1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Marcet Boiler (HE 169) has been developed for scrutinizing the relationship between
the pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures
between atmospheric and 10 bar (abs) (150lb/in2). Therefore, this experiment is carried out to
verify the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium and the vapor pressure curve learnt in thermodynamics by using Marcet Boiler
(HE 169) as apparatus.

2.0 THEORY
Thermodynamics is a study of relationship between heat, work, temperature, and
energy. In broad terms, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one place to
another and from one form to another. The key concept is that heat is a form of energy
corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work. The systems in thermodynamics
consist of very large numbers of atoms or molecules interacting in complicated ways. But, if
these systems meet the right criteria, which is called equilibrium, they can be described with
a very small number of measurements or numbers. Often this is idealized as the mass of the
system, the pressure of the system, and the volume of the system, or some other equivalent
set of numbers.
An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables which are Absolute Pressure
(P), Volume (V), and Absolute Temperature (T). Generally ideal gas obeys the equation of
state which is,
PV=nRT
where, P = Absolute Pressure
V = Volume
n = Amount of Substance (moles)
R = Ideal Gas Constant
T = Absolute Temperature (K)
When energy is increased in the water, the molecules in the water that is increasing
will enable the molecules to escape from the surface until it is in equilibrium (boiling point).
The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure in the surface of the water. When the
pressure is low it is easier for the molecules to leave the water with less energy.
The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP)SAT obtained from the
experimental results can be compared with corresponding values calculated from the data in
steam tables. As Clausius-Clapeyron states:
(dT/dP)SAT = Tvfg / hfg
(dT/dP)SAT = T(vf – vg) / (hf – hg)
and hf + hfg = hg.
Hence, hfg = hg – hf.
(dT/dP)SAT = T(vf – vg) / hfg = Tvg / hfg
As vg >> vf in which, vf = specific volume of saturated liquid
vg = specific volume of saturated vapor
hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid
hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor
hfg = latent heat of vaporization

3.0 OBJECTIVES
 To demonstrate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated
steam in equilibrium.
 To demonstrate of the vapor pressure curve.
4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 General Start-up Procedures
1. A quick inspection is performed to ensure that the unit is in proper operating
condition.
2. The unit is connected to the nearest power supply.
3. The valves at the feed port and the level sight tube (V1, V2 and V3) are opened.
4. The boiler is filled with distilled water through the feed port and the water level is
made sure to be at about the half of the boiler's height. Then, the valves, V1 and V2 at
the level sight tube are closed.
5. The power supply switch is turned on.
6. The experiment is ready to be carried on.

4.2 General Shut-down Procedures

1. The heater is switched off and the boiler temperature is allowed to drop until room
temperature.
2. The main switch and the main power supply is switched off.
3. The water is retained for next use.
4. The upper part of the level sight tube, V3 is opened followed by V1 and V2 to drain
the water.

4.3 During Experiment Procedures

1. The general start-up procedures is performed as described.
2. The valves at the level side tube (V2 and V3) is opened to check the water level.
3. The temperature controller is set to 185.0 oC which is slightly above the expected
boiling point of the water at 10.0 bars (abs).
4. The vent valve, V3 is opened and the heater is turned on.
5. The steam temperature rise as the water boils is observed.
6. The steam is allowed to come out from the valve, V3 for about 30 seconds, and then
the valve is closed.
7. The steam temperature and pressure when the boiler is heated until the steam pressure
reaches 10.0 bars (abs) is recorded.
8. The heater is turned off, then the steam temperature and pressure began to drop. The
steam temperature when the boiler is cooled until the steam pressure reaches
atmospheric pressure is recorded.
9. The boiler is allowed to cool down to room temperature.
10. The steam temperatures at different pressure readings is recorded when the boiler is
heated and cooled.
5.0 RESULT:

Pressure, P ( bar) Temperature, T Measured slope, Calculated slope,

dT/dP T𝐯𝐠 /h𝐟𝐠
(K/kPa) (K/kPa)

Gauge Absolute Increase (ᵒС)

1.10 2.10 122.20 - 0.314
1.20 2.20 123.30 0.110 0.307
1.30 2.30 124.70 0.140 0.278
1.40 2.40 126.70 0.200 0.248
1.50 2.50 127.80 0.110 0.232
1.60 2.60 129.30 0.150 0.217
1.70 2.70 130.00 0.070 0.209
1.80 2.80 131.40 0.140 0.195
1.90 2.90 132.50 0.100 0.183
2.00 3.00 133.70 0.120 0.177
2.50 3.50 139.10 0.110 0.142
3.00 4.00 143.80 0.092 0.118
3.50 4.50 148.30 0.090 0.104
4.00 5.00 152.00 0.074 0.092
4.50 5.50 155.80 0.076 0.083
5.00 6.00 159.00 0.064 0.076
5.50 6.50 162.70 0.074 0.071
6.00 7.00 165.70 0.060 0.066
6.50 7.50 167.90 0.044 0.061
7.00 8.00 170.50 0.052 0.058
7.50 8.50 173.70 0.064 0.055
8.00 9.00 175.40 0.034 0.052
8.50 9.50 177.70 0.046 0.050
9.00 10.00 180.00 0.046 0.048
6.0 ANALYSIS:

6.1 PLOT THE GRAPH OF T AGAINST P:

Temperature , T against Absolute Pressure , P

200
180
160
TEMPERATURE , T (ᵒС)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE , P (BAR)

dT/dP and Tvfg/hfg against P

0.35
dT/dP & Tvfg/hfg (K/kPa)

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
P absolute (bar)

dT/dP Tvfg/hfg
 7.0 CALCULATIONS:

Sample calculation for Temperature:-

Temperature, T= 𝐓@ 𝟐.𝟏 + 273

= 122.2 ᵒС + 273

= 395.2 K

Sample Calculation for dP:-

d𝑷𝟐.𝟐𝒃𝒂𝒓 = 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔@𝟐.𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓 - 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔@𝟐.𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓

= 2.2 bar – 2.1 bar

= 0.1 bar
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
= 0.1 bar x 𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓

= 10 kPa

Sample Calculation for dT:-

d𝑻𝟐.𝟐𝒃𝒂𝒓= 𝑻𝟐.𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓 - 𝑻𝟐.𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓

= (123.3 + 273K) – (122.2 + 273K)

= 1.1K

𝒅𝑻
Sample Calculation for (𝒅𝑷) :-

𝒅𝑻 𝟏.𝟏𝐊
(𝒅𝑷)𝟐.𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓= 𝟏𝟎𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐝𝐓
Calculations for Measured Slope (𝐝𝐏) :
= 0.11K/kPa
Pressure, 𝐏𝐚𝐛𝐬 dP Temperature, T dT 𝐝𝐓 𝐊
(𝐝𝐏) (𝐤𝐏𝐚)
(bar) (kPa) (K) (K)
2.10 - 395.2 - -
2.20 10.0 396.3 1.1 0.110
2.30 10.0 397.7 1.4 0.140
2.40 10.0 399.7 2.0 0.200
2.50 10.0 400.8 1.1 0.110
2.60 10.0 402.3 1.5 0.150
2.70 10.0 403.0 0.7 0.070
2.80 10.0 404.4 1.4 0.140
2.90 10.0 405.5 1.1 0.100
3.00 10.0 406.7 1.2 0.120
3.50 50.0 412.2 5.5 0.110
4.00 50.0 416.8 4.6 0.092
4.50 50.0 421.3 4.5 0.090
5.00 50.0 425.0 3.7 0.074
5.50 50.0 428.8 3.8 0.076
6.00 50.0 432.0 3.2 0.064
6.50 50.0 435.7 3.7 0.074
7.00 50.0 438.7 3.0 0.060
7.50 50.0 440.9 2.2 0.044
8.00 50.0 443.5 2.6 0.052
8.50 50.0 446.7 3.2 0.064
9.00 50.0 448.4 1.7 0.034
9.50 50.0 450.7 2.3 0.046
10.00 50.0 453.0 2.3 0.046
Sample calculation for 𝒗𝒇𝒈 : (based on thermodynamics table)

𝒗𝒇𝒈 @ 𝑻=𝟑𝟔𝟖.𝟗𝑲 = 𝒗𝒈 - 𝒗𝒇

= 1.56636- 0.0010450

= 1.5653150 𝒎𝟑 /kg

Sample calculation for 𝒉𝒇𝒈 : (based on thermodynamics table)

𝒉𝒇𝒈@ 𝑻=𝟑𝟔𝟖.𝟗𝑲 = 𝒉𝒈 - 𝒉𝒇

= 2679.46– 428.204

= 2251.25 kJ/kg

Sample calculation for calculated slope, 𝑻𝒗𝒇𝒈 /𝒉𝒇𝒈 :

𝑻𝒗𝒇𝒈 ( 𝟑𝟗𝟓.𝟐𝑲 )(𝟏.𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎)

=
𝒉𝒇𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟎

= 0.274 K/kPa

+
 𝐓𝐯𝐠
Calculations for calculated slope ( 𝐡 ):
𝐟𝐠

Pressure, P (bar) Temperature, Specific volume, v (𝒎𝟑 /kg) Enthalpy, Calculated

T (K) h (kJ/kg) slope,
(𝑻𝒗𝒇𝒈 /𝒉𝒇𝒈 )
(K/kPa)
Gauge Absolute 𝐓𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒈 𝒗𝒇𝒈 𝒉𝒇𝒈
1.10 2.10 395.2 0.0010450 1.56636 1.5653150 2251.25 0.274
1.20 2.20 396.3 0.0010470 1.43872 1.4396730 2244.40 0.254
1.30 2.30 397.7 0.0010490 1.33178 1.3307310 2238.10 0.236
1.40 2.40 399.7 0.0010510 1.24554 1.2444890 2232.30 0.237
1.50 2.50 400.8 0.0010530 1.15930 1.1582470 2226.50 0.209
1.60 2.60 402.3 0.0010546 1.09702 1.0959654 2221.34 0.198
1.70 2.70 403.0 0.0010562 1.03474 1.0336838 2216.18 0.188
1.80 2.80 404.4 0.0010578 0.98002 0.9789622 2223.30 0.178
1.90 2.90 405.5 0.0010594 0.93286 0.9318006 2206.58 0.171
2.00 3.00 406.7 0.0010610 0.88570 0.8846390 2201.90 0.163
2.50 3.50 412.2 0.0010670 0.71870 0.7176330 2181.50 0.136
3.00 4.00 416.8 0.0010730 0.60580 0.6047270 2163.80 0.116
3.50 4.50 421.3 0.0010790 0.52430 0.5232210 2148.10 0.103
4.00 5.00 425.0 0.0010840 0.46250 0.4614160 2133.80 0.092
4.50 5.50 428.8 0.0010880 0.41400 0.4129120 2120.70 0.083
5.00 6.00 432.0 0.0010930 0.37490 0.3738070 2108.50 0.077
5.50 6.50 435.7 0.0010970 0.34270 0.3416030 2097.00 0.071
6.00 7.00 438.7 0.0011010 0.31570 0.3145990 2086.30 0.066
6.50 7.50 440.9 0.0011040 0.29270 0.2915960 2076.00 0.062
7.00 8.00 443.5 0.0011080 0.27290 0.2717920 2066.30 0.058
7.50 8.50 446.7 0.0011120 0.25560 0.2544880 2057.00 0.055
8.00 9.00 448.4 0.0011150 0.24040 0.2392850 2048.00 0.052
8.50 9.50 450.7 0.0011180 0.22700 0.2258820 2093.40 0.048
9.00 10.00 453.0 0.0011210 0.21500 0.2138790 2031.10 0.048
Sample Calculation of Percentage Error, % :

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆−𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆

Percentage of error, % = 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎

(𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟎−𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟒)
=| 𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟒
| x 100

= 56.69%

𝑻𝒗𝒇𝒈 𝒅𝑻 𝑲 Percentage Error (%)

Calculated slope, ( 𝒉 ) Measured slope, (𝒅𝑷)(𝒌𝑷𝒂)
𝒇𝒈
(K/kPa) (K/kPa)
0.274 - -
0.254 0.110 56.69
0.236 0.140 40.68
0.237 0.200 15.61
0.209 0.110 47.37
0.198 0.150 24.24
0.188 0.070 62.77
0.178 0.140 21.35
0.171 0.100 41.52
0.163 0.120 26.38
0.136 0.110 19.12
0.116 0.092 20.69
0.103 0.090 12.62
0.092 0.074 19.56
0.083 0.076 8.43
0.077 0.064 16.88
0.071 0.074 4.23
0.066 0.060 9.09
0.062 0.044 29.03
0.058 0.052 10.34
0.055 0.064 16.36
0.052 0.034 34.62
0.048 0.046 4.17
0.048 0.046 4.17
9.0 DISCUSSION

1. Why is it necessary to remove air from the boiler at the beginning of the
experiment?

At the beginning of the experiment, it is necessary to remove the air from the boiler.
This is because air might affect the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is
not removed, the correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling
water will not be obtained. Hence, due to partial pressure of air, a lower water
temperature will be required to raise the pressure. Moreover, the air trapped in the
boiler could lead to the boiler failure.

2. Compare the graph plotted from experiment data to that of the calculated data.

Temperature , T against Absolute Pressure , P

200
TEMPERATURE , T (ᵒС)

150

100

50

0
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE , P (BAR)

dT/dP and Tvfg/hfg against P

0.35
dT/dP & Tvfg/hfg (K/kPa)

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
P absolute (bar)

dT/dP Tvfg/hfg
3. Discuss any discrepancy and sources of error of the experiment.

The error percentage should not cross or exceed 10% as the experiment was done in
enclosed surface and no volume of experimenting samples are allowed to escape from
the system. However, based on the data obtained from the experiment, the percentage
of errors is within the range of 0% until 77%. This might happen due to the present of
the air in the boiler and the measurements reading errors that happen during the
experiment.

These are the sources of error during experiment:

1) The room temperature and the pressure.
2) Measurement reading accuracy.
3) The stability of the material
4) The volume of water in the boiler at the beginning.

4. Discuss the liquid and vapor behavior observed through the experiment and list
some examples of its industrial applications.

When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to gain heat and
move faster. As they move around so fast that they cannot hold on to each other
anymore, all the molecules started to move apart and become gas. As the liquid
absorbed enough heat energy, it changes from liquid to vapor form. However, as the
steam is not allowed to exit, the pressure in the boiler increases. Hence, causing the
temperature to rise. The liquid ( water ) undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (
steam ).

Examples of boiler in industrial applications:

1) Power plant boiler.
2) Food steamer used by Food Industries.
3) Fluidized Bed Reactor.
4) Steam Engines.
10.0 CONCLUSION

Marcet boiler is the device which we use to study the relationship between pressure and
temperature for a water at saturated steam phase. As we did in the laboratory, we started
heating water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then, closing the valve
which created a constant volume system. Forcing the pressure to increase as the temperature
rises. Thus, studying the direct relation between pressure and temperature for water at that
point.
We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make sure
we are now in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never increased
causing the experiment to be useless.
We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when we closed the valve exactly when
we reached boiling temperature ( 99.6 ᵒС ) and thus keeping water at saturated liquid phase.
After studying the results and plotting the diagram, we find that the relationship
between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The differences between
theoretical and the actual values are caused by errors with certain calculated percentages. In
this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be directly
proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope shows a small
deviation between them due to certain errors.

REFERENCES
 Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, "Thermodynamics – An Engineering
Approach", 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
 https://www.livescience.com › Tech
 www.brighthubengineering.com › Mechanical Engineering › Thermodynamics
 https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-temperature.html
 http://www.academia.edu/11843064/CHE144_-_Lab_Report_Marcet_Boiler_2015_