Data Collection

Prevalence of PTSD, Prevalence of PTSD Prevalence of PTSD

schizophrenia (or and/or and/or
related disorders) in schizophrenia (or schizophrenia (or
the affected related disorders) in related disorders)
generation the generation who In the offspring of
- were in fetal the generation who
Demographic development during was in fetal
differences (if the time of the event development during
applicable) that affected the the time of the event
generation of their that affected the
parents generation of their
- parents
Demographic -
differences (if Demographic
applicable) differences (if
applicable)

Laura C. Schulz, “Those who were “Those who were Data not included
The Dutch Hunger exposed to the famine exposed to the famine
Winter and the only during late only during late
Developmental gestation were born gestation were born
Origins of Health small and continued small and continued
and Disease to be small to be small
throughout their lives, throughout their lives,
with lower rates of with lower rates of
obesity as adults than obesity as adults than
in those born before in those born before
and after the famine.” and after the famine.”
“those exposed
during early gestation
experienced elevated
rates of obesity,
altered lipid profiles,
and cardiovascular
disease. In contrast,
markers of reduced
renal function were
specific to those
exposed in
mid-pregnancy.”
 “in addition to the
previously shown
effects of food
restriction in utero on
metabolism and
cardiovascular health,
there are effects on
age-associated
decline of cognitive
functions.”

“only in those
exposed to famine
during early gestation
is there a significant
impairment in a test
of selective attention
at ages 56–59 y.”
-
Demographic’s
illustrated: Early
gestation, late
gestation, mid
pregnancy

Kit Yee Chan, Data not included “The prevalence of “The prevalence of
Fei–fei Zhao, Shijiao schizophrenia in schizophrenia in
Meng, Alessandro R China has more than China has more than
Demaio, Craig doubled between
doubled between
Reed, Evropi 1990 and 2010.”
Theodoratou, Harry 1990 and 2010.”
Campbell, Wei Note: this is the time
period of which the Note: the study
Wang, Igor Rudan;
children of the includes those aged
Prevalence of
Schizophrenia in affected generation of 15 and older. The
China Between 1990 the Chinese Famine majority of those
and 2010 are aged adults between the ages of
“Lifetime prevalence 15 and 30 are the
in the population children of those who
 aged 15 years or were in fetal
older in urban China development during
was 0.39% the time of the
(0.37–0.41%) in
Chinese Famine
1990”
“for rural areas “Lifetime prevalence
0.37% (0.34–0.40%)” in the population
aged 15 years or
“Lifetime prevalence
older in urban China
in the population
aged 15 years or was 0.83%
older in urban China (0.75–0.91%) in
was 0.57% 2010.
(0.55–0.59%) in
2000” “For rural areas
0.50% (0.47–0.53%)”
“For rural areas
0.43% (0.42–0.44%)” -
- Demographics
Demographics illustrated: urban
illustrated: urban inhabitants, rural
inhabitants, rural inhabitants
inhabitants

Rachel Y., Nikolaos Holocaust exposure “Holocaust exposure Data unavailable

D., Linda B., had an effect on had an effect on
Heather B., Torsten FKBP5​ methylation FKBP5​ methylation
K., Florian H., that was observed in that was observed in
Elisabeth B.; exposed parents as exposed parents as
Holocaust Exposure well in their well in their
Induced offspring. offspring.”
Intergenerational
Effects on FKBP5
Methylation “Holocaust Survivors “Methylation levels
[had a] 51.6% for exposed parents
[chance of] Current and their offspring
PTSD” were significantly
correlated”

‘Holocaust survivors
[had a] 13.8% “Parental trauma
[chance of] Current exposure is
associated with
anxiety disorder greater risk for
except PTSD” posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and
mood and anxiety
“Holocaust survivors disorders in offspring
[had a] 31.0% (1, 2).”
[chance of] current “Biological
mood disorders” alterations associated
with PTSD and/or
other stress-related
disorders have also
been observed in
offspring of trauma
survivors who do not
themselves report
trauma exposure or
psychiatric disorder
(3, 4, 5).”

“Holocaust Offspring
[have a] 36.0%
[chance of] current
anxiety disorder
(except PTSD)”

“Holocaust Offspring
[have a] 13.6%
[chance of] current
mood disorder”

-
Demographics
illustrated: “There
were no significant
differences between
the groups in age,
gender, years of
education, current
anxiety or mood
disorder diagnoses, or
 frequency of the
FKBP5​ risk allele.”

Rachel Y., “Women with PTSD “such mothers Statistics unavailable

Stephanie E., Sarah reported more [directly exposed to due to proximity
B., Jonathan S., depression (​t​ = 3.34, the World Trade
Marcus M., Gertrud df = 36; ​P​ = 0.002) Center collapse on
B; than women without September 11 during
Transgenerational PTSD” pregnancy] gave birth
Effects of to smaller babies
Posttraumatic Stress adjusted for
Disorder in Babies gestational age at
of Mothers Exposed delivery, compared
to the World Trade with women
Center Attacks unexposed to
during Pregnancy September 11 during
pregnancy”

“Maternal exposure
to glucocorticoids
during pregnancy can
result in lower birth
weight and higher
glucocorticoid levels
in offspring, leading
to adult disease (​e.g.
hypertension, insulin
resistance, and
hyperlipidemia) (7)
and depression (8).”

“babies of mothers
who developed PTSD
also showed lower
salivary cortisol
levels in the first year
of life. Lower cortisol
levels were most
apparent in babies
born to mothers with
PTSD in their third
trimesters on
September 11, yet
PTSD symptom
severity in the entire
sample was
correlated with infant
cortisol levels
regardless of
trimester.”

“The data suggest

that effects of
maternal PTSD on
cortisol can be
observed very early
in the life of the
offspring and
underscore the
relevance of ​in utero
effects as contributors
to putative biological
risk factor for
PTSD.”

“The correlation
between maternal
PTSD and cortisol
levels in infants was
remarkably similar to
that reported between
parental PTSD and
urinary cortisol levels
in adult offspring of
Holocaust survivors
(r = −0.46) (3).”