TARMAC SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY L.L.C Independent Testing Laboratories and Materials Consultants ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT Customer Details Mis. Salah Bilal Al Noobi Saeed Tel. No. : 0507702596 Muhaisanah Third,Dubai-UAE Report No.: TIR-18-1287/1 Date: 20/03/2018 Request No.: TJQ-18-1287 Location: Plot No. 2440202 Muhaisanah, Dubai-UAE Project: G+1 Villa Owner/Client: Salah Bilal Al Noobi Saeed Tel.: 04 258 9952 Fax: 04 258 9953 P.O. Box 282559 += Dubai- UAE. E-mail : tsmtI@emirates.net.ae, www.tarmacsmtl.com 150 G007.2018 CERT NO. 775276TARMAC SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC ae Report No: TIR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhaisanah Third, Dubai-UAE Date : 20/03/2018 CONTENTS Page No. 1 Introduction 03 1.1 General Geology of the Area 03 2 Project and Site Description 03 3 Field Work 04 3.1 Standard Penetration Test 04 4 Laboratory Testing 04 4.1 Determination of Particle Size Distribution 04 4.2 Chemical Analysis 04 5 Sub-surface Conditions 05 5.1 Sub-surface Lithology 05 5.2 Ground Water 05 6 — Recommendations 06 6.1 Allowable Bearing Pressure (Shallow foundations) 06 6.2 Excavations 06 6.3 Foundation Settlement o7 7 Seismic Parameters o7 8 — Foundation Conerete 08 Appendix. A Site Location Map Appendix B Borehole Logs Appendix C Laboratory Testing Appendix D Chemical Standard Form No, :TRS-163 Rev.00, 0810572016 Page 20f 8TARMAC ae ‘SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No: TJR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhaisanah Thicd, Dubai UAE Date : 20:03/2018 4. INTRODUCTION (On the request of Mr. Salah Bilal Noobi Saeed on behalf of the owner, a site investigation work has been carried out for the proposed project. The main object of investigation was to determine the eub- surface conditions at the proposed site and to provide necessary geotechnical information to aid the structural engineer in designing their foundation. This report presents the general characteristics and Variability of the ground, ground water conditions and the conclusions of the of the geotechnical investigation. The scope of work include preliminary site visit to collect information about the present site conditions, driling of boreholes up to required depth and sampling disturbed and undisturbed samples, Performing the necessary field and laboratory testing on samples, Obtaining the subsurface lithology of the site and ground water conditions and developing conclusions and recommendations on the basis of discussion and observations. 1.4 General Geology of the Area The deposits of the United Arab Emirates coastline and the floor of the Arabian Gulf are of mostly Pleistocene or recent in age. Dubai is a place where a hot arid climate prevails. Average annual rainfall may only be a few centimeters and the summer shade temperatures are frequently in excess 40°C. The Contrast between night and day temperatures and night and day humidity is often high. ‘Desert’ is a geologically recent feature, the result of prolonged sub-aerial erosion and deposition in an arid environment. Most of the surface of the present day UAE is a sand desert, stretching from the Arabian Gulf Coast south to the unbroken and uninhabited sands of the Empty Quarter and east to the gravel plains bordering the Hajar Mountains. At Dubai and Sharjah coastline is dissected by channels or creeks and consists of a beach dune complex with development of Subkha plains in the hinterland at the head of the creeks. Recent sediments overlying aeolian carbonate sandstone are therefore generally encountered with occasional development of bioclastic limestone. The surface level of the sandstone varies appreciably over the area being exposed at the ground level in some localities in Dubai and occurring at depths of up to ten or twelve meters elsewhere. Towards Sharjah the sandstone passes literally into sand with cemented and sandstone layers, which is encountered to the depth of Penetration of normal site investigation boreholes. PROJECT & SITE DI ION The G+1 Vill. The site is located at plot no.2440202 at Muhaisanah Third, Dubai-UAE.. The plot covers aan area of approximately 1393.56m*, At the time ot investigation, the site area was undulating and vacant. The plot is bordered with vacant plots. Form No, :TRS-163 Rev.00, 080572016 Page of 8TARMAC iS Report No: TJR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhalsansh Third, Duba-UAE Date : 20/03/2018 3. FIELD WORK The execution of field Work on the site commenced on 08/03/2018 and the work completed on 08/03/2018. The borehole points were shown and identified by the client as dopicted in the site plan resented in Appendix A. Two (02) boreholes were drilled up to a depth of 6.5m each using cable percussion techniques (Rig No. : RM-01) as per BS 5930: 1999, Code of practice for site Investigations, 3.4 SPT (Standard Penetration Test) In order to determine the relative density of the strata, SPT (standard penetration tests) were carried out at every half meter interval up to the depth of 3.0m and there after at every one meter interval up to the required investigation depth. SPT tests were performed in accordance with BS1377:1990 Part 9 ‘AMD8264-95, “Determination of Penetration Resistance Using Split Barrel Sampler (SPT). The test consists of driving a 50mm external diameter thick walled sampler into soil using 63.5kg hammer falling freely from a height of 760mm. The number of blows required to achieve a penetration of 300mm, after an initial seating drive of 150mm is recorded and termed as “N Value". Disturbed split spoon samples. from the boreholes were also collected and examined through the SPT tests. All the results of the site work are logged in the attached borehole logs in Appendix B. 4, LABORATORY TESTING Laboratory tests were carried out on selected samples recovered from the borehole in order to determine the physical and chemical properties. The results of laboratory tests are presented in ‘Appendix C. 4.1 Determination of Particle size Distribution Selected soil samples were mechanically analyzed for classification and comparison purposes. Tests were carried out in accordance with BS 1377 Part 2: 1990 Clause. 9.2 and the results are presented in Appendix C of this report. 4.2 Chemical Analysis Soll samples from the borehole were selected and given to another independent laboratory for the determination of chloride content, sulphate content and pH value. The results are presented in ‘Appendix C. Chemical analyses were performed as per the following standards. * BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Clause 5 - Determination of sulphate content + BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Clause 7 — Determination of chloride content * BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Clause 9 ~ Determination of pH value Form No: TRS-163 Re.0, 08/0/2016 Page of §TARMAC is Report No: TIR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhaisanah Third, Duba-UAE Date : 20/03/2018 5. SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS The findings of the borehole were generally consistent with the anticipated geology ofthe site. 5.1 Sub-surface lithology ‘The nature of sub surface lithology as encountered by borehole driling is summarized below Depth (m) Description of Strata 0.0-0.5 Light brown, sy, fine grained SAND. (05-50 Medium dense, light brown, sity, fine grained SAND. 5.0-8.5 Dense, light brown sity, ne to medium grained SAND 5.2 Ground Water Observations concerning ground water were made during driling and at completion of the field work Measurements of ground water levels were taken on the next day of driling completion of each borehole Measured ground water table may be expected to vary due to the seasonal and tidal fluctuations or any dewatering in the vicinity Ground Water table on the boreholes Borehole No. Drilled Depth (m) "Ground Water level (m) BHOT 65 330m BH O2 65 320m Form No, :TRS-163 Rey.00, 0810572016 Page So 8TARMAC ‘SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No: TIR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhaisanah Third, Dubai-UAE Date : 2003/2018 6 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the test results and discuseion, our recommendations are provided for the foundation design and construction. 6.1 Allowable Bearing Pressures (Shallow Foundations:|solated/Strip at level -1.0m below) The foundation depth may vary according to the architectural requirement. However, the foundations can be placed at a minimum depth of -1.00m below Existing Ground Surface Level. Prior to construction, a minimum depth of 1.15m has to be excavated from the Existing Ground Level. The excavated ground shall be inspected by an experienced engineer and if any soft spots are encountered shall be removed and replaced with well compacted granular materials. Place at least one layer of granular road base material of ‘compacted thickness 0.15m up to the foundation formation layer. This layer shail be tested or in-situ ensity of not less than 98% of its MDD. Covering with a layer of concrete blinding of 100mm thickness should then protect the top surface. Based on the standard penetration tests, practical experience and the empirical equations developed by Terzaghi, Meyerhof and Bowels, below mentioned allowable bearing pressures were determined considering shallow foundation at the above specified depth. Foundation. Bearing Capacity Isolated’Strip of Max Width 3.0m 130 kNim? Tsolated’Strip of Width 3.0m— 5.0m | 120 KNim® 8.2 Excavations The excavation works should be carried out in accordance with good construction practice, such as BS 6031: 1981, “Code of Practice for Earthworks" or a simiar recognized standard. Where space permits and above the water table, the sides ofthe excavations would be necessary to be battered and as a guide the CIRIA Report No. 97 “Trenching Practice" recommends a maximum safe temporary slope of 35° to the horizontal. For deep excavations, if any, detailed study of the side slope stability should be carried out by a competent engineer using the findings of investigation. Form No, :TRS-163 Re.00, 08/05/2016 Page 6 of §TARMAC OS Report No: TIR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhaisanah Third, Dubal-UAE Date : 2003/2018 Foundation Settlements The total settlements under the above pressures are estimated to be within the tolerable limit with minimal allowable differential settlements. Most of the settlements will take place during the construction period. 7. SEISMIC PARAMETERS The current practice in U.A.E. is to follow the Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1994 for seismic design parameters. The latest version of the code UBC1997 may also be adopted. 1 the Seismic Activity, UAE has been grouped under Seismic Zone: 2A Seismic Zone Factor (Z): 0.15 Based On the SPT (N-Values) and/or UCT: The soil profile types can be considered as tabulated below ‘SallRiock ‘Shear Wave | SPTRange | UCT Range | SoilProfila | Seismic Coofficlent Description | Velocity (M/s) (oe) Type G Hard Rock | 1500 Se oi2 ora 760 0 1500 Se 045 018 Very Dense Soil 36010 760 [380 700 Se ois 025 & Soft Rock Shi Soi Profie | 18016360 [75% 50 | S010 100 | So oz 032 Soft SoH Profi | 160 a5 0 3 030 050 Soil Requiring Site — Specific Evaluation oF SPT: Standard Penta Test on So UCT: Unconind Compressive Strength Teton Rock Hence, the following coefficient can be adopted: Based on the subsoil strata of the site, profile type is So, Form No, TRS-163 Rev.00, 08/05/2016 Page 7 of 8 tTARMAC aw ‘SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No: TJR- 18-1287/1 Plot No.2440202 Muhaisanah Third, Dubal-UAE Date : 20/03/2018 8. FOUNDATION CONCRETE Based on the results of the chemical analysis for soil and/or ground water, the investigated site has been classified according to the British standard “BS8500-1:2006" (refer appendix D) as follows. [ Design Sulphate Ciass ‘Aggressive Chemical Environment Class ] (D8-Class) (ACEC-Class) | DS AC In view of aggressive environment and severe climatic conditions in the Gulf region, the appropriate recommendations in this standard and BRE Special digest 1: 2005, “Concrete in ‘Aggressive Ground” should be strictly followed. The recommendations of CIRIA special publication 31 should also be taken in to consideration, The publication considers both sulphates and chloride contamination of soils, ground water and aggregates in various exposure conditions and to all forms of concrete including foundation concrete. Alternatively the standard requirements of local ‘municipality/Regulatory authorities should be strictly followed. Good quality dense concrete with low permeability shall be made under careful supervision and good workmanship. In case of shallow foundations bitumen coating may be applied. Also adequate precautions should be taken to avoid corrosion of steel reinforcement due to moisture movement and chloride ingress. For Tarmac Soil & Material Testing Laboratory LLC Foam No. TRS-163 Rev.0, 08/08/2016 Page Sof §— ff APPENDIX A SITE LOCATION MAPTARMAC SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Repott No. :TIR48-1287/1 Date : 2010312018 {FIELD REPORT FOR THE ABOVE MENTIONED PLOT AND DETAILS: ie jd Jal ay A ¢ {are var oT Fon cometmuc Ton ree Hop aA adAd o ie (OY FOR LEVELING OR 808 187 ONT FOR iP snd lt ClecCrRAOMOOASTIBTORCONAOLPORTS HE MAL COMTICTYOUTORHE Adlai yd is DP? verona wear Case SE MOT CLEAR CONTRACTOR SHOULD CLEAR DE STETHENCONTACTSLAVEY nn YD V/ ILO dw ve [ETON COUNTER TO TAKE ANOTHER APPONTMENT o (RLY RYFOROEMARCATION ERVEE TO AWD DEA i had fad ae sn eB aa SITE VISIT NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES_— EF APPENDIX B BOREHOLE LOGSTARMAC ‘SOIL & MATERU Ae Wes HOKGbABMAATORY LLC at; 20002018 dora ee a = ona St Seana pa eee eee) seen areee Leo Oa eres cman pececacete farses nnn meee Set =a eipetereeteste tered gm] Seoewe lS pea Pa . A a) +] | - eS a eae a ee ate Pai rs a a Fee TR Sa FataTARMAC ia SOIL & MATERIA) JASTMGAMMRORATORY LLC ote 20308 Borehole Log Fane Tore exoanto ese Sau ha eh ees Srl n)60 Preto vata Ceorinte Nor One lessen Ne, 240201 Manan TuaaAE Dingo cade Parson rar: Ones Singhs Ww ong sent eneb2016 emote edn 60 bniegconntevon: 06092018 ‘nso at Cen. 120 ene Sor ete im) eve] Tye [sone | comm | ss00m [w'vatan [roe |scr|nao] Symbot eee = "DA Br Fo RD x osm wl afar] o as dase oe va sano Hoyle} e}«le| » I 50m Ho forlw|u| a | x Dae tomas tmegasS | ndotoomale ti Jana orev) :320n ‘ae Tet Wt Le Mn 090201888 8m renee thane 2 a NAO}TARMAC SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No. : THR-18-1287/1 Date : 20/03/2018 SOIL AND ROCK STRENGTH DEFINITIONS Granular soils - Relative Density (BS $930:1999) Cohesive soils - Consistency (BS $930:1999) Noofbiowsnispr) | eative density Clay Consistency of | — Undrained Shear Strength kim? 0-4 Very loose 4-10 Loose 10-30 Medium dense 30-50 Dense >50 Very dense Very soft Soft Firm Suit Very sift Hard Less than 20 » to 4 Me totes 3 wo 150 150 to 300 Greater then 300 Rock strength classification ( BS 5930:1999 ) Compressive Strength Field Definition MNint Core ‘Rocks ring on hammer blows Broken by heavy hammer blows Broken by light hemmer blows ‘Thin slabs or edges broken by heavy hand pressure Gravel size lamps can be broken in half by heavy hand pressure Gravel size lumps can be crushed between finger and chipped only by heavy hammer blows thumb > 200 100 - 200 30 = 100 Consistency of Cla and approximate correlation to the Standard Penetration Number , N SPT*N" Consistency Unconfined Compression Strength (eNin’) 0-25 02 Very Soft 2 Sof 3550 30-100 $10 Medium si 10-20 Sift 100-200 200-400 20330 Very sift 330) Hard 3400 Ref: Braja M. Das Pinciples of Foundation Engineering 3 Edition, PWS Publishing, page 89TARMAC = carpenters APPENDIX C_ LABORATORY TESTINGTARMAC SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No TR-1-12071 ate: s0082018 REPORT ON PARTI DISTRIBUTION Request No. uate.1287 Borehole No.4 ‘Sample No. T9818-1267/1-4.50 Depth(m) 34.6 Location + Plot No. 2440202 Muhaisanah Third,Dubat- UAE Source: Site ‘Sample Size (9) 1353.5 Sample Description : Sand ‘Sampling Method BS 5930 Cis 22 Initial Sample Preparation BS 1977 Part 1: 1990 Cis 7.3 and 7.4.5 Test specimen Preparation : BS 1977 Part2: 1990 Cis 9.2.3 Test Method BS 1977 Part 2: 1990 Cis 9.24 Test Method Variation : None Romarks None Date Tosted sae2n018 Tested By JsH TEST RESULTS. stat mm | PASSING a rtm 6.3 100 ° 5.00 100 335. 100 2.00 4100 118 100 0.600 99 0.425, 97 *° 0.300 96 = 0.212 93 WJ Faso “oe ao a 19 100 1008 e000 anes. - 8S Sieve aperture aaa aa apo | sos lr foe [uns ene |rm _[cun|cone [eves [one | a eT * Results relates only to the tems tested. * Reports shall not be reproduced (excopt in ful) without written approval ofthe laboratory.TARMAC = cummumuneris =O Report No. :TuR-18-1287/1 Date : 201032018 REPORT ON CHLORIDE, SULPHATE AND pH IN SOIL SUSPENSION Request No. :TQ-18-1287 Borehole No. : 4 ‘Sample No. 2 THS-18-12871-1.0 Depth (m) 3 4. Location : Plot No. 2440202 Muhaisanah Third,Dubal-UAE Source _: Site ‘Sample Size (g) 250.0 ‘Sample Description: Sand ‘Sampling Method +: BS 5930 Cls 22, ‘Sample Preparation : BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Cls.7.2.3 Amd.9028-96 (Chloride) : BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Cls.5.3 Amd.9028-96 (Sulphate) : BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Cls.9.4 Amd.9028-96 (pH Value) Test Method : BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Cls.7.2 Amd.9028-96 (Water Extraction) (Chloride) BS 1377 Part 3 : 1900 Cle.5.5 Amd.0028.96 (Water Extraction) (Sulphate) : BS 1377 Part 3 : 1990 Cis.9 Amd.9028-96 (pH Value) Test Method Variation :None Remarks : None Date Tested : 1810372018 Tested By :DAS TEST RESULTS Parameter Unit Result Chloride as Cf % 0.13 Sulphate as $05 gt 0.70 pH Value, a 79 Results relates only to the items tested. Reports shall not be reproduced (except in ful) without written approval of the laboratory. “Test was subcontracted.TARMAC OS APPENDIX D CHEMICAL STANDARD Selected Extract From BS 8500 - 1 : 2006TARMAC ‘SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No: TAR8-1267" Date: 200072018 Table AZ Classification of gromd conditions Siltatesadmagnestue [Design Natural soll [Brownfield ACEC. | outate clam Bit waterool) [Oroundwater [Total [tase [Beatie Mobile [Static Mobile |Cjeatgy ‘extract potential water water’ water water |‘sn@" euttate — 50, wg |o0, mg |50, mat—met—met—met— | Le >a8 pa ate I abe | 65 aca 1200|3 309° >10000)2.1024)nsim |Nokfoundin UK | on 2.510 65|AC-bm 38 a >6000 <1200 |>6000 <110 |>24 [oss # ines 2.5 to 3.5 32.5 2.5 to 6.5 32.5 ACS Yot found in UK 5 AC-4ms_ >6000 >12009|>6000 >11000/>2.4 00 PS Inatural ground 2.5 106.5 32.5 AC-5m 15 “Brownlie srs are those that wig Contain emieal residues renalning own previous Indra we or Fone lanported wastes. "Applies ony to sites where concrete wil be exposed osu ion ($0,), which can rest fromthe ciation of sales suchas pyrite, following ground disturbance. "9 The iit on water-soluble mages does not wppy to brackish groundwater (chloride content between. 12 gf and 16 G1). This allows these atest be clasiied in the row above. This table does not cover seawater and stone branes, An ational secount stake of hydrochloric and nitric acs by ajstment to sulfate conten! (ane BRE Special Digest 1110. "© or fowing wate thet s potential aggresive to concrete oning to high purty oransggressive carbon cide level greater than 15 maf, increase the ACEC elas to AC-2e (ne BRE Special Digest 1 1.TARMAC ‘SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC Report No, : TUR-18-1287/1 Date : 20/03/2018 ‘Table A9 Selection of the nominal cover and DC-class or designated concrete and the number of APM for in-situ concrete elements) where the hydraulic gradient due to groundwater is five or Ieee move) ‘TeGe cas Torro nomial tanta worn ve ‘9, fmt teant 60 years 7 ‘At least 100 years RETR RET a0, TE) Bo Daca] DE CDAD reread) noas.AC® 600,75 ——DC-RCEND2) be genoa) acae 00,759 DC-2ecRxDB) eas gNDe) Aco 00,769 De-BEND’) Des erwDs) sea 00,709 Des crnDa) Dest PND) aca $0.78 —De-3.-ND3) eos one APM atcha DS + one ace son,769—ne-acrinay Dea aruba neat $00,769 De-ax NDA) Deets ONDA ‘e- +one APM om APME to AMG “ —_ ome FINDA + one APM from APM2 to APMS- pene 03,759 BC-an NDA) De-in NDA) a : Dc-dn + on APL APM w ATS, oe $09,759 Dea (PND A) PNDim + one APM fron APMO to APMIS soo 809,709 De-4L GND + AH DAR CENDAN) + MY neo. tos,z00 bet gnba) van Dea (rnb) + AM nom 600,760 __DC-4mINDinJe APD _DC-im (END) + APM Tor galaace on precast concrete products, se BRE Spec Dig TIT "Where te hydaulc radiect ser «concrese eer i greater than 5, ne te in DCclasor en APM over and ‘Sore the rumba nae in he ble soul be ape encepe where the original provisions nleded APNE, Where [XPM le aendy required or has been sled an edaoral APM shot necessary © ‘eectonthicten of 140 mn or less should be avoided nat construction but where rhino pace, app ‘ne tp higher Dass (sigue concrete) or an wlnal APM except wher the orgial provisions ichTARMAC ‘SOIL & MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY LLC a Report No. : TIR-18-1287/1 Date : 20/08/2018, Table AL] Limiting values of composition and properties for concrete where « DC-class Is specified D-clam Max. Min. coment or combination ‘Cement and combination types Grouping wie content Ckgm’) for mex. ‘used in Tatle Segresiate law bresDis 340mm 20mm Imm 10mm ee a Kae 0553008803607 SR, ASR, TTBS SR, VED. EF 05082040360 $80CEMI,SRPC,IAD.IAQ IAS, AG pez TAX BS, Ba, mS 045 34086038080 MAL or LL 3425 B 040360880380 or LL. c DOR 085 90082040360 Alin THEA aoe 080330 340360380 F Des ads HO 8608] E 040 360880380380 —_—TIRL+ SR, MIAY'SR, RPC De BER 0m) 304036000 Toble AS Riot ‘3a M0360 3800 ¥ e404 8608080 E 0359038038080. TIBY4 SR. MAS SRC no DER __046 M060 60 00 “Ailiw TIES Awe Deim 0450360860380 Tvs F 57" conerte i reinforced or contains eibeed wet, the wna conere Gulky Tor 20 man anon AAP WEaTE sani C2400, 0.65, 260 or designated concrete R250, ‘Where concrete isto be in contact with sea water, needs to be of « ‘sufficient quality to resist sea water attack. The recommendations to ‘resist reinforcement corrosion Induced by sea water (see Table A.4 and ‘Table A.5) provide concretes with adequate resistance to the chemical attack on the concrete by sea water. Where unreinforced concrete is to be in contact with sea water, the maximum w/c ratio should not be more ‘than and minimum cement or combination content should be not less ‘than that given in Table A.12. Table A12 Limiting values of composition for unreinforced concrete in contact with sea water x “in. cement or combination ‘Cement and combination iypes) Indleative wleratle content Gogh") for man. aggregate nize compressive 30mm 20mm 14mm 10mm Sane om 80300 330.340 CNT, SPC TS Camry os 280-900 820, B MIB. SR, MHA, TAS (€25/00) 0.55 230-00 820340“, IBS, VEY (cans) 5 Seopa 2 ‘Tiss an incatve compresiv strength class aid not « recommended mirimum compressive strength eas for iurabliy; se A 2. For the avoidance of deterioration due to sulfates within the original ‘concrete, see A.7.4 and A.8.2. For the avoidance of damaging alkali-silica reaction, see A.B.