Vol 55
CONTENTS
The possibilities of the Aadhaar number Broadening Base of E-governance in India
Nandan Nilekani................................................................................5 H K Singh, Amit Manglani .............................................................33
Our Representatives : Ahmedabad: Amita Maru, Bangalore: B.S. Meenakshi, Chennai: I. Vijayan, Guwahati: Anupoma Das, Hyderabad: V. Balakrishna,
Kolkata: Antara Ghosh, Mumbai: Minakshi Banerjee, Thiruvananthapuram: VM Ahmad.
YOJANA seeks to carry the message of the Plan to all sections of the people and promote a more earnest discussion on problems of social and economic development. Although
published by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Yojana is not restricted to expressing the official point of view. Yojana is published in Assamese, Bengali,
English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.
EDITORIAL OFFICE : Yojana Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel.: 23096738, 23042511.
Tlgm.: Yojana. Business Manager (Hqs.) : Ph :24367260, 24365609, 24365610
For new subscriptions, renewals, enquiries please contact : Business Manager (Circulation & Advt.), Publications Division, Min. of I&B, East Block-IV, Level-VII,
R.K. Puram, New Delhi-110066, Tel.: 26100207, Telegram : Soochprakasan and Sales Emporia : Publications Division: *Soochna Bhavan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road,
New Delhi -110003 (Ph 24365610) *Hall No.196, Old Secretariat, Delhi 110054(Ph 23890205) * 701, B Wing, 7th Floor, Kendriya Sadan, Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614
(Ph 27570686)*8, Esplanade East, Kolkata-700069 (Ph 22488030) *’A’ Wing, Rajaji Bhawan, Basant Nagar, Chennai-600090 (Ph 24917673) *Press road, Near Govt. Press,
Thiruvananthapuram-695001 (Ph 2330650) *Block No.4, 1st Floor, Gruhakalpa Complex, M G Road, Nampally, Hyderabad-500001 (Ph 24605383) *1st Floor, ‘F’ Wing,
Kendriya Sadan, Koramangala, Bangalore-560034 (Ph 25537244) *Bihar State Co-operative Bank Building, Ashoka Rajpath, Patna-800004 (Ph 2683407) *Hall No 1, 2nd
floor, Kendriya Bhawan, Sector-H, Aliganj, Lucknow-226024(Ph 2225455) *Ambica Complex, 1st Floor, above UCO Bank, Paldi, Ahmedabad-380007 (Ph 26588669) *KKB
Road, New Colony, House No.7, Chenikuthi, Guwahati 781003 (Ph 2665090)
SUBSCRIPTION : 1 year Rs. 100, 2 years Rs. 180, 3 years Rs. 250. For neighbouring countries by Air Mail Rs. 530 yearly; for European and other countries Rs. 730 yearly.
No. of Pages : 56
Disclaimer :
l The views expressed in various articles are those of the authors’ and not necessarily of the government.
l The readers are requested to verify the claims made in the advertisements regarding career guidance books/institutions. Yojana does not own responsibility
regarding the contents of the advertisements.
ENGLISH MEDIUM
(Separate Batch)
Under The Guidance of
Dharmendra Kumar
Batch Begins Course Details
22 June
Duration:
22 June to 21 Sept.
Registration Begins on:
(11:30 A.M.) 16 May
G.S.
Course Features:
"a trimmed course"
Om Prakash
S. Ranjan & Team
By
As per
the recent trend
Result oriented teaching
Batch Begins
22 June
Weekly Test
Personalized attention
2:30
Printed Notes
P.M.
Weekly Current Affairs Updates
PATANJALI
YE-43/2011
A
s the new century dawned in India, policy makers at various levels were surprised
by a new phenomenon. Till the end of the last century, the biggest obstacle for any
development work was the funds the government could bring to bear upon the
projects. Thus it was often found that despite expectations many projects could not reach
the remotest interiors or touch the lowest income groups to the extent it was needed.
But in the new century, as the growth rate of the economy took off to seven per cent and
even more to eight per cent, year after year, this constraint disappeared. The government
could pump in far more hundreds of crores of rupees into projects and make them become
bigger than was thought possible earlier. Yet, in the middle of all this expenditure the same
problem arose, viz the sections of the population who really needed the support were again
missing out. This was therefore a new problem for which policy planners seemed to have no answer.
This is the question to which the Unique Identification Project has developed as an answer. The government
has realised that the problem of reaching the benefit of various programmes to the poorest of Indians will not
come about just by providing more money in the schemes. Instead it is an issue of identifying who are those
poorest. Put another way, the problem emerges because these people are often the last to stand up to ask for
their share of anything. Their biggest problem is lack of an identity. They are not identified in any government
records, nor do they have any identification to prove their status. So taking advantage of the situation, corrupt
administrators are often able to bypass them, to reach others.
This is where the UIDAI project comes in handy. It is a national endeavour to count all the Indians of the
country and provide them an identity document or a card, essentially a number. Of course at present it is in a
voluntary form.
The planners of the project hope that once a sufficient number of Indians are enrolled in the programme,
several of the government schemes can be delivered on this platform. Can it be used, for instance to identify the
poor correctly to include them in the banking system, deliver grain accurately to them or deliver the benefits
rightly due to them under various government programmes ? How that can be made possible is the subject
matter of the present issue, as the experts from the project write in this edition to explain the method and how
easy or difficult they are finding the project.
This sort of number based identification plan has been used only by some of the developed countries that too
for a literate population. No one has ever had the nerve to suggest it can be done in a continental country like
India with a population that is just becoming literate. The scope of the UIDAI plan is therefore immense and
the potential is mind boggling. It has just begun and is therefore a right time to do some quick analysis of the
plan. q
Nandan Nilekani
E growth is not an
end in itself; its power
lies in the ability it
gives us, thefinancial
wherewithal to address the many
employment, especially if they
are not part of a household; most
benefits and programs, as well as
identity mechanisms are linked to
households, and single women or
problems that a developing widows are excluded as a result.
country faces. Governments in Backward communities and tribal
The Aadhaar India have accordingly, with groups similarly find themselves
number is a economic growth, implemented caught in a cycle of exclusion,
new social programs and safety
powerful tool nets that tackle our poverty, health
where the lack of one service
cuts off identification documents
as governments and education challenges. The
and consequently access to
move to more ambitions of these programs
other services, such as when the
however, have been marred by
individual-oriented challenges in execution, and a
inability to get a ration card also
means difficulty in opening a bank
programs. It is significant one has been the lack of
account.
an identification clear identification and targeting of
individual beneficiaries. The urgency of the challenge
infrastructure
The problems of identification Addressing fundamental
available to every bog down millions of people in problems of exclusion has become
resident in India, India across communities and in especially urgent for us today.
including infants different situations. Rural women Thanks to development, millions
for example, face difficulties in of Indians today are getting a
The author is Chairman of the Unique Identification Authority of India and former Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors
of Infosys Technologies Limited.
B B Nanawati
U Identification
Authority of India
(UIDAI) has been
created by the
Government of India as an as an
attached office under the Planning
regulatory authority managing a
Central ID Repository (CIDR),
which will issue UID numbers,
update resident information and
authenticate the identity of the
residents as required.
Commission. Its role is to develop
Technology systems will have
and implement the necessary
Besides the social institutional, technical and legal
a major role across the UDIAI
benefits, the infrastructure to issue Unique
infrastructure. The UID database
will be stored on a central server.
technology benefits Identity numbers to Indian residents.
Enrolment of the resident will be
UIDAI has adopted the name
to the Government Aadhaar for the 12-digit unique
computerized, and information
exchange between Registrars and
sector could be number which it will issue for all
the CIDR will be over a network.
residents. The number will be stored
manifold. The UID in a centralized database and will
Authentication of the residents will
be online. The Authority will put
Technology would be linked to the basic demographics
systems in place for the security
and biometric information –
enable creation of photograph, ten fingerprints and
and safety of information.
The author is Deputy Director General, UIDAI, Planning Commission, Government of India
SOCIOLOGY
RAJENDER NORTH
NAGAR (HUDSON LINE)
JUNE 18th & 22nd at 7.30. A.M. JUNE 25th & 29th at 5.30. P.M.
ESSAY
FEATURES OF SOCIOLOGY BATCH
Batch 1
General Studies
RAJENDER NORTH SO PEN
NAGAR (HUDSON LINE)
ISSION
JULY 2nd 7.30. A.M. JULY 15th 5.30. P.M. ADM
YE-41/2011
2262, HUDSON LINE, BEHIND KHALSA COLLEGE (D.U.) 22,RAJENDRA PARK, OLD RAJENDER NAGAR
9999605344, 9312265261,22783789 E-MAIL: swamyias@yahoo.co.in, WEB: ramaswamyiasacademy.org
M Pervasive Reality
Mangilal belongs to the
Mogiya community of
Southern Rajasthan. A
community of sculptors who make
district of Southern Rajasthan
from where Mangilal hails, sends
thousands of such seasonal migrants
to major urban destinations in
India, who spend most part of
statues of deities from Plaster of their year outside their village in
Paris, they migrate seasonally with a quest to earn their livelihood.
their families to different cities Panchayat-level studies on seasonal
Even as the throughout the country and make migration in Gogunda (Panchayat-
community of a living by selling them. Mangilal level studies by Aajeevika Bureau),
and his family sleep on the streets, reveal that 65% households in the
migration service buy kerosene from the black market tehsil have at least one member
at exorbitant rates and are often
providers and robbed of their belongings for lack
migrating seasonally; in some
GPs, the incidence is as high as
policy advocates of a proper shelter. 85%. Left with no viable economic
grows rapidly, it is They frequently fall victims opportunity in their villages,
to ad hoc security drives by the migration has emerged as the most
clear the scale of police, extortion from municipality prominent livelihood strategy for
migration reality officials and are callously swept such poor households.
away from one part of the city
This is not an isolated picture
demands a much to another. Mangilal himself has
from a remote part of rural
been picked up by the police twice
larger, state driven on charges of theft, both the times Rajasthan. States like Orissa,
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh send out
response to solve because he was not able to provide a
migrants in even greater numbers
valid proof of his identity and prove
this identity crisis where he came from. to work in low-value, bottom-end
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
A.K. JAIN
20 „~¢¢Ú}|¢
Metuculously Designed Lecturefor beginners.
updated study materials.
evalution of answer sheet under standard criteria.
JUNE
7.30A.M.(Mukharjee Nagar)
6.00 P.M. (Rajendra Nagar) 20 Batch Starts
JUNE 9.00 A.M.
SCIENCE GUJARAT
& (Centre)
TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Awanish Kumar : M.Sc.Biotech.(Indore);Ph.D.
(JNU), Post Doctoral Fellow (Mc Gill Univ. Canada)
S. Tripathi : Scientist (Sac, ISRO, Ahmedabad)
5 Batch Starts
JULY
(Regular & Weekend Batch)
Prakash R. : I.I.T. (DELHI)
21
Subjects Available
Batch Starts General Studies,
AUG. 12.30. P.M., 3.00. A.M. Public Administration,
History, Pali lit. Gujarati lit
Admission Open
MUKHERJEE NAGAR : A-37/38/39 BASEMENT, B/H HDFC BANK, DELHI - 09, PH. (011)-27652066/67 ,
M :- 9953468158,09924191307, Email :- mukherjeenagar@vishwaseducation.in
RAJENDRA NAGAR : PH.
76,OLD,RAJENDRA NAGAR MARKET, NR, AXIS BANK, NEW DELHI-06,
:- 9891605091, 9999071711, Email :- rajendranagar@vishwaseducation.in
Email :- bhavnagar@vishwaseducation.in
www. vishwaseducation.in
The Centre for Good Governance (CGG) was conceived of as an Institution of excellence in
governance reforms, to assist the Central and State Governments, to modernize and transform
governance in the country. Towards this end the Centre undertakes research, consultancy and
advice to them, civil society and political leadership and assists them in implementing good
governance measures .
CGG networks with international and national institutes on governance work in close
collaboration with International development institutions like The World Bank, ADB, UNDP,
WHO, ILO etc and work for them as well.
In furtherance of the objectives of CGG , we propose to bring out a quarterly journal on good
governance .It is our earnest desire to make it a scholarly publication. The first issue is
proposed to be brought out on ‘Transparency in Governance”.
Papers are invited on one of the subjects listed overleaf or a related subject of your choice and
make it a memorable issue. For further details please visit http://www.cgg.gov.in/
All published articles will be paid an honorarium .
Important dates
Deadline for submission of abstract/papers May 15th ,2011
Announcement of accepted June 15th ,2011
Authors are advised to submit abstract ( 500 - 700 ) paper (6000 – 8000 ) words per paper
YE-38/2011
through e-mail shanthi@cgg.gov.in.or Manager – KR – Centre for Good Governance, Road N0:
25, Jubilee – Hills , Hyderabad - 500033 Andhra – Pradesh
Household Energy Use Pattern Total 65.43 100 79.27 104.35 151.8 100 3.9
in India Source: CMIE, 2001
fuel was accounting for 98 per cent these substitutions are, increasing
The energy use pattern in the
of the total energy consumption level of urbanization, economic
domestic sector in India shows
and it declined to about 81 per development and living standard
that non- commercial fuels are
cent in 2000. The data shows an (Reddy, 2003). Probably, this is the
predominantly used in the household
increasing trend in the share of cause of lower growth rate of fuel-
sector. As per the data shown
LPG and electricity from 0.06 per wood (3.7 percent per annum)
by the United Nations Statistics
cent in 1950 to 10.34 per cent in
Division, biomass provided 77 per Figure-1 also shows a historical
2000. The decreasing share of non-
cent of the total household energy trend in the consumption of
commercial fuels can be attributed
consumption. Liquid fuels, and commercial and non-commercial
to the growing demand for clean
electricity accounted for 18 per energy in India during 1953-54 up
energy like LPG and electricity.
cent and 5 per cent respectively to 2011-12.
Major factors contributing to
for the year 1995. Within the time
period of 1976 to 1995 per capita
energy consumption had increased
modestly, mostly due to increase in
electricity and liquid fuels, while
biomass consumption has almost
remained constant(United Nations
Statistics Division, quoted from
Dzioubinski et.al.,1999)).
A trend in household energy
consumption is presented in Table-1
for the period 1950- 2000.
Table-1 shows a decline in the Supply Estimated Demand
share of non-commercial fuels. In
Source: Tenth Five Year Plan, 2007, Chapter 7.3 [1], Planning Commission, Government of India,
1950, the share of non -commercial Note: 1MTOE = 4.2 x 10 4 Tera Joules
the rural as well as urban sectors. households are observed to switch major source of energy for lighting
over to energy sources like LPG. by NSS rounds at the national level.
Figure 2(I, II, III, and IV)
A marginal variation is noticed The use of electricity for lighting
shows percentage distribution of is observed to rise by about 22 per
with regard to Kerosene use and
households using different source of cent in rural sector as against about
the use of electrify has decreased
energy for cooking by NSS rounds 19 per cent in urban sector during
substantially in 2001-02 in the
at national level. It is observed that the decade 1983 to 1993-94. In
urban sector.
in the rural sector dependence of 2001-02 electricity consumption
households on bio-fuels has been Figure- 3 (chart-I & II) shows for lighting is found to be about
observed to fall marginally over distribution of households using 50 per cent in the rural area where
successive NSS rounds, whereas
the use of LPG and Kerosene by the Figure-3: Changes in Fuel Mix for Lighting in Rural
rural households is on the rise. As and Urban Households
noticed from the three consecutive
surveys dependence on electricity
for cooking in the rural sector has
increased by 1.18 per cent during
the decade 1983-84 to 1993-94.
However it has fallen drastically in
the year 2001-02 to 0.10 per cent
from 2.30 per cent in 1993-94.
In the urban sector, dependence
of households on bio-fuels has
decreased to different extents.
H o w e v e r, m o r e a n d m o r e Source: NSSO Rounds
H K Singh
Amit Manglani
T cha nges h a v e
certainly improved
the living status of
Indians. Broadened
base of television and telephony
electronically. In this way, they
want to reach closer to every
citizen, provide easy access to
government programmes and
make it easy for citizens to pay
services has filled the gap between their taxes etc. In e-governance,
the rich and poor in way of various facilities and functions of
access and use of technological government are available to the
innovations. This technological public through web portals with
advancement is, however, a little the help of internet. Here, a citizen
Thus, with its slow in the area of computer-aided can access the services with the
investment on the services. It is because of two basic use of computer and internet and
difficulties of this sector – first is is saved the long waits in tedious
UID project, the the ready availability of computer queues. For example the filing of
government is system, which is still a costly income-tax returns, registration
affair for an average-income of companies, applications for
already expanding earning Indian and the second is new or renewal of passports,
its infrastructural ignorance and lack of information and other similar services
of available computer-aided available through electronic
base for facilities and their huge benefits system. In the sense of customer
e-governance over the conventional system. to customer (C2C) electronic
Governments today are business module, e-governance
also taking initiatives to provide is Government to resident
The authors are respectively, Professor in Commerce, Banaras Hindu University and Assistant Professor at Rajiv Gandhi
South Campus ,a South Campus of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in Barkachha, Mirzapur.
Jomon Mathew
Lalita Maharana
Divy Ninad Koul
E living in an urban
landscape comprising
of only concrete
platform, where sight
of a clean open land for cultivation
is a far fetched dream, is there
have a plant cultivated not in field
but on desk, let’s say it’s called
Desktop Cultivation.
Hydroponics
Hydroponics (from the Greek
any possibility of growing your words hydro, water and ponos,
choicest plants and tasting your labor) is a technology for growing
favorite vegetables grown in your plants in nutrient elements needed
Especially for own “farm”? In the first instance, for optimum plant growth with or
people living in most may just laugh over it. One without the use of an inert medium
would wonder how it is possible such as gravel, vermiculite,
urban areas where for a plant to grow without soil & rockwool, peat moss, saw dust,
there is massive without access to nutrients. Well coir dust, coconut fiber. The
it’s no longeran impossibility. term Hydroponics was coined
space constraint, Basically, plants needs light, by Professor William Frederick
this technique can oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and Gericke of the University of
nutrients (17 essential nutrients). California at Berkeley in the year
help to realize your Soil is the medium for water and 1937 (‘Hydroponics’, an Italian
dream of having nutrient. In a city, it is difficult to term that connotes water working
expect enough land and soil to and was coined in the 1930s).
your next meal grow plants because it is almost Gericke created a sensation by
from your own fully covered by concrete and growing tomato vines twenty-
in other areas, soil is exposed to five feet high in his back yard in
farm produce
The authors are respectively Programme Associate (ENVIS) in Environment Management and Policy Research Institute
(EMPRI), Department of Ecology and Environment (GoK), Bangalore and student of MBA (Agribusiness) in Symbiosis
Institute of International Business (SIIB), Pune.
YE-36/2011
Ensuring Service-Quality
In Government Sector
Sujata Hira
O important functions
of government is to
provide public services
which are mainly non-
market in nature for
the collective consumption of the
sector, the citizen is now the
‘king’ who wants true standard
for judging service quality. The
Berry –Parasuraman checklist
(Parasuraman & Berry 1991:
72-73) for the corporate marketing
community. Services involve may be used, in a modified way, by
transfer or redistribution of income the intermediate level government
or are financed mainly through officials to manage their service
Researchers have taxes and other compulsory standard.
Green Rhapsody
Sujata Raghavan
B Chhattisgarh is
increasingly being
associated with bloody
violence and strife,
a political conflict that throws
up disturbing questions of policy
generation of course, but really
speaking for posterity.
Perhaps it is this philosophy
embedded in the region for centuries
that has led Virender Singh to take
priorities that this tribal region has on the mantle of environment
received in the decades following protection in the region. Even as a
India’s Independence. Indeed as it child growing up in Durg district in
is being increasingly acknowledged, a family of agricultural workers, he
it has been the singular lack of would revel in the bounty of nature;
One of the development that has led to birth the joy of seeing new leaves, crops
significant of political groups that question waiting to be harvested and water
gushing in the streams. As he
the framework of parliamentary
campaigns this democracy in this country. grew, he realized that this bounty
is the basis for human civilization
team undertook Somewhere lost in this high- and indeed its continuance. Yet it
intensity conflict and debate around is finite, and if we do not nurture
was to protect the it, is the question of Bastar’s own it, it may disappear altogether.
standing wheat identity. What is the area like, In later years, as a schoolteacher,
how do the people live and what he saw the immense potential of
crop from ‘gajar in a sense defines it, in terms of its opening young minds to both the
terrain, its natural resources, and
ghaans’ which its cultural and social patterns?
joy and the threat to Nature. From
this realization, began his journey
caused flowering What strikes one are the luxuriant
forests that stretch for miles and
and over the last 13 years earned
him the pseudonym of “ Green
of the crop well miles from any one point. The
Commando”.
adivasis who have inhabited the
before the harvest region for centuries have evolved a So what was the trigger that
way of life, a culture that worships set off this incredible journey,
I
t used to be just a petite piece of wilderness, but now it is among the most popular haunts for nature
lovers. Pobitora, the natural refuge of the Indian rhino, has emerged as a major draw for Indian and
foreign tourists alike. The number of visitors to Pobitora has swelled in recent times, the reason being
its close proximity to Guwahati. Tourists who are hard pressed for time find it much more convenient to
visit Pobitora than Kaziranga.
According to forest personnel, the proximity of Pobitora to Guwahati is a help, but its birdlife is an
undeniable advantage. A large number of bird lovers have been visiting the sanctuary in recent times.
In winter it is a paradise for bird lovers…many varieties of migratory water fowl arrive from far away
places. Photographers based in Guwahati find it an attractive destination, and some have become regular
visitors.
Another reason for Pobitora's popularity is the easy viewing of wildlife. In the morning and in the
afternoon, rhinos and wild buffaloes can be viewed from close quarters. The elephant rides are an additional
advantage, as visitors get a good view of wildlife in their natural habitat.
Foreigners have taken a liking for the natural landscape, as revealed by many travellers who find its
rich biodiversity interesting.
Visitors from different parts of India have also praised the way the sanctuary spread over 38.81 sq km has been
managed. It is worth mentioning that the sanctuary has also found space in international television programming
helping increase tourist interest. q
T
he Ministry of Rural Development has released a grant-in-aid of Rs 5.59crore for rural road
connectivity under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). The sum is from the special
window created in National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) under RIDF
as grants in aid to the Mizoram Rural Roads Development Agency (MRRDA). The amount is a part payment
of second installment of phase VI.
About 45 villages will be connected by constructing 220 km of road during 2010-11 and another 35
villages will be connected during 2011-12, covering 300 km of road, MRRDA is the agency executing the
works taken up under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in the State.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana is a 100 per cent Centrally sponsored scheme to provide road
connectivity in the rural areas of the country. PMGSY envisages connectivity to all habitations with a
population of 500 people and above in the rural areas and about 250 people and above in respect of the
hilly states, tribal areas and desert areas through good and all weather roads. q