Introduction

A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of
animal milk – mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffaloes, sheep, horses, or camels –
for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section
of a multi-purpose farm (mixed farm) that is concerned with the harvesting of milk.

Terminology differs between countries. For example, in the United States, an entire
dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy". The building or farm area where milk is harvested
from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor". The farm area where milk is
stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house". Milk is then hauled (usually
by truck) to a "dairy plant" = also referred to as a "dairy" - where raw milk is further
processed[by whom?] and prepared for commercial sale of dairy products. In New Zealand, farm
areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as
"milking sheds".As in the United States, sometimes milking sheds are referred to by their
type, such as "herring bone shed" or "pit parlour". Parlour design has evolved from simple
barns or sheds to large rotary structures in which the workflow (throughput of cows) is very
efficiently handled. In some countries, especially those with small numbers of animals being
milked, the farm may perform the functions of a dairy plant, processing their own milk into
salable dairy products, such as butter, cheese, or yogurt. This on-site processing is a
traditional method of producing specialist milk products, common in Europe.

In the United States a dairy can also be a place that processes, distributes and
sells dairy products, or a room, building or establishment where milk is stored and processed
into milk products, such as butter or cheese. In New Zealand English the singular use of the
word dairy almost exclusively refers to a corner shop, or superette. This usage is historical as
such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products.

As an attributive, the word dairy refers to milk-based products, derivatives and

processes, and the animals and workers involved in their production: for example dairy
cattle, dairy goat. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy factory processes it into a variety of
dairy products. These establishments constitute the global dairy industry, a component of
the food industry.

Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Initially, they
were part of the subsistence farming that nomads engaged in. As the community moved about

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the country, their animals accompanied them. Protecting and feeding the animals were a big
part of the symbiotic relationship between the animals and the herders.

In the more recent past, people in agricultural societies owned dairy animals that they
milked for domestic and local (village) consumption, a typical example of a cottage industry.
The animals might serve multiple purposes (for example, as a draught animal for pulling
a plough as a youngster, and at the end of its useful life as meat). In this case the animals
were normally milked by hand and the herd size was quite small, so that all of the animals
could be milked in less than an hour—about 10 per milker. These tasks were performed by
a dairymaid (dairywoman) or dairyman. The word dairy harkens back to Middle
English dayerie, deyerie, from deye (female servant or dairymaid) and further back to Old
English dæge (kneader of bread).

With industrialisation and urbanisation, the supply of milk became a commercial

industry, with specialised breeds of cattle being developed for dairy, as distinct
from beef or draughtanimals. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but it soon
turned to mechanisation with machines designed to do the milking.

Historically, the milking and the processing took place close together in space and time:
on a dairy farm. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are
kept, hand-milking may still be practiced. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping
the teats (often pronounced tit or tits) in the hand and expressing milk either by squeezing the
fingers progressively, from the udder end to the tip, or by squeezing the teat between thumb
and index finger, then moving the hand downward from udder towards the end of the teat.
The action of the hand or fingers is designed to close off the milk duct at the udder (upper)
end and, by the movement of the fingers, close the duct progressively to the tip to express the
trapped milk. Each half or quarter of the udder is emptied one milk-duct capacity at a time.

The stripping action is repeated, using both hands for speed. Both methods result in the
milk that was trapped in the milk duct being squirted out the end into a bucket that is
supported between the knees (or rests on the ground) of the milker, who usually sits on a low
stool.

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 Traditionally the cow, or cows, would stand in the field or paddock while being milked.
Young stock, heifers, would have to be trained to remain still to be milked. In many
countries, the cows were tethered to a post and milked.

Existing System
When we Analysis the Manage about this firm then we face that they working with
manual. And we all know that the manual system has many disadvantages. Some are mentioned
below…

– The manual system requires more time for processing.

– It requires more critical work.

– The manual system is more error prone.

– Difficult to maintain.

– Manual system is costly.

– Immediate response to the queries is difficult and time consuming.

– More men power needed.

– Manual system show of the particular place.

Need for New System

New system is required because of some advantage of new system are as below…

– The new system required less time for completion of any work.

– New system is decreasing the chances of error.

– New system should work smoothly and very fast.

– New system saving time and manpower.

– The system is user friendly and any one having computer knowledge can handle it
easily.

– Suitability for computerized data entry. Maintaining Dairy information, Staff

information & Customer information, Milk Rate Information.

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Proposed System
The Proposed System is basically meant to give the tentative estimate for diary milk
management. It consists of modules as

 ADMIN :-

• 1.Login

• 2.Manage Milk Rate

• 3.Manage Staff

• 4.Manage Seller

 STAFF

• Login

• Seller Registration

• Manage Milk Rate

• Manage feedback

• Insert Dairy Milk

• Seller Bill

 USER :-

• 1.Registration

• 2.Login

• 3.View Rate Of Milk

• 4.View Service Facility

• 5.View SellMilk

• 6.Feedback

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Goal of System

1. Assurance of smooth working.

2. Save time and Manpower.
3. Ease access.
4. Decreases error.
Objectives Of System

 Proposed System Aimed at reducing and save the time for processing the Data
required by the user.
 It helps in easily store and retrieving the data.
 Avoid error during maintaining the data.
 Avoid the redundant data.
 To avoid the lot‘s of required manpower.

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Web Architecture –
The World Wide Web is a global network that is based on the 0`Internet. There are two
important properties to its "client-server" architecture that allow it to function. The first is a
set of file servers which store text, images, audio, video and other shared elements. The file
servers send this data by way of the Internet to clients. Clients are the second important
feature to the Web architecture, and they exist on the user's end of the network - a.k.a. your
computer. The client sends commands to the file servers to retrieve stored data, and then
displays it on the user's end. The display of this data is handled through a web browser, such
as Netscape Communicator or Microsoft Internet Explorer.

All of these interactions work through a hypermedia system, and hypertext, which is a
term that was made up by Ted Nelson around 1965. Hypermedia is a node-link architecture,
where the nodes are web pages or media (such as video, audio, and images), and the links
connect all of these together through a pattern of association. Hypertext only links documents
together.
The World Wide Web contains a group of protocols that enable it to function. The
first of these is HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This protocol is used by clients and
servers to communicate.
This is just a brief review of how the web works. To fully understand this global hyper
media based network, it is essential to first look at the early ideas of information storage and
hypertext.

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Web Server –
Web server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer
application) that helps to deliver content that can be accessed through the Internet. The most
common use of web servers is to host web sites but there are other uses such as data storage
or running enterprise applications. The primary function of a web server is to deliver web
pages on the request to clients. This means delivery of HTML documents and any additional
content that may be included by a document, such as images, style sheets and scripts. While
the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of
receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including
uploading of files. Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting, e.g., Active
Server Pages (ASP) and PHP. This means that the behavior of the web server can be scripted
in separate files, This is referred to as dynamic and static content respectively. The former is
primarily used for retrieving and/or modifying information from databases. In simple word,
―web server is software is to run the web application it handle the request from client & send
the response to client.‖ E.g. - apache server, IIS web server. Etc.
Apache -
Appache is web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of
the World Wide Web. In 2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100
million website milestone. Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape
Communications Corporation web server (currently named Oracle iPlanet Web Server), and
since has evolved to rival other web servers in terms of functionality and performance.
Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices
of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide variety of
operating systems, including Unix, GNU, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare,
AmigaOS, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, TPF, and eComStation. Released under the
Apache License, Apache is open-source software.
Web Browser –
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to
related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program
designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the
Internet.

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Today's browsers are fully-functional software suites that can interpret and display HTML
Web pages, applications, JavaScript, AJAX and other content hosted on Web servers. Many
browsers offer plug-ins which extend the capabilities of a browser so it can display
multimedia information (including sound and video), or the browser can be used to perform
tasks such as videoconferencing, to design web pages or add anti-phishing filters and other
security features to the browser. The two most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet
Explorer and Firefox. Other major browsers include Google Chrome, Apple Safari and
Opera. While most commonly use to access information on the web, a browser can also be
used to access information hosted on web servers in private networks. Also, there are a
number of browsers that are designed to access the Web using a mobile device. These mobile
browsers ("Micro browser‖) are optimized to display Web content on smaller mobile device
screens and to also perform efficiently on these devices which have far less computing power
and memory capacity as Desktop or laptop computers
Open Source –
Open source refers to a program or software in which the source code is available to
the general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge.
Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve
upon the code and share the changes within the community.
The Open Source Initiative (OSI)
Open Source is a certification standard issued by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) that
indicates that the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the
general public. OSI dictates that in order to be considered "OSI. Some Open Source Software
for Web Development – World Press, Joomla, Drupal, OSCommerce.
Proprietary -
Privately owned and controlled. In the computer industry, proprietary is the opposite
of open. A proprietary design or technique is one that is owned by a company. It also implies
that the company has not divulged specifications that would allow other companies to
duplicate the product. Increasingly, proprietary architectures are seen as a disadvantage.
Consumers prefer open and standardized architectures, which allow them to mix and match
products from different manufacturers.
CSS3, HTML5 and Fonts as a Service -
CSS3, HTML5, and Fonts as a Service such as Typekit that cater to web browsers that
already support the @font-face rule, are giving web designers the creative freedom that they
have been coveting for a long time.

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Social media -
No one can deny that 2009 has been a big year for social media: Twitter, for example, has
become the buzzword in many a boardroom and office. It‘s obvious that it wil continue to a
big part of the web in the future. In many ways, the growth of platforms such as Twitter and
Facebook has led the web to be much more community-oriented. Big changes could happen
within social media and, no doubt, will be led by monetization of the media.
jQuery -
jQuery is a cross-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of
HTML. It was released in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig. Used by over 49%
of the 10,000 most visited websites, jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use
today. jQuery is free, open source software, dual-licensed under the MIT License or the GNU
General Public License, Version 2. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a
document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax
applications.
Web Hosting –
If you want other people to view your web site, you must copy your site to a public
server.Even if you can use your own PC as a web server, it is more common to let an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) host your site.Included in a Web hosting solution you can expect to
find domain name registration and standard email services.A domain name is a unique name
for a web site, like www.imr.kces.com. Domain names must be registered. When domain
names are registered, they are added to a large domain name register. In addition, information
about the web site, including the IP address, is stored on a DNS server. DNS stands for
Domain Name System. A DNS server is responsible for informing all other computers on the
Internet about the domain name and the web site address.
Registering a Domain
Domains can be registered from domain name registration companies. These companies
provide interfaces to search for available domain names, and they offer a variety of domain
name extensions that can be registered at the same time.
Client side script –
The script with is executed on client side system is called as client side scripting. E.g.-
HTML, JAVA script etc.
Server Side Script –
The script which is executed on web server user can see only o/p of the script. E.g.- JSP, asp,
etc.

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Introduction of PHP –
PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for web
development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into
the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module,
which generates the web page document. It also has evolved to include a command-line
interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP can be
deployed on most web servers and as a standalone interpreter, on almost every operating
system and platform free of charge. There is also commercial software such as RadPHP, a
rapid application development framework for the PHP language. A competitor to Microsoft's
Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine and similar languages, PHP is installed
on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers.
PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is
now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no
formal specification. PHP is free software released under the PHP License which is
incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of
the term PHP. While PHP originally stood for "Personal Home Page", it is now said to
stand for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor". PHP development began in 1994 when the
Danish/Greenlandic/Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf initially created a set of Perl
scripts he called "Personal Home Page Tools" to maintain his personal homepage. The scripts
performed tasks such as displaying his résumé and recording his web-page traffic. Lerdorf
initially announced the release of PHP on the comp.infosystems. www.authoring.cgi Usenet
discussion group on June 8, 1995. Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, two Israeli developers at
the Technion IIT, rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the
language's name to the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. Afterwards, public
testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then
started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999. They also founded
Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.
Installation of PHP -
WAMPP –
wampp is Environment to work with PHP Application. It‘s Providing PHP Software Along
with MySql Database, Apache server. It Stands for Windows, Apache, MySql, PHP, & Perl.
It supports windows operating system.

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XAMPP –
a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting mainly
of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP
and Perl programming languages.
XAMPP's name is an acronym for:
 X (to be read as "cross", meaning cross-platform)
 Apache HTTP Server
 MySQL
 PHP
 Perl
The program is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and acts as a
free web server capable of serving dynamic pages. XAMPP is available for Microsoft
Windows, Linux, Solaris, and Mac OS X, and is mainly used for web development projects.
This software is useful while you are creating dynamic web pages using programming
languages like PHP, JSP, Servlets.
Configuration Of PHP & apache Server -
 htdocs – It is folder in XAMPP to save all php Programs.
 temp – This is the temporary location to store session, uploaded file etc.
 php – This folder Contain the all Configuration setting of PHP.
 apache – This folder contain the apache Configuration settings.
 mysql – This folder contain the MySql software along with database settings.
Php.ini –
This file Contain the php configuration directive. It available in Xampp /php folder
 It is a configuration file and control some of the setting of the PHP interpreter.
 The configuration file (php.ini) is read when PHP starts.
 Where a configuration setting may be set OR in how many ways you can set your
configuration parameters.
 Following modes determine when and where a PHP directive may or may not be set .
 Mode Meaning
 PHP_INI_USER Entry can be set in user scripts using function like ini_set().
 PHP_INI_PERDIR Entry can be set in php.ini, .htaccess or httpd.conf
 PHP_INI_SYSTEM Entry can be set in php.ini or httpd.confPHP_INI_ALLEntry can
be set anywhere
 In this presentation al the php.ini setting can be set in user‘s script.

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Basic Important Settings in PHP.ini
 Language Options
 Resource Limit
 Data Handling
 File Uploads
 Others
Language Options
1) short_open_tag : Tell whether to use short form (<? ?>) .If you disabled then you must
use the long form of the PHP tags i.e (<?php ?>).By default it is set to ―1‖.
a. Description : <? echo ―Hel o reader‖ ?> is short-form PHP tags
b. <?php echo ―Hel o Reader‖ ?> is long form PHP tags
2) asp_tags : Enable the use of ASP-like <% %> tags in addition to <?php ?> tags.
3) Description : This tag setting is kept to make easiness for developers who started
with PHP after ASP.
Resource Limit
1) memory_limit : Maximum amount of memory a script may consume. Default value
is 128 MB.
2) max_execution_time : Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds. Default
value is set to 30 sec.
Data Handling
1) register_globals : Whether or not to register the EGPCS variables as global variables. By
default it is set to ―Off‖.
2) Description: Consider a Form field <input name=―name― type=―text‖> .When form
is submitted via POST the form value for name will be fetched as show below.
PHP code when register_globals = On
$myName = $name;
PHP code when register_globals = Off
$myName = $_POST[‗name'];
3) post_max_size : Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept or you can POST
through form. Default values is 8M.This setting is helpful for file uploads.
File Uploads
1) file_uploads : Whether or not to allow HTTP file uploads. Default value is ―On‖.

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 2) upload_tmp_dir : The temporary directory used for storing files when doing file
upload. Will use system default if not specified. By default it is empty.
3) upload_max_filesize :The maximum size of an uploaded file. Default value is 2M.
Others
1) allow_url_fopen : Whether to allow the treatment of URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files.
Default value is ―ON‖.
2) Description:
if allow_url_fopen =Off
file_get_content( http://www.sitename.com/test.txt ) will not work !!
3) session.cache_expire : Document expires after n minutes. Default value is 180.
4) session.gc_maxlifetime :After this number of seconds, stored data will be seen as
'garbage' and cleaned up by the garbage collection process. Default value is 1440.
5) session.save_handler : Handler used to store/retrieve session data. Default value is
files
Httpd. conf –
This file contain the apache directive it is available in xampp/apche/conf folder.
 To change the document root of the file , open httpd.conf file & change the value of
Document root Directive. The default value is C:\Xampp\httdocs change this value with
new path.
 To change the port number of apche server we have to change the value of 2 directive in
httpd.conf file those are ―listen‖ & ―server name local host‖ than restart the server to
refelect this value.
Features of PHP Languages -
1. PHP is cross platform
2. PHP is cross server
3. Zend engine execute the PHP application very fast.
4. In PHP script we can easily embedded external script like VB Script, JavaScript , ASP
Script, JSP etc
5. PHP support different types of database servers, for that PHP provides inbuilt library
function to interact with any types of server.
6. PHP 5.0 support object oriented Programming Concepts. Like. Inheritance, interface,
abstracts classes etc.

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 7. PHP support different types of CMS(Contain management system) Technologies like
joomla, drupal, ecommerce etc.
8. Zend organization provides completes support to the PHP technology & they
Introduce no of tools, editors to work with PHP.
9. PHP is open source.
10. PHP is providing no. of security concept like encryption authentication, authorization
etc.
Version of PHP –
 PHP 1.0 (Form Interpreter) – 1995 – it is used to handle the server side scripting
request. It is not a server side script implementation. invented in 1995
 PHP 2.0 – Nov 1997 – Introduced as server side scripting language collection of login
passwords access. Supports any types of database server, support files uploads &
many function implemented by rossmoss lerdorgs .
 PHP 3.0 – June 1998 – zev surlesky, andy gosmoss this 2 israil programmer rewritten
PHP & they release new version i.e. 3.0 .This programmer started organization with the
name ZEND & they named ―personal home page‖ as ―HyperText
Preprocessor‖. PHP 3.0 is completely server side scripting. It support multi platform.
Support mail function. Easy Interaction with any type of database.
 PHP 4.0 – may 2000 – PHP 4.0 introduce zend engine. It is cross platform & cross
server. It include advance future like Http, session, O/P Buffering , support flash, xml,
pdf etc.. it introduced many template system which is using to develop the web
application very fast using templates.
 PHP 5.0(2005) – it include more object oriented concept like abstract, public,
protected, private variable, abstract classes, interfaces & exception handling. Zend
Engine 2.0 was introduced. MySql library is introduced which gives more support to
MySql database. It supports exception handling. Improved the web services & xml
Supports.
 PHP 6.0 – it is major upgrades to PHP language. The main focus is native Unicode
support means programmers can able to name in function & cross in their own native
language it support some advance oops concepts such as namespaces, late static
binding it include new class like xmlwritter which add new functionality to PHP
application.

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Introduction of MySql
PHP will work with virtually all database software, including Oracle and Sybase but
most commonly used is freely available MySQL database.
Milestones in MySQL development include:
 Original development of MySQL by Michael Widenius and David Axmark
beginning in 1994
 First internal release on 23 May 1995
The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the
GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL
was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB,
after that MySql acquired by SunMicro System &now currently owned by Oracle
Corporation.Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database
management system often use MySQL. For commercial use, several paid editions are
available, and offer additional functionality. Applications which use MySQL databases
include: TYPO3, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP
software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web
products, including Wikipedia, Google (though not for searches), Facebook, and Twitter.
MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central
component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack—LAMP is an acronym
for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python".
MySQL is written in C and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, and a home-brewed
lexical analyzer named sql_lex.cc.

Many programming languages with language-specific APIs include libraries for accessing
MySQL databases. These include MySQL Connector/Net for integration with Microsoft's
Visual Studio (languages such as C# and VB are most commonly used) and the JDBC driver
for Java. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming
languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as
ASP
Installation & Configuration of MySql
MySQL for Windows is available in several distribution formats, MySql provided with some
distribution packages like Xampp, Wampp , etc . so when we install this packages MySql
Will be automatically Installed & Configured With PHP.
Seprate MySQL Installing packages

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The MySQL Installing packages comes in three flavors, you can choose any of the Installer
package as per your requirements and your expertise level. These packages are:
1. The Essential package
The Essential package has a Similar filename to MySQL-essential-5.0.25-win32.msi and it
contains the minimum set of files needed for installation MySQL on Windows, including the
Configuration Wizard except embedded server and benchmark suite. This package is
recommended most of the users as the user can install multiple instances of MySQL on a
single server host and the advanced user can complete control over server configuration.
2. The Complete package –
The complete package has all the needed files that are required for windows installation
including configuration wizard, embedded server and bench mark suite. This package has a
similar filename to MySQL 5 . 0 . 25- win32 zip . For using it, your system must have a tool
that can unpack .zip files.
3. The No install Archive -
The No install archive package has a similar filename to mysql-noinstall-5.0 .25 -win32 . zip.
This package contain all the needed set of files for a complete installation wizard
excluding all the configuring wizard. This package has a facility of installing manually not
automatically. For using this package, there must be a tool for unpacking .zip files in our
system.
Downloading MySQL
The latest version of MySQL can be downloaded from http://www.mysql.com.
Understanding the MySQL Installation wizard MySQL Installation Wizard uses the new
instal er technologies for Microsoft Windows. And that‘s why it is an instal er for MySQL
server. This MySQL installation wizard is combined with the MySQL configuration wizard
who allows user to install and configure a MySQL server, and it can be used immediately
after installation. MySQL provide the standard installation for all MySQL Server distribution
or higher version 4. 1. 5. In this version MySQL need to shout down and remove their
existing MySQL installation and manually installation before the MySQL wizard. This
installation process use of this technology to provide a smoother and flexible process.
MySQL Installing Type

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There are three type of MySQL Installation:-
• Typical
This MySQL installing process install the MySQL server, command- line client and
command line utilities. This command line and command client included in mysqldump,
myisamchk and several tools to manage the MySQL Server.
• Complete
By this installation type we install all the component included in the installation package.
And this package include the component such as support script, the embedded server library.
MySQL complete installer also included the benchmark suit and documentation.
• Custom
MySQL is use Custom installation type command that provide you the complete control over
package that you want to install and also the installation path. If you choose the Custom type
then you can change the installation path or components , which is installed by Installation
Wizard
We can directly access Php MyAdmin page by following URL –
http://localhost/phpmyadmin/
Note - Environment Provided by Mysql For working with database is called
―PHPMyAdmin‖.
PHPMyAdmin –
Option of PHPMyAdmin –
• Brows – display the Total records of MySql database table.
• Sql- it display the textbox to enter the Sql Statements.
• Insert – to insert the records in database table.
• Structure – by using this option we can see the table Structure to add new column,
to edit the column.
• Search –to search the table records in ascending & descending format.
• Empty – To remove all records of table.
• Drop – to delete the table structure.
• Export- to export the table records as a Sql File.
• Import – to import the table records from Sql file.
• Designer – by using this we can create relationship between tables.

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Requirement Analysis:-
Requirements analysis is a software engineering task that bridges the gap between
system level requirements engineering and software design. Requirements engineering
activities result in the specification of software‘s operational characteristics (function, data,
and behavior), indicate software's interface with other system elements, and establish
constraints that software must meet. Requirements analysis allows the software engineer
(sometimes called analyst in this role) to refine the software allocation and build models of
the data, functional, and behavioral domains that will be treated by software. Requirements
analysis provides the software designer with a representation of information, function, and
behavior that can be translated to data, architectural, interface, and component-level designs.

Initially, the analyst studies the System Specification (if one exists) and the Software

Project Plan. It is important to understand software in a system context and to review the

software scope that was used to generate planning estimates. Next, communication for

analysis must be established so that problem recognition is ensured. The goal is recognition

of the basic problem elements as perceived by the customer/users. Problem evaluation and

solution synthesis is the next major area of effort for analysis. The analyst must define all

externally observable data objects, evaluate the flow and content of information, define and

elaborate all software functions, understand software behavior in the context of events that

affect the system, establish system. Requirements can be analyzed, modeled, or specified they

must be gathered through an elicitation process. A customer has a problem that may be amenable

to a computer-based solution. A developer responds to the customer's request for help.

Communication has begun. But, as we have already noted, the road from communication to

understanding is often full of potholes.

Methodology and Fact Finding Methods

There are common fact finding techniques:
 Review of existing documentations, forms and files.
 Onsite visits.
 By Observation
 Questionnaires.

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  Interviews.

On Site observation:
 Exploring the internet via your personal computer can provide you with an
immeasurable amount of information
 To visit the existing Web sites of gully control.
 Stay connected with other Web portal for month and studies the flow.
By Observation:
 Observation is one of the most effective data-collective techniques for
obtaining an understanding of a system.
 Determine who, what, where, when, why , and how of the observation.
 Obtain permission from appropriate officers.
 Inform those who will be observed of the purpose of observation.
 Keep a low profile.
 Take notes during or immediately following the observations
Questionnaires:
 Questionnaires are a special purpose document that allows the analyst to
collect information and opinions from Respondents.
 People are complete and return questionnaires at their convenience.
 Determine who, what, where, when, why, and how of the observation.
 Individuals are more likely to provide the real facts, rather than telling you
what they think their boss would want them to.
 Responses can be tabulated and analyzed quickly.
 Free-format questionnaires offer the respondent greater latitude in the answer.
A question is asked, and the respondent records the answer in the space
provided after the question.
 The analyst should phrase the questions in simple sentences and not use words
– such as good— that can be interpreted differently by different respondents.

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 Interviews:
 The personal interview is generally recognized as the most important and
most often used fact-finding technique.
 Interviews are a fact-finding technique whereby the systems analysis collects
information from individuals face to face.
 The system analyst is the interviewer, responsible for organizing and
conducting the interview.
 The system user, system owner, or adviser is the interviewee to respond freely
and openly to questions.
 An interview allows the system analyst to probe for more feedback from the
interviewee.
 Interviews permit the system analyst to adapt or reword questions for each
individual.
 Unstructured interviews are conducted with only a general goal or subject in
mind and with few, if any, specific questions. The interviewer counts on the
interviewee to provide a framework and direct the conversion.

Operating Environment-Hardware and Software

Hardware Requirements
• Processor : Core 2 Duo
• RAM : 2GB RAM.
• Monitor : 17” Color Monitor.
• Hard disk space : 50 GB.

Software Requirements
• Operating System. : Windows XP, Windows 7.
• Developing Tool : PHP.
• Database : My SQL.

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 A feasibility study is conducted to select best system that meets performance
requirement. This entails an identification description, an evaluation of candidates system and
the selection of best system for the job. The system required performance is defined by a
statement of constrain, the identification of specific system objective and a description of
outputs.
The key consideration in feasibility analysis is:
 Economic Feasibility
 Technical Feasibility
 Operational Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
It looks at the financial aspects of the project. It determined whether the
management has enough resources and budget to invest in the proposed system and the
estimated time for the recovery of cost incurred. It also determines whether it is
worthwhile to invest the money in the proposed project. Economic feasibility is
determines by the means of cost involved in purchasing the hardware and the software are
within approachable. The less time involved also helped in its economical feasibility. It
was observed that the Milk Diary does not has computer so that there is an additional cost
to be incurred for adding this system to its computers.
The backend required for storing other details is also the same database that is
Mysql which is open source.The computers in the organization are highly sophisticated
and don‘t needs extra component to load the software .Hence the organization can
implement the new system without any additional Expenditure. Hence, it is economically
feasible.
Technical Feasibility:
It is measure of the practically of a specific technical solution and the availability of
technical resources and expertise. The proposed system uses PHP and HTML as front-
end and Mysql as a back end tool. These all tools are open source . The above tools are
readily available, easy to work with and widely used for developing commercial
application.

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 Operational Feasibility:
The system will be used if it is developed well then be resistance for users that
undetermined. No major training and new skills are required as it is based on DBMS
model. It will help in the time saving and fast processing and dispersal of user request and
applications. New product will provide all the benefits of present systems with better
performance. Improved information, better management and collection of the reports.
User involvement in the building of present system is sought to keep in mind the user
specific requirement and needs.

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Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD):-

An entity relationship diagram (ERD) shows the relationships of entity sets stored in a
database. An entity in this context is a component of data. In other words, ER diagrams
illustrate the logical structure of databases.
At first glance an entity relationship diagram looks very much like a flowchart. It is
the specialized symbols, and the meanings of those symbols, that make it unique.
An ER diagram is a means of visualizing how the information a system produces is
related. There are five main components of an ERD:

 Entities, which are represented by rectangles. An entity is an object or concept about

which you want to store information.

 A weak entity is an entity that must defined by a foreign key relationship with another
entity as it cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone.

 Actions, which are represented by diamond shapes, show how two entities share
information in the database.

Purpose of E/R Model :-

 The E/R model allows us to sketch the design of a database informally.

 Designs are pictures called entity relationship diagrams.
 Fairly mechanical ways to convert E/R diagrams to real implementations like
relational databases exist.

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Figure:- ER diagram

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6.1 Unified Modeling Language:-

UML Use Case Diagram The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-

purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering, that is

intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.UML was originally

motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to

software design developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh at Rational

Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996. In 1997 UML

was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG), and has been managed

by this organization ever since. In 2005 UML was also published by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an approved ISO standard. Since then it has been

periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.

What're the Purposes of UML?

 To reason about system behavior.

 To detect errors and omissions early in the life cycle.

 To present proposed designs and communicate with stakeholders.

 To understand requirements.

 To drive implementation.

What are the types of UML Diagram?

 UML Sequence Diagram

 UML Component Diagram

 UML Deployment Diagram

 UML State chart Diagram

 UML Package Diagram

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 UML Use Case Diagram

Purpose

Use case diagram is used during the analysis phase of a project to identify the system

functionality. It describes the interaction of people or external device with the system under

design. It doesn't show much detail, but only summarizes some of the relationships between

use cases, actors, and systems.

Usage

Basically four elements need to be included in use case diagram. They are actors, system, use

case, and relationship. Actors represent whoever or whatever interact with the system. They

can be humans, other computers, or other software systems. Use cases represent the actions

that are performed by one or more actors for a particular goal. System is whatever you are

developing.

The primary purpose of use case diagrams are

For a high level view of the system – Especially useful when presenting to managers or

stakeholders. We can highlight the roles that interact with the system and the functionality

provided by the system without going deep into inner workings of the system.

To identify internal and external factors – This might sound simple but in large complex

projects a system can be identified as an external role in another use case

There are five types of relationships in a use case diagram. They are
 Association between an actor and a use case
 Generalization of an actor
 Extend relationship between two use cases
 Include relationship between two use cases
 Generalization of a use case

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 Figure:- Use Case diagram for admin

Enter village

Enter 10mi

Figure:- Use Case diagram for staff

UML Sequence Diagram

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Figure:- Use Case diagram for Seller

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• Figure:- Activity Diagram for admin

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• Figure:- Activity Diagram for staff

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• Figure:- Activity Diagram for Seller

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 Purpose

Sequence diagrams are used in the analysis and design phases. It's an interaction diagram that
details how operations are carried out. Sequence diagram is often used to depict the
chronologically-structured event flow through a use case. It's good at presenting the
communication relationships between objects; and what messages trigger those
communications.

Usage

Lifeline represents typical instances of the components or classes in your system. Messages
are shown as arrows. They can be complete, lost or found; synchronous or asynchronous; call
or signal. Activate is used to denote participant activation. Once a participant is activated, its
lifeline appears. Objects are model elements that represent instances of a class or of classes.
Classes in UML show architecture and features of the designed system. Actor specifies a role
played by a user or any other system that interacts with the subject.

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33
34
Collaboration Diagram:-

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36
Data Dictionary :-

Table Name :- Login Table

Purpose :- This table is used to store the information of users

Sr.No Field Name Data Type Size Constraint

1 Username Char 20 Primary Key
2 Password Char 20 Not Null

Table Name Staff_table

Purpose This table is used to store the information of

staff
.
Sr.No Field Name Data Type Size Constraint
1 s_no Int - Primary Key
2 S_name Char 70 Not Null
3 Gender Char 10 Not Null
4 Address Char 150 Not Null
5 Work Char 30 Not Null
6 Salary Bigint - Not Null
7 Phoneno Bigint - Not Null
8 R_date Date 08 Not Null

Table Name :- Seller Table

Purpose :- This table is used to store the information of seller

Sr.No Field Name Data Type Size Constraint

1 S_code Int - Primary Key
2 User_id Char 20 Primary Key
3 S_name Char 50 Primary Key
5 Ani_Cattle Char 50 Not Null
6 R_date Date 08 Not Null
7 Sell_milk Char 50 Not Null

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Testing:-
Software testing is an activity to check whether the actual results match the expected
results and to ensure that the software system is defect free. It involves execution of a
software component or system component to evaluate one or more properties of interest.
Software testing also helps to identify errors, gaps or missing requirements in contrary
to the actual requirements. It can be either done manually or using automated tools. Some
prefer saying Software testing as a white box and black box testing.
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC):-
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is defined as a sequence of activities conducted to
perform Software Testing. It consists of series of activities carried out methodologically to help
certify your software product.Each of these stages have a definite Entry and Exit criteria; ,
Activities & Deliverables associated with it.

What is Entry and Exit Criteria?

Entry Criteria: Entry Criteria gives the prerequisite items that must be completed before
testing can begin.
Exit Criteria: Exit Criteria defines the items that must be completed before testing can be
concluded
You have Entry and Exit Criteria for all levels in the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
In an Ideal world you will not enter the next stage until the exit criteria for the previous stage
is met. But practically this is not always possible. So for this tutorial , we will focus of
activities and deliverables for the different stages in STLC life cycle.
Types of Software Testing

Typically Testing is classified into three categories.

 Functional Testing
 Non-Functional Testing or Performance Testing
 Maintenance (Regression and Maintenance)

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 Testing Category Types of Testing
Functional Testing

Non-Functional Testing

Maintenance

Manual testing:-
Manual Testing is a type of Software Testing where Testers manually execute test cases
without using any automation tools. Manual testing is the most primitive of all testing types
and helps find bugs in the software system. Any new application must be manually tested
before its testing can be automated. Manual testing requires more effort, but is necessary to
check automation feasibility.Manual Testing does not require knowledge of any testing tool.
One of the Software Testing Fundamental is "100% Automation is not possible".This
makes Manual Testing imperative.

Unit Testing:-
Unit testing of software applications is done during the development (coding) of an
application. The objective of unit testing is to isolate a section of code and verify its
correctness. In procedural programming a unit may be an individual function or
procedureThe goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the
individual parts are correct. Unit testing is usually performed by the developer.
Why do Unit Testing? Why it is important?
Sometimes software developers attempt to save time by doing minimal unit testing.
This is a myth because skimping on unit testing leads to higher defect fixing costs during
system testing, integration testing and even beta testing after the application is completed.

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Proper unit testing done during the development stage saves both time and money in the end.
Integration Testing:-
In Integration Testing, individual software modules are integrated logically and tested as a
group. A typical software project consists of multiple software modules, coded by different
programmers. Integration testing focuses on checking data communication amongst these
modules.
Why do Integration Testing?
Although each software module is unit tested, defects still exist for various reasons like
 A Module in general is designed by an individual software developer whose
understanding and programming logic may differ from other programmers.
Integration testing becomes necessary to verify the software modules work in unity
 At the time of module development, there are wide chances of change in requirements
by the clients. These new requirements may not be unit tested and hence system
integration testing becomes necessary.

 Interfaces of the software modules with the database could be erroneous

 External Hardware interfaces, if any, could be erroneous
 Inadequate exception handling could cause issues.
System Testing:-
System testing is the testing of a complete and fully integrated software product.
Usually software is only one element of a larger computer based system. Ultimately, software
is interfaced with other software/hardware systems. System testing is actually a series of
different tests whose sole purpose is to exercise the full computer based system.
Two Category of Software Testing
 Black Box Testing
 White Box Testing
System test falls under the black box testing category of software testing.

White box testing is the testing of the internal workings or code of a software application. In
contrast, black box or system testing is the opposite. System test involves the external
workings of the software from the user's perspective.
Different Types of System Testing:-

There are more than 50 types of System Testing. For an exhaustive list of software testing
types click here. Below we have listed types of system testing a large software development
company would typically use

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 1. Usability Testing - Usability testing mainly focuses on the user's ease to use the
application, flexibility in handling controls and ability of the system to meet its
objectives
2. Load Testing - Load testing is necessary to know that a software solution will
perform under real-life loads.
3. Regression Testing- - Regression testing involves testing done to make sure none of
the changes made over the course of the development process have caused new bugs.
It also makes sure no old bugs appear from the addition of new software modules over
time.
4. Recovery Testing - Recovery testing is done to demonstrate a software solution is
reliable, trustworthy and can successfully recoup from possible crashes.

5. Migration Testing - Migration testing is done to ensure that the software can be
moved from older system infrastructures to current system infrastructures without any
issues.
6. Functional Testing - Also known as functional completeness testing, functional
testing involves trying to think of any possible missing functions. Testers might make
a list of additional functionalities that a product could have to improve it during
functional testing.
7. Hardware/Software Testing - IBM refers to Hardware/Software testing as "HW/SW
Testing". This is when the tester focuses his/her attention on the interactions between
the hardware and software during system testing.
Regression Testing:-
Regression testing is defined as a type of software testing to confirm that a recent program or
code change has not adversely affected existing features.
Regression testing is nothing but full or partial selection of already executed test cases which
are re-executed to ensure existing functionalities work fine.
This testing is done to make sure that new code changes should not have side effects on the
existing functionalities. It ensures that old code still works once the new code changes are
done.
Need of Regression Testing:-
Regression Testing is required when there is a
 Change in requirements and code is modified according to the requirement
 New feature is added to the software
 Defect fixing

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  Performance issue fix
Regression Testing Techniques:-

Software maintenance is an activity which includes enhancements, error corrections,

optimization and deletion of existing features. These modifications may cause the system to
work incorrectly. Therefore, Regression Testing becomes necessary. Regression Testing can
be carried out using following techniques:Non-functional Testing

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Advantages of System

 This System reduces and saves the time for processing the Data required by the user.
 It helps in easily store and retrieving the data.
 Avoids error during maintaining the data.
 Avoids the redundant data.
 It avoids the lot‘s of required manpower.

Limitation of System
 System does not support any other language other than Marathi and English.
 Reports are fixed format.
 Dynamic reports are not generated.
 System only gives the tentative budget in real time.
Future plan
 System support any language
 Dynamic reports will be generated.

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 Bibliography

Book
1. Roger S. Pressman (2012) Software Engineering a Practitioners Approach.
(McGraw Hill Publication)

2. Avi Silberschatz , Henry F. Korth (March 1996 ) , S. Sudarshan, Data models,

ACM Computing Surveys.

3. Silberschatz, A., Korth, H. F., & Sudarshan, S. (1997). Database system

concepts (Vol. 4). New York: McGraw-Hill.

4. Mark L. Gillenson Wiley, (2005). Fundamental Database Management System.

(ISBN- 0471659258).

5. Philip J. Pratt Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company, (1995) The Concepts of
Database Management (ISBN- 0877097798).

6. Robin Nixon (2009) Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript: With JQuery, CSS &
HTML5,

References
 https://www.visual-paradigm.com/tutorials/data-flow-diagram-example-food-
ordering-system.jsp
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language
 http://creately.com/blog/diagrams/use-case-diagram-tutorial/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_diagram
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/object_oriented_analysis_design/ooad_uml_behaviour
al_diagrams.htm\
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_diagram
 http://www.uml-diagrams.org/component-diagrams.html
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_activity_diagram.htm
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_deployment_diagram.htm

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 https://www.smartdraw.com/entity-relationship-diagram/
 https://discovery.csc.ncsu.edu/Courses/csc440-S08/slides/T03-er.ppt.pdf
 https://www.slideshare.net/rhspcte/software-engineering-ebook-roger-s-pressman
 http://www.phpform.org/
 https://www.google.com/intl/mr/inputtools/try/

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