TRANSMISSION MODES
F Simplex Transmission
F Half-duplex Transmission
F Full-duplex Transmission
b0 b0
b1 b1
b2 b2
b3 b3
b4 b4
b5 b5
b6 b6
b7 b7
strobe strobe
ground ground
transmitter receiver
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
data data
ground ground
transmitter receiver
From CPU
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
Transmit
Buffer
Transmit Transmitted
Register Data
To CPU
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
Receive
Buffer
Received Receive
Data Register
Tx = N / R
where:
Tp = S / V
where:
S = distance to be travelled
V = velocity of propagation
S = 10,000 m
V = 200,000 x 103 m/s
R = 19,200 bps
N = 1 x (1,048,576) x 8
= 8,388,608 bits
Tx = 8388608 / 19200
= 436.91 sec
= Tp + Tx
= 0.00005 + 436.91
= 436.91005 sec.
Modulation
Demodulation
Modem
Computer
Telephone
System
Modem
Computer
amplitude
one
cycle
= 1/τ
90o
360o
carrier
signal
0 1 0 0 1 1
information
signal
amplitude
modulation
frequency
modulation
phase
modulation
1. Electronic Noise
2. Signal Attenuation
3. Signal Reflection
time
time
Distorted Regenerated
Digital Digital
Signal Signal
Regenerative
Repeater
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
8-bit character
start bit 1, 1.5, or 2 stop bits to
ensure a negative
transition at the start of
each new character
yes
no
Input bit = 0 ?
yes
Bit Counter = 8
Decrement Bit no
Counter Input Bit = 1 ? Framing Error
yes
no yes
Counter = 0 ? Store the Byte
start
stop
data
sample
strobe
output 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
received
start
stop
data
sample
strobe
output 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
received
start
data stop
sample
strobe
output 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Example:
Example:
1 MB file
1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes
11,534,336 bits
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
bit steam to be
transmitted
Manchester
encoded
waveform
extracted
clock
decoded
signal
bit steam to be 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
transmitted
NRZI
waveform
Example:
1011111110010111101011111001101111111
1011111011001011110101111100011011111011
stuffed zeros
DATA BYTES
1. Low overhead.
1. High overhead.