirect
speech, question (indirect), statement
(indirect)
reporting
clause 4.60; 14.28-35, 54n; 18.20n,
23; III.21
verb4.l6; 14.28-35; 18.20n; 19.41n,
43
see also: news reporting
represent 8.1 08n
repudiation 12.54,62,70;"13.32,42,57,
94
repute (verb) 16.50; (~ d) 3.68; (~ dly)
8.127
request (verb) 3.59; 16.32,63
request4.52n, 57, 63, 64n; 8.90-91,100;
11.3,4,13, 20n, 29,53; 19.62;
IIL23n
see also: indirect, reported
(~s) require 14.25n; 16.26,32,39,50; (~d)
7.21; (~ment) 3.59
1752 Index

reread 3.18 result

rerun 3.19 adjunct 8.49,81, 103n
resemblance (meaning) 9.48 adverbial7.20n; 8.7
resemble 2.21n; 3.68; 4.27,28; 10.14n; attribute 10.8, 20; 16.21,23,45
16.27 clause 8.132, 140n; 15.20,25,49,
resent 16.39 72-73,75
reserve 16.57; (~for) 16.57 conjunct8.136, 137, 140,144
reset 3.17 meaning 3.13n, 38n, 77; 4.22, 33, 39,
resolution 3.59; 17.36 43; 7.16, 20; 8.42,108; 9.17; 10.24;
resolution (principle) 14.37; 18.32n 13.23; 15.27,45,74; 16.38n;
resolve 16.32; (~ on) 16.38 19.60n; 1.54
resort to 16.28, 39 object 10.22, 28,33
respect (verb) 16.26; (in all ~ s) 8.105; (in preposition 9.7,28,30,32
~ of) 9.11, 12n, 57; (in some ~ s) prepositional adverb 9.66
8.111,114; (in/with ~ to) 8.85; 9.11, subject 10.22
57 subordinator 8.146n
see also: respecting see also: before, copula, so, source, that,
respect until
adjunct 7.87; 8.28-31, 81,85,87,88 resultant, resultative, resulting,
adverbial.8.2, 5, 6; 1.70 resultivec-+ copula, result, verbs
disjunct 8.123-124 (semantic classification)
meaning 8.9 resume 16.39
preposition 9.7,8,57; 17.50 resumptive clause 15.57
titles of 10.53 retell 3.15
see also: for rethink 3.15
respecting (preposition) 9.8, 57 retort (verb) 16.31
respective 10.37n; 13.61,62; 19.52; retrospectivec-+ verbs (semantic
(~ly) 10.37n; 13.60,61,63; classification)
19.52 return (in ~) 9.66; (in ~ for) 9.11;
response 1.34; 3.26; 6.4; 8.79, 91n, 97n, ( ~ N unopened) 16.45
100,114, 130n; 11.4-23, 40n, 43n, returns 5.77
54; 12.43,44; 14.29; 15.5,20, 21n, Rev 5.66n
54n; 16.13; 18.19, 59n; 19.26-27, reveal 16.31
54, 65; II.l2, 13 reverend 5.66n
elliptical11.7n;12.61; 18.16; 19.2, reversal
54n clause 15.25, 49, 54
see also: hardly, indeed, negative, never, no, subject/complement 10.20, 46n
quite, rather, right, sure, yes reversati ve c-+ prefix
responsibility 17.36 reverse c-+ indentation
rest (verb) 16.21 rewind 3.18
restriction adverbial 8.8 rewrite 3.16
restrictive rhematic connection 19.14; 21, 69
clause 8.94n; 14.37n; 15.23 rheme c-+ theme
markers 17.32 rhetorical
modification 5.64; 6.42, 47, 61; 7.24; conditional clause 15.37
12.19; 15.2, 34n; 17.3,4-29,34,35, question 8.112; 11.2;13,23,44; 19.63
44,48-50,94,95,110,115 style6.19n, 20; 12.4n, 9n; l3,87, 94;
see also: adjective, adverb, adverbial, 15.22; 17.23n, 80; 18.21,23, 36n,
apposition, nonrestrictive, 48, 59n; 19.18,29, 47n, 59; I1.2ri.,
postmodification, premodification, 10,18; III.2, 7, 8,24
relative clause, subjunct see also: we
restrictives 5.17n rhinoceros 1.14
restring 3.18 rhododendron 1.14
result (as a ~) 8.137; (as a ~ of) 9.11 rhythm 13.86; 17.115; 19.12,25; II.1-3,
 Index 1753

rhythm [cont] roughly 8.124

10,11,18,19; II1.2 round (adverb) 7.66n; 8.41,52
types of 13.86 (particle) 16.2
see also: foot, stress (preposition) 7.70; 9.7, 9, 22, 26-27
riches 5.77 (prepositional adverb) 9.66
rid(ded) 3.17 (all/right ~ ) 8.63n
ridden 3.16 round brackets -+ brackets
ride (verb) 3.16 row (verb) 3.8n
ridicule 16.26 royal we -+ we
right (adjective) 7.81 RP -+ Received Pronunciation
(adjunct) 8.41 RSVP H1.28, 29
(conjunct) 8.135 rub (in) 16.34n; (~ N dry) 16.17
(intensifier) 7.61; 15.27, 29; 16.3,4 rule (noun)(as a ~) 8.76
parenthetic use 19.65n (verb) 16.26, 32
response use 8. 100, 120n rules
(all ~) 8.100, 102n; 13.102n; (~ ly) codification of 1.15,16
8.127,129,133n grammar 1.15-16; 7.47; 10.51; 19.44;
right-+ branching, dislocation 1.1,5
rigid -+ frozen (style) spelling 3.7-10, l1n; 6.64n; 7.47, 83
ring (ed) 3.19 transformational 2.20
ripen 4.27 word-formation 1.5, 15
rise(n) 3.16; 16.19 vs. tendencies 17.114; 111:7
rise-fall tone 11.23, 37; 1I.14, 15n see also: phonological, prescriptivism
rise-plus-fall tone 18.17-18; I1.14n, 15n rumour (verb) 15.54; 16.50
rising tone 8.91,135; 10.52; 11.5,8-12, run (verb) 3.19; 9. 16n, 45; 10.4n; 16.21;
20, 22n, 23,34,37,53; 14.37; 17.78, (~and . ..) 13.98; (~at)9.46;
86; 18.5,16,18, 26n, 59; 19.9, (~away with) 16.29; (~ down)
26-27,65; 1I.l3, 15, 18n; II1.12 16.4n; (~for) 16.28; (~out of)
risk (noun) 17.36 16.12; (~over) 16.6; (~through)
(verb) 16.39 16.6n; (~ to) 9.46
ritual 11.3n rung 3.19
River 5.72; 17.89 Russian 1.2, 5n; 5.104,112,123; 8.91n
rivers -+ names (classified) -ry 1.32
Road5.69n
roam (about/around) 9.31
roar 9.46n; (~ hoarse) 16.45n
rob (of) 16.7,57; (~N of) 16.8 5
rock (amplifier) 7.56n
rode 3.16 8-+subject
role 8/0 (= raised object)-+object (raised)
preposition 7.4,7,48; 9.7 -s 1.18
see also: adjunct, adverbial, affected, clipped forms use I. 74n
agentive, attribute, calling, clause, contracted genitive 5.113-114; 6.47;
initiator, opposition, participant, 7.69; 13.72; 17.43n
recipient, semantic, unique contracted pronoun 6.14n
role of5.42n doubling in verbs 3.8
roll Nflat 16.45 familiarity marker I. 77
Romance languages 1.40; 1.40 noun plural 5.74, 80, 81,83; 6.65;
romp home 16.3 7.25n; 10.34n; 1.31n
room (make N for) 16.58 verb base ending 3.9
root-+modality, necessity, possibility, verb singular 3.2-7, 11-20, 23, 30, 34,
stem 40,42,45,59; 1O.34n; 18.49n
root morpheme 1.2n see also: genitive, plural
rose (verb) 3.16 sad 16.71, 72; (~ ly) 8.127,129
1754 Index

said 3.15,68; 14.29; 18.36; (it is ~) scientific language [cont]

15.54; (that ~) 8.127n, 137; (the ~) 8.41n, 137; 9.7n; 15.59; 17.99, 124;
19.47n I.24, 26, 27n, 59n; HI.5n, 11,30
sail around 16.12 scissors 5.76
saist/saith 4.2n scope 2.55; -+ adverbial, coordination,
sake (for . .. ~) 5.114,120; 8.100; discontinuous, interrogation,
11.41n; (for (the) ~ of) 9.11, 12n; negation, numeral, partition,
(~of) 9.11n predication, pro-forms, quantifier
salmon 5.87 score (noun) 5.90
salt-cellar 1.14 scorn (verb) 16.38
salutation 10.53n; 19.65 Scot(-ch/-s/-tish) 5.57n
same (restrictive adjective) 5.34; 7.35 scotchtape (verb) 16.45n
(all the ~) 8.137,.141; (be the ~) Scots English 1.25
13.46; (do the ~) 12.10, 20, 25n; see also: regional English
(the~)7.62n; 12.10,20 scrape N clean 16.45
sang 3.19 sea 5.44
sank 3.19 search (in ~ of) 9.11,12
sans 9.7 seas -+ names (classified)
sat 3.18 seasons -+ names (classified)
satisfied with 16.69 second (conjunct) 8.137,143; 19.38
satisfy 16.26,59 (numeral) 6.63-64
save (conjunction) 15.34n (~ ly) 8.137; 19.38,56; (~ of all)
(preposition) 9.8, 58 8.137
(verb) 16.39, 57 second-instance sentence 2.56n; 3.45;
(~for) 16.57; (~that) 9.3n; 14.12; 4.52n; 8.70; 12.28n; 15.35; 16.39;
15.44; 16.28n 17.101,104; 18.45n
savings 5.77 second language -+ English
saw (past tense, see) 3.16 secondary-+ conversion, stress, time-
saw(ed/n) 3.14 orientation, word class
say 3.4n, 5n, 10, 15,68; 4.8; 12.20,28; see 2.4n; 3.16; 4.29-30; 8.127n; 10.23;
14.29, 33n, 36n; 15.54; 16.26, 31, 14.22, 36n; 15.54; 16.26, 31, 35,48,
35,50,56,60; 18.23 50,52,53,54
in apposition 17.73, 86 (~about) 16.39; (~as) 16.47; (~fit
(can't/couldn't ~) 14.31n; (not to ~) ... to) 16.17n; (I~) 15.54; (~n)
13.103; (~s) 3.5n, 15; (~s he/If - 3.16; (~st) 3.4n; (~through) 16.6;
you) 14.29n; (so to ~) 8.126; (so (~ to it) 14.22;·(you ~) 15.54;
they ~) 12.28n; (they ~) 15.54; 19.39,65
(~to) 8.129; 16.56,57 seeing (that) 8.145; 9.3; 14.12, 14; 15.46;
see also: that (~ ... ) 14.13
saying-+verbs (semantic classification) seeing -+ verbs (semantic classification)
scale-+cohesion, finiteness, gender, seek 3.15; (~for) 16.38; (~out) 16.12
gradience, institutionalization seem 3.66n, 76; 4.29; 7.3,10, 11n, 14, 15;
scales 5.76 8.42n; 10.l1n; 12.28; 14.26,36;
scarcely 8.98, 111, 112, 114; 10.59; 16.21,22,23, 24n, 34;38n; 18.36
(~ ... )14.13 (can't/couldn't ~) 14.36n; (~ ingly)
scared of16.69 8.127; (it ~ s) 15.54; 16.34n, 60n;
scarfs/scarves 5.83 (~to) 3.40, 49; (~tobe) 7.11n
scene-setting 8.15,38,47,87; 18.26n; seeming-+verbs (semantic
19.68 classification)
school 5.44; 9.17 segregatory coordination 13.35, 38, 46,
school.,.-7 English, grammar 59-63,64-75
schwa vowel II.9 seldom 6.59; 8.65, 67, 70, 77, 98; 10.59
scientific language 1.28; 3)3; 4.25n; selectional restrictions -+ semantic
5.54n, 56, 91, 92; 6.18, 63n, 64n, 65; (restrictions)

self-1.29, 62, 68, 69; I1I.4
-self/-selves 5.83; 6.5, 6,11,23-28;
8.124; 12.10
self-address 11.53
self-correction 2.5n; 17.80
self-destruct 1.12, 71
self-embedding 14.39
see also: embedding
sell 3.15 ; (~ N cheap/new) 16.45; (~ to)
18.31n
sellotape (verb) 16.45n
-selves -+ -self
semantic
blends 8.81
classification 2.46; 3.21; 5.3; 7.40-44;
11.2-3; 13.87; 16.20; 17.74-87;
1.20,21-30
criteria 2.33,38,39,42; 3.21,29;
5.35n; 7.4, 40, 45; 8.28,31,34,40,
64; 10.4; l3.3-4, 36, 45, 54; l3.86;
18.4; 1.2
implication 12.31, 38; 19.19,20,21,
69,70-71
relations 2.20- 23,40; 3.65; 6.33;
10.29; 17.73-74; 19.7; 1.58 ;11.8
restrictions 1.18; 3.29; 7.56n; 1"0.16,
30,51; 15.9, 16; 16.21,45; 17.31;
I.7,44,57
role 3.65n; 8.1, 2-10, 134-142, 144,
149; 10.5-9, 18-33; 14.5n; 16.23
vs. referential 4.2
see also: adjective, adjunct, adverbial,
apposition, clause, concord, conjunct,
coordination, copular, grammar, idiom,
object, subject, subordinate clause,
verbs (semantic classification)
semantics 1.13,16, 18,42; 2.46n;
19.2-3; IILl
semi-1.28
semi-annually 8.64
semi-auxiliary -+ auxiliary
semicolon 14.40; 19.29,73; IIU, 6, 7,
10,11,12-13,16
semi-coordinator -+ coordinator
semi-formulaic -+formulaic
semi-given -+ given
semi-lexical-+ lexical
semi-passive -+ passive
semi-reflexive -+ verb
send 3.13; 4.26n; 16.44,48,57; (~away
for) 16.14; (~ N packing) 16.17;
(~ to) 16.57
senior 7.85
sense (verb) 16.31; (in the ~ that) 14.14n
Index 1755
sensibly 8.127
sent 3.13
sent -+ sentence
sentence (to) 16.57
sentence 2.11, 46n, 59; 14.1-2; 15.57;
18.5; IIU
clause vs. 2.4n
complex 2.4, 9,11,44,46; 10.1,55;
l1.8n, 18n; 14passim; 17.24; 19.57
compound 2.4, 11,46; 10.1; 11.38;
l3passim; 14.2-3; 18.5; II1.6-7
connectivity 2.44; 12.l3; 13.44n;
19 passim
discourse reference 19.46-48
discourse use 6.16, 44; 19.28,29,74
ellipsis 11.38, 43; 13.52
graphic identity Ill. 1, 14-15
incomplete III.26n
indeterminacy 2.11
irregular 11.38-52
multiple 2.11; 10.1; 14 passim
premodification by 17.74, 112
processes 2.46; 3.21
reduced 2.46
sequence 6.16, 44; 12.l3; 15.57; 19.3,
58
simple 2.4, 9, 11,46-47; 3.2; 10.1,55
structure 2.3-10; 10.1-4; l3.44n
types 1.18; 2.46 - 59; 11 passim
units within 2.3-10
unreduced 2.56n
utterance vs. 2.46n
see also: adjunct, adverbial, aphoristic,
clause, cleft, conditional, coordinate,
copular, declarative, ellipsis,
exclamatory, existential, final,
fragmentary, generic, imperative,
initial, interrogative, medial, negative,
noun phrase, parenthetic, second-
instance, statement, subordinate clause
sentential analogues 1.60-65, 69n
sentential relative clause-+relative
clause
separability 16.3
separate 4.27
separation -+ punctuation
sequence-+adjective, adverb, auxiliary,
clause (order), coordination,
information, -ly, modal,
premodification, preposition,
pronoun, sentence, tense, time,
triadic
sequent-+time (sequence)
seraph(-s/-im) 5.101
1756 Index

serial comma -3>- comma sheep [cont]

series 5.91 (vs. mutton) 5.4
seriously 8.124,130 sheer (emphasizer adjective) 7.33
serve 16.57; (~for) 16.38; (~ N hot/ shelf/shelves 5.83
cold) 16.45; (~to/with) 1657 shew(ed/n) 3.14
set (noun) (~ of) 10.43n shift -3>- stress
(verb) 3.17; 16.48; (all~) 16.79; shine 3.18; 4.27
(~fire to) 16.58; (~ N free) 16.45; ship5.111n
(~out) 9.45; 16.38n; (~to) 9.66n; -ship 1.32
(~up) 16.4; (~ (up)on) 16.69 ships-3>-names (classified)
set expression -3>- fixed phrase shit 3.17
SEU -3>- Survey of English Usage shock (verb) 16.26; (~ed) 16.71;
several (postdeterminer) 5.23 (~ing) 16.72
(pronoun) 6.13,57; 12.10, 17 shod 3.18
severe (-ly) 8.105; (~ (up)on) 16.69 shoe(d) 3.18
sew(ed/n) 3.14; 4.27 shone 3.18
sex-neutrality/bias 556, 105; 6.8, 10,56; shook 3.16
13.86n; 19.51 shoot 3.18; 4.27; (~ at) 9.46
see also: pronoun shorn 3.14
sh 11.55 short 7.88; (in ~) 8.125; (~ly) 7.6; 855;
-sh (nationality noun ending) 556-57; (~of) 16.69
7.25 short structure 7.22; 8.17, 22n, 23, 47,
-sh (verb base ending) 3.9 87; 15.4n; 17.16, 82n, 115; 18.19,
shake 3.16; (~ N loose) 16.45; (~n) 3.16 40,43; 1958;II.6n, 7; IIU2, 29n
sha1l3.4n, 21, 39, 40; 4.37, 42, 47, 50, 51, see also: length, long structure
57,58,60,61,64,65; 11.13; 14.22, shorts 5.76
27; 15.68n; 16.41 shot (verb) 3.18
with second/third-person subject should 1.24; 3.4n, 21,39,40; 4.49, 50, 51,
458n 56,57,59-62,64,65; 8.103; 14.16n,
(~not) 3.39; 10.67; (~ we) 6.7; 11.10, 20,23; 15.36,48; 16.71n
13 putative 3.59; 4.64; 8.128; 10.55n, 61;
see also: shalt, shan't, should 11.41; 14.24,25,33; 15.11,44n;
shallow 7.88 1630,32,59,70-72; 17.26,35
shalt 3.4n; 4.58n (~not/ ~ n't) 3.39; 10.68; 11.8n;
shan't 3.23,39; 10.67 (~st) 3.4n
shared information -3>- given see also: shall
shared knowledge 5.27-29,36; 19.22n, shout 9.46n; 16.31n; (~_at) 16.14
- 65 show 3.14; 14.25n; 16.31, 35, 48, 55, 57, 62;
see also: verbs (semantic classification) (~ed/ ~ n) 3.14; (~ to) 16.57, 59
sharp (adjective) 7.8 showbiz I. 74n
(adverb) 7.8; (~ly) (amplifier) 7.8,56 shrank 3.19
shat3.17 shred3.17n
shave 3.14n; 6.25; (~d) 3.14n; 7.19; shrewdly 8.127
(~n) 3.12n, 14n; 7.19; (~oneself) shrimp 5.87
6.25 shrink 3.19; (,..., from) 16.39
she 1.26; 5.104-107, 109,-111; 6.2-6, shrive(d/n) 3.16
8-11,14,18,20,38; 12.47; 17.11 shrove 3.16
s/he 5.105; 6.10; 1.76n shrunk(en) 3.19; 7.19
sheaf/sheaves 5.83- shut 3.17
shear(ed) 3.14 sibilance 35,9, 32n; 5.80, 99,114; 6.11,
shears 5.76 29
sheaths 5.83 sick 738n; (~ with) 16.69
shed 3.17 sideways 8.41
sheep 5.87 signal (verb) 3.8; 16.60
 Index 1757

significantly 8.127 singular [cont]

signify 16.31
silent letter 3.8n; 5.81
sillily 1.41
silly 16.72, 76
similar (be ~) 13.46; (~ to) 16.69;
18.31n
similarity clause 13.26; 14.20,22; 15.22,
50; 19.52
see also: as
similarly (conjunct) 8.137
(subjunct) 8.116, 119
pro-form use 12.10, 25n
simile 18.55
simple (emphasizer adjective) 7.33
simple ---+ adverb, aspect, coordination,
finite phrase, noun phrase, past,
perfective, preposition, present,
progressive, sentence, subordinator,
verb phrase, word
simply (adjunct) 8.100n
(diminisher sUbjunct) 8.111
(disjunct) 8.100n, 124
(emphasizer subjunct) 8.100,102
(focusing subjunct) 8.116,118,120;
15.20
simultaneity ---+ time
simultaneous 19.36; (~ly) 8.55; 19.36
since
(time adjunct) 8.55, 60-61; 14.26;
19.37 . 73; 17.8; 19.33-34; 1.16
(conjunction) 8.55n, 60-61; 9.3;
14.12, 19n, 21-22, 26; 15.20-21,
25,27,46-47
(content disjunct) 15.21
(preposition) 7.70; 8.55n, 60; 9.3, 7, 9,
38,40; 11.14n; 15.25, 29n
(prepositional adverb) 9.66; 14.26
-clause 8.60-61, 124, 132; 14.21-22,
26
frequency of 8.60
introducing style disjunct 15.21
reason 8.61n, 132; 14.13; 15.20,46-47
temporal 8.55, 60-61; 14.21-22;
15.20,25,27
(~ ...) 14.13; (ever ~) 14.14n, 26, 27n
sincerely, yours 8.91n
sing 3.7, 19
singe 3.7, 9
single (adjective) 5.38; 6.47; 10.62
singular
invariable 5.74, 75; 6.54
noun 4.4, 7, 35; 5.7,11,13,14,21,26,
29n, 36, 42, 50, 52-59, 62, 73-103,
108; 6.9,16,21,23,50,52; 7.14n;
8.39; 9.12, 41; 10.34, 38,46, 50;
13.46,60-62,66-71,103; 15.69n,
73; 17.47, 108-109, 118n;III.27
noun lacking 5.61
partitive 5.6, 7, 8
pronoun 6.6,8,9,11-12, 14, 38n, 40,
41,42,45,46,47,49,51,56;7.69;
10.49-50;;11.26; 19.13n; II1.29n
subject 3.59n; 10.34-43,50
verb 3.2, 32, 52, 54, 58, 62; 4.16n;
5.100n; 6.12; 9.52; 10.34-46;
13.94,95; 14.24; 15.9, 16,36; 18.46
see also: concord, distributive, noun
phrase, number,-s
sink 3.19
Sioux 5.88
sir 10.53; 17.91n; 19.65
Sir 5.66n; 17.91n
sit 3.18; 4.27, 32; 8.28, 30n; 9.16n;
10.24; 16.48; (~and ... ) 13.98;
(~ down) 4.27; 10.24
situation 19.24n
situationtJpe4.4,27-35; 10.18; 14.22n
see also: verbs (semantic classification:
dynamic, stative)
situational
context 6.1; 7.30; 8.124n; 10.4,49;
11.29,49,53; 12.9; 14.33n; 15.13,
recoverability 12.6-7
reference 4.11-12; 5.28, 33n; 6.15,40,
43,44; 12.11-12
see also: ellipsis, immediate, larger, past
size ---+ dimension, potential size, prefix
ski (verb) 3.10n
skyward(s) 8.41
slacken off16.12
slacks 5.76
slain 3.16
slam (verb) 16.21
slang 1.33; 5.90; 10.46; 11.54; 17.112;
1.12, 16, 52, 77
slant!slash ---+ 0 bliq ue stroke
slay 3.16
sleep3.15; (~ in) 16.15
slept 3.15
slew 3.16
slide!slid3.18; 9.16n
slight 7.33; (in the ~ est) 8.111; 10.62;
(~ly)8.111
sling 3.18
slink 3.18
1758 Index

slip of the tongue 16.2n sob out 16.4n

slit (verb) 3.17 soc I. 74n
slow (adverb) 7.6; I.l6n social variation 1.19, 22-27, 41
(verb) 16.77 sociolinguistic criteria 1.19-41; I.l3, 16
slung 3.18 sociolinguistics 1.19
slunk 3.18 so/t7.43; 16.81
small 7.82, 88 sold 3.15
. comparison of7. 77 sole (adjective) 5.34; 7.35; (~ Iy) 8.116;
small capitals convention 2.35; 3.1n I.41
small objects -+ names (classified) solid7.81n
smell (verb) 3.13; 4.29-30; 7.9; 10.23; solid vs. open spacing IlI.4
16.21, 24n, 53; (~ ed) 3.13 solidus -+ oblique stroke
smelt 3.13 some (determiner) 2.54; 5.2, 14, 23,45,
smile at 9.46 52,59-60; 9.40; 10.43n, 60; 12.18
smite/smitten 3.16 (pronoun) 2.54; 6.13, 46, 48, 52,54, .
smog I.76 59-60; 10.42,60; 12.10, 15, 16, 17,
smoke (verb) 16.19 18;15.9
smote 3.16 quantitative meaning 5.39-40, 64n
sn- words I. 76n stressed5.14n; 7.63; 12.18
snap at 9.46 unstressed 5.39; 6.64n; 12.18
sneeze 4.27 zero article vs. 5.39-40
snow (verb) 4.27; 10.26 ( ~ 0/) 6.48, 52
so (conjunct) 7.52; 8.135,137,140, 143n, some- 2.54; 6.45-47, 52; 10.60; 15.9
144, 146, 148; 11.9; 12.29n; 13.5, -some 1.28n, 38n
11,12,18-19; 15.49; 18.24; 19.58; somebody 2.54; 6.8, 9,13,45-47,59-60;
III.6, 12 10.50,60
(conjunction) 8.86; l3.103; 14.12; 15.48 somehow. 7.46; 8.137, 140, 147; 10.60
(intensifier) 6.53; 7.22, 89; 8.77,83, someone 6.9, 12,45-47,60; 10.50,60
102,105,120,148; 11.32; 12.10, someplace 10.60
30n; 15.49, 74; 16.70; 17.96; 18.24, something 2.54; 6.8,45-47,59-60; 10.60
57;19.50 sometime 8.55; 10.66; 15.27; (~s) 2.54;
(process adverb) 12.10 8.67,71,98; 10.60
end-placed conjunct 8.144n somewhat 7.56, 89; 8.77,111,115; 10.60
initia112.28,29 somewhere 7.46; 8.41; 10.60
noncorre1ative 18.57 soon (adjunct) 7.70,83; 8.55; 15.29;
pro-form use 2.44; 3.26; 8.10n, 148; 19.36n
12.10,13,20-26,27-30; 15.54n, (as ~) 3.45n; (as ~ as) 4.13; 14.12, 18,
55n; 16.30, 34, 71n, nn; 18.23,24 25,27; (~er) 3.45n; 7.83; 8.96;
purpose 8.86; 15.48 (~er than) 14.16; 15.52; (~est)
result 15.49 7.83; (no ~ er than) 14.13, 18n;
stressed 12.23n, 29 15.25n; (would ~ er) 3.40; 4.66
syntactic status of 12.26n, 30 sorry 9.2; 16.71; 19.17; (~ ?) 11.34n;
(~as) 14.17; (~ ... as)7.74, 86; 19.17; (~ about) 9.2; (~ to ... )
14.13; 15.71; (~as to) 15.48; 15.54
(~ ... as to) 17.122; (~be it) sort 0/5.6; 7.56n, 64; 8.111,113,114,
12.27n; Uust ~ (that)) 15.34, 35n; 126; 10.43
(~ ... (that)) 14.13; 15.49, 74; sought 3.15
(~ too) 19.55 sound (adjective) 7.36
see also: do (so), even, if, less, many, more, (verb) 4.28, 30; 7.9; 16.21,22,23, 24n
much, say, so that, speak ( ~ as if) 14.36
so that 14.12 source
(purposive) 13.8, 10; 15.20,48 adjunct 8.39-48, 85, 149
(resu1tative) 8.l46n; 13.5, 8-10, 12, adverbial 8.2
14, 18-19, 103; 15.20,49 preposition 8.2,7,18; 9.7,47

source [cont]
-result relation 17.106
south(ward(s)) 7.46n; 8.41; 9.66
South African English 1.26
see also: regional English
South Asian English 1.34
see also: regional English
sow(ed/n) 3.14
space (orthographic) 111.1,2, 3,4,9
space adverbial 2.18 ; 6.27; 8.2,3, 15n,
22,37,39-50, 55n, 76, 78n, 81, 85,
86,94, 117n, 143, 149, 150, 151,
153;9.66; 10.10, 11; 12.62; 16.2-4;
18.50
ambiguity in 8.43
cooccurrence 8.42-46
coordination of 8.46
hierarchy 8.45, 149
position of 8.47, 87; 18.50
realization 8.40-41
syntax of 8.48
see also: direction, distance, existential,
place, position
space preposition -r place
spades 5.77
spaghetti 5.1 OOn
span (past tense, spin) 3.18
span 8.4, 52-53, 57-62; 9.37, 39; 17.7
backward 8.4,53,60-62, 121; 9.35
forward 8.4,53,58-59,62
Spanish 1.6, 8
spare 16.57; (~for) 16.57
spat 3.18
spate of10.43n
spatial-+noun, proximity, space
adverbial
speak 3.16; 7.17n; ( ~ about) 9.60; 16.28;
(~of) 9.60; (~on) 16.28; (so to ~)
8.126; 15.21n; (to ~ of) 10.62n
speaker/hearer 1.42; 5.27n
see also: ellipsis, native, orientation
speaking (... ~) 8.67n, 89,125,126;
15.56; 17.80
speaking -+ verbs (semantic
classification)
special-+ ellipsis
species 5.91
specific (restrictive adjective) 7.35
Specific Purposes -+ English
specific vs. nonspecific reference 5.26,
27-51, 55n, 56-58; 6.15, 60n; 7.22,
23; 8.42n, 46, 54,78, 85, 98; 10.60;
11.18n; 12.35; 15.8, 9, 31; 17.5,39,
76,77,92,99; 18.45n, 50
Index 1759
specifically (conjunct) 8.137
(subjunct) 8.116
specification -+ punctuation
spectacles 5.76
spectrum 5.95
sped 3.18
speech
act 2.46n; 3.50, 52; 4.7, 65n; 11.3;
14.28; 15.33,38,45; 16.30n, 31, 63
-related disjunct 8.89n
see also: direct speech, indirect speech,
reported, spoken vs. written, verbs
(semantic classification)
speed(ed)(up) 3.18
speed -+ tempo
spell(ed) 3.13
spelling 1.10,12,23; 2.37-38, 45n, 54n;
3.4n,6n,7-10, 12, 13n,20,39n,44;
5.11,70,81,83,99,114; 6.46, 58,
64; 7.47,79,80,83; 8.137; 9.5n, 7,
13, 15n; 10.22; 11.14n, 55; 12.51n;
15.9n; 16.69n, 83n; 1.3, 14, 17, 21n,
31, 40n, 41n, 42, 56, 59; III.4n, 27,
29n
informal3.36n, 45n, 51; 8.21; 12.47n,
48n,49n, 50n, 51n; 14.23n, 29n;
17.47, 112; U8, 74n
phonetic 1.27n
pronunciation 1.27n;11.55n
see also: American English, British
English, rules
spelt 3.13
spend/spent 3.13
spill(ed) 3.13
spilt 3.13
spin 3.18
spirits 5.77
spit (vs. spat/spitted) 3.18
spite (in ~ of) 8.86; 9.11, 56; 14.14;
15.39n; (in ~ of that/it all) 8.137;
(~of) 9.11
split 3.17
split-+genitive, infinitive, word
spoil(ed/t) 3.13 '
spoke(n) 3.16
spoken vs. written language 1.7,10,12,
17,19,23,29-30,37,38,41,42;
3.23,33, 36n, 39n, 45n, 73; 4.49;
5.113; 6.10,18,19, 23n, 63n; 7.29;
8.13,21,23,35,58,117-119,126,
137, 138n, 144; 10.35, 36,40,43,
52n; 11.7, 29n, 40, 51, 53; 12.4, 19,
46, 50n, 52; 13.1,28,39-40,88,91,
94,96; 14.29,40; 15.35n, 36, 53;
1760 Index

spoken vs. written language [cont] statement 2.46, 58n; 4.52n; 11 passim;
16.30; 17.6,21, 43n, 63, 68, 72, 73, 12.47; 16.30n; 18:10, 19,57; 19.32,
78,80,113,119,124; 18.1-2, 11, 47n; 111.23
12n, 14, 20, 26, 34, 42n, 57; 19.1,9, indirect3.59n; 11.31; 14.33; 15.54;
10,25,28-29, 47n, 51; 19.64-65, 16.31,59-60,63
75; 1.27n, 41; 11.9,16,20-21; see also: coordinate, directive
1II.1-2,5,27n states--+ names (classified)
statistical differences 8.13; 17.124 stative--+adjective, have, noun, stative
spoonjillI.31n verb meaning
sporadic reference 5.33, 43-49, 125 stative verb meaning 3.34,66,68,76;
spork I.76 4.4,5,6n,22,26,27-31,32,33,44,
spot (verb) 1653 52n, 67; 7.18; 8.42,82, 149; 9.16,
sprang 3.19 24n, 27-30,32,42; 10.14, 18,20,
spread 3.17 23,24,55; 11.24; 12.25,35; 13.23,
spring 3.19; 16.21 78; 14.19,26, 27n; 15.60n;
sprung 3.19 16.21-24,39,44,50,53,54; 17.28,
spun 3.18 101; 18.51n; 1.47
spy (verb) 16.53 status marker 10.53; 111.29
square brackets 1I1.20n stay (verb) 10.24; 16.21, 22n, 23, 24
-st 3.4n StE ( = Standard English) --+ standard
stack(discourse strategy) 19.18, 28, 56,69 stead --+ instead
stacks 0/5.25n steal3.16
stadium 5.95 stem 2.4, 37; 16.12; 1.2, 4; 11.4
stage 5.44 morpheme 1.2n
stagflation 1.76 see also: base
stairs 5.77 step, out 0/5.51
stammering III.26n steps 5.77
stance --+ verbs (semantic classification) step (discourse strategy) 19.18, 56, 69
stand (verb) 3.18; 4.27, 31, 38; 8.28; -ster 1.33
9.16n; 10.24; 16.21,24,48; (- and stereo 1.74
... ) 13.98; (can;t -) 4.52n; 10.6In; stereo- I. 66
16.39;( - up) 16.21; (- up/or}l6.29 stereotyped 5.64; 8.92, 122n, 124n, 125n,
standard 127n, 144n; 1O.15n, 61n; 11.38,40,
language 1. 7,9-11, 17,22-23,27,41, 41n, 42n, 44n, 53n, 54; 13.83n, 86,
42, 43n, 62n; 3.16; 4.42, 50; 5.25; 99n, 102n; 14.18n;15.18, 34n, 37n,
6.11, 14n; 7.7; 9.3n; 10.70; 17.14 44,46n, 54-55', 58; 16.22n; 17.97
national 1.24-26, 34, 36, 37 see also: fixed phrase
preposition 9.7,62 stick (verb) 3.18
see also: comparison, Edited, ellipsis, still (adjunct) 3.46n; 8.9, 72n; 9.39; 10.60
English, nonstandard (conjunct) 8.137, 141, 143-146
stank 3.19 (subjunct) 8.97, 98
star (verb) 3.7 (- and all) 8.137; (better -) 8.147;
stare (verb) 3.7; (- at) 9.63; 16.14 ( - less) 13.103n
starred form 1.13 still life 5.83n
start (verb) 9.45; 16.26,38,39,40; (for stimulus 5.92
a -) 8.137; (get - ed) 3.66n; stimulus preposition 9.7,43,51,63; 10.10
(to - (with» 8.137; 15.18 sting 3.18
stasis --+ verbs (semantic classification: stink 3.19
state, stative) stipulate 16.32
statal--+ passi ve stipulation (with the - that) 15.34n
state (verb) 16.31, 60 stole(n) 3.16
state--+past, present, progressive, verbs stone (amplifier) 756n
(semantic classification: intellectual (noun) 5.90
state, state, stative) stood 3.18

stoop 3.7
stop 3.7; 4.27,34; 11.47n; 16.19,26, 38n,
39,40,42; (~ and . .. ) 13.98
straight (adverb) 16.3
stranding 2.51; 3.26, 45n; 604; 12.10,40,
55, 59n, 60-64; 15.66n; 16.14
see also: preposition (deferred)
strange 16.82; (~/y) 8.127,131
strata 5.95n, 98n
strategy -+ discourse
stratum(s) 5.95
strength (on the ~ of) 9.11
stress 1.12; 19.25; Il.1-9, 10-11, 18;
IlI.2
compounds and 5.120, 122n; 6047;
17.104-106; 1.3, 58, 59, 61-70;
IJ.6-8
connected speech and Il. 7-10, 21
contrastive Il.9;-+ focus (contrastive)
emphatic/heavy 11.22; 15.71; 18.3,
14; II.3, 8
even 7.14
fixed vs. movable IlA
initial ellipsis and 12.51 --
multi-word verbs and 9.65; 16.6, 16
noun phrase premodification
17.104-106,109,114; 11.6-9
position in words 7.79; 8.55; 19.68;
1.14n, 19,26,34,37,39,40,56,74,
76; /I.3-5
primary vs. secondary L19, 20, 21, 25,
59,68; II.3
shift 1.18; 7047; 9.9; 1.19, 27,31,35,
36, 40n, 56; Il.6, 8n
-timed rhythm Il.l
vs. unstressed form 3.8, 23, 32, 39;
4.53,57; 5.2, 14n, 23,38,39,63;
6.27n, 28, 50n, 52n; 7.14, 32, 56n,
62,63,81; 8.111,116; 12.15,23,24,
40,46,50,64; 17.26; 18.3-19,46;
19.34n; 1.19, 24, 30, 33, 42n
see also: any, article, focus, intonation, it,
nucleus, preposition, pronoun, so, some,
that
strew(ed/n) 3.14
stricken (adjective) 3.18
strict-+apposition, ellipsis
strictly 8.124
strid(den) 3.16
stride (verb) 3.16
strike (verb) 3.18; (~as) 10.14; 16A6h;
(it ~ s me that) 16.34n, 59n
strikingly (amplifier) 7.56
string (verb) 3.18
Index 1761
strive(d/n) 3.16; (~for) 16.38
strode 3.16
stroke-+oblique
strong (adjective) 7.9n, 80, 88
(amplifier adjective) 7.33,34
(~ Iy) 7.9n; 8.105, 109
strove 3.16
struck 3.18
structural
ambiguity (of complex sentence) 14041
compensation 18043
description 2.12,55; 1.8
recoverability 12.6-7
see also: ellipsis, parallelism
structure word -+ word (grammatical)
struggle (with .. . for) 16.17
strung 3.18
stuck 3.18
study (verb) 16.26
stung 3.18
stunk 3.19
style 8.79
-style 7046; lAin
style 1.31
constraints 8.66;-13.96-97; 17.62,
105, 109
disjunct 8.123-126, 127n, 128, 129n,
130,143,149; 14.21n, 39n; 15.18n,
20-21,23,33,38,45,46,53,56,59
manual IlIA
indirect libre-+indirect speech (free)
see also: block, frozen, rhetorical
suasive -+ verbs (semantic classification)
sub-+subordinate
sub- (degree) 1.24
(locative) 1.26 .
subaudibility 17.15
subject (adjective) 7.39; (~ to) 7.39
(verb)(~ to) 16.57
subject
affected 10.21-22, 23,30,33; 18.32
animate 4.34; 10.19; 16.26
anticipatory-+it (anticipatory)
-attachment 8.127n, 152; 15.58-59
clause 2.59; 10.26n,37,46n; 15.1-15,
56; 16.38n; 1804,29,32-36
discontinuous 3.28; 13.94
element 2.13, 21, 24, 25, 45, 47,50;
3.56,65,66,69; 4.8n; 6.3-5, 23-27,
29,30,31,32,35,41,50;7.22,23,
27,29; 8.16,18,49,117,119,120,
127,129; 9.6; 10.1-5,6,7-11, 16n,
17-26,27,28,30,33,56; 11.15,22,
31; 12.25,50,61; 13.35n, 52-53, 56,
1762 Index
subject [cont]
57,92,94,95,97,103; 14.5n, 14;
15.1-15,52,54,65,67; 16.7, 14,
18n,19,38-39,43, 70, 75,81;
17.47,83-84, 115n, 124; 18:3,5,10,
16, 19, 20n, 27, 32,45-54,59; 19.8,
35; I.60, 61, 64, 65; 1I1.7, 9, 21
ellipsis 8.20n; 11.40, 48n; 12.43-44,
46-49,67; l3.12-13, 19,21, 92n;
15.58-62,66,71; 17.17; III.7
empty -+ it (prop)
first-person 4.26n, 42, 54,55,58,64;
8.122,124,134,143,151; 11.8n, 13,
41
inanimate 4.34; 10.21
indefinite 6.24n; 7.39n; 10.35,42-43;
14.8; 15.73; 16.39,79,80; 18.45-49
independence of auxiliary/operator
3.29,40, 42n, 47,49
length 11.7; 15.5n; 17.20n; 18.40,43;
1I.20; III.9
meaning (in conversion) I.47
notional vs. grammatical 14.8;
18.45-48,52
personal vs. nonpersonaI4.43; 6.24n;
8.90,94, 129; 9.49; 14.36n; 16.42;
18.36n
-plus-complement construction 11.44
position of 2.14; 4.30; 10.6,20, 43n;
11.41; 12.29
postponed 1O.26n; 16.70; 18.33
pronoun 8.47, 71; 11.8-11,41,44;
14.8,29; 15.10; 16.3, 36; 18.10, 23n,
24,26n
prop -+ it (prop)
pseudo-l0.34n
quasi- 10.43n
realizationof2.24; 10.6
semantic properties of 10.6,19-26,33
stranded 6.4
syntactic function of 10.6
temporal 10.33
territory 6.5, 35
understood 6.24; 7.27, 29
see also: adjunct, adverb phrase, adverbial,
cognate, complement, compound,
concord, coordinate, directive, disjunct,
-ed, eventive, extraposition, imperative,
infinitive, -ing participle clause,
instrumental, inversion, locative, must,
nominal clause, nonfinite, noun phrase,
plural, prepositional phrase, recipient,
reflexive, relative pronoun, result,
reversal, singUlar, subjunct, time, time
adverbial, verbless, vocative
subject matter 1.23, 28
preposition 9.7, 60
subjective
case-+pronoun (subjective form)
genitive 5.116; 6.24n; 1O.20n;
17.41-43,47,51,115n
-objective polarity 8.5, 7; 17.115
subjects-+names
subjunct2.15, 60; 7.49; 8.24,25n, 37, 85,
88-120,121,126, 129n, 135n; 9.1,
9; 14.39n; 15.69,71; 19.53; 1.71n
clausal 13.15; 15.17, 19, 21n,23
distinguished from adjunct 8.88, 90,
92n,95,98n
general 8.93-95
position of 8.89-92, 95,97,98,116,
117-119
restrictive 8.100n, 111, 116-18, 120;
9.58n
subject-oriented 8.78,92-95, 109n,
129, 148, 149
syntaxof8.102, 110, 113, 120
see also: additive, amplifier, approximator,
booster, compromizer, courtesy,
-diminisher, duration, emphasizer,
exclusive, focusing, formulaic,
frequency, intensifying, item,
maximizer, minimizer,
modality, narrow orientation,
particularizer, position, predication,
relationship, time adverbial, verb
phrase, viewpoint, volition, wide
orientation
subjunctive
frequency of 14.24
mandative 3.58, 59; 4.64; 14.24,
33-34; 16.30,33,70; 17.26
mood 3.32n, 37n, 52, 54,58-62;
10.34,44, 55n; 11.38-39; 14.23-25,
34; 15.34n, 41n, 42n, 50; 16.59,63;
17.35
optative 3.51; 11.39; 14.34
passive 3.58
past-+subjunctive (were-)
present 1.24; 3.2, 52, 58,.61;
14.24-25; 15.36, 44n, 48
pseudo-1.17; 3.62n
quasi- 4.53n, 64n
uses of3.59-61; 14.24n
were- 1.17; 3.58, 62; 4.16n, 64; 14.23,
24,34; 15.36; 16.30, 33
see also: formulaic, negative
submit 16.31
subordinate clause 2.9, 25, 45; 3.56, 58,
61; 4.9, 13, 16, 19,45,47, 53n, 62,
 Index 1763

subordinate clause [cont] substitution [cont]

64; 6.37n; 7.27-30; 8.13,15,22,75, vs. coreference 12.8
106,130,141,143,144,145,147; vs. ellipsis 12.8, 19n, 38, 39-40, 54n,
9.3; 10.1, 57, 64, 65; 11.l8n, 38,40; 57
12.34,43,45,65,69; 13.2,9-10, see also: noun phrase, pro-forms, pronoun
14-15,18-19,83,84; 14passim; succeeding 19.37
15 passim; 18.20n, 27n, 45n; successive units--+punctuation
19.81-82 such (determiner) 2.44; 11.32; 18.57
ellipsisof15.68; 19.60n (intensifier) 15.49; 16.70; 17.96
as irregular sentence 11.41 (predeterminer) 5.15, 17n; 6.44n;
positions of 14.38-41 7.63; 12.10, 11; 15.74; 19.50
semantic functions of 15.24-56 (pronoun) 6.44n; 12.10
syntactic functions of 15.1-23 noncorrelative 18.57
verb phrase in 14.21-27 (~as) 14.13; 17.73, 86; (~ ... as)
see also: adverbial, clause, coordinate, 15.74n; 17.77n; (~ that) 14.12;
nonfinite 15.49, 74n; (~ ... that) 14.13;
subordinating 15.49, 74
conjunction --+ subordinator suddenly 19.37
subordination 2.9, 11,44; 6.19; 11.43; sufficiency comparison 15.63, 72-75
12.1; 13.2-4, 18-19, 103; sufficientl5.73; 16.81; (~ ly) 7.85; 8.111,
14passim; 15 passim; 19.5n, 7, 113,115; 15.73
57-60 suffix(ation) 2.4,35; 3.8n, 12; 5.105;
formal indicators 14.10-20 1.2-3,6,17,18,19,30,31-42,57,64
multiQle 14.37 -41 adjective 7.1,15,37,79, 82n; 1.37,
see also: coordination 38-40
subordinator 2.9, 41, 44, 45, 60; 6.4; adverb 7.46,71; 8.41; 1.41
7.29,52-53; 8.145; 9.3, 55; 13.2-4, noun 1.32- 37
5-10,13-16,18-19,103; pejorative 1.32, 33, 37, 38n, 42
14 passim; 15 passim; 17.26; phrasa15.123; 13.72
IILl8 pronoun 6.11, 12n, 23
complex 9.3n, 12n; 14.11, 12, 14; verb 3.12-20; 1.42, 50
15.46,48-49; 16.28n; I.12 zero Ll6n, 43n
correlative 14.11, 13 see also: agent, alveolar, de-adjectival,
ellipsis 7.29; 13.14,50; l4.24n denominal, derivation, deverbal,
finite clause 14.12-14 feminine, -ing, nasal
marginal 14.14 suggest 14.25n; 16)1,32, 60; (~to)
nonfinite clause 14.15-19 16.62
simple 14.12 suit (verb) 3.68; 10.14; 16.27
verbless clause 14.18 suitcase (vs. luggage) 5.4
see also: causative, concessive, condition, sum (in ~) 8.137; (~ ing up) 15.18;
coordinate, correlative, manner, (to ~ up) 8.137; 15.18
purpose, result, time summarize, to 8.137; 15.18
sub-paragraph --+ paragraph summarizing 15.18
subsequent 19.37; (~to) 9.10 summation --+ plural
subsequently (adjunct) 8.55, 62, 72, 77; summative
19.37 clause 15.57
(conjunct) 8.137 conjunct8.136,137,139, 144, 148;
subsidiary --+ focus 15.18; 19.18,27
substance preposition 9.7,61 summon 16.50
substandard --+ nonstandard sung 3.19
substitute clause--+clause sunk 3.19
substitute form --+ pro-form sunken (adjective) 3. 12n, 19
substitution 2.5-6,46; 3.26; 12.5,8-20; super- (degree) 1.24
18.33-36 (locative) 1.26
1764 Index

superficially 8.127 surround 10.27; (~ings) 5.77

superior 7.85 Survey of English Usage 1.42; 3.39;
superlative 7.82n; 8.1n, 13, 15n, 21n, 23, 58, 60,
adjective 5.34,119; 6.64; 7.1, 2-4, 7, 117; ll.5n, 14n; 15.47; 17.124;
21,26,62, 74-82,84,86; 8.21, 61n; 19.10,12,87-90; Ill.7
17.15,32,97; 18.45n suspect (verb) 15.54; 16.31
adverb 7.83· suspenders 5.76
frequency of7.82n suspension dots III.26n
premodification of 7.90 suspiciously 8.127
quantifier 5.24; 6.53 swam 3.19
see also:· genitive swear 3.16; 16.31,38
supernatural beings-+names (classified) sweat(ed) 3.17
superordinate -+ clause, hierarchy sweep 3.15; (~Nclean) 16.45
supervening 19.37 swell(ed) (adjective/verb) 3.14
supervisor L24n swept 3.15
supplementive clause swim 3.19; 9.16n, 31; 10.27
adjective 3.47n; 7.10,27-28, 29n swine 5.87
adverbial 15.60-62 swing (verb) 3.18; (~N open) 16.45
subjectless 15.61, 71 switch (down/off/up) 16.4; (~on) 16.4, 6
suppletion 3.12 swollen (adjective) 3.14; (verb) 3.14
supply 16.56; (~for/to/with) 16.57 swore/sworn 3.16
support (verb) 16.26 swum 3.19
support-+do swung 3.18
support preposition 9.7,53 syllabic form 3.5n, 33n
suppose 3.62; 4.29, 64n; ll.8n, 41; 12.28; syllable 18.4, 11; 19.68;11.3-10, 18-19
14.22,24,30; 15.54; 16.31,33,44, division Ill.4
46,50 loss 12.31, 51n
(be ~.dto) 3.40; 47,66; 12.64; 14.36; see also: duration
(I ~) 15.54; (I ~.so) 12.65n; (~dly) syllabus 5.93
8.127 symbols 8.138n
supposing (that) 11.41; 14.12, 14; 15.34, see also: currency, mathematical, nought
38n symposium 5.95
supposition (on the ~ that) 15.34n synchronic -+ diachronic
sur- L24 syncope 9.13n
sure (adjective) 7.33; ~.100n; 16.71,73, syncretism 6.2
79 syndeticcoordination 13.1,17,68,79;
(intensifier) 7.56n; L46n 19.11, 14,69; IlL8
(subjunct) 8.100 synonymy 2.38; 12.35,37; 17.80; 1.1
as response 8.100 synopsis 5.97
(be ~) 12.28, 65; 15.54; 18.36; syntactically bound
(be ~ to) 4.47,66; 16.79; (for ~) clause -+ subordinate claus'e
8.100,102; (make ~) 16.45; syntagmatic relationships 2.5-6; 1.13
(make ~ that) 16.17n syntax 1.14-16,42; 2.7,33,37; 4.47;
surely (disjunct) 7.56n; 8.127, 128n 6.46; 7.41; 8.48, 77; 10.5; 13.4;
(subjunct) 8.100,102 16.16; 17.44,66-67,92
surface 5.120
vs. morphology 4.17
surface dimension 9.15,17,25 vs. semantics -+ grammar
see also: adjective, adjunct, adverb,
surmise (verb) 14.36
adverbial, amplifier, auxiliary, clause,
surname 5.61, 66 comparative, conjunct, coordination,
surprise (verb) 9.2; 16.26 disjunct, downtoner, emphasizer,
surprised7.33; 16.78; (~at) 9.2, 63; genitive, negation, object, prepositional
(~by) 9.63 phrase, prepositional verb, process,
surprising 16.72, 82; (~/y) 8.127,129, reduction, so, space, subject, subjunct,
131,133n subordinate clause, time adverbial

synthesis 5.97
systematic correspondences
-+ correspondences
systems 5.77
T telegraphese 12.52; III.29n
T 1 -+time-orientation (primary)
T 2 -+time-orientation (secondary)
T 3 -+ time-orientation (tertiary)
t-+ transitive
-t doubling in verbs 3.8
tableau 5.99
taboo 11.54; 15.37n; 1.16
tag
abbreviating 13.104
amplificatory 17.78;18.20, 59
checking 10.57
clause 11.34
exclamatory l4.12n; 17.68n; 18.59n
invariant 1.34; 11.11
noun phrase 11.44; 18.34, 59
question 3.37, 44; 4.58n; 6.7, 9; 10.6,
50n,57-59,66, 70; 11.7,8-11, 12n,
22,25, 26n, 28n, 38, 53; 12.47; 13.2;
14.35, 36n; 15.54n; 19.63, 65n; 11.13
see also: assumption, negative
tail (intonation)-+ tone unit
take 3.16; 10.30; 16.2n, 24n, 26, 47n, 50;
18.43; (~ as/for) 16.47; (~ in) 16.4;
(~ it that . .. ) 16.34n; (~n) 3.16;
(~n with) 16.69; (~ off) 4.27;
16.2n, 3; (~ out on) 16.9; (~ to)
16.28; (~up) 16.39
see also: account, advantage, care, note,
notice, place, pride
talk 4.27; 16.48; (~ about) 9.60; (~ of)
9.60; 16.14; (~ to N about N) 16.17
tall 7 .66, 88
tantamount (to) 7.39
tap 4.27
target preposition 9.7,43,46
task (vs. work) 5.4
taste (verb) 4.29-30; 10.23; 16.21, 24n
taught 3.15
tautology 8.124, 144, 146, 149; 17.18,20
taxi1.74n
TB 1.75
teach 3.15; 16.55,57,59,62,63;
(~about) 9.60; (~ to) 16.57
teaching-+ English
tear (verb) 3.16
Index 1765
technical language 1.28
see also: scientific language
technically 8.127
-teen 6.64; 11.10, 13
teeth 5.84
tele- 1.29, 76n
telecast 3.17; 1. 76
telescoped -+ relative clause
television 5.33
television -+ broadcasting
telex 1.76
tell 3.15; 4.8; 9.2; 12.28; 14.33n; 15.54;
16.35,55,56,57,59,61,62,63;
19.47n; C~ about) 9.2,60; 16.56,57;
(can't/couldn't ~) 14.31n; (~of)
9.2,60; (~off) 16.26n; (~ to)16.57
telly 1.74
temperature 5.49n
temperature 9.32n
tempo 5.100
tempo 15.53; 18.7, 17n; 19.27; 11.2,10,
19
temporal-+as, before, frequency, if,
names (classified), noun, position,
proximity, since, subject, time, verb,
until, when, while, whilst
temporarily 8.63
temporariness 4.25,26, 29, 32, 37, 38
see also: institutionalization
'temporary' vs. 'permanent'
modification 7.10, l1n, 21, 27, 38,
58n; 17.7, 57-58, 63, 95, 98-102,·
105, 114; 18.45n
tend to 3.49; 4.66
tendencies -+ rules'
tense 2.49, 57; 3.31,40, 42n, 44,50,52,56,
58; 4.1, 2-17, 25, 36; 11.24; 13.23n;
14.8, 27n, 30; 15.26, 54, 58n, 68;
17.28,31; 18.16,48, 51; 19.7-8,78
compound 4.17n
narrative structure and 19.39-43
sequence 14.31-34; 19.39
unmarked 4.2 '
see also: aspect, backshifting, future, past,
present, time, time adverbial
tentativeness 3.30; 4.16, 28, 29, 37, 49,
50,53, 56, 57, 58n, 62, 63, 64n,66;
8.140; 14.23, 25n; 15.36, 54; 19.61
-teria 1.32n, 76
terminological issues 2.4n, 13n, 14n, 16,
17n,29, 35, 38,41,43,44,46, 52n,
53; 3.2n, 49n, 65; 4.1, 2, 3, 17,66;
5.27n, 112; 8.104, 134n; 1O.1n, 7n,
1766 Index
terminological issues [cont]
9n; 11.2n; 12.6; 14.2n, 4n; 15.12n,
59n; 16.18; 17.54n; 19.2, 5n; 1.2n, 3
terminus 5.93
terms (in ~ of) 9.11
terrible at 16.69
terribly (amplifier) 7.56; 8.105
territory -+ assertive, negative,
non assertive, object,
premodification zone, subject
testify 16.31
-tet 1.28n
text 1.13; 19 passim; II.21
connectivity 8.134, 145; 19passim
illustration of 19.69-90
linguistics 1.13
see also: adverbial, asyndetic, final,
grammar, initial, orientation
textual recoverabi1ity 12.6-7,12,35,37
see also: ellipsis, recoverability
th- (initial sound) 1.18; 2.37
-th
(final sound) 5.83
(suffix) 3.4n; 6.63-64; 1.5, 16n
than (conjunction) 3.45n; 6.4; 7.76; 9.4;
14.13; 15.52n, 63-75
(preposition) 6.4, 27; 9.4, 7; 15.64n,
66n,68
similari ty to pronoun 15.66
than-clause 7.82,84-86; 8.48;
15.63-75; 16.68,74
thank (for) 16.7,57; (~ N for) 16.8;
(~ful) 16.71, 78; (~fully) 8.127,
129; (~s) 5.77; 8.91; (~s to) 8.91;
9.10; (~you) 8.91
thanks 11.54; 12.34
that (conjunction) 8.86; 12.6; 14.12,20;
15.39,47,54
(determiner) 3.38; 4.11n; 5.14; 8.39;
9.40; 17.46
(intensifier) 7.56n, 89; 12.10, 17;
15.74; 19.50
(pronoun) 6.11, 13, 16,40-44; 10.50n;
12.10, 19, 24-26, 64n
(relative) 5.37n; 6.13, 33-35; 12.19;
14.20; 17.9, 11-21, 23n, 26; 18.28,48
-clause 2.22; 3.42n, 59; 4.27, 45, 53;
7.28; 8.49, 68,120,128; 9.2; ll.8n,
39,41; 12.28,65; 13.14; 14.22n,
24-25,33,36; 15.3-5, 10, 11, 12,
46n, 74; 16.20, 24n, 28, 30-32,
34-35, 38n, 41, 43, 45,50,59-61,
63,68,70-72,73,78,79,82;
17.122; 18.35-36; 19.47
that [cont]
circumstantia115.47
cleft sentence use 18.28-29
concessive 15.39
degree 6.41n
disparaging 5.63n
identificatory 6.34n
pro-form use 12.8,10,12,13,19,
24-26, 28n, 30n; 15.3; 19.47,49
purpose 8.86; 15.48n
resultative 15.49
stressed 5.63n
zero 12.52; 14.20, 30n; 15.4, 49n, 54,
74; 16.30,34; 17.11, 14-20,22,63;
18.28
(... ~) 14.12-13; (and ~) 19.47n;
(at ~) 17.80; (do (just) ~) 12.10;
(for all ~) 8.137; (in ~) 9.3n, 12n;
15.46; 16.28n; (~ is (to say» 8.137,
139; 15.18; 17.27,73,75-81,86,
92; III.l3; (like ~) 8.78n; 12.27;
16.70; (~'s . .. ) 15.8; (~which)
6.42; 17.12
see also: nominal clause, say, so that
the-+article (definite), exclamatory
body parts and 5.35
-clause 11.43n; 15.30,51
discourse reference 19.49
logical5.34
possessive pronoun or 5.35
(~ ... the) 7.82n; 14.13; 15.30,51
see also: exclamatory
thee -+ thou- forms
their 5.14, 23n; 6.2-6, 8-11,14,29;
(~s) 6.2-6, 8-11,14,29
them 6.2-6, 8-11; 14; 1O.36n
thematization 9.6; 17.50
theme 8.15; 10.6; 18.1-2,9, 10-54;
1.58,59,70,76; II.l6
connecting function 17.45; 19.12-13,
21,22,53,69
dummy/empty 18.25-30, 44, 49, 51
fronting 15.10n; 18.36
marked 18.10n, 16, 19; 20-24,58
onset 18.10,19
related to focus 18.9
unmarked 18.9
vs. rheme 18.9n, 12n, 38,40; 19.12,
53
themselves 6.6,14,23-28
then (additive conjunct) 8.23, 137, 143,
148
(adjunct)4.11n; 6.43; 7.70; 8.55, 72,
87,144,148; 13.12; 19.36,37
\

then [cont]
(antithetic conjunct) 8.137, 141, 143,
146, 148; 11.l5n
(enumerativeconjunct) 8.137,143,
148; 19.18, 38, 55; 111.12
(inferential conjunct) 8.135, 137, 140,
143,144,148; 15.32
(summativeconjunct) 8.137,143,148
premodifying 7.68
pro-form use 2.44; 8.lOn, 55; 12.10, 11
(~again) 8.146; (by/until/up to ~)
19.36; (just/right ~) 8.98
see also: before, if
thence 19.33; (~ forward) 19.37n
theoretically 8.127
there (adverb) 3.23; 4.11n; 6.43; 7.67,
70; 8.41, 48; 18.46; 19.33, 64n;
11.21
adverbial vs. existential18.46
omission 11.50
pro-form use 2.44; 8.10n, 41; 12.10, 11
(~ ... be) 8.47; 18.23; (in ~) 9.1n
see also: existential
thereabouts 6.64n; 8.41
thereafter 19.37n
therefore 7.46; 8.144, 145; 13.19
(resultive conjunct) 8.137, 140n
(summative conjunct) 8.137
thereupon 19.37n
these (determiner) 5.14; 10.43n; 14.30
(pronoun) 6.11,13,40-44; 12.10
pro-form use 12.8,10; 19.49
thesis 5.97
they 5.104, 108; 6.2-6, 8-11, 14,20,21;
10.36n, 50; 12.47; 15.54; 19.51
( ~ ... all/both) 6.45
thick 7.66,82,88
thief/thieves 5.83
thin 7.82, 88
thine-+ thou-forms
thing (noun) 2.44n; 7.26; 17.57n; (a ~)
(minimizer) 8.112; 10.62;
(for one/another ~) 8.137
-thing 3.38; 5.12; 6.46-47; 7.21, 69;
17.57
think 3.15; 4.27, 29; 12.28; 14.36; 15.54;
16.31,35,44,46,50; (~about)
9.60; 16.28; (I don't ~) 15.54n;
(~odd) 16.45; (~ of) 9.60; 16.14,
28; (to ~ (that)) 11.41
thinking-+verbs (semantic classification)
third (conjunct) 8.137
(fraction) 6.67
(numeral) 6.63-64; 19.38
Index 1767
this (determiner) 3.38; 4.11n; 5.13, 14,
63n; 8.39; 9.40; 14.30; 17.46
(intensifier) 19.50
(pronoun) 6.11,13,16,40-44; 10.50n;
12.10; 19.64n
pro-form use 12.8, 10,12,13; 19.47,49
(like ~) 16.70
thither 19.33
thorough 8.106; (~ ly) 8.105, 106
those (determiner) 5.14; 6.42n, 62; 10.43
(pronoun) 6.11,13,40-44; 7.24;
12.10,19
pro-form use 12.8, 10, 19; 19.49
(~that) 12.19n; (~who) 12.19
thou-forms 3.4n; 6.12, 14n; 10.44n
though (conjunct) 8.134, 137, 143, 144,
146
(conjunction) 3.62; 8.143, 145; 13.7n;
14.12,18-20,24; 15.21, 39-40
(content disjunct) 15.21
(style disjunct) 15.21
concessive 14.24n; 15.39-40
(~ ... ) 14.13; (as ~) 3.62; 9.4; 14.12,
17 -19,24; 15.50; 16.24n; (even ~)
8.145; 14.13, 24n; 15.39-40
see also: although
thought 3.15
thousand 5.89; 6.65
threw 3.16
thrice 8.64
thrive(d/n) 3.16
through (adverb) 7.66n; 8.41, 52
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 7.70; 9.7, 9, 22, 25, 27,
29,32,36-37,50; 14.19n; 1I1.28n
(prepositional ad"verb) 9.66
correlative vs. noncorrelative 8.59
(all ~) 8.63n; 9.36; (right ~) 8.63n
throughout 8.41, 48; 9.7,29,36,66; 19.36
throve 3.16
throw (verb) 3.16; 16.26, 57; (~about)
16.4; (~at) 9.46; (~n) 3.16; (~to)
9.46; 16.57
thru 9.7
thrust 3.17
thus (appositional conjunct) 8.137
(resultive conjunct) 8.137,144; 19.55
(summative conjunct) 8.137,144; 19.56
pro-form use 2.44; 8.10n, 78n; 12.10; 19.47
thy (self) -+ thou-forms
tick (graphic) m.30n
tickle (verb) 4.29
tidal 7.37
tie (verb) 3.10
1768 Index
tight 7.82
tights 5.76
tigon 1.76
till (conjunction) 8.55n, 58; 14.12; 15.25
(preposition) 7.70; 8.55n, 58, 59, 62;
9.7,37,38; 11.14n; 15.27, 29n
postposed 8.59n
vs. until 8.58
time (a long ~) 1O.61n; 15.27,29; (at
some ~) 8.55; (at the same ~) 8,137,
143; (before that ~)8.72;(bythe
~ (that)) 8.59; (every ~ (that))
14.14; 15.28n; (from ~ to ~) 9.41;
(in ~) 8.59; (in a short ~) 8.55n;
(it's ~ (that)) 14.24n; (on ~) 8.59;
(one more ~ ) 8.65n; (throughout
the ~ (that)) 15.28n; (up to ... ~)
8.72
see also: times
time (temporal)
adjective 7.36
adjunct, adverb, adverbial-+ time
adverb(ial)
after 8.55; 15.26,29; 19.35,37
anterior 4.18-19, 21, 24, 67; 8.55;
14.26n; 15.26,27; 19.35,36
clause 4.8, 24, 42; 10.26; 13.14; 14.4,
21,22, 24n, 26-27; 15.20,25-30,
32; 17.34
conjunction 4.13, 24, 45; 7.53; 8.145;
14.12n, 22; 15.25-30, 31
connectivity 19.8, 17
day/night 5.46; 6.66; III.28n
frame 4.2,7,14,18,19,20,24,36,46;
8.57
inclusion 4.36
meaning (in compounds) 1.63
period vs. point 9.34,40; 14.26
preposition 9.7,8,14,32,33-42,64;
17.17
reference 2.18; 3.30,40,42; 4.2-16,
66; 6.17, 43; 7.73; 8.9, 75, 97n;
1O.20n; 11.18n; 14.30-35; 15.8n,
25-31,34,46, 52n; 16.40; 17.106,
114; 19.15, 35-38
relators 19.31, 35-38
sequence 4.15, 24, 36; 8.72; 13.23,77;
15.45,60; 19,35,36-38,40:-41,46,
55; 19.57
simultaneous 13.23n; 14.27n; 15.26,
28; 19.35,36, 40n
subject 10.25, 26
su bordinator -+ time (conjunction)
vs. tense 4.2
time (temporal) [cont]
see also: duration, frequency, future, noun,
past, position, prefix, present,
relationship, span, time adverbial, time-
orientation, when
time adverb(ial) 2.45; 4.13, 22, 23, 47,
52n, 57; 7.9,10,67,70; 8.2,4,15
adjunct 8.37, 42n,51-77, 117n, 121,
125n, 143, 149,150, 151, 153;9.66;
10.10,18,33,60, 61n, 66; 11.24;
12.62; 14.14; 15.68n; 16.24; 17.7,
18-20,24,55,122; 18.26n, 27; 11.21
conjunct8.136, 137, 142
coordination of 8.74
hierarchy 8.149
position of 8.73, 87
pro-form use 12.10
realization 8.52-54
subject-/object-related 8.76
subjunct8.67n, 69, 97-98,143
syntax of 8.77
tense and 8.75
see also: duration, frequency, position,
relationship, span
time-orientation 4.14, 18-20,23,24,36,
40, 43n; 8.4, 55
primary 4.14,19,24,40
secondary 4.14, 19,24,36,40
tertiary 4.24
times (noun) 8.52
(predeterminer) 5.15,18; 15.71n
(preposition) 9.8
(N ~ (a)) 8.64, 66; (how many N) 8.64,
66
timeless-+present, will
Timestyle 5.42n
tinge (verb) 3.9
-tion 1.39n
tip (verb) 16.50
tired of16.69
titles (book, etc) 8.85n; 10.34n; 12.52;
13.60; 17.90; III.29n
(personal)5.42n,66; 10.53; 17.82n;
III.28
apposition and 5.64n, 66; 17.88,
90-91,105; III.29
see also: numeral, respect, your
tmesis 18.59n; 1.76n
to (conjunction)-+order
(infinitive marker) 2.34; 3.53; 9.32n;
11.46; 12.64, 65n; 15.66n; 16.28n, 66
(preposition) 2.23; 3.76; 8.59; 9.7,10,
15-17,26,32,37,45,46,.51,63;
10.7; 16.28n, 39, 57-63, 69; 18.38
 Index 1769

to [cont] towns --* names (classified)

(prepositional adverb) 9:66n traditional--* grammar
-clause--* infinitive traffic (verb) 3.8
focus on infinitive 18.14 tragic 16.72; (~ally) 8.127
(~andfro) 9.66n trans-1.26
see also: ought transcription --* phonological, prosody
toasts 11.54 transferred --* negation
today 6.43; 7.70; 8.55; 9.40; 1O.15n transformations 2.20
together 9.66; 16.2; (~with)9.10 transitional actjevent--*verbs (semantic
token, by the same 8.137 classification)
told 3.15; (I'm ~) 15.54 transitional conjunct 8.136,137,142;
tomorrow 6.43; 7.70; 8.55, 75; 9.40 19.54n; 11.21
tone --* falling, fall-plus-rise, fall-rise, transitive construction/verb 2.16, 32n;
intonation, level, nucleus, rise-fall, 3.2n, 38, 49, 66n, 67, 68, 70; 4.27;
rise-plus-faH, rising 6.25; 7.16, 21; 8.22n, 32, 33; 9.31,
tone of voice lI.17 47, 65n; 10.2-4, 14,21,24; l1.26n,
tone unit 8.36, 91,116,135; 9.9; 11.9, 46; 12.34; 15.8n, 54, 73; 16.2n, 4, 7,
25; 14.37; 15.53; 17.6,120; 17,19,20,25-63,75,80; 17.43;
18.1-19,41; ILl 1, 16-19; lIU8 18.32,43,49; 1.24, 30,40,42,49,
boundary 8.38; 10.52, 66n; 13.1, 16n, 50,54
92, 97; 14.41; 17.22, 68, 72; 11.20; see also: complementation, complex, do,
lIl.9 intransitive
grammar of lI.16 translation 1.5n, 6; 17.80
length 18.7n; lI.16 transpire 15.54; 16.34
onset 12.46; 18.10, 19;11.11 transport --* names (classified)
tail 9.9; 10.52; 15.54n; 16.16; 18.59n; transposition 2.46
11.15 travel 3.8 ; ( ~ ogue) I. 76
tongs 5.76 tread 3.16
tonight 7.10, 70; 8.55 treat (verb) 15.22n; 16.48; (~ as) 16.47;
too (conjunct) 8.137, 138n; 12.25n (~ to) 16.57
(intensifier) 6.53,57,59; 7.22, 56, 57n, tree diagram 2.3
85; 10.62n; 15.63, 73, 74; 16.75n; tri-1.28
17.122 triadic sequence 19.8, 45n, 59, 69;
(subjunct) 3.26; 8.116, 119, 120; 1II.6n,8
10.60; 12:29 tricky 16.80
see also: much trillion 6.63n
took 3.16 trisyllabic --* adjective
tools --* names (classified) trod(den) 3.16
tooth/teeth 5.84 troops 5.77
top (on ~) 9.13n, 19,66; 16.2; (on ~ of) tropics 5.77
9.11,19; 16.2; (on ~ of it all) 8.137; trouble (verb) 16.26
(to ~ it all) 8.137 trousers 5.76
topicjcomment2.47; 10.6; 18.9n true 7.33,34,43,73; 8.145n; 15.54;
tore/torn 3.16 16.72; 19.56
-tory 1.32n truly (disjunct) 8.124, 125n, 130n
total (adjective) 7.21,33, 73; 8.106 (subjunct) 7.34, 56n
(adverb) 7.56 (yours ~) 8.91n
(~ly) 8.96,105, 106 truncated--*abbreviated, reduction
touch (down) 16.3 trunks 5.76
touching (preposition) 9.8,57 truth value 3.65; 8.6, 8,112,123,127;
tough 16.80; 18.36n 10.66; 15.6n; 18.1
tough-movement 18.36n truth-focusing paraphrase 8.36
toward(s) 7.70; 9.7,17,26; 16.69 truthfully 8.124, 127n, 130n
town 5.44 truths 5.83
1770 Index

try 8.30; 14.23; 16.38,39,40; (~and uncountable -+ noncount

... ) 8.30; 13.98; U8n undecided(about) 16.73
turbo- 1.66 undeniably 8.127; 19.53n
turn (verb) 5A2n; 9.31; 10.27; 16.19,21, under (adverb) 7046; 8041
23,24,44; (~down) 1604; (~ into) (particle) 16.2
16.22n; (~off) 1604, 26n; (~on) (preposition) 7.70; 9.7,19,23-24,32
1604, 6n; (~out) 16.21, 22, 34, 38n; (prepositional adverb) 9.66
(~outfor) 16.29; (~out to) 3049; under- 1.24, 29
(~ red) 4.27; (~ round) 9.31; (~ to) underbid 3.17
9.66n; (~traitor) 16.17n, 22; underestimate (verb) 8.108n
(~turtle) 16.17n; (~up) 16.3, underfoot 8041
4, 12 undergo 3.19
turn, in 5.51 underground 8 Al
tut-tut 11.55 underlining 5.11 n; III.25
TV 5.33; 1.75 underlying structure -+ clause
'tween9.7n underneath (adverb) 7.70; 8041
tweezers 5.76 (preposition) 9.7,19,23-24
twice (adjunct) 8.64 (prepositional adverb) 9.66
(predeterminer) 5.15, 18; 15.71n underrate 8.1 08iJ.
(~a) 8.64 understand 3.18; 4.8, 29, 52n; 15.54;
'twixt9.7n 16.26,31,50; (~ably) 8.127,129,
two 5.16; 6.50n 133n
-ty 6.64 understood -+ presupposition
type of5.6; 10043 undertake 3.16; 16.38
typica1-+ partition underwrite 3.16
typography -+ graphology undies 1. 74n
undo 3.16
undoubtedly 8.127, 128n, 131; 19.53n
u uneasy with 16.69
uneducated -+ educated
-uble 1040 UNESCO 1.75
UFO 1.75 unexpected 7.15n
ugh 11.55 unexpectedly 8.127, 131; (most~) BIn
uh-(h)uh 11.55 unexpectedness 10.66
ultimatum 5.95 unfortunate 16.72; (~ly) 8.127
ultra-1.24 unfreeze 3.16
-um nouns 5.95 unget-at-able U8n, 40n
umpteen 5.25n ungrammaticality -+ acceptability
UN 1.75 unhappily 8.127
un- (negative) 7.81; 9.50n; 1.13,15,21, uni- 1.28
36n unintentionally 8.93
(privative) 1.22, 40n unique 7An; 10.51n; (~ ly) 7An
unable 16.79; (be ~ to) 3047; 4.68 unique
un acceptability -+ acceptability denotation 5.29,32,34,3'6,56,60,61,
unarguably 8.127 64,70; 10.53; 17.5
unattached clause/participle 8.152; role 5042
15.59 see also: recoverability
unaware of16.73 unit-+information:, tone
unbelievably (amplifier) 7.56 unitary -+ constituent, partiCipation
unbend3.!3 unite 16.19 #

unbind3.18 United States Information Agency 1.5

unbroken 7.15n universal-+ adjective, conditional-
uncertain (of) 16.73 concessive determiner, frequency,
unclear (about) 16.73 pronoun, tag
 Index 1771

university 5A4n upon [cont]

university -+ names (classified) (preposition) 9.7, 13n; 16.69
unjustly 8.127 upper 7.85n; 17.97; (~most) 7.82n
unknown 16.73 upper-case-+ capital
unless 14.12,18-19; 15.20, 34, 35n, 44; upset (adjective) 16.71
(~ ... ) 14.13; (~anduntil) 13.83 (verb) 3.17; 16.26
unlike 9.7,48; (~ly) 16.72 upstairs 7.10, 67n, 70; 8041
unlinked -+ asyndetic upstream 8041
unluckily 8.127 upward(s) 7A6n; 8041; (~ of) 9.10
unmake3.13 -ure (adjective base ending) 7.81
unmarked-+article, case, gender, urge (verb) 16.32, 63
marked, modality, person, plural, us 6.2-11, 14, 18n; 11.26n; 11.9
pronoun, tense, theme -us nouns 5.93
unnatural (not ~ ly) 8.127, 128n usage
unpleasant 16.80 criticized 1.17; 3.57; 5.11n, 24, 25n,
unqualified 16.79 95n, 98n; 6.5, 43n; 8.21; 904, 6, 57n;
unquestionably 8.127 11.14n; 12.17, 23n, 36; 13.39-40,
unreal condition -+condition 88,96; 14.13n, 23n; 15.12, 46n, 50n,
(hypothetical) 59; 16Aln, 42, 69n, 74; 17.14-17,22,
unreasonably 8.127,131 61-64, 118n; 18.14n, 26n, 27n, 49n;
unreduced -+ sentence 19.34n, 50, 51, 60n, 64n; 1.42, 76
unrelated participle -+ unattached divided 1.7,11,17,39; 5.22n, 125;
unstressed form -+ stress 6.5, 63n; 8.106; 12.25-26; 15.71n;
unsure (of) 16.73 IlIA, 8
until (conjunction) 8.55n, 58; 9.3; 14.12, variation in 1.19-42; 2049; 3A2n,
18-19; 15.20,25, 27n 43n, 48n; 4.23n, 47, 58n, 63n; 5.35,
(preposition) 7.70; 8.55n, 58, 59, 62; 37,40,59,70,75,76,83,87,111;
9.3,7,37-38; 11.14n; 15.27, 29n 6.12n, 56; 7.14n, 31, 64; 8.111;
postposed 8.59n 9AOn; 10.11n, 14n; 11.7, 15n, 30;
purposive 15.27n 12.62n; 13.72-74, 87-89; 14.36;
resultative 15.20, 27n 15.20,23,25; 16.19n; 1.33n, 41n,
temporal15.27n 51n; 11.5n, 6
vs. till 8.58 see also: adjective, adverbial, American,
unto 9.7n British, concord, feminine, formal, .
untrue 16.72 informal, legal, male, negation,
unusually 8.131 nonstandard, numeral, only, politeness,
pronoun, religious, scientific, standard
unwell 7.38
unwilling (be ~ to) 3047; (~ly) 8.93; use (verb) 9046; 16.26; (~ as) 16047;
(~ness) 17.36
(make ~ of) 16.58; (~ up) 16.12
unwind 3.18 use(d) to (marginal modal) 3.30, 40, 41, .
unwise 16.76; (~ly) 8.127,131 44; 4.15, 57, 66; 8.21; 11.8n; 12.64;
(~ be) 4.13n; (had ~) 3A4n
unwritten 7.15n
up (adverb) 8041 used to (adjectival) 16.69n, 83
(particle) 16.2, 12 useless 16.83
(preposition) 7.70; 9.7, 26, 27, 32, 37; user vs. use 1.19; 2.59
19.32n usual occurrence 8.65, 67
(prepositional adverb) 9.66; 13.101 usually 8.65,67 -71,77, 125n
(verb) 13.98n utter (adjective) 7.33,34,68; 8.106
(~and . .. ) 13.98n; (~ to) 8.59, 62;
(verb) 16.26
(~ /y) 7.34,87; 8.105, 106
9.10,37; (~ with) 11.42
see also: time utterance-+echo, formulaic, sentence
uphill 8041
uphold 3.18
upon (particle) 16.2
1772 Index

v verb [cont]
V -7 verb
Vpass (= passive verb phrase)-7passive
v 9.7
valency 16.18n
see also: complemelltation
valuables 5.77
value (verb) 8.107
value-7communicative, information
value-judgment disjunct 8.123, 127
variable-7noun
variance (at ~) 9.66; (at ~ with) 9.11
variation
attitudes to 1.41
free 1.39; 5.52
see also: usage
varieties of English 1.7, 9-11,12,17,
19-41; 3.5n; 19.85-90
continuum of 1. 35, 39
relationships among 1.36-38
variation within 1.39-41
see also: attitude, discourse (field of),
interference, medium, regional, social,
standard
've 3.23,34
veal (vs. calf) 5.4
vegl.74n
venison (vs. deer) 5.87n
venture (verb) 16.38
verb 2.13, 24,35; 3 passim; 4 passim;
7.38-39, 56n, 73; 8.64, 96; 9.8, 31;
10passim; 13.78,97; 14.5, 10,
24~25; 15.54, 65; 17.51; 18.3, 10,
13,27,32,43; 1.60-63; 1I.5-6;
1II.9,21 . pro-forms, reporting, -s, singular,
affixation in 1.21-27,30-35,37,38,
40,42-44,46,49,50,52,54,56,59,
60, 71
centrality of 2.13 / accomplishment 4.27, 33- 34, 39;
classes 2.16,41; 3.1, 12-20; 16.1-3
constraints (on passive) 3.68
contraction -7 auxiliary (contracted)
copulative -7 copular
ellipsis 2.15n; 3.23,26; 11.37; 12.4,
43,59-60,92-93; 14.10; 15.66;
18.41; 11.8
equative -7 copular
full 2.29 ; 3.1,2-20
intensive-7 copular
intermediate function 3.40-51
irregular 3.2, 3, 5, 6n, 11-20
irregular (alphabetical index) 3.20
lexical-7 verb (full)
linking -7 copular
main 2.16, 28-29; 3.1
middle 3.68; 10.14; 16.27
morphology 3.2-6, 11-20
multi-word 2.36,61; 3.45-46; 10.12;
16.2-17,20, 51n; 18.49
nonprogressive-7verb (stative
meaning)
nonreflexive 6.25
ob1igatoriness of 2.13
-particle combination -7 verb (multi-
word)
position of 2.13, 14
primary 2.29,34,41; 3.1, 2, 4n, 5n, 13,
21,30,31-38,47
reflexive 6.25, 27n; 16.24n, 57
regular 3.2-10, 11, 12,13,14,16,17,
18, 19, 32n
relational 10.14, 24n
repeated 13.101
semi:reflexive 6.25
senses of 2.13n, 41
-verb combination 16.17 .
see also: active, adjective, auxiliary, base
form, catenative, complement,
complementation, complex transitive;
concord, conversion, coordinate, copula,
copular, de-adjectival, denominal,
ditransitive, existential, finite,
homonymy, imperative, instrpmental,
intransitive, inversion, modfl,.
monotransitive, negation, nonfinite,
number, passive, performative, person,
phrasal verb, plural, preposition,
prepositional verb, principal parts,
situation-types, stress, SUbjunctive,
suffix, tense, transitive, voice
verbs (semantic classification)
activity 4.27, 33-34; IO.24n; 12.22;
19.40-41; agentive 3.38, 49; 4.27,
30,33-34,35,43; 10.23; 11.15n;
12.25-26; 16.23,54; arranging
8.49, 75n, 76; aspectuaI4.66; 16.39,
40; assumption 8.63n; 12.28;
attitudinaI3.68; 4.29; 8.63n, 101,
104-105,107; 12.25; becoming
16.23; beginning 16.40; being 3.68;
4.31;belief8.63n; 12.28; 16.50;
bodily sensation 4.29; causative
3.66n; 9.16n; 10.22,23; 11.42;
16.48,51,54; coercive 16.52, 53;
cognition 8.101; 10.23; 14.31;

verbs (semantic classification) [cont]
communication 4.8; 19.51;
comparison 7.85n; completion
3.77n; compulsion 16.51;
conclusive 3.66; 4.22,25,27,33,35,
39; 17.101; continuing 16.40; current
3.78; 16.44; declarative 16.44;
direction 15.22; 16.23n; durative 4.27,
33-34,38; 8.58; 9.37-38, 39n;
14.26-27; 15.25,27; 16.23; emotive
4.29; 10.23; 16.30,33,39,40;
enablement 16.51; encounter 16.53;
ending 16.40; event 11.15n;
existential 15.62; expecting 8.49,
75n, 76; factual 16.30-31, 44, 50;
frequentative I. 76n; general
evaluation 8.110; goings-on 4.27,
33-34; gradable 7.85n; 8.21,101,
107n, 108, 111; 11.15n; 1.23n;
having 3.68; 4.31; hearing 16.52;
hypothesis 16.30, 33; inception
18.49; influencing 16.51;
intellectual state 4.29; 16.31, 44;
liking 16.41; locative 16.24; making
9.61; measure 10.13; mental state
4.16, 52n; momentary act/event
4.27,33,35,67; 8.58, 66, 69; 9.37;
motion3.77n; 7.10; 8.3, 29, 42, 50,
76; 9.16n,22-30; 1O.10n; 11.42;
16.2n, 23n, 48; 18.23n, 49; negative
meaning 10.59; nonagentive 4.27,
30, 33-35; nonconclusive 4.27,
·33-34; nongradable 8.101,108,
115; observationa116.42n;
occurrence 16.38n; opinion 14.36;
owning 8.49; perception <1-.29,30,
52n, 67; 7.9; 10.23; 14.36; 16.52,
53,54; permission 16.51; placing
8.49,76; posture 3.77n; 8.28;
private 4.29; 16.31-32,50; process
4.27, 31n, 33-34, 39; 12.25; 16.23;
public 16.31-33, 50; punctual 4.27,
33,35,38; 10.24n; 14.27; 17.53;
quality 4.27, 28; remaining 16.23;
result(ative/ing) 3.78; 4.22; 10.16;
16.44,51,54; retrospective 16.40;
saying 8.49, 75n, 76; 12.28,65;
II.21n; seeing 16.52; seeming 16.23,
24n, 38n; shared knowledge 19.51;
speaking 4.7, 25n; 8.63n, 122, 124,
128,143; 9.46n; 14.29-30; 15.13,
21,54; 15.59; 16.31; 19.47n; speech
act 4.7; 16.31,44,50; stance 4.27,
32; 10.24; 18.23n, 49-50; state
Index 1773
verbs (semantic classification) [cont]
4.27,28-29,31; 8.3; 16.2n; 19.41;
suasive 14.25n; 16.30, 31,32;
thinking 12.65; 14.29-30; 16.31;
transitional act/event 4.27,33,35,
44n, 45; volitional 3.68; 4.16, 29;
12.24n; 16.32,44,54; wanting 8.49,
75n, 76; 15.10; 16.41
see also: dynamic verb meaning, stative
verb meaning
verb phrase 2.24,25,26,27-28; 3.1-2,
21,63,64; 10.5, 12; 12.59n; 18.13;
II.16
conditional clause 15.36
constituent order in 3.21,27-28
finite vs. nonfinite 3.21-22, 52-53;
4.18n, 19,67-68; 8.122n
meanings of 4 passim
simple vs. complex 3.21,33,54-56;
4.17; 10.55; 13.47
structure 3.27,40,45,52-57; 4.66;
7.16; 8.16, 126n
subjunct 8.96
see also: coordinate, passive, subordinate
clause
verbal noun --+ noun
verbatim --+ recoverability
verbless
clause2.13n; 7.27; 8.13, 53,91, 122n,
132; 9.55; 10.6,16, 58n; 11.43-44;
12.43-44,67; 13.25, 30n; 14.5,9,
15,18; 15.16,25,30, 31n, 34, 39, 40,
41,50,58..,..62,71; 16.22n,65; 17.63,
83-84; 18.23n, 44n; Ill. 17, 18
directive 11.42 .
exclamation 11.10, 40n
introductions 11.53
preposed 10.16n
question8.130n; 11.41,44
with/without subject 10.6; 14.9,25;
15.34,58-62
see also: complement, compound,
existential, subordinator
vermin 5.78
versus 9.7
vertebra 5.94
very (adjective) 7.35
(adverb) 3.74; 6.30, 53, 62n; 7.2-4,
11, 15n, 16-18,50, 56n, 57n, 60, 89,
90; 8.48n, 77,91, 96,103,106,131,
133n; 9.4, 50n, 63; 10.1n, 62n;
17.58,97-98
see also: much
1774 Index
veto (verb) 3.9
via 9.7
Vicar 10.52
vice- I.1 7, 29
vie 3.10
view (verb) 15.19; (in ~ of) 9.11,57;
15.46n
viewpoint subjunct 7.59,60,65; 8.25n,
89,127; 15.19, 21n
violently 8.1 05, 109
VIPI.75
virgule HI.30
virtual-+ ellipsis
virtually 8.111, 114, 126
virtue (by ~ of) 9.11; 15.46n
virtuoso 5.100
vis-a-vis 9.7
visit 10.27n; 16.26; (~ in/with) 10.27n
vital 16. 72, 82
viz 8.137; 17.27; I.75n; III.11
vocabulary 1.20, 23-27, 28, 31; 2.7, 13n,
35-38; 3.1n, 4; 5.120; 6.12n, 15;
8.IOn; 9.65; 10.51; 18.4; 19.21, 68;
1.1,7,12, 13n; II.8; III.4
see also: American English, British
English, formal, informal, lexical,
nonstandard
vocative5.12n; 10.44n,52-53; 11.25,
41,53; 14.35; 17.12n, 91n; 18.5-6,
17, 59n; III.11, 19, 23n, 29
vs. subject 11.25
see also: man, nominal clause, noun phrase,
you
voice 2.21; 3.21, 31, 56, 63-78; 15.75;
16.67n; 18.32; 1.40, 69n
marked 19.79
see also: active, passive
Voice of America 1.5
voicing 3.5,6, 11, 13, 15; 5.74, 80, 83,
114; 1.27,56
void of 9.10
volition 3.31,46; 4.42, 46, 49,51, 53n,
57,58,60,62,63,65,66; 10.21;
11.13; 14.22,23; 16.79
subjunct8.93-95; 10.21, 24n
see also: verbs (semantic classification)
volume (prosodic) -+ loudness
volume dimension 5.8; 9.15,17,25
voluntarily 8.93
vortex 5.96
vote (verb) 16.32, 46, 50
vow (verb) 16.31, 38
vowels 3.5,6,7,8-20,32,39,44; 5.11,
80; 7.79, 81; I.17, 19, 31, 33, 36, 37,
vowels [cont]
56, 64, 66, 72; III.4n, 26n
see also: gradation
vs 9.7
vulgar-+ fractions
w
wade (across) 16.3
wager (verb) 16.59
wages 5.77
wait (verb) 16.19, 38n; (~around) 16.12;
(~for) 16.41
wake(n) 3.16
see also: awake
walk9.16n, 66n; 10.27; 16.19
wanna 3.51; 12.49n, 64n
want 4.29; 7.83; 8.107; 10.10n, 51n;
15.8,9, IOn; 16.26,38,39,41,44,
54; (for/from ~ of) 9.11; (~ to)
3.51; 12.49n
wanting (preposition) 9.8
wanting-+verbs (semantic
classification)
-ward(s) 7.46; 8.41; 1.41
warn 16.31, 56, 59, 62; (~ of) 16.56,57
warnings 11.53, 54; 15.38
was 3.32, 62; 4.13n; 16n, 61n; 18.49n;
11.9; (~n't) 3.32; (~to) 3.46; 15.36
wash (verb) 16.26; (~oneself) 6.25
WASPI.75
watch (verb) 16.26, 52, 53, 54
wax (verb) 16.21
way 8.39, 79; 17.18-20; (a long ~)
10.61n; (by ~ of) 9.i 1; (by the ~)
8.137,142,143; (every which ~)
8.39; (in any/no ~) 10.60,62; (in the
same ~) 8.137; (in what ~) 8.25n,
78 ; «in) that ~) 8.78; (~ of) 9.l1n;
(no ~ ) 10.62; (that ~ ) 12.27;
(which ~) 8.3, 10
waylay 3.10n
-ways 7.46; 1.41
we 6.2-11,14,18,21; 11.26b.; 14.22,27
authorial 6.11, 18; 15.18n
collective 6.7
editorial 6.18
ellipsis 12.48
exclusive 4.58; 6.7; 11.13; 19.51
generic 6.18; 8.143; 10.50
inclusive 4.58; 6.7, 18, 21; 11.13;
19.51,64
rhetoricaI6.18, 21
royaI6.18n, 23

weak 7.88
weak -+ apposition, ellipsis, reduced
form
weapon (vs. arms) 5.4
wear 3.16; 10.24
weather 5.9n
weave(d) 3.16
wed(ded) 3.17
weekly 7.9; 8.64
weep 3.15
weight (dimension) 5.8
weight (semantic)-+end-weight,
semantic (criteria)
welcome (adjective) 16.79
well (adjective) 7.9n, 38, 77
(conjunct) 8.23, 135
(initiator) 7.54; 11.41; 13.102n;
19.54n,65
(intensifier) 3.76n; 7.11, 16n, 61; 8.96,
103,105, 109n
(simple adverb) 7.46
claim editing use 17.80
comparison of 7.77, 83
(~and truly) 13.99n; (as ~) 3.45n;
8.116,119; 10.60; (as ~ as) 9.58;
10.40; 13.103; l4.19n; 19.60n;
(how ~) 8.25; (less ~) 7.77; (may/
might (just) as ~) 4.53n; (oh ~)
7.54; (~ then) 7.54; (very ~) 7.11
see also: known
well-7.17,83
went 3.12, 19
wept 3.15
were 3.32; 4.13n, 16n, 61n; 10.44; 14.20;
18.49n; (as it ~) 3.62n; 15.21n;
(~n't) 3.32; (~ to) 3.46; 15.36
see also: subjunctive
wert 3.4n
west(ward(s)) 7.46n; 8.41; 9.66
wet(ted) 3.17
wh-
adjective 2.45
adverb 2.45 ; 7.11n, 53, 69; 10.10, 13;
16.15
clause 6.36-39; 9.1-3; 14.33; 15.5,6,
51; 16.20, 31n, 35, 61, 68,73; 17.93;
18.28-30
clause ellipsis 12.63-65
determiner 2.45; 5.14; 6.35n
echo question 11.34-36
element 2.50, 55; 6.32-39; 7.30; 8.15;
10.6,7n, 17, 34; 11.1, 14-19,23,
31-32; 14.10,20; 15.2, 4n, 5-9,42,
65; 18.10, 20n, 27-30
Index 1775
wh- [cont]
fronting 1O.7n; 11.19,34; 15.42;
18.28-30
multiple elements 11.19; 15.5n
pro-forms and 2.45
pronoun 2.37, 45; 5.104-111; 6.2,12,
13,32-35,36-39,45; 7.69; 9.6;
14.20; 1O.7n; 16.15; 17.9,11-25
pushdown element 11.18,31; 18.20n
question 2.48,50,57; 3.24n; 5.28;
6.36-39; 7.11n, 66; 8.3,4,25,48,
59n,60, 63, 64, 66, 78, 79,80,86,
100,110,113,115, 118n; 9.6, 36,44,
45,48,49; 10.6, 7n, 10-13, 17,61;
11.1,4,14-19,20,23; 31, 33-36,
40,44,53; 12.50n, 63; 14.33; 15.5,
20,42,64,66; 16.14, 15, 16, 26n,
66; 18.10, 59n; II.12, 13; 111.23
word 2.37,45,50, 54n, 55, 57; 5.28;
6.32-39; 7.53, 64; 8.118n; 9.43, 58;
10.17; 11.1~-19, 31-32,34-36;
12.63; 13.14; 14.20; 15.5-9,42;
16.16; 17.57,65; 18.28-30
see also: coordinate, infinitive,
interrogative, nominal clause, pro-forms
wharfs/wharves 5.83
what (conjunction) 10.46n; 14.20; 15.9, 15
(exclamatory) 2.57; 10.17; 11.1,
31-32; 15.7,74; 16.35n; 18.57
(initiator) 11.15n
(interrogative determiner) 5.14, 28;
6.36-39,62; 10.34; 15.7-9; 16.15n
(interrogative pronoun) 3.38; 6.12,
36-37,39; 7.64; 8.25, 80,115; 10.6,
7n, 12,13, 34n; 11.14-19,34-36;
14.29; 15.7-8; ·16~15, 26n, 66;
18.59n; 19.47n
(noun) 11.34
(predeterminer) 5.15, 17n; 7.63; 15.7
(relative pronoun) 6.35n, 42; 15.8-9,
56,57; 17.12
(ad hoc verb) 11.34
cataphoric reference of 19.47n
in pseudo-cleft sentence·18.30
( ~ about) 11.40; ( ~ aboutit) 11.40n;
( ~ cha) 12.50n; (~ .. .for) 8.86;
9.45; (~ if) 11.40,41; (~ ... like)
11.15n; (~ofit?) 11.40n; (~s)
11.34; (so ~ ?) 11.40n; (~though)
11.40; (~with . .. ) 15.46n;
( ~ ... with) 8.80
whatever (interrogativedeterminet)
6.35n; 10.34; 15.8
(conjunction) 14.20; 15.9
 1776 Index
whatever [cont]
(postmodifier) 6.62n; 10.62
(relative pronoun) 6.35n; 17.12
whatsoever6.62n; 10.62; 14.20
when (conjunction) 4.24, 45; 7.53; 8.49, 53;
93; 10.65; 14.12, 18-20,27; 15.20,
23,25,27,30,34,39-40; 18.33n
(interrogative) 4. 13; 7.53; 8.4, 9, 25,
55, 59n, 60; 10.10; 11.14-19; 16.15;
18.59n
(relative)7.53; 15.29n; 17.17-18,20,
24;19.36
concessive 15.20, 39-40
contingent 15.30, 34
in pseudo-cleft sentence 18.30
tempora17.53; 8.53; 10.65; 15.25,27,
34; 18.33n
'time'- 8.4, 55; 9.40
(no sooner . .. -) 14.13; (by -) 15.57;
(even -) 15.40; (from -) 15.57;
(since -) 8.4,60; 9.1n; 15.57;
(- ... then) 14.13n; (till-) 8.4,
59n; (until-) 8.59n; 15.57
see also: as, even, if
whence8.3n; 14.12n; 15.31n, 57
whenever 8.53, 64; 11.14n; 14.12, 18-20,
27n; 15.25,27,30,34,42
where (conjunction) 7.53; 8.40; 14.12, 18,
20; 15.30-31,34
(interrogative) 7.11n, 53, 64; 8.3,9,
25; 10.10, 11; 11.14-19; 16.15,61;
18.59n
(relative)7.53; 15.8; 17.17-20,24;
19.33
contingent 15.30,31,34
contrastive 15.31
in pseudo-cleft sentence 1830
place 7.53; 15.31,42
(N . . .for) 9.45; (- from) 8.3;
(-: .. there) 14.l3n; (- to) 8.3
-where 7.21, 69; 8.48; 17.57
whereafter 15.57n
whereas 14.12; 15.31; 32, 39-40,43
whereat 14.12n; 15.57n
wherefore 14.12n; 15.57n
wheresoever 14.20
whereto 7.46; 14.12
whereupon 7.46; 14.12; 15.57; 19.37n
wherever 8.40; 14.13, 18,20; 15.30-31,
34,42
wherewith 15.57
whether U.18n; 12.63; 13.28n; 14.12n;
15.6; 16.31n, 37n, 61
(- ... or) 14.17-19; 15.6,41-42
which (interrogative determiner) 5.14,
28; 6.35n, 36-39; 8.39; 16.15n
(interrogative pronoun) 5.104,
107-110; 6.36-39; 11.14~19
(relative determiner) 5.14; 635n
(relative pronoun) 5.104, 107-110;
6.8,32-34,36,39,42; 10.36n, 49,
50; 14.20; 15.8-9,55,57;
17.11-25; 18.28; 19.47h
as pro-form 7.53n
(at -) 7.53; (for -) 17.18;
«in) - way) 8.10; (of""') 6.34; 17.14
whichever (determiner) 5.14; 6.35n
(pronoun)6.35n; 14.20; 17.12
while (conjunction) 4.13; 8.61, 145;
14.12,18-19; 15.20,23,25,28,32,
39-40,43,46
(preposition) 9. 7n
concessive 8.145; 15:20,32,39-40
contrastive 15.32,43
reason 15.46
temporal 8.61, 145;-15.20, 2~, 28, 46
(- ... ) 14.13; (a -) 8.77
whilst 14.12,18-19
concessive 8.145; 15.39-40
contrastive 15.43
temporal 15.25, 28
whimper (verb) 16.31n
whisper (verb) 16.31n
whisper 11.2
whither8.3n; 14.12n; 15.31n
who (interrogative pronoun) 5.104-109;
6.2,12,36-38; 7.64; 8.25, 80;
1O.6n, 7n, 34n; 11.14-19,34;
15.5n; 16.15; 18.59n
(relative pronoun)·5.104-109; 6.2, 8,
32-35; 10.36n, 49,50; 14.20;
15.8-9; 17.11-23; 18.28
as pro-form 7.53n
in cleft sentence 18.28-30
(- .. . for) 9.45
see also: whom
whodunit 17.112
whoever6.35n; 11.14n; 14.20; 15.5n, 8n,
42; 17.12
whole 5.7, 17; 6.50; 7.35n; 9.42
whole-part relation 17.106
wholly 7.47; 1.41
whom (interrogative pronoun) 6.2,
36-38; 8.25, 80; 11.14-19; 15.5n;
16.15
(relative pronoun) 6.2, 8,32-35;
1O.36n, 49; 14.20; 15.8-9;
17.11-23; 18.28
 Index 1777

whom [contl wipe N clean 16.45

as pro-form 7.53n
vs. who 1.17; 6.5n, 35; 17.14
(of ~) 6.34n; (to ~) 6.35; 10.7n
whomever 14.20; 15.5n, 8n
whomsoever 14.20
whose (interrogative determiner) 5.14;
6.36
(interrogative pronoun) 6.2, 36-38;
11.14-19
(relative determiner) 5.14
(relative pronoun) 6.2, 33 -' 34, 38;
10.49; 14.20; 17.11-23; 18.28-30
whosoever 14.20
why (conjunct) 1L 15n
(conjunction) 7.53; 14.20; 15.5, 46n
(initiator) 7.54; 11.15n, 41
(interrogative) 7.53, 64; 8.9, 25, 86;
9.43,44,45; 10.10; 11.14-19,40;
12.63; 16.15; 18.59n
(relative) 7.53; 15.8; 17.18
in pseudo-cleft sentence 18.30
( ~ don't I/we) 11.17; ( ~ don't you)
11.17, 25n, 30n; (~ do you) 11.16;
(~ever) 11.14n; (~ ncha) 3.36n;
(~not) 11.15n, 17; 12.63; (~ then)
8.135
wicked 7. 19, 81n
wide (adjective) 7.8,66,82,88
(adverb) 7.8, 56n
(~ly) 7.8
wide-+pitch
wide orientation subjunct 8.88, 89-91
widow(er) 5.105
wife/wives 5.83
wilfully 8.93
will (auxiliary) 3.4n, 21, 39, 40, 47; 4.3,
8n, 37, 42, 43n,45n, 46,47,49, 50,
51,57,58,60,61,63,64,65; 6.61;
10.67,68; 11.10, 28n; 12.47; 13.25;
14.22,26-27; 15.55n, 68n; 18.56;
II.9
(noun) 17.36
timeless 4.57
(~ do) 8.100; 19.48; (~ have) 14.26;
(ifyou ~ ) 8.126; (~ not) 3.39
see also: do, won't, would
willing 12.65; 16.71,79; (be ~ to) 3.40,
47,66; 7.39; 16.79; (~ly) 8.93;
(~ness) 4.57, 61; 8.94; 17.36
wilt 3.4n
win (verb) 3.18; 16.19,26; (~ over)
16.26n
wind (verb) 3.18; (~ up) 16.21,22
wise 16.76; (~ly) 8.127-129, 133n
-wise 7.46; 8.89; 1.16n, 17, 41
wish (verb) 3.62; 4.29, 64n; 1O.51n;
12.65; 14."36n; 15.8,9,54; 16.33,38,
41,44,46,48,56,57
( ~ for) 16.15, 28; (I ~ (that)) 14.23n
wit (to ~) 17.73
with (conjunction) 8.86, 132; 9.55; 14.9,
15,17; 15.34,41,46, 60n; 18.54
(particle) 16.2
(preposition) 2.23; 3.75, 76; 8.40, 80;
9.4,7,10,20,29,43,48,49-50,51,
52-53,55,61; 11.42; 13.103; 16.15,
60,69; 17.37
(along ~) 9.4
withdraw 3.16
withhold 3.18
within (adverb) 7.70; 8.41
(preposition) 9.7, 15n, 55n
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
without (adverb) 7.70
(conjunction) 8.132; 9.55; 14.12n, 15,
17; 15.34,41, 60n; 18.54
(preposition) 9.7,49,52,53,55;
13.81n; 16.6
(prepositional adverb) 9.66
withstand 3.18
wits 5.77
woke(n) 3.16
wolf/wolves 5.83
woman 5.54n, 60n, 102; 19.65
woman/women 5.84
woman- 5.102; 1.33n
wo/man 5.105
won 3.18
wonder (verb) 4.29; 16.33, 35; (I ~) 15.54n
won't 3.23, 39; 11.8n, 10; 12.47; 14.22
see also: will
wont 16.79
woodcock 5.87
wooden 7.43
word, a 10.62
words, in other (appositional/contrastive/
inferential conjunct) 8.137, 139,
141,144; 17.75-81,86
word 1.13; 2.3, 7, 35, 48n; 12.31; 18.15;
19.26; IIU, 3,5
complex vs. phrase 1.18
complex vs. simple 8.1 On; 1.3, 4, 14
grammatical 2.35, 39; U2n
grammatical form of 2.38n
integrity of U2n
length 13.86
1778 Index

word [cont] would [cont]

order 1.28; 2.14; 19.7 10.68; 14.36n; (~st) 3.4n; (~ that)
sensesof2.38n; 1.11-12, 46 14.23n
see also: will
shortening --7 clipping
wound (past tense, wind) 3.18
space --7 space (orthographic)
wove 3.16
splitting 1.16
wow 11.55
structure --7 morphology
see also: compound, coordinate, wreaths 5.83
derogatory, indicator, initial, key, loan, wretched 7.19
phonological, phrase, polysyllabic wring 3.18
forms, relater, stress, wh-, word class, write 3.16; 4.26n, 27; 16.19,26,31,59;
word-formation (~ about/on) 9.59
word class 2.12n, 29, 34-45,55; 7.3,4, writings 5.77
5-15, 26n; 7.46; 9.2-5, 8; 10.51; written 3.16
12.26n; 16.2; 1.3, 31, 57 written language --7 graphology, spoken
conversion 43-56 vs. written language
gradience 2.60 wrong 7.81; 16.76; (~ly)8.127
meaning 2.43 wrote 3.16
secondary 2.38n, 41; 1.53-55 wrung 3.18
taxonomy 2.41
word-formation 1.13; 2.1n, 12n, 38n;
3.76n, 77n; 10.4; 12.31, 51n; 16.12;
17.51,54; 19.22; I passim; H.4, 7
x
dead process 1.5
X --7 pro-forms
hybridl.14n,31
x (letter) II1.30n
phonology and 1.19
-x plurals 5.99
see also: American English, British
English, informal, motivation, rules -x verb base ending 3.8n, 9
xerox (verb) 3.4
wore 3.16
work (verb) 4.28; 9.37, 46n; 16.19
(~away) 16.12; (~N loose) 16.17;
(~out) 16.12; (~s) 5.91
y
workaholic 1.14
worn 3.16 -y (adjective base ending) 7.47, 80, 81
worried 16.78; (~about) 16.69 (suffix) 6.64; 7.1; 17.102; 1.15,38,70,
worry (oneself) 6.25; (not to ~ ) 11.41n 74n, 77
worse (adjective) 7.75, 77, 82n (verb base ending) 3.5,7,10; 5.81
(adverb) 7.83 y'all('s) 6.12n
(conjunct) 8.137,143 ye 6.12n
(even ~) 8.147 -ye verb base ending 3.9
worship (verb) 3.8 yeah 7.54
worst (adjective) 7.75 year (a ~) 15.29; (for ~ s) 9.36; (in ~ s)
(adverb) 7.83 9.36n; (~ ly) 7.9; 8.64
(at~)9.1n -year-old (adjective/noun)7.13; 17.108
worth 9.6; 15.12n; 16.83 year (graphic) HI.27
worthwhile 16.83 see also: numeral
worthy 16.79; (~of) 16.69 yearn (for) 16.38,41
-worthy 1.38n yell (verb) 16.31n
wotcher 12.50n yen 5.90
would3.4n, 21,39,40; 4.48, 50, 51, 57, yep 7.54
59-64; 10.68; ll.5n, 13; 14.16n, yes 7.54; 8.100, 130n; 10.66; 11.4-13;
23; 15.48, 55n; 18.56; 11.9 13.102n
(~a) 14.23n; (~have) 1l.53n; 14.23, in negative reply 1.34
26; (~not)3.39; (~n't) 3.39; yes-no question 2.48, 50,53; 3.21, 24n;
 Index 1779

yes-no question [cont] you [cont]

8.9; 10.6, 17,61,66; ILl, 4, 5-13,
18n, 20-23,34-35,53; 12.46,47,
49-50; 13.47n; 14.33; 15.5,6;
16.37n; 18.10, 16, 20n; 19.63n
yesterday 6.43, 67; 7.70; 8.55, 75; 9.40;
10.15n
yet (adjunct) 2.54n; 3.46n; 4.22; 9.28,
39; 10.60; 19.36
(conjunct) 7.52; 8.23, 137, 143, 144,
145,146; 13.3,5,11,12,18-19,32,
103; 15.32; III.6, 12
(subjunct) 8.97
(and ~) III.7; (as ~) 8.97n; 19.36;
(not ~) 9.28; 10.58n
yippee 11.55n
yoke 5.90
you 1.11; 6.2-6, 8-11, 12n, 14, 18,24;
7.25n; 8.47, 91n; 10.44n; 11.10, 13,
25-28; 12.46n, 49, 50n; 15.54, 55n
contrastive 11.25n, 28
generic 6.21, 56; 8.143; 10.50; 19.51
impersona14.9n
vocative use 10.52n, 53; 11.53;
17.12n, 88; 19.51
(~-all) 1.11; 6.12n, 14n; 10.53
see also: between, know, see
young 7.80,82,88
your 5.14, 55n; 6.2-6, 8-11, 12n, 14,29
inclusive 13.73
in titles 10.53
(~ s) 6.2-6, 8-11, 12n, 14,29
yours faithfully, etc 8.91n
yourself, yourselves 6.6,11, 12n, 14,
23-28; 11.25
youse 6.12n
youth 5.108n; (~s) 5.83
z
-z verb base ending 3.9
zero 6.64n
zero-+ article, categorial,
complementation, determiner,
genitive, plural, relative clause,
some, suffix, that
zeugma 9.50n; 13.87
zip 6.64n
zone -+premodification