13 IiPOx THN ZAAAMINA (a) exporrian fy 4 vais, # oitéy te Kal olvoy tgepe pis ths vigONG, VOCABULARY Verbs Adjectives Epéaow, no future, [épet-] BéBanog, -&, -ov, firm, steady fipeoa, tpéaas, Irow Launpds, -&, -dv, bright; bril- Aovzdlo, hovzdoo, hobzaoa, liant fovxdoas, I heep quiet; I rest raxbs, taxeta, taxs, quick, Nouns swift 6 &vepos, 208 dvénow, wind Proper Name t& lotla, tv iottov, sails HEarapic, tfj5 Ladapivos, Pronoun Salamis GAM \AOv, of one another bv BE robt@ 8 vading d yepaids tdv te Atxordnodtv Kal tov Raida cig thy vabv dyaybv axéhevce KoBitecBar éni tH xataotpdpac. évradOa 8h 6 pev vadKAnpos éxdhevoe tod¢ vadras Moor th neicpara, of S: vadtar t& neiopara Atoauvtes thy vadv Bpadéos fipeccov npic thy OéAactav. enevea 58 thy iy KatoAindvees tH 5 iotia: tnéracav [+ xaraotpdpars, the deck td xelopara, the cables iipeaaov, were rowing éxéraoay (from netévvon1), they spread] énei 58 h pév voids BeBatos Ender, of 5% vadtar tv Epyov novodpevor havyatov, 6 Aukarénodig nacav thy vabv éoxénet. 21213. MPOE THN ZAAAMINA (a) 213 orporyoAn fv 4 vats, od peydidn odd? taxeia. GALE BeBais, * optic: Egape mpdg tic vijcovg: cités te ykp évfiv Kai ofvog Kai SAn Kat apoBpra. noddol 8” evijoav dvOpanor, typorxor Svtec, of t& optic. tv talc “APhvans nwhhoovtes otkade Enavficav: HAAor SE nape rods oixetovg énopevovto, of gv taig vijoois Sxovv, néveec 8% Erépmovto xhgovtec—odpros yap fv &vepos Kat Aapnpds & HAog—Kai Hh Bredsyovto GAAMAorG # WEAN fSov. [doxéne1, began to examine atpoyyban, round 4v,was 4, which goptta, cargo tviiv, was in (it) Sdn, timber évfjoav, were in (it) &ypornor, rustic ot, who xadfoavtes, having sold dxavfjoav, were going back, returning robs oixeioug, their relatives otproc, favorable éAn, songs fiSov (from Gm), they were singing] WORD STUDY Identify the Greek stems in the English words below and give the meanings of the English words. Give the meanings of the Greek words in parentheses: nautical cosmonaut (6 xbayos, tod xécuov) aeronaut (6 or i &ehp, 108 or tig po). astronaut ( éhiov you were ransoming, you used to ransom b-Ab-e-t0 8-A0-5-weda é-Ab-e-a0€ 8-28-0-vt0 he/she was ransoming, he/she used to ransom we were ransoming, we used to ransom you were ransoming, you used to ransom they were ransoming, they used to ransom Contract Verbs Contract verbs follow the rules given above for the formation of the imperfect tense and the rules for contraction given on pages 39 and 56: Active é-thpo-o-v > ertpov é-tipo-es > ering é-ripa-e > rina é-ctud-o-nev > ertydpev bvind-ete > értpire é-ripo-ov > etfiov Middle epxhobuny éertua-é-uqy > éxtudynv bpthod e-rtyd-e-oo > értyd bpiheizo e-iudee-to > értydito borhodpeba értpya-d-ue0a > ertudyeda tpidetobe é-vipd-e-oBe > értydo0e bptobveo estud-o-veo > értudvto Here is the imperfect active of Aéw (for the present, see Chapter 6, Grammar 1, page 74): inheov, EmAerg, EnAci, exhéonev, éxAcite, Exdeov. Only the forms of this verb with e+ ¢ are contracted in Attic Greck.POE THN ZAAAMINA (a) 215 b. Irregular Verbs: Imperfect of eipi, Zam: forty Twas foba. you were fv he/she/it was Fnev we were ite you were Foav they were Imperfect of elut [ei-/i-], which serves as the future of ¥pyouou in Attic Greek (see Chapter 10, Grammar 6, pages 168-169) and means I will go: fo or jew Twas going flew®a or fey you were going few or he/she lit was going fev we were going fire ‘you were going ficov or fecov they were going Note that in the imperfect the eof the long vowel stem (ci-) is aug- mented to 7 and that the tbecomes subscript. Note that the iota subscript occurs in all the forms of the imperfect of elm but in none of the forms of the imperfect of eiyi. Note: Present, épyonor, I come; I go Imperfect, fa or flew, J was coming; I was going Future: ely, J will come; I will go Aorist: (A8ov, I came; I went For the compounds of pyouat, see Chapter 10, Grammar 6, page 169. c. Irregular Augment: EAxw, I drag, becomes efAxov in the imperfect. Enopon, I follow, becomes eixéymv in the imperfect. Epyaouar, I work; I accomplish, becomes hpyalouny or eipyaouny in the imperfect. &w, I have; I hold, becomes elyov in the imperfect. dpée, I see, becomes édpwv in the imperfect, with double augment. Exercise 130 In the first two paragraphs of the reading passage at the beginning of this chapter locate: 1. Seven imperfects of regular verbs 2. Three imperfects of contract verbs 3, Four imperfects of eiy{ (including compound verbs) 4. One imperfect of ely: (compound)Athenaze: Book I Exercise 138 Fill in the imperfect forms on all of the Verb Charts on which you have entered forms to date. Keep these charts for reference. . Aspect The imperfect or past progressive indicative usually looks on the ac- tion of the verb as an ongoing process in past time, just as the present tense Jooks on the action as an ongoing process in present time; note that these two tenses use the same stem. The aorist indicative, on the other hand, usually looks on the action as a simple action or event in past time. Note the following uses of the imperfect or past progressive: a. ‘The imperfect tense usually indicates continuous or incomplete action in past time. When so used it can be translated by the En- glish imperfect, e.g.: incl mpocezapodpey, of o6haxes tc nbhag ExAetov. When we were approaching, the guards were shutting the gates. Compare the aorist: incl eloMBopev, of oSdaxes tac nN Ekheroav. When we went in, the guards shut the gates. The imperfect can also be translated with phrases such as used to... ,was/were accustomed to. . . of repeated or habitual action, e.g. ot Béeg Epevov ev 1H &yp}. The oxen used to staylwere accustomed to staying in the field. The imperfect may also be used to indicate the beginning of an action in past time, e.g.: cig tv dypdv eloeMBdvees éxdvoov. Entering the field, they began to work. This is called the inchoative imperfect, from the Latin verb incohé, “I begin.” ‘The aorist may also be used with certain verbs to indicate the entrance into a state or the beginning of an action, e.g., | Muppivn &d5axpdoe, Myrrhine burst into tears, This is called the ingres- sive aorist, from the Latin verb ingredior, “I begin.” . The imperfect may also be used to indicate an attempt to do some- thing in past time, e.g.: aby natépa Exe(Bopev olkabe EnaveABetv: 6 68 odk HOénoEV. We tried to persuade father to return home, but he did not want to.13. POX THN ZAAAMINA (a) 217 ‘This use is called the conative imperfect from the Latin verb conor, “Ttry, attempt.” Contrast the aorist: abv natépa éneloape, We persuaded father. Exercise 137 Identify the tense and form (indicative, participle, infinitive, imperative) of the underlined verbs, translate the verb, and explain why each tense is used (use the information given in the discussions of aspect in Chapter 11, Grammar 3, pages 178-180, and in Grammar 2 above. Then translate the sentences. 1. } nails todg Pots ofkade fyev, xataneaby dé tov ndda EBAawey (from Baderw, I harm, hurt). 2. noRbv uv zpdvov év th Hares dugvouev, téog BF ofxade sounadueba, 8. ai napBévor mpdc th Kotivn Euevov Siahevduevon, tods dé xaibag iSodaar ven aa 4. 8 dvhp moddv xpdvov tiv yovarixa npdg tf 659 Euevev, réAog Be eldev acichy mpooyooodaav. 5. at yovaixes at év tf oixig niBovg EAeyov, tobs St div8pas iBoScar énasoavto Aéyouau xai ixdAeoav arovs, 6. 6 @EdAunnog tov Kiva: xa" Audpav (every day) npdg Fh pibdrov (the sheep- fold) iyev. 7. napBévog tov xarépo: EneWev Eavtiy xpds td Kotw dyayeiv, 6 58 obx Hedev. 4 SE wienp pgSiog Eneev abt. 8. giyhoare, d naidec, nai gxoveré pov. 9. f napBévog thy d8piév xacaBaodea Saxphaden thy pntépa éxiAecey. 10. A wimp thy xapévov Exthengey &AAnv dSplav dnd 108 ofxo Kowloon A 88 Saxphovan oixabe Lonevbev. Exercise 135 Change the following forms first into the corresponding forms of the im- perfect, then of the future, and then of the aorist. Watch out for verbs that have deponent futures and ones that have sigmatic Ist aorists or thematic 2nd aorists, 1. Money 6. axovete 11. derevetrar 2. dMovrar 7. tet 12. vikdpev 3. nowioyv) 8. ryvoneOa «138. og 4. puet 9. népropev 14. inter 5. AauBéver 10. ebyoven «15. etna218 Exercise 13¢ Translate into Greek: The young men were running very quickly to the agora. When the boy returned home, the girl was waiting by the door. He was already sailing through the straits (t& otevd) to the harbor, I was staying at home, but you were journeying to the city. When we arrived at the island, no one was willing to come to our aid (use BonOéa + dat.). What were you doing, boy, when I saw you in the harbar? Were you watching the ship sailing out (use éxrAéo) to sea? ‘The captain was shouting loudly, but we were not afraid of him. peter Pare The Rise of Persia The events that led to the sudden emergence of Persia as a world power are complex, involving the fall of three ancient empires in quick succession, Until the sixth century, the Persians were a wandering mountain tribe, the name of which occasionally crops up in contemporary records as the tribe gradually worked its way southeast from Russia down the mountains of west- ern Iran. By 550 B.C. the Persians were settled east of the mouth of the Tigris as a vassal kingdom of Media. ‘To understand their rapid rise to power it is necessary to go back to the middle of the seventh century, a turning point in the history of the ancient world. By 650 B.C, the Assyrian Empire, which had ruled Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Syria, began to crumble, In Egypt Psammetichus led a national revival and threw off the Assyrian yoke with the help of Greek mercenaries (ca. 650 B.C.), The Medes, united under King Phraortes (675-653 B.C.), became a formidable power, extending their kingdom on all sides. In Lydia, Gyges (685-657 B.C.) founded a new dynasty and expanded westward to Ionia, where he defeated some of the Ionian Greeks, and eastward to the river Halys (the northeastern border of the Lydian Empire as marked on the map). Babylon, which a thousand years earlier had ruled all of Mesopotamia, revolted from Assyria about 625 B.C. and made an alliance with the Medes, In 612 B.C. the Babylonians and Medes took the Assyrian capital Nineveh and proceeded to divide up their empire. Babylon took the south; their king, Nebuchadnezzar, controlled all of Mesopotamia. He defeated the Egyptians at the great battle of Carchemish (605 B.C.) and drove them from Syria. When the Jews revolted, he took and destroyed Jerusalem (587 B.C.) and carried the tribes of Judah into captivity in Babylon. Assyria itself and the lands to the west up to the borders of Lydia fell to the Medes. On these borders the Medes fought several battles with Lydians, the last of which (28 May 585 B.C.) was broken off when the eclipse of the sun predicted by Thales occurred.13. MPOZ THN ZAAAMINA (@) 219 ‘THE PERSIAN EMPIRE, The Persian Empire ‘The stage was now set for the rise of Persia. In 556 B.C. Cyrus, king of the Persians, defeated the Medes and became king of the Medes and Persians, founding the dynasty of the Achaemenids, who were to rule the greatest em- pire the world had ever seen, until they were overthrown by Alexander the Great two hundred years later. Croesus, king of Lydia, alarmed by the growing power of Cyrus, decided to make a pre-emptive strike. He consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, which answered that if he crossed the river Halys, he would destroy a great empire, Thus encouraged, he led his army over the river and was met by Cyrus near the city of Pteria, about 60 miles or 100 kilometers east of the Halys. A bloody but indecisive battle followed, after which Croesus led his troops back to Sardis, intending to invade again the following year with larger forces. Cyrus, however, pursued him hotfoot, defeated him, and took the city of Sardis (546 B.C.). Many of the Greek cities of Asia Minor submitted at once. Those that did not were reduced the following year by the general whom Cyrus left behind when he returned to Persia. ‘When Cyrus had consolidated his empire in Iran, he was ready to move against Babylon, which was suffering from discord, He came as a liberator, for example, of the Jews: “Comfort ye, comfort ye, my people, saith God. Comfort Jerusalem, for her time of humiliation is ended’—so prophesied Isa- iah (xl), welcoming the coming of Cyrus as the savior sent by God. Babylon fell in 539 B.C., and there followed a peaceful and orderly occupation. Cyrus was proclaimed king of Babylon the following year: “I am Cyrus, king of the220 Athenaze: Book I world, the Great King, the legitimate king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four corners of the earth” reads an inscription found on acylinder at Babylon, One of his first decrees allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple, He died in 530 B.C., much lamented; he had been no mere conqueror but the father of his people. His son Cambyses consolidated Persian power in the Levant axd invaded and defeated Egypt (525 B.C.). In March of 522 B.C., shortly before he died, there was a rebellion led by a Persian who called himself Bardiya, son of Cyrus. By July most of the empire acknowledged him, but in September a conspiracy was formed by seven great Persian nobles, who maintained that Bardiya was a pretender. They murdered him and set on the throne one of their number: Darius. Darius had to put down revolts all over the empire be- fore his position was secure. He consolidated the empire and extended it in the East from Afghanistan into India (the Punjab) and opened up a sea route from the mouth of the Indus to the Persian Gulf and Egypt. Darius then turned his attention northwest. In 513 B.C. he led his army into Europe across the Hellespont, subdued most of Thrace, and marched north to the mouth of the Danube, He crossed the river by a bridge of boats, built by his Greek engineers, and he disappeared into the steppes of Russia, to deal with the nomad Scythians, who were harassing the northern borders of his empire. He was gone for over sixty days, and the Greeks who were guard- ing the bridge discussed whether they should break up the bridge and leave him to his fate but decided it was wiser to remain at their post. Eventually he returned with the survivors of his army, having accomplished little against the hit-and-run tactics of the Scythians, He returned to Persia, leaving a general to complote the conquest of Thrace. This was accomplished in one campaign, which brought the Persians up to the borders of Macedonia, By now most of the islands of the Aegean Sea were held by the Persians. The threat to mainland Greece was uncomfortably close. In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks revolted, expelling the tyrants whom the Persians had installed to control them. The revolt was led by Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, who was in trouble with the Persian authorities. Aristago- ras visited the mainland to beg for support. At Sparta, King Cleomenes re- fused, but at Athens the assembly of the newly founded democracy was won over by his appeal and voted to send an expedition of twenty ships. These joined the Ionian forces at Ephesus, and the allies marched up country and ‘took and destroyed Sardis, the capital of the satrapy. When a Persian relief force arrived, they retreated rapidly to the coast. The Athenian contingent, satisfied with their exploit, returned to Athens. The Ionians kept up the strug- gle for four more years with varying success until the Persians eventually crushed alll resistance and took Miletus (494 B.C.) Darius is said to have ordered one of his officials to say to him every day: “Remember the Athenians.” Retribution was assured. In 492 B.C. a large farce was dispatched by land and sea. ‘Thrace and Macedonia submitted, but, when the fleet was wrecked off Mount Athos, the expedition against Greece was called off. Two years later a second expedition sailed straight across the13. POY THN ZAAAMINA (a) 221 Aegean, landed near Eretria in Euboea (Eretria had sent five ships to help the Tonians), and took and destroyed the city. They then landed on the coast of ‘Attica at Marathon. After heated debate, the Athenian Assembly at the urging of Miltiades decided to send their army out to meet the Persians at Marathon rather than to shut themselves up in the city. The Athenians, though greatly outnumbered, faced the Persians alone (apart from a small contingent sent by their ally Plataca). Sparta sent a force ta help, but it arrived too late for the battle. By brilliant tactics, the Athenians routed the Persian force and pur- sued them to the sea, inflicting heavy casualties for small losses (490 B.C.). This day was never forgotten. To have fought at Marathon was an Ath: an’s proudest boast. Aeschylus, the great tragic poet, makes no mention of his poetry in his epitaph; he simply says: “Of his glorious courage the groves of Marathon could speak, and the long-haired Mede, who knew it well.” The dead were buried beneath a great mound still to be seen on the site of the battle. Darius’ preparations to take revenge on the Greeks were thwarted first by a revolt in Egypt and then by his death. It was not until 483 B.C. that his suc- cessor, Xerxes, began to assemble the vast force that was intended finally to settle Persia’s score with Greece. Darius, the Persian king, holds an audience. His son and successor, Xerxes, stands behind his throne.22 Athenaze: Book I TIPOZ THN ZAAAMINA (8) VOCABULARY Verbs apdvo, [auvve] &uvvd, [oudv-] Hpiva, dpbvac, active, transi- tive, I ward off X (ace.) from Y¥ (dat.); middle, transitive, I ward off X (acc.); I defend myself against X ace.) SpyGonar, [spne-] dpyroduar, no aorist middle, grow an- gry; Lam angry; + dat., I grow angry at; Iam angry at Nouns i &pxh, this dpxiic, beginning & BépBapos, tod BapBadpov, barbarian 4 BdevOepte, tig EhevOepias, freedom 2b xBpa, tof xbpatos, wave Andy, tis wdxns, fight; battle 2b vavtixéy, 103 vautiKos, fleet 1& otevé, tv atevay, pl., narrows, straits; mountain pass ‘A tprheng, tis tprfipovg, trireme (a warship) Pronoun and Adjective undetc, pndenta, wndév, used instead of obSeig with impera- tives and infinitives, no one, nothing; no Relative Pronouns & 4, 8, who, whose, whom, which, that Bonep, finep (note the ac- cent), Snep, emphatic forms, who, whose, whom, which, that Adjectives GAn Orig, &ANQEs, true ‘th GANG, TOV GANBBV, the truth éxeivos, éxetvn, éxeivo, that; pl., those Note the predicate position: Exeivn 4 uo or i mdm, éxetvn, that battle13. TPOE THN ZAAAMINA @) 228 wevdis, -és, false tag Boxed, as it seems t& yevdii, tv yevdav, lies Expression Preposition tH Sve, in truth tyybs + gen., near Proper Names Adverbs ‘A BAAGs, this BAAGBOC, Hel- Gyo, together, at the same time las, Greece bre, when 6 Toaeidav, tod MoaerSavos, 5, as Poseidon énei 3 OMyov xpdvov Exrevoay, Séxa. vijeg HaKpai égaivovto, ait pds tov TMetpaé énopesovto dnd tav vijay éraviodoat. mdvtes ody tég xpuhperg edvro, at rayéoc Sud Gv KDUSTOW LonevSov. of yap épéror t xeRevor{ neWopevor thy BéAortav dpe Evmtov. énel 8E odxérr Epaivovto ai tprbpers, netGov wav éytywero 6 tivepos, h BE GéAarra éxbpatvev. of 8° Ev8pumor odxérr érépnovto, GAR ol pev &iv8peq totyav, ai 88 yovaixes péya exdalov edyspeven tov TlocerBave. oewv Eavedis ig tv Aevar. [GAtyov, small, short vfegpaxpat,long ships = warships ot... tpétai, rowers 1 xeAevst{}, boatswain (he beat the time for the rowers) pe(Cav, larger, greater éxéyatvey, inchoative, was becoming rough —#xAntov, inchoative, began to shriek] daviip 86 nig, Bg éyyig tod AtccnondArSog ExeOiLero, avéorn Kad Botts, “dpyiterar tpiv, Bon, “ MocerSav, dhe Soxei. KaKdv Yip &ivOpanov av tf vnt gépopev, dv Set inte eis chy Oddartav.” Kot rodg napdvrag ém@Odvac goxdner, d dt yépov npoaehOdy, “otmnoov, & &vOpane,” Eon: “od8bv yap Aéyerc. HEn yup xinter 6 divepos xai odkér. tocodto ‘kbpatver BdéAarca. xdOre obv Kal Hovyos Exe.” tpeydirevoc 5& npdg tov Didinnov, “undév goBod, & noi,” Eon: “Bx’ SMyow yup eis thy LoAanive dqrE6ueda. En yup mAgopev be tov otevav mpds tov Aévar, 130d, & Arccrdmode, té oteves, év of 1 tv BapBdpav vaurixdy suévopev bre zh 'EAAGEL adtobs Hbvouey dnép tlic BhevOepiag uayspevor.” [avéeen, stood up —ptnreiv, to throw tos08t0, 20 Havxos te, keep quiel!| ixigBbvog, maliciously, malignantly & SF Arcordnorte, “ct Aéyers, & yépov;” Bon. “Epa od exeivy th paxn napiicba;” 4 dt yépav, “udAioté ye,” Eon, “eyo napfiv, vetivias 10 8Athewaze: Book I By kai Epéeng ev cprhper “AOnvaig.” 6 8% iAinnos, “Spa td GANDA Aéyeig; dda obv yepaids ef, et tH Sver exetvy ch ux napiioba. GAM cin’ Aniv «f byévero.” 8 86, “uaKpds botwv 8 Aéyoc,” Bon, “AN ek Potreobe th yevouevo: uaBeiv, navea. 8 cpyiic eEnyhoower ey 5é, 3c nopiv, téprowar kEnyoopevos. dxovere obv.” WORD BUILDING Give the meanings of the words in the following sets: 1. Avads 8 vacéeng vavrinds, -A, 26 2 vavruxéy 2. varpoyéo — Averuayie — dvasiKAnpog avasapyos GRAMMAR 3. Relative Clauses You have now seen a number of relative clauses in the reading pas- sages, eg: a. Séxa vies naxpal égaivovso, at mpd sdv Metpard éxopesovro. Ten warships were visible, which were going to the Piraeus. b. Kaxdv EvOpanov év tii vnt oépopev, Sv Set pincer etc thy ObAatrav. We are carrying an evil man in the ship, whom it is necessary to throw into the sea. Relative cfduses are adjectival or descriptive clauses that are intro- duced by relative pronouns, of which English has the forms who, whose, whom, which, and that. In Greek the relative pronoun ‘may appear in any of the following forms: Singular Plural M. F. N. M. F. ON. Nom. &> ot af & who,which, that a 6 Gen. ob fc 08 © dv dv dy _ whose, of whom, of which Dat. 6 i 6 cig alg olg to/for whom/ which Ace. w ivy & ots Gis & whom, which, that Be careful not to confuse relative pronouns with definite articles. You may wish to compare the forms and accents of relative pronouns with those of the definite article (Chapter 4, Grammar 8, page 50). Note that the relative pronoun never begins with the letter t and that the masculine and 2%18. MPO THN EAAAMINA (8) 225 feminine nominative singular and plural definite articles do not have accents. Note the following rule: the relative pronoun, which introduces the relative clause, agrees with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun to which it refers in the main clause (i.e., its antecedent) in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in the relative clause. Thus, in sentence a above, the noun phrase Séxo vijes paxpat (feminine plural) is the antecedent of the relative pronoun, which must accordingly be feminine and plural. The relative pronoun is the subject of the verb in its own clause (éropedovto) and must accordingly be in the nominative case; the correct form is therefore at (feminine, plural, nom- inative). In sentence b above, the noun phrase xaxdv &vOpanov is the antecedent of the relative pronoun, which must accordingly be masculine and singu- lar. The relative pronoun is the object of pintew in its own clause and must accordingly be accusative; the correct form is therefore 3v (masculine, singular, accusative), ‘The suffix -rep may be added to the forms of the relative pronoun given above for emphasis. Exercise 136 In the first two paragraphs of reading passage , locate five relative clauses, Identify the antecedent of each relative pronoun, and explain why the relative pronoun is in its gender, number, and case. Two of the five examples have already been analyzed above. Exercise 13, Read aloud and translate into English. Explain the gender, number, and case of each relative pronoun: oi Eunopot, of év éxetvy tf voit Exheov, t& kipata odx époPodveo. b varimng, & 7 dpyiprov rapéazes, Auiv Arfoato els thy vady. of SvOparnor, oils év 19 Sper eiBere, citov ‘ABAVaLe Epepoy. Exeivot of S001 névta. éxotovy dnep Exéhevoev d Beondens. ai yovaiixes, alc Siedeyoueba,, ode EAeyov ta cAnOA. néytas itinoy ofnep intp tic EhevBeplas éudexovr0. Exelvn f vais, Av £0ed dnonAgovoan, oitov Eepev dnd 100 Mévtov (the Black Sea). 6 &yyehos, Ob v tf dyops Axabere, odx EAcye tk yevsh. Gp" obx EpoPetobe tod; BapBapovs ois 4 Bépkng ext thy "EARS fyevs Gp’ elSec éxeivny tiv napPévov, fi obtws dpyCeto 6 yépav; Noo Rey See226 Athenaze: Book I Exercise 130 Translate into Greek: a 2. Those young men were journeying to certain friends who live in the city. The young men, whom you saw on the mountains, were looking for their sheep all day. The captain received the money that I handed over to him. He was sailing through the straits, in which the Greeks defeated the barbarians. ‘That priest, with whom we were conversing (use SioAzyopcn + dat.), was telling lies. ‘The ship, in which he was sailing, arrived at the harbor within four days. I was listening to the women, who were working in the house at night. On the next day the sailors did all that the captain ordered. Weren't you afraid of that old man, who was shouting so loudly? The foreigners, although hurrying, helped the old man, who was looking for the oxen. 8rd Declension Nouns and Adjectives with Stems in -eo- Some 3rd declension nouns and adjectives have stems ending in -e0-, from which the ois lost before the endings, allowing the of the stem to contract with the vowels of the endings, o.g., % teizos (stem texye0-). The usual contractions occur, as follows: erere eta>q eto>ov e+a>e Stem: terzeo-, wall Singular Plural Nom. teix0s tk telyeo-a > tel Gen, wd twizes-og > telyoug tv teyfo-av > — terxGv Dat. «} telyeor> telzer tig telzea-or(v) > telxeou(v) Ace. wd tetxog cd telyes-0 > reign Vor. & teixos & elyeoa> ten Neuters with stems in -eo- have -o¢ in the nominative, ac- cusative, and vocative singular. So also ti Spoc, 108 Spovc, mountain; hill13, MPO THN FAAAMINA 6) 227 Stem: tpinpec-, trireme Nom. 4 — tpufiens ai tpiipes-eg > tptfipaic Gen. fig tpuypea-o¢> —tprtipav Dat. tpriper_ tac prfipeou(v) Ace. thy tpfipeo-a > wpripn Gig tpufipelg Voc. & wipes & —tprpeo-eg > —spufperc The genitive plural borrows its accent from the other forms, and the accusative plural borrows its form from the nominative plural The adjective éAnOic (stem «AnBea-) has only two sets of forms, the first to go with masculine or feminine nouns and the second to go with neuter nouns. It also loses the o of the stem before the endings and shows the same contractions as the noun above: Stem: éAnGes-, true M. & F. N. Nom. dandis ean Oés Gen. —&AnBéc-og > dn og GdnBés-og > dno Dat. Anis > dn Get adnBéor> — aAnBet Ace. — GAnéc-a > Gan OH San Bés Voc. — ddnBés eames Nom, dAnQéo-ec > dan Oeis dhnGéo-a > dnd Gen. dAnBéo-wv > dAnBav éinBéo-ov > dhnOav Dat. —&AnBéo-ox(v) > &AnBEor(v) GAnBEo-or(v) > dANBEou(v) Ace. — &dnQeig GdnBés-a > — edn bh, Voc. —ddnPéc-eg > —dAneic banéo-a > adn BA So also wevdys, yevdéc, false PRACTICE: Write all the forms of 1d péya Spos, the big mountain. Write the forms of 6 Eaxpéns, Socrates, in the singular. Write all the forms of the following phrases: 6 yevdig Adyos, the false story; h GAnBig dperh, the true virtue; and 2b yevdts bvoua, the false name. 5. 1st/3rd Declension Adjective with 3rd Declension Stems in -v- and -e- As does the adjective nas, ndca, nav (Chapter 8, Grammar 4, page 126), the adjective toxbc, tazeta, t0x%, quick, swift, has masculine and neuter forms that are 3rd declension, while the feminine is Ist declension (with a, because the stem ends in 1; compare the declension of ué-xarpa, Chapter 4, Grammar 3, page 42). For the 3rd declension forms, compare the declensions of néhic and dorv, Chapter 9, Grammar 3, page 145.28 Athenaze: Book I Stems: taxv-/raye- for masculine and neuter; taxet- for feminine, quick, swift Singular Plural Mase. Fem. Neut Mase. Fem. Neut. Nom. tazi-¢ tozeia tax rayeig —togeiar targé-a Gen. tazé-0g tayelis tazé-og tazé-ov raxerdv tazé-av Dat. tazei_—tazeiqa razed raxé-oulv) razeiars taxé-o1(v) Ace. tagi-v tozeiav raxh raxsig —ragelas tayé-0 Voc. tox tozeian tax rayeig —toyeiar © taryé-a So also Bpadic, Bpadeta, Bpadé, slow. PRACTICE: Write all the forms of 6 tayig xbov, the swift dog; h toxeia prions, the swift trireme; and tb ray) Cov, the swift animal. Exercise 131 Read aloud and translate: 1, oi noiiBec éni xa tein cevahaivovar. 2, ai tav “EAAfvev triers, tazeiar odcar, t&¢ tv Buphdpwv vats dqbiag EraBov. 3. del tc GANDA Adye, b not. 4, 6 &yyehog wevdi toic moAttous efxev. 5. wh t& mpdPara dvi té Son Ehavve: nodXol php Aixor év toig Spent elow. O SEPEHE TON EAAHZIIONTON AIABAINEI Read the following passages (based on Herodotus 7.33-35 and 44) and answer the comprehension questions: 8 BE ZkpEnc, todg “EAAqvag Karaotpeyactar Bovhéyevos, otpatdv pénetov napeoxebaccy. énel 88 névia te KAA Eom fy, tod¢ otparmyods éxéhevoe ‘yegdpav novfjoo ext 1} ‘Ehdmandveg, tov otpardv g0élav diaPiBéaai cig thy E¥pdmnv. ot ubv ofv orpamyol yédpav éxoincay, xeydv 8 wéyag yevouevos néyre 5réq8erpe Kal EADGEV. [d...Bép&ng, Xerxes todg “EAAnvas, the Greeks araotpéeecBas, to over- throw, subdue atpatdv,army sods orparnrods, the generals yéqdpav, bridge 1 EAAnoxéveg, the Hellespont BraBiPéoan, to take across, transport. tiv Evpéeny, Europe drégGerpe, destroyed]13. MPOE THN ZAAAMINA () 229 What did Xerxes wish to do? ‘What did he prepare? What did he order his generals to build? With what purpose in mind? What happened? Peer énei 8 fuadev BépEng w& yevoueva, née opntopevos éxéhevae robs Soshoug pactiyGoa bv ‘EXAhonovtov Kai tobs thy BdAorav pasttyodveac éxéhevce radta Aéyew: “h mxpdv Bbup, 6 Seondtns ae obtw KoAsCet HBieoas yo adtov oddtv Kaxdv mpdg adtod naBiv. Kal Bastheds BépEnc StoPiceral oe, etre Booher ette pi.” 10 [pacttySoar, to whip tadta, these things mixpdv, bitter, spiteful, mean xordber, punishes ABixnoas, you wronged —pdgadrob, from him adv, (although) having suffered: note that this aorist participle is neuter to agree with Séap, the subject of ASixnoas SraPhoerat, will cross etre... etze, whether. . . or) How did Xerxes react to what had happened? ‘What did he order his slaves to do? To what do the slaves address their speech? ‘What justification is cited for the punishment of the Hellespont? What will Xerxes do? PPA AH obtw pdv obv Exéhace thy BéAattav, éxetvous S& ol thy YepDpaV éxoinoay denéxtewe, tag Kepaddg dnotapdv. Enerta SE tods otparnyods éxéAevoev KAANV yépdpav rorfjoa, wea toxdpdv. énet 8 étotun fv A yépopa, d Zépkng xpds tov 'EAAjonovtov nposeABdy, npdcov piv névea thv otpardv YGehev Beton Ent BxBov obv twa. cvéfn, SBev évter tov neLdv otpatdv éBetto Kai bots ths vag. 15 Enea BE tod¢ arparmyods éxéhevae tov neCdv orpardv BioPiPsoo els thy Edpaany. oiitas obv th otpat® iyetto énl thy "EAAGSa. [axorapev (from énotéuvo), cutting off BxBov, hill avéfin, he went up, ascended B8ev, from where, whence rov neCdv oxpardy, the infantry] 10. What did Xerxes do to those who had built the bridge? 11. What did he order his generals to do? 12. What did Xerxes want to do when he approached the Hellespont? 18. Where did he go and what did he see? 14. What did he order his generals to do? Exercise 13x Translate into Greek: 1. When Philip was sailing to Salamis, the old sailor said that he was present at the battle (dat. without a preposition). 2. And Philip, who was very amazed, said, “Unless (ei ph) you are230 Athenaze: Book I telling lies, you are very old.” 3, And the sailor answered: “I was a young man then and was rowing in the fleet. 4. “Ifyou want to listen, I am willing to tell you what happened. 5. “But it’s a long story, which I must tell from the beginning.” pnBiv &yav. EbRov (of Athens) cian ——— feast] |THE PERSIAN WAR csPOS THN ZAAAMINA () Classical Greek Archilochus For Archilochus, see pages 121 and 173. After seeing an eclipse of the sun (648 B.C.), he declares that nothing is impossible (fragment 122, Gerber). gpnudrav Bedatoy odséy éorry ob5° dxdpotov od5t Cavpdcroy, éneiSh Zedg nathp ‘OAvpxiov éx pecapBping Lnxe vixr’, dnoxpowyas péoc, HMov Aéunovtos, dypdv 8 HAG’ én’ dvOpdmovg 5éos. Inpnudrav ... od8év, nothing of things = nothing at all &eAntov, unexpected &xdpotov, to be sworn impossible txerdh, since peaapBptyc, midday €Onxe, made dnoxpbyac, hiding (x) dog, the light aproveos, shining dypdv, moist, clammy (we print this emendation instead of the unmetrical Avypov, baneful, of the transmitted text) Bkos, fear] New Testament Greek Luke 21.1-4 The Widow’s Mite dvaPhéyas 58 elbev todg BiARoveas eis 1d yalouddmov tk SHpa adrav mhovotovg, elSev 5é twa zipav nevigpdy BiAAovGay exe? Aentd dbo, xal elnev, én Bag Ady dpiv 8x h xh aben A ntwzh xAetov néviov EBarev- ndvres yp obtot &x 10d nepicsedoveos abtoig EBaAov eig t& SHpo, aien BE éx 103 datephpats abriis névee, tov Biov dv elyev EBaAev.” [avaPAtyac: Jesus is the subject yaloguddnioy, treasury th BGpa, the gifts rhovotoug, wealthy xhpav, widow xevigpav, poor enti, small coins abn (take with } xipi), this} xtexi, the poor (one) rhetov R&vewv, more than all obtor, these (men) tod nepraaedovras adtoic, the more than enough for them, their abundance aibrn, this (woman) —batephuatog, need, poverty tay Biov, the livelihood}