EFFECT OF ULTRA BATTERY ON LOAD
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF TWO AREA
POWER SYSTEM
S Zahid Nabi Dar
Department of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Srinagar, J&K, India
Email: zahidnabi21@gmail.com
Abstract— The present work presents the implementation of
genetically programmed method for the enhanced and profitable
`operation of an Ultra Battery (UB) energy storage system with
respect to load frequency control (LFC) problem. In comparison
to the conventional control strategy this method suggests to apply
genetic algorithm (GA) by which automatic updating of
proportional and integral gains of the controller takes place .The
tracking performance of actual power with regard to reference
power is also portrayed in the extensive simulations carried out
in Matlab Simulink environment
Keywords—: Ultra Battery (UB), load frequency control (LFC),
area control error (ACE), genetic algorithm (GA).
I. INTRODUCTION
For efficient operation of a power system, the essential
condition is to sustain an almost steady frequency. Large
magnetizing currents get generated in the system with sizeable
drops in frequency. Real power of the system depicts the
frequency response and stability of the system. As frequency
is an governing criterion all through the network, the variation
in real power via a particular area is reflected through the entire
network by a change in frequency. Since numerous generators
supply power to the system, some measures must be taken to
grant changes in demand for the generators respectively. The
speed governor at each generation area supplies the primary
speed control, whereas supplementary control emerging from a
central control point exalts generation. Mainly controlling of
generation and frequency is generally known as load frequency
control (LFC)[1].
Energy storage is utmost challenging and demanding
issue of the industry either it be in form of an electrical utility
or for the case of electrical industries. The advanced and
emerging applications are resonated in the fields of electric
hybrid vehicles, electric industries, portable electronics and
storage systems used in electric renewable sources. The
sustained demand for cost effective energy storage has resulted
in the evolution of advanced technologies that provide
reliability, more production, less economic burden, faster
response .Energy storage can manage the deviations in supply
and match the always expanding demand for electricity.
Mairaj-ud-Din Mufti
Department of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Srinagar, J&K, India
Email: muftimd@yahoo.com
Utilization of battery technology has seen a rising trend. With
applications of lithium cells in electric hybrid vehicles .The use
of it as an energy storage device in case of power system is a
happening application. With different battery technologies
present in the market. The lead-acid batteries have a major part
to play in the next generation storage technologies. It has
essential advantages in comparison to other battery
technologies. Similar to the existing battery technology super
capacitor offers very promising role in storage applications. In
contrast to super capacitor the lead-acid Ultra Battery has a
well-defined recycling technique and has a well-established
mature. Further it costs less in contrast to its existent
counterparts in the market. Super capacitors offer a very
promising prospect in storage applications, but in regard to
energy density it lags behind the battery technology. To
understand the variation of energy densities in the two storage
systems. We need to understand the phenomenon’s governing
their responses. There is an indirect storage of electrical energy
in form of potential chemical energy in case of battery.
Whereas there is direct energy storage in capacitors in the form
of electrostatic energy wherein charge get deposited over the
pates of capacitor as positive and negative charges. It thus can
be concluded capacitors go through nil electrochemical
reactions, during conversion of stored charge to electrical
energy. However the major disadvantage with capacitors is its
low energy density. At the base level, restrictions exist which
limit the energy in capacitors to 20% in comparison to the
batteries possessing same effective area.
II CONFIGURATION OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM
Primarily in a power system the governor-turbine system is
very slow with respect to the excitation system, whose
response time is quiet quick. Hence it is observed the changes
in the terminal voltages are corrected quickly in comparison to
the fluctuations developed in frequency by active power
mismatch. We can see as the AFLC (area frequency load
characteristics) loop is very slow in comparison to the
automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loop. Hence we can
decouple both and avoid AVR loop by considering the
terminal value of the excitation voltage is always kept
uniform. From figure 1 we arrive at the fundamental
configuration of UB units within a two area power system (2-
3). Area 1 comprises of generators interconnected with a
reference bus. In similar manner area two consists of
generators which are further connected with a separate
reference bus. Thereafter these two areas are connected by a
weak tie line. Majority of the researches in LFC (load
frequency control have ignored the essential nonlinearity like
the governor dead band and generation rate constraints which
results in the persistent oscillations in the system. The
inclusion of such factors into the system will give us the clear
understanding of a practical two area power system. We
incorporate the UB device within the system by taking into
account the effects of governor dead band as well as the
generation rate constraint (GRC).
Fig.1. Schematic of the interconnected power system with battery
III. UB FOR TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM
Investigations for the effect of genetically tuned UB in the
LFC are presented in our studies and the technique for using a
small rated UB is proposed [4-5]. As has already been
discussed. By Equation 1 we represent the charge and
discharge reactions By removal of charge and instant
application of discharge to the battery there will occur a
defined transition which would be governed by situations like
battery health, temperature and capacity of charge present
within the battery.
Pb +PbO2↔2PbSO4 +2H2O
Further, the effect of rising rate of discharge current is well
established from Peurkert[3],who explained the reducing
active capacity of lead-acid cells through discharge rate:
CP=IKt,
Wherein the symbols used represent specific parameters of
the ultra-battery as
CP is battery capacity at a defined discharge rate.
I is represented as the discharge current
K is the constant given by Peukert
T is depicted as the discharging time for battery in hours.
These factors govern the functioning and operational life of
the battery utilized for current applications in transient modes.
Designing of batteries and cells is carried out by different
techniques. In our work we started with Randles equivalent
circuit as given in fig 2. The parameters of the cell were
established by carrying out different tests .Randel’s model
proves to be a simplified electrical version of complex
electromechanical mechanisms. Here in, we consider cell
parameters to be lumped. It presumes irrespective of charge
inefficiency the settings of charge and discharge rate for the
cell are similar.
R current R terminal
R discharge
C surface
C bulk
Fig. 3 Randles design for UB
However, Figure 2 depicts a useful electrical analogy of the
complex chemical reactions of the cell. The various parameters
of the model are described in the following manner. Rcurrent
represents the dominant series cell resistance and also by it we
designate the lumped resistance for different interconnections
within the cell. Csurface depicts the double layer capacitance,
resulted by separation of charges at the interlink amidst the
electrolyte and the cell plate. RT we represent the charge
transfer resistance, also this phenomenon of charge transfer
gives us the electrical equivalent of the innate speed reflected
by reactions resulting in charge transfer. CBULK reflects the
major capacitive element present inside the cell, By Rd we
depict the discharge resistance within the cell which is
portrayed by load enforced upon bulk capacitive element,
which typically ranges around 10 kΩ for an active cell. There
(1)
are various tests to establish battery capacity. Primarily the
designed capacity for a specific battery would depend upon a
particular discharge rate. The terminal discharge voltage for a
specified discharge rate would be published by the
(2) manufacturer. Beyond such rate irreversible capacity loss takes
place, and permanent damage of the battery occurs. Mostly the
value regulated lead acid (VRLA), has a discharge rate of 20h,
which means there would be a steady decay of discharge
voltage for which terminal discharge voltage would be 2V/cell
will follow[6-7]. Prior estimates of battery capacitance is done
through experiments carried upon the open circuit and terminal
discharge voltages which are described by the below given
equations:-
ଵ
WCBULK= (V2)Cbulk
ଶ
ଵ
= Cbulk (V2100%SOC - V2100%SOC) (3)
ଶ
That is further is given by
 CBulk Initial= Ratedcapacity × V100 % soc (4) Pact
1 2 Pref
(V100 %soc − V02 %soc )
2

RL

R transfer Rx
C surface

Cx
Fig. 5. Tracking performance of BESS

R discharge
C bulk
V. RESULTS
The UB was fed by a signal generator having amplitude
0.01 and frequency of 1hertz.The reference power command
Fig 4 Modified Randles’ Design for UB
was fed and the actual power command was tracked via setting
However the Ultra-Battery designed based on Randles the PI controller gains using genetic tuning value of
simulation proved to be a misfit .So an advanced design proportional gain and integral gain was obtained as 2.6234and
incorporating a shunt capacitance Cx and resistance RX were 2.3358 respectively. From fig 6. It can be clearly seen that the
added and a modified Randles circuit was obtained as given in reference and actual command are perfectly overlapping in
Fig 4.UB was installed in each area of control within the case of the UB. From fig 7 and fig 8 two cases are considered
interconnected power system for damping electro mechanical and frequency deviations in both these cases are compared .The
oscillations for maintaining a minimum value for frequency first case is area1 of system with and without UB and second
and tie power deviations. UB instantly responds to the load case is area 2 of system with and without UB .It can be seen
disturbance by spontaneously releasing or absorbing energy the frequency deviations peak without UB is .06 whereas with
through command signal generated by the controller. Once the UB there is reduction in deviation and the peak declines down
disturbance is tackled with, the UB unit should restore to its to .01.So a significant improvement and it will help to load the
rated energy, and prepare itself to face fresh disturbance and system further to its thermal limits.
control it [8-9]. Furthermore compact rated UB puts limits on
control variable i.e.; power command and changing variable
which is either battery voltage or energy stored. This control
scheme is capable of dealing with all problems by generating a
feasible power command to UB .It is seen that the tracking
results of the reference power command almost overlap the
actual power command. This idea is portrayed through the
block diagram shown in Fig. 5
IV. SIMULATION STUDIES
UB is genetically tuned by tuning the controllers for the
optimum value [`10]. So that the reference power command is
tracking the actual power command. After tracking the system,
it is presented to load frequency controller of two area power
system. We observe there is reduction in frequency deviation
of the system that will help in future loading of the system for
more thermal limits. Below given Fig. 5 illustrate the two area
power system. The PI gains of the battery are tuned according Fig. 6. Tracking performance of the
to Fig.5. And the frequency deviations of the two areas with
and without UB are shown in fig 7 and fig 8.And fig 9
represents the tie-power deviation in two areas.
 Fig 9 Tie-power deviation with and without UB

Fig.7. Area 1 with and without UB

VI. CONCLUSION
The energy storage model used here was a combination of
series parallel resistances and capacitances, it has brought
about small improvement in the frequency deviation hence
more power can be transferred but to make the system more
robust it is desired the system touch the various constraints like
the maximum and minimum value of battery charge and
discharge and the system to be optimal a more optimized and
best strategy would be to adopt adaptive generalized predictive
control strategy.

APPENDIX A: SYSTEM DATA

Power System
K P1 = K P2 = 120Hz/(p.uMW)
TP 1 = TP2 = 20S
TT 1 = TT2 = 0.3
K i 1 = K i 2 = 0.2
R 1 = R 2 = 2.4Hz/(p.u.MW).
B1 = B 2 = 0.425p.u.MW/radian
Fig 8. Area 2 with and without UB T12 = 0.08674p.u.MW/radian

APPENDIX B
 UB (75 MWH)
Ultra Battery voltage = 1200 V dc
C bulk = 3175.8
C surface = 2.5F
R discharge = 10kΩ
R t = 26.3mΩ
R x = 20mΩ
C x = .03F
R L = 16,33mΩ
K P = 2.6234(proporitional − gain)
K I = 23358 (integral - gain)

REFERENCES
1. M.D.Mufti,S.A.Lone,S.J.Iqbal,M.Ahmad and M.Ismail, “Super-
capacitor Based Energy Storage System for improved Load Frequency
Control ,”Electric power system Research , 2009vol.79,no.1, ,pp.226-
233
2. O.I.Elgerd, “Electric Energy Systems Theory An
Introduction,”India:Tata Mcgraw-Hill,1982
3. W.Peukert,Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. 20 (1897).
4. M.Coleman,W.G. Hurley,L Chin Kwan,“IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion ” 2008,vol23pp708-713
5. A.J.Fairweather,M.P.Foster,D.A.Stone, “Evaluation of UltraBatteryTM
performance in comparison with a battery-supercapacitor parallel
network,” Journal of Power Sources” (2013)vol226,no.1pp-191-201.
6. Huang, Pei-Hsing; Kuo, Jenn-Kun; Huang and Chun-Yen, “A new
application of the UltraBattery to hybrid fuel cell vehicles,”
International Journal of Energy Research,(2016)vol.40,no2,pp 146-159
7. J. Furukawa; T. Takada; D. Monma and L.T. Lam “Further
demonstration of the VRLA-type UltraBattery under medium-HEV duty
and development of the flooded-type UltraBattery for micro-HEV
applications,” Journal of Power Sources” (2010)vol 195,no.4 pp-1241-
1245
8. L.T. Lam; R. Louey; N.P. Haigh; O.V. Lim; D.G. Vella; C.G. Phyland;
L.H. Vu; J. Furukawa; T. Takada; D and Monma; T. Kan, “VRLA
Ultrabattery for high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation,” Journal of
Power Sources” (2007)vol 174,no.1 pp-16-29
9. A. Cooper; J. Furakawa; L. Lam and M. Kellaway, “The UltraBattery—
A new battery design for a new beginning in hybrid electric vehicle
energy storage” ,” Journal of Power Sources” (2009)vol 188,no.2 pp-
642-649
10. Y. J. Cao and Q. H. Wu, “Teaching Genetic Algorithm using
MATLAB,” International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education,
Vol.36, 1999, pp. 139-153.