B4 LTE Advanced 3GPP Rel 12 and 13 JianHua

LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Release 12 and 13 JianHua Wu

jian-hua_wu@keysight.com
UMTS Long Term Evolution
Release Stage 3: Core Main feature of Release
specs frozen
1999 Rel-99 March 2000 UMTS 3.84 Mcps (W-CDMA FDD & TDD)
Rel-4 March 2001 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)
Rel-5 June 2002 HSDPA
Rel-6 March 2005 HSUPA (E-DCH)
Rel-7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL). LTE & SAE Feasibility
Study, Edge Evolution
Rel-8 March 2009 LTE Work item – OFDMA air interface
SAE Work item – New IP core network
UMTS Femtocells, Dual Carrier HSDPA
Rel-9 March 2010 Multi-standard Radio (MSR), Dual Carrier HSUPA, Dual Band
HSDPA, SON, LTE Femtocells (HeNB)
LTE-Advanced feasibility study, MBSFN
Rel-10 Sept. 2011 LTE-Advanced (4G) work item, CoMP Study
Four carrier HSDPA
Rel-11 March 2013 CoMP, eDL MIMO, eCA, MIMO OTA, HSUPA TxD & 64QAM
MIMO, HSDPA 8C & 4x4 MIMO, MB MSR
Rel-12 June 14 -> March 15 3DL CA, D2D, MTC, NAICS, Dual connectivity, small cells…
2016 Rel-13 March 2016 LAA (LTE-U), 4 CA, >5 CA study, MIMO OTA, FD MIMO
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Page 2 © Keysight Technologies 2015 Page 2
3GPP workload
The scale of the work in 3GPP is formidable.

Looking just at the work of TSG RAN in 2014:
• 6 committees
• 4 to 8 meetings per year with ~900 attendees
• Over 26,000 technical documents submitted
This presentation will attempt to summarize Release 12 and the

work to date in Release 13 – perhaps 50,000 documents!
There will only be time to discuss a few features but links and navigation
help is provided at the end to facilitate more in-depth analysis
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
RAN work items / study items per release Update
number of RAN WIs/SIs after RAN #65
300
REL-9: 12.2008 - 12.2009: 4Q
250 REL-10: 12.2009 - 03.2011: 5Q
REL-11: 03.2011 - 09.2012: 6Q
REL-12: 09.2012 - 09.2014: 8Q
200
REL-13: 09.2014 - 12.2015: 5Q
150
100
50
0
core WI perf WI test WI SI total total/REL length
Fig. F-1: Number of all approved RAN work items (WI) and RAN study items (SI) (incl. already completed
WIs/SIs) in the different releases after RAN #65
The above figure from the RAN #65 Sept. 2014 report indicates the increasing
fragmentation of the 3GPP radio standards. Rel-13 is just starting but will be
shorter than Rel-12. More than half the activity in Rel-12 is carrier aggregation.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12 RAN status
Almost done…
Like Release 11, Release 12 has a very large number of mainly
smaller new features, 327 to date:
• 283 LTE, 22 LTE & UTRA, 22 UTRA
Release 12 has been long, originally Sept 2012 to June 2014, but
now extended to March 2015 (functional freeze date – no new items).
Most items are now closed (21 remain open). Half will close in March
2015 but some not till March 2016.
There are 73 items related to study or work on new features
• 31 Study items for feasibility of new work
• 38 new features (non CA), 24 with new performance requirements
• 4 performance-only requirements for features from earlier releases
The remaining items are for CA and test
• 114 CA combinations with 108 corresponding performance requirements
• 8 conformance tests to date (conformance tests always lag new features)
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12 highlights
The following topics will be covered in some detail

• Spectrum - New frequency bands and carrier aggregation
• CoMP
• Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression (NAICS)
• 3D Channel models
• WLAN/3GPP interworking
• E-UTRA Small cell enhancements - Physical layer aspects
• Dual connectivity
• Group communications
• LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
• Machine Type Communications
• Active Antenna Array Systems (AAS)
• MIMO OTA
• LTE TDD-FDD joint operation
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Classifying Rel-12 work and study items
73 work/study items (excluding test and CA)
There are three significant categories These three significant
• Spectrum (4) – Addition of new bands categories determine
• Efficiency (13) – inc. interference management the capacity of networks
• Small cell / femto / HetNet (22) – Includes WLAN and SON
Plus a few significant topics that don’t fit the above
• D2D & MCC (3) – Device to Device & Mission Critical Communications
• MTC (4) – Machine Type Communications
• OTA (2) – Radiated performance (antenna) aspects
• Positioning (5)
The remaining 20 items cover a variety of miscellaneous
smaller features
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Spectrum aspects
1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 10 THz 100 THz 1PHz
Frequency Infrared
THz Far IR UV
WavelengthMicrowave
10 cm 1 cm 1 mm 100 mm 10 mm 1 mm
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12
Spectrum aspects
There was one study item and three work items related to Spectrum :
• Study on 2GHz FDD for UTRA and LTE in Region 1 (1980-2010MHz and 2170-2200MHz
Bands)
• Core part: LTE in the US Wireless Communications Service (WCS) Band 30
• Core part: Introduction of LTE 450 MHz band in Brazil
• Core part: L-band for Supplemental Downlink in E-UTRA and UTRA
These led to the addition of three new FDD bands, 30, 31 and 32.
Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width Duplex Gap

30 2305 2315 2350 2360 10 45 35
31 452.5 457.5 462.5 467.5 5 10 5
32 DNA 1452 1496 44 - -
Band 32 is the second supplemental downlink (SDL) band to be added

SDL is used for downlink-only carrier aggregation to improve data rates
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LTE FDD Frequency bands Dec 2014 Duplex spacing
Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width Duplex Gap
Width Width
1 1920 1980 2110 2170 60 190 130
2 1850 1910 1930 1990 60 80 20
Uplink Gap Downlink
3 1710 1785 1805 1880 75 95 20
4 1710 1755 2110 2155 45 400 355
Band Band
5 824 849 869 894 25 45 20
Frequency
6 830 840 865 875- 10 35 25
7 2500 2570 2620 2690 70 120 50 • Band overlaps exist for regional
8 880 915 925 960 35 45 10
9 1749.9 1784.9 1844.9 1879.9 35 95 60 reasons
10 1710 1770 2110 2170 60 400 340
• Duplex spacing varies 30 to 799 MHz
11 1427.9 1447.9 1475.9 1495.9 20 48 28
12 698 716 728 746 18 30 12 • Downlink to uplink gap varies from 5
13 777 787 746 756 10 -31 21
14 788 798 758 768 10 -30 20
to 680 MHz
15* 1900 1920 2600 2620 20 700 680 • Narrow duplex spacing and gaps
16* 2010 2025 2585 2600 15 575 560
17 704 716 734 746 12 30 18
make filter design hard to prevent the
18 815 830 860 875 15 45 30 transmitter spectral regrowth leaking
19 830 845 875 890 15 45 30
20 832 862 791 821 30 -41 11
into the receiver (self-blocking)
21 1447.9 1462.9 1495.9 1510.9 15 48 33
22 3410 3490 3510 3590 80 100 20 Bands 15 and 16 are specified by
23 2000 2020 2180 2200 20 180 160 ETSI for use only in Europe
24 1626.5 1660.5 1525 1559 34 -101.5 67.5
25 1850 1915 1930 1995 65 80 15
26 814 849 859 894 35 45 10 Bands 13, 14, 20 and 24 have reversed
27 807 824 852 869 17 45 28 uplink downlink frequencies
28 703 748 758 803 45 55 10
29 DNA 717 728 11 - -
30 2305 2315 2350 2360 10 45 35 Bands 29 and 32 are “supplemental
31
32
452.5
DNA
457.5 462.5
1452
467.5
1496
5
44
10
-
5
-
downlink only” for carrier aggregation
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LTE TDD Frequency bands Dec 2014
Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width

33 1900 1920 1900 1920 20
34 2010 2025 2010 2025 15
35 1850 1910 1850 1910 60
36 1930 1990 1930 1990 60 Width
37 1910 1930 1910 1930 20
Transceive
38 2570 2620 2570 2620 50
Band
39 1880 1920 1880 1920 40
40 2300 2400 2300 2400 100 Frequency
41 2496 2690 2496 2690 194
42 3400 3600 3400 3600 200
43 3600 3800 3600 3800 200
44 703 803 703 803 100
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Summary of Carrier Aggregation work as at Dec 2014
Rel-10 3 new CA combinations

Rel-11 21 new CA combinations
Rel-12 114 new CA combinations including 3 DL
Rel-13 52 new CA combinations so far including 4 DL
There are now 190 CA combinations (8 for 4 DL) of the 42 bands
Four downlink CA is now in process with talk for Release 14 of “up to 32
carriers” (someone found a spare bit in the signalling…)
Every combination has the potential to require a new UE design to handle
the filtering and PA requirements leading to higher cost, complexity and test
Other Keysight webcasts focussing on CA:
Carrier Aggregation: Fundamentals and Deployments Webcast
8x8 MIMO and Carrier Aggregation Test Challenges for LTE Webcast
Validating LTE-A UE’s: The increasing Importance of Data Throughput Performance
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Intra-band 3 carrier using MXA
Some CA measurements
Inter-band EVM using MXA
3 carrier
456 Mbps!
Using UXM
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Five carrier intra-band signal generation example
Keysight Signal Studio for LTE
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Five carrier inter-band signal analysis example
Keysight 89600 Vector Signal Analyzer software
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12
Efficiency aspects
• Study on CoMP for LTE with Non-Ideal Backhaul
• Core part: Inter-eNB CoMP for LTE
• Study and Core part: Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and
Suppression for LTE
• Study on 3D-channel model for Elevation Beamforming and FD-MIMO
studies for LTE
• Study and Core part: Further EUL enhancements
• Core part: Further Downlink MIMO Enhancement for LTE-Advanced
• Core part: Further Enhancements to LTE TDD for DL-UL Interference
Management and Traffic Adaptation
• Core part: LTE Coverage Enhancements
• Perf. part: Performance Requirements of 8 Rx Antennas for LTE UL
• Perf. part: Performance requirements of interference cancellation and
suppression receiver for SU-MIMO
• Perf. part: E-UTRA UE demodulation/Channel State Information (CSI)
performance requirements for multiple Carrier Aggregation configurations
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Spectral efficiency varies across the cell
Co-channel interference explains the fundamental behaviour of cellular

systems sharing the same frequency between cells
The effects can be mitigated but they are always present
Principle: Average performance cannot be
derived or implied from peak performance. Peak performance
(single car)
Average
Capacity
performance
Pedi-cab
performance
Cell edge / Cell centre / Cell edge /
poor conditions good conditions poor conditions
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Interference distribution in a typical loaded urban
microcell
100 % This plot shows a
complimentary cumulative
distribution function
15 dB for <10% (CCDF) of the variation in
of users
Cumulative distribution
SINR across a typical

outdoor urban microcell cell
5 dB Median
performance
Principle: Highest
performance requires
high SINR - only
available to a few users
near the cell centre.
The “cell edge” can
0%
cover half the cell area.
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

SINR in dB
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Consequence of inter-cell interference across systems
Throughput Occupied Peak Average Cell Edge Raw Peak/

Bandwidth (Single user) (10 users/cell) (10 users/cell) edge ratio*
Format
GSM (1 slot) (10
users, freq. reuse = 4)
1 MHz 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 1
GPRS (4 slot) 4 MHz 81.6 kbps 50 kbps 36.2 kbps 2.3
EDGE (4 slot) 4 MHz 236.8 kbps 70 kbps 36.2 kbps 6.5
UMTS (Rel-99) 5 MHz 384 kbps 100 kbps 30 kbps 12.8
HSDPA (Rel-5) 5 MHz 3.6 Mbps 250 kbps 80 kbps 45
HSDPA (Rel-7) 5 MHz 42 Mbps 350 kbps 120 kbps 350
HSDPA (Rel-8) 10 MHz 84 Mbps 800 kbps 240 kbps 350
LTE (Rel-8) 4x4 20 MHz 300 Mbps 5.34 Mbps 1.6 Mbps 187
LTE-A (Rel-10) 4x4 20 MHz 600 Mbps 7.4 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 250
* Ratio can be reduced at expense of cell capacity with proportional fair scheduling and fractional frequency reuse
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Study on 3D-channel model of Elevation Beamforming
and FD-MIMO studies for LTE
Up to Release 11 MIMO was designed to support eNB antenna
configurations capable of adaptation in azimuth only.
Interest now exists in exploiting the vertical domain.
To specify further methods of enhancing performance using 3D-
beamforming or full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO), a new
channel model is needed that will enable modelling in both the
vertical and horizontal dimensions of the environment as well
as at user locations in the network.
The study results can be found in TR 36.873.
Further study to asses potential performance gains is carried
out in Release 13.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Managing interference:
CoMP versus NAICS
CoMP - Coordinated Multipoint
Transmission and Reception
and
NAICS - Network-Assisted Interference
Cancellation and Suppression
are two techniques being designed to improve the performance of
LTE at the cell edge where inter-cell interference is at its worst
Although they are targeting the same issue they take completely
different approaches
CoMP is largely backwards compatible, NAICS requires changes to
the UE limiting its use to future releases
CoMP started in Rel-10 5 years ago, NAICS started three years later.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
CoMP – soft handover meets MIMO
High BW
backhaul
Traditional MIMO Downlink

co-located transmission Coordinated Multipoint
In CDMA systems, at the cell edge the UE would typically be receiving signals from two of
more base stations and soft combining the result
• Good for single-user performance, not for cell capacity
Due to use of OFDMA, LTE has no soft handover and has more complex DL interference
CoMP uses beamforming from non co-located cells to optimize cell edge signal quality
This requires tight synchronization and near zero-latency high bandwidth symbol-level
backhaul between the transmitting nodes
Simulated gains are around10 % – 30%, with up to 80% in exceptional TDD conditions
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Study on Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and
Suppression for LTE (NAICS)
The study item "Network Assisted Interference Cancellation and
Suppression“ in TR 36.966 evaluated advanced interference
cancellation (IC) and interference suppression (IS) receivers
Performance with and without network assistance was considered
with a view to the impact on complexity
Comparison was against the interference rejection combiner receiver
of Rel-11 (LMMSE-IRC)
Conclusion was that some network assistance or coordination
reduces receiver complexity
Blind detection of some parameters is acceptable in certain cases.
A follow-on work item was created to define assistance parameters
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and
Suppression for LTE (NAICS)
Following the study in TR 36.866 a NAICS WI was created
The assistance parameters identified as desirable for blind detection are
• Presence or absence of interference
• Transmission modes (TM)
• For DMRS-based TMs: DMRS ports, modulation order, Virtual cell ID, nSCID, Cell
ID, CRS ports, and MBSFN pattern
• For CRS-based TMs: PMI, RI, modulation order, Cell ID, CRS ports, and MBSFN
pattern, ρA
• Control Format Indicator (CFI)- if not coordinated and required by receiver
implementation
The intention is to target a unified performance requirement for the NAICS
receivers, including requirements covering both DMRS and CRS.
No performance should be lost compared to LMMSE-IRC receivers
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12
Small cell / femto HetNet
• Study on Passive InterModulation (PIM) handling for UTRA & LTE Base Stations
• Study on UMTS Heterogeneous Networks
• Study on CRS Interference Cancellation for Homogenous Deployments for LTE
• Study on next-generation SON for UTRA and LTE
• Study and Core part: LTE-HRPD (High Rate Packet Data in 3GPP2) inter-RAT SON
• Study and Core part: WLAN/3GPP Radio Interworking
• Study on Scenarios and Requirements of LTE Small Cell Enhancements
• Study on Small Cell Enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN – Physical-layer Aspects
• Study on Small Cell Enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN – Higher-layer aspects
• Core part: E-UTRA Small cell enhancements - Physical layer aspects
• Core part: Carrier based HetNet ICIC for LTE
• Core part: Further enhancements for H(e)NB mobility-Part 3
• Core part: New Carrier Type for LTE
• Core part: RAN aspects for SIPTO at the Local Network
• Core part: Increasing the minimum number of carriers for UE monitoring in UTRA and E-UTRA
• Core part: UMTS Heterogeneous Networks enhancements
• Core part: Hetnet Mobility Enhancements for LTE
• Core part: Further enhancements for HeNB mobility-X2-GW
• Core part: UMTS Mobility enhancements for Heterogeneous Networks
• Core part: Dual Connectivity for LTE
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Why cell size matters more than spectral efficiency
Cell Type Iridium Urban Urban Wi-Fi
Attribute Rural Pico Femto
Satellite macro micro Hotspot
Worldwide Home/ Home/
Coverage Rural Urban Urban Metro
(outdoor) Metro Metro
Mobility Perfect V Good V Good Good Fair Nomadic Nomadic
Cell radius 1500 km 30 km 3 km 300 m 30 m 10 m 10 m
Cell area km2 7,700,000 2826 28 0.28 0.0028 0.0003 0.0003
Total cells 66 500 k 1M 5M 50 M 500 M 1B
Total System 500 7.5 75 1500 1000
40 Mbps 1 Tbps
capacity/MHz Gbps Tbps Tbps Tbps Tbps
Capex/cell $5 M $250 k $200 k $50 k $5 k $200 $50
Opex/cell/year $700 k $25 k $20 k $10 k $5 k $50 $20
Efficiency bps/Hz 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 3 1 – 2.5
Data density
0.00000008 0.00035 0.035 3.5 350 10000 3000
Mbps/km2/MHz
Spectral efficiency is essentially constant, data density varies 37.5B : 1

LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
WLAN/3GPP Radio Interworking
A study in TR 37.834 identified solutions for traffic steering to

improve user experience of WLAN
Operators did not agree on the best solution therefore the work
item will define two selection methods
• Access Network Discovery Selection Function (ANDSF)
- Inter-system mobility policy (ISMP) – single internet access
- Inter-system routing policy (ISRP) – multiple internet access
- Discovery information – info about local networks
• RAN rules
- An alternative for when ANDSF is not implemented in the evolved packet
core (EPC) network
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Studies on Scenarios and Requirements of LTE Small
Cell Enhancements
For a considerable time the focus of RAN standardization
activities has been on wider bandwidths and higher spectral
efficiency
However, small cells (frequency reuse) has never been
addressed strategically
• Many RAN features already exist to facilitate spectral reuse such as
femtocells and heterogeneous networks but the propagation, mobility,
interference, and backhaul needs of small cells are very different to the
assumptions that were used to define the original heterogeneous model
Three studies covering general, physical and higher layer
aspects were drafted in TR 36.932, 36.872 and 36.842 leading
to a work item on physical layer aspects.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
E-UTRA Small cell enhancements - Physical layer
aspects
The study in the physical layer aspects in TR 36.872
recommended:
• Downlink 256 QAM for low mobility sparse indoor scenarios
• Reduced transition time for small cell on/off
• Efficient radio-interface-based inter-cell synchronization (network listening)
Downlink 256 QAM has now been specified which has much
tighter EVM. From 36.104:
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Building the background to Dual Connectivity:
Co-located CA
The original goal of CA in Release 10 was to
increase the spectrum and hence peak
data rate available from one cell site
Two carriers in the same band

with very similar coverage area
But when the 2nd carrier is

at a very different frequency,
Two carriers of different frequencies the benefit of CA is limited to the
showing different coverage areas centre of the cell which is not ideal
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Building the background to Dual Connectivity:
Inter-site CA
By allowing CA between sites it is possible to provide continuous CA
coverage using a low frequency macro (umbrella) cell and local
capacity using a higher frequency
Macro umbrella cell
Small Small
Inter-site CA still assumes cell Small
cell cell
ideal backhaul for low
latency MAC layer cross-
carrier scheduling
The separation of the sites means
that enhancements are required at the
physical layer including multiple timing advances
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Dual connectivity
Release 12 - CA between sites with non-ideal backhaul
The ultimate flexibility is then achieved if CA is performed across
sites and radio access technologies (RATs) and in particular with
femtocells or WLAN, which may not have ideal backhaul
Macro umbrella cell
Small Femto
WLAN
cell
With non-ideal backhaul, MAC level

cross-carrier scheduling is not possible But dual connectivity CA
so less tightly coupled solutions at higher between LTE and Wi-Fi
layers are used. CA with WLAN also forces may not be essential
service-level integration e.g. Hotspot 2.0.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
WLAN higher layer integration vs. Dual Connectivity
Dual connectivity proposes a tightly coupled solution to extend CA to

transmit one EPS bearer over more than one radio access link
The alternative builds on existing WLAN integration which allows only one
access link per EPS bearer
The overheads of full CA with WLAN could be significant and would require
modified L1/MAC for LTE and Wi-Fi
Whereas building on existing Rel-12 IP Flow mobility may be simpler and
provide sufficient performance with no L1/MAC changes and integration.
The two links that are proposed to be aggregated are very unbalanced.
• The LTE link typically provides a larger latency and low throughput
• WLAN link is a low latency and high throughput.
• It is not uncommon to have on average about 3-4 HARQ retransmissions for a packet
over the cellular link.
Wi-Fi is already nearly two orders of magnitude faster than cellular today.
801.11ac now reached 3.39 Gbps (4x MU-MIMO in 160 MHz)
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12
D2D & MCC, MTC
D2D / MCC - 3 study/work items
• Study on LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
• Study on Group Communication for LTE
• Core part: LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
MTC - 4 study/work items

• Study on Provision of low-cost MTC UEs based on LTE
• Core part: Low cost & enhanced coverage MTC UE for LTE
• Study on RAN aspects of Machine Type and other mobile data
applications Communications enhancements
• Core part: RAN enhancements for Machine-Type and other mobile data
applications Communications
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Study on Group Communication for LTE
Study objectives
• Evaluate LTE air-interface when distributing the same content using unicast, to
many public-safety -capable UEs taking into account the expected public
safety use cases (including voice and multimedia communication);
• Evaluate ability of eMBMS or other mechanisms to provide group
communication for public safety applications.
Requirements to consider
• Impact of user mobility to group communication performance;
• High level of availability of the radio connection for the public-safety -capable
UE for group communication;
• Scalability of group communication solution;
• Need to support various media, as well as voice;
• Performance, such as Group Communication end-to-end setup time, service
joining/acquisition time, and end to end delay for media transport.
The outcome of the study is in TR 36.868.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
(LTE-ProSe) TR 36.843 (aka LTE-Direct, LTE-D)
LTE-ProSe represent a fundamentally new concept in device
communications
The scope is in two main phases:
• Device to device discovery
• Device to device (D2D) communication
The application for the first phase is to enable devices to
“express” their identity to other UE in the local area
• This can be used for a variety of purposes including location based
advertising
The 2nd phase of D2D comms has many uses including public
safety involving communication in the absence of a network
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
Deployment scenarios (TR 36.843)
Scenarios UE1 UE2

1A: Out-of-Coverage Out-of-Coverage Out-of-Coverage
1B: Partial-Coverage In-Coverage Out-of-Coverage
1C: In-Coverage-Single-Cell In-Coverage In-Coverage
1D: In-Coverage-Multi-Cell In-Coverage In-Coverage
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Low cost & enhanced coverage MTC UE for LTE
The Rel-11 “Study on Provision of low-cost MTC UEs based on LTE” concluded in
TR 36.888 that it is possible to specify an LTE MTC device with a material cost
comparable to that of an EGPRS
The Rel-12 work item “Low cost & enhanced coverage MTC UE for LTE” then
defined a new UE category 0 which has lower requirements than UE category 1 from
Rel-8. The main changes are:
• Single receiver (no MIMO or diversity reception)
• Baseband for data channels limited to 1.4 MHz (RF channels remain unchanged)
• Maximum transport block size limited to 1000 bits
• Half-duplex mode enabling use of a single oscillator is also being defined
Based on the Rel-11 “Study on RAN aspects of Machine Type and other mobile data
applications Communications enhancements” documented in TR 37.869, the work
item “RAN enhancements for Machine-Type and other mobile data applications
Communications” was started which introduces a low power state in the non-access
stratum (NAS) and signalling overhead reductions.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
UE categories up to Release 12
UE Category Downlink bitrate Max # of spatial Uplink bitrate Support for

(Mbps) layers in DL (Mbps) 64QAM in UL
0 1 1 1 No
1 10.296 1 5.160 No
2 51.024 2 25.456 No
3 102.048 2 51.024 No
4 150.752 2 51.024 No
5 299.552 4 75.376 Yes
6 301.504 2 or 4 51.024 No
7 301.504 2 or 4 102.048 No
8 2998.560 8 1497.760 Yes
9 452.256 2 or 4 51.024 No
10 452.256 2 or 4 102.048 No
11 603.008 2 or 4 51.024 No
12 603.008 2 or 4 102.048 No
13 391.632 2 or 4 51.024 No
14 391.632 2 or 4 102.048 No
15 3916.560 8 1497.760 Yes
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12
OTA , Positioning
OTA
• Study of RF and EMC Requirements for Active Antenna Array System
(AAS) Base Station
• Perf. part: Verification of radiated multi-antenna reception
performance of UEs in LTE/UMTS
Positioning
• Study on Inclusion of RF Pattern Matching Technologies as a positioning
method in the E-UTRAN
• Core part: Support for BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) for UTRA
• Core part: Support for BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) for LTE
• Core part: HNB Positioning for UTRA
• Core part: Positioning Enhancements for RF Pattern Matching in E-UTRA
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 12
Miscellaneous
• Study on Mobile Relay for E-UTRA
• Study on scalable UMTS FDD bandwidth
• Study on DCH Enhancements for UMTS
• Study on Energy Saving Enhancement for E-UTRAN
• Study on RAN Enhancements for UMTS/HSPA and LTE Interworking
• Study on RAN Aspects of RAN Sharing Enhancements for LTE
• Study on scalable UMTS FDD bandwidth by filtering
• Study on HNB Emergency Warning Area for UTRA
• Study and Core part: DCH Enhancements for UMTS
• Study and Core part: Enhanced Broadcast of System Information
• Study and Core part: New BS specification structure
• Study and Core part: Smart Congestion Mitigation in E-UTRAN
• Core part: HSPA signalling enhancements for more efficient resource usage for LCR TDD
• Core part: Public Warning System - Reset/Failure/Restart in Warning Message
Delivery in LTE
• Core part: LTE TDD-FDD joint operation including Carrier Aggregation
• Core part: Further MBMS Operations Support for E-UTRAN
• Core part: Group Call eMBMS congestion management for LTE
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LTE TDD-FDD joint operation including Carrier
Aggregation
LTE supports both FDD and TDD duplex modes.
Handover mechanisms exist but not simultaneous operation (CA)
For operators with both FDD and TDD spectrum, it has become
crucial to identify efficient mechanisms so that both spectrum
resources can be fully utilized to improve system performance and
user experience.
Either a TDD or FDD cell could be specified as the Pcell so a generic
LTE FDD–TDD CA solution is needed
Other TDD–FDD joint operation solutions than CA may be identified
based on the outcome of the initial phase of the work item, which is
evaluating deployment scenarios and network/UE support
requirements. 3GPP is using bands 8+40, 3+40, 1+41, and 1+42 as
the example combinations
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 13 RAN status
Due to the continued delays in finishing Rel-12, with further

exceptions made till March 2015, only limited Release 13 work
has been started.
As of Dec 2014 there were 148 Rel-13 work or study items:
• 133LTE, 7 UTRA, 8 LTE & UTRA
There are 36 items linked to new features
• 20 Study items for feasibility of new work
• 14 new features (non CA) 7 with corresponding performance requirements
• 2 performance-only requirements for features from earlier releases
The remaining 105 items are for CA and test
• 52 new CA combinations with corresponding performance requirements
• 1 conformance tests to date (conformance tests always lag new features)
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 13 highlights – so far…
The following topics will be covered in more detail

• Spectrum - New frequency bands and carrier aggregation
• Licensed-Assisted Access using LTE
• Enhanced LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
• Further LTE Physical Layer Enhancements for MTC
• Elevation Beamforming/Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE
• MIMO OTA antenna test function for LTE
• LTE UE TRP and TRS and UTRA Hand Phantom related UE TRP and
TRS Requirements
• Radiated requirements for the verification of multi-antenna reception
performance of UEs
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Classifying Rel-13 work and study items
37 work/study items (excluding CA)
There are again three significant categories
• Spectrum (7) –New bands and general carrier aggregation
• Efficiency (8) - Including interference management
• Small cell / femto / HetNet (4) – Includes WLAN and SON
Plus other topics that don’t fit the above
• D2D & MCC (2) – Device to Device and Mission Critical Communications
• MTC (2) – Machine Type Communications
• OTA (6) – Radiated performance (antenna) aspects
• Positioning (2)
The remaining 6 cover a variety of miscellaneous smaller
features
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 13
Spectrum
• Study on LTE FDD in the bands 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz
• Core part: 2GHz FDD LTE Band for Region 1 (1980-2010MHz and 2170-
2200MHz Bands)
• Study on Expansion of LTE_FDD_1670_US to include 1670-1680MHz
Band for LTE in the US
• Study on Advanced Wireless Services (AWS)-Extension band for LTE
• Core part: LTE in the 1670-1675MHz Band for US
The above means between two and four new FDD bands
• FDD band numbering will restart as the original 32 have been used up
The other two items relate to carrier aggregation enhancements
• Core part: LTE Carrier Aggregation Enhancement Beyond 5 Carriers!
• Core part: HSPA Dual-Band UL carrier aggregation
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 13
Efficiency
• Study on Downlink Enhancements for UMTS
• Study on Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression for
UMTS
• Study on Enhanced Multiuser Transmissions and Network Assisted
Interference Cancellation for LTE
• Study on LTE DL 4 Rx antenna ports
• Core part: Enhanced Signalling for Inter-eNB Coordinated Multi-Point
(CoMP) for LTE
• Core part: UE core requirements for uplink 64 QAM
• Perf. part: Performance requirements of MMSE-IRC receiver for LTE BS
• Perf. part: CRS Interference Mitigation for LTE Homogenous Deployments
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 13
Small cell / femto / HetNet, D2D & MCC
Small cell / femto / HetNet
• Study on Multi-RAT Joint coordination
• Study on Licensed-Assisted Access using LTE
• Core part: SON for AAS-based deployments
• Study on Extension of Dual Connectivity in E-UTRAN
• Study on further enhancements of small cell higher layer aspects for LTE
D2D & MCC

• Study on Support of single-cell point-to-multipoint transmission in LTE
• Core part: Enhanced LTE Device to Device Proximity Services
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Study on Licensed-Assisted Access using LTE (LAA)
Following considerable recent interest at 3GPP in the operation of LTE in

unlicensed bands a new study item has been opened.
The previous name for this was LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U), but LAA is likely to be
the name moving forwards.
The purpose of LAA is to enable operators to offload traffic to LTE femtocells
without having to implement WLAN
The initial focus is on the 5 GHz ISM band used for WLAN
Proposals are controversial since standard LTE interferes with WLAN
LTE is shown to be more efficient - but WLAN was there first
Modifications to the LTE air interface will be proposed to make co-existence with
WLAN more tolerable (e.g. Listen Before Talk – LBT)
US regulations do not require LBT but Europe and Asia do
LAA is likely to become the single biggest increase of cellular spectrum (up to
680 MHz in 5 GHz band) since the allocations given at WRC 07 Then there is
60 GHz…
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LAA Deployment scenarios
(RWS-140029)
Initial results show that, when augmented with the appropriate
coexistence mechanisms to operate in unlicensed spectrum,
e.g. Listen-Before-Talk, LTE can effectively coexist with WiFi
and outperform it in terms of spectral efficiency
Deployment model Mode of operation

Co-located cells Carrier
Non co-located cells w/ ideal backhaul Aggregation
Licensed-Assisted
Non co-located cells w/out ideal Dual Connectivity
backhaul
Standalone cells Standalone
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
LAA Deployment scenarios
(RWS-140029)
Strong interest to start first with Licensed-Assisted Carrier Aggregation
operation leveraging on the existing LTE Carrier Aggregation framework
• Two available options:
(1) Cells on unlicensed spectrum used for downlink only
(2) Cells on unlicensed spectrum used for both downlink and uplink
• Many companies propose to start working on (1) then follow with (2)
Most of the companies see the value to study Licensed-Assisted Dual

Connectivity operation as well, but prefer to do so at later time
• The feature will hopefully leverage on the Dual Connectivity feature currently being
developed in Rel-12
Diverging opinions on Standalone operation

• Some companies proposed to study also this mode; some companies explicitly
requested not to study it.
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
The alternative to LAA:
Continued integration of cellular and Wi-Fi
802.11u/Hotspot 2.0 (Passpoint) 3GPP/I-WLAN
Access IMS and other operator IP services
Access WiFi with from untrusted WiFi
SIM credentials
EAP over ePDG
WiFi
WiFi PMIPv6 IP address continuity and IP flow mobility

Select WiFi SSID that ANQP DSMIPv6
have operator GTP
agreements ANDSF
Operator delivered policies for UE connection
manager
EAP – Extensible Authentication Protocol

ANQP – Access network Query Protocol
ePDG – Evolved Packet Data Gateway
PMIPv6 – Proxy Mobil IP v6 Agilent UXM
DSMIPv6 – Dual Stack Mobility IP v6 LTE WiFi
GTP – GPRS Tunelling Protocol
ANDSF – Access network Discovery and Selection Function
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Instrumentation Scientific Medical (ISM) spectrum
W-Fi delivering half of all
2.4 GHz 2.485 GHz internet traffic by 2016
2.4 GHz with cellular at 10% (Cisco)
5.150 GHz 5.725 GHz 5.850 GHz (US only)
Non-contiguous spectrum, permitting, at

5GHz best, 2 x 160MHz channels
5.350 GHz 5.470 GHz Underused today
60GHz Very underused today

61.560 GHz 63.720 GHz
57.240 GHz 59.400 GHz 65.880 GHz

2.16GHz
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Release 13
MTC, OTA
MTC
• Study on small data transmission enhancement for UMTS
• Core part: Further LTE Physical Layer Enhancements for MTC
OTA
• Study on Elevation Beamforming/Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE
• Study on MIMO OTA antenna test function for LTE
• Core part: Base Station (BS) RF requirements for Active Antenna System
(AAS) (was Rel-12)
• Core part and conformance test aspects: LTE UE TRP and TRS and
UTRA Hand Phantom related UE TRP and TRS Requirements
• Core part: Radiated requirements for the verification of multi-antenna
reception performance of UEs
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Further LTE Physical Layer Enhancements for MTC
Based on the new Rel-12 category 0, Rel-13 will specify a low

complexity UE category/type for MTC:
• Full or half duplex FDD or TDD mode:
• Reduced UE bandwidth of 1.4 MHz in downlink and uplink.
• Reduced maximum transmit power.
- The maximum transmit power of the new UE power class should be
determined by RAN4 and should support an integrated PA implementation.
• Reduced support for downlink transmission modes.
• Further relaxations can also be considered including:
- Relaxed transmit and/or receive EVM requirement including restricted
modulation scheme.
- Reduced physical data channel processing (e.g. relaxed downlink HARQ
time line or reduced number of HARQ processes).
- Reduced support for CQI/CSI reporting modes.
• Coverage improvements of 15 dB
• Power consumption for ultra long battery life
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13
Summary
The evolution of LTE since Release 8 shows no sign of slowing
Many of the most important innovations are recognizing the
importance of changing network topology as a means of
improving end user performance rather than the traditional
focus on spectral efficiency and peak channel bandwidth
The key areas of cellular evolution likely to make the most
difference to end users will be a combination of:
• Heterogeneous networks (integration of macro and small cells)
• Dual connectivity: Extension of carrier aggregation for inter-site
• Extension of dual connectivity to include Wi-Fi (controversial)
• The playing out of the LAA vs. traditional Wi-Fi offload without CA
• Radiated performance testing to include the quality of device and base
station antennas which have largely been discounted, especially for MIMO
LTE-Advanced:
3GPP Rel 12 and 13

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LTE-Advanced:

3GPP Release 12 and 13 JianHua Wu

The scale of the work in 3GPP is formidable.

This presentation will attempt to summarize Release 12 and the

number of RAN WIs/SIs after RAN #65

The following topics will be covered in some detail

1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 10 THz 100 THz 1PHz

Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width Duplex Gap

Band 32 is the second supplemental downlink (SDL) band to be added

Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width

Rel-10 3 new CA combinations

Co-channel interference explains the fundamental behaviour of cellular

SINR across a typical

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Throughput Occupied Peak Average Cell Edge Raw Peak/

Traditional MIMO Downlink

Spectral efficiency is essentially constant, data density varies 37.5B : 1

A study in TR 37.834 identified solutions for traffic steering to

Two carriers in the same band

But when the 2nd carrier is

Macro umbrella cell

Macro umbrella cell

With non-ideal backhaul, MAC level

Dual connectivity proposes a tightly coupled solution to extend CA to

MTC - 4 study/work items

Scenarios UE1 UE2

UE Category Downlink bitrate Max # of spatial Uplink bitrate Support for

Due to the continued delays in finishing Rel-12, with further

The following topics will be covered in more detail

D2D & MCC

Following considerable recent interest at 3GPP in the operation of LTE in

Deployment model Mode of operation

Most of the companies see the value to study Licensed-Assisted Dual

Diverging opinions on Standalone operation

WiFi PMIPv6 IP address continuity and IP flow mobility

EAP – Extensible Authentication Protocol

5.150 GHz 5.725 GHz 5.850 GHz (US only)

Non-contiguous spectrum, permitting, at

5.350 GHz 5.470 GHz Underused today

60GHz Very underused today

57.240 GHz 59.400 GHz 65.880 GHz

channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4

Based on the new Rel-12 category 0, Rel-13 will specify a low

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