org
PHARMACOLOGY
Babies have a relatively larger head with a prominent occiput. The head needs to be
stabilised for intubation. The neck is short and the tongue large. The airway
is prone to obstruction. The relatively large head with little hair leads to
greater heat loss. The head should be covered.
The trachea is short and the right main bronchus is angled less
than the left. Right main bronchus intubations are more likely. With most
infants, if the 10 cm mark on the endotracheal tube is at the gums, the tip of
the tube will be just above the carina. In older children the length of the
endotracheal tube may be estimated by (age/2) + 12 cm. Always listen to both lungs to check that the
endotracheal tube is not in one lung. Because the length of the trachea is
short, a small movement of the tube may move it to the wrong position. The tube
should be secured to the maxilla rather than the mandible, which is mobile.
Premature
2.5 - 3.0 mm
Neonate – 6 months
3.0 - 3.5 mm
6 months – 1 year
3.5 mm – 4.0 mm
(Age/4) + 4
Their ribs are more horizontal and any increase in the volume of
the thorax is due to downward movement of the diaphagm. A distended abdomen or surgical retraction can
easily reduce ventilation.
The sympathetic nervous system is not well developed. Infants can easily become
bradycardic. Atropine premedication will reduce the incidence of bradycardia
and reduce secretions. (Intravenous or intramuscular dose is 0.01 to 0.02
mg/kg). Maximum dose should be less than 0.06 mg/kg.
Age
Weight (kg)
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Newborn
3.5
120
80/40
3 months
6.0
140
95/55
6 months
7.5
140
95/55
1 year
10
125
95/65
3 year
14
100
http://www.developinganaesthesia.org Powered by Joomla! Generated: 24 September, 2010, 22:00
DevelopingAnaesthesia.org
100/60
7 year
22
90
100/70
10 year
30
80
105/70
14 year
50
80
120/70
Neonates have a greater total body water (70 to 75% of body weight) compared to adults (60% of
body weight). There is a larger extracellular compartment (ECF) and smaller intracellular compartment (ICF). By the first
year of age the proportions are
the same as for adults (ECF 45%, ICF 55% of total body water). The increased
metabolic rate of infants results in a faster turnover of extracellular fluid.
An interruption of the normal fluid intake can therefore rapidly lead to
dehydration and the anaesthetist must take care with fluid management. The
anaesthetist must estimate replacement fluid, maintenance fluid and ongoing
fluid losses.
Newborn first 24
hours 3
ml/kg/h
Newborn day 1 to 7 5
ml/kg/h
Infant 4
ml/kg/h for the first 10kg
rapidly in the first two months reaching adult levels by two years of age.
Temperature
Hepatic Physiology
Paediatric Pharmacology
The differences in physiology of the infant will alter the effect of some drugs.
Neonates and infants require a greater dose suxamethonium (2 mg/kg) than adults (1 mg/kg).
The MAC of inhalational agents is greater in the young and decreases with increasing
age, however neonates require lower concentrations than infants do. There may
be nearly a 30% greater anaesthetic requirement for inhalation agents but
there is a smaller margin of safety between adequate anaesthesia and
cardiovascular and respiratory depression in infants compared with adults. Both
induction and recovery from inhalation agents is more rapid in children than
adults.