TROPICOS
Resumen:
El estado de desarrollo de las plantaciones, y su manejo, ejercen una
influencia fuerte sobre las características hidrológicas. Los cambios más
grandes sobre el rendimiento hídrico de la cuenca, la respuesta a la
escorrentía y la producción de sedimentos asociados con las plantaciones
usualmente ocurren cuando el bosque natural es convertido a plantación.
Los efectos sobre las tasas del flujo pico y sedimentos transportados
normalmente se estabilizan a los dos años de establecimiento a niveles
ligeramente por encima de los originales. Comparativamente poco se
conoce sobre el consumo del agua por las especies forestales que se
plantan con más frecuencia. Como resultado de esto, son posibles a esta
etapa predicciones poco confiables sobre los eventuales efectos de las
plantaciones en la magnitud y el rendimiento hídrico anual y estacional .
Sin embargo, existe evidencia de que la plantación de árboles de rápido
crecimiento en áreas de potreros disminuirá el flujo superficial después de
que el dosel de copas se cierre, particularmente en la estación seca. Se
discuten los efectos hidrológicos de las prácticas de manejo del bosque y la
no utilización de modelos hidrológicos en las cuencas para predecir tales
efectos.
Se concluye que, a pesar de que se conoce relativamente poco hasta el
presente sobre la hidrología de las plantaciones tropicales en relación con la
interacción entre el clima, los suelos, y las especies de árboles, se han
establecido las metodologías para llenar tales vacíos del conocimiento.
Figura 5.2 Respuesta de la cuenca a las lluvias (modificado de Calver et al. 1972)
LA FASE DE MADURACIÓN
Interceptación de lluvia.
Hay numerosas publicaciones de interceptación de lluvias en plantaciones de
bosques tropicales; sin embargo, la comparación de datos para diferentes especies y
localidades es complicado, no solo por los contrastes potenciales en condiciones
climáticas, crecimiento de los arboles, edad del rodal e historia de manejo (aclareo,
etc.), sino también por las diferencias en la metodología. En general, la cantidad
estimada de lluvia que atraviesa el dosel con el método del "pluviómetro móvil"
tiende a ser mayor que la obtenida con el método de el "pluviómetro fijo". Esto
probablemente refleja las diferencias en eficiencia de los dos métodos en la
representación de los "puntos de goteo", donde la cantidad de agua que atraviesa el
dosel excede la cantidad de lluvia incidente (Lloyd and Marques, 1988). Debido a el
escurrimiento por el tallo generalmente constituye solo una fracción menor de la
cantidad total de agua que llega al suelo forestal, se concluye que la lluvia que
atraviesa el dosel sea mayor que la resultante de la interceptación (ver ecuación 3).
En la tabla 5.1 (latifoliadas y 5.2 (Coníferas) se describen los resultados que pueden
ser confiables en estudios de interceptación (por ejemplo, porque los utilizados en la
técnica del pluviómetro móvil y/o un gran número de colectores plus en periodos
largos de observación (mayores de un año) para varias especies importantes usadas
en plantaciones de bosques tropicales. Muchos contrastes importantes se pueden
extractar de estos datos.
Los resultados obtenidos con varias especies de pino son muy variados (tabla 5.2).
Las pérdidas de interceptación para los rodales de rápido crecimiento, de Pinus
caribea, y Pinus merkusii por encima del 20% de la lluvia en varias localidades de
tierras bajas tropicales (Fiji, Indonesia) pero muy diferentes e inferiores bajo
condiciones sub-húmedas y frías (sudeste del Brasil). Valores altos (típicamente 25%
o más) también han sido reportadas para varias plantaciones de coníferas que crecen
en altitudes mayores no afectadas por la frecuencia de nubes bajas. Los posteriores
resultados probablemente reflejan una combinación de intensidad baja de lluvia
pertenecientes a elevaciones mayores (Calder, 1990) y el índice de área foliar alto
asociado con rodales maduros. Por el contrario, el porcentaje de interceptación tan
bajo obtenido para Pinus kesiya en las montañas del norte de Philipinas (0.10-0.13)
puede estar influenciado por contribuciones de la precipitación "oculta" (neblina)
despojada por los árboles pero no registrada por los pluviómetros en los claros (Ver
Marmanteo and Yeracion, 1985). Finalmente, los valores de interceptación
reportados para la especie de rápido crecimiento de Albizia falcataria parecen muy
altos entre 18-20% (tabla 5.2), en vista de su copa rala.
SÍNTESIS
Es útil distinguir entre la Fase de establecimiento y la Fase de maduración
cuando se describen los cambios de las características hidrológicas de las
plantaciones en varias etapas de crecimiento.
Cuando se establece una nueva plantación, el suelo queda expuesto
usualmente durante varios meses hasta que se desarrolle un sotobosque
protector, y durante este período el agua de la cuenca y particularmente la
producción de sedimentos, como también los flujos pico, se incrementarán
en comparación con los valores observados en condiciones previas de
bosque natural. El incremento en la producción de sedimentos y los
caudales pico desaparecen después de dos o tres años a partir de los cuales
ellos exhiben niveles estables muy similares a los de las condiciones
originales. El incremento en el rendimiento hídrico de la cuenca tiende a ser
más alto, usualmente hasta que el dosel de copas de la plantación se cierre,
pero la información en este aspecto es escasa.
Las cantidades relativas de interceptación de la precipitación después que
las copas se cierran difieren entre especies en función de la arquitectura
del dosel y las condiciones climáticas. Las especies latifoliadas como la teca
y la caoba africana típicamente interceptan cerca de 20 % de la
precipitación, mientras que las copas ralas del eucalipto interceptan cerca de
12 %. Valores reportados para los rodales de rápido crecimiento de Acacia
mangium son especialmente altos (mayores de 40 %), mientras que los de
las coníferas son variables, pero generalmente menores de 25 %. Se
conoce poco del uso del agua de muchas especies plantadas,
particularmente latifoliadas como teca, Caoba africana, Acacia, Gmelina,
Albizia y Terminalia. Esto también es válido para especies de coníferas y
eucaliptos jóvenes. Como consecuencia, no es posible hacer predicciones
confiables sobre el efecto de las plantaciones, así como de rodales maduros,
sobre el rendimiento hídrico anual y estacional. Sin embargo, no existen
evidencias para afirmar que el consumo de agua de las plantaciones excede
al de los bosques naturales. Por otra parte, existen evidencias de que la
plantación de especies de rápido crecimiento en áreas de potreros llevarán a
disminuir fuertemente el flujo superficial después de que las copas se
cierren, particularmente en la época de la estación seca. Los incrementos en
el consumo del agua anual que exceden 500 mm han sido reportados
después de la forestación de sabanas sub tropicales.
A pesar de la ausencia de información confiable a cerca del consumo de
agua por las plantaciones existe suficiente optimismo en el sentido de que se
establecerán las metodologías (en términos de equipos y modelos basados
en la física) requeridas para llenar los vacíos de conocimiento. Es propósito
fundamental que los esfuerzos en investigaciones futuras se centren en las
especies principales que se utilizan en plantaciones forestales tropicales
(Evans,1992) y en un pequeño número de lugares claves. Estos se podrán
unir a través de una red que capture las principales características de la
variabilidad medioambiental en los trópicos húmedos (Bruijnzeel y
Rahim,1992).
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