A
T
E
R
S
H
E
D
Modeling
S
Watershed
Geomorphology
with
TNTmips®
page 1
Modeling Watersheds
page 2
Modeling Watersheds
page 3
Modeling Watersheds
page 4
Modeling Watersheds
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Modeling Watersheds
Watershed Properties
STEPS The Watershed Attributes window presents a list of
; press the
the basic properties of the watersheds that were found
Watershed
Attributes icon button in by the process. When all depressions are filled, each
the Attribute toolbar on watershed drains to the edge of the raster object (or
the Watershed Analysis to the boundary between valid and null raster values,
window
which can be used to represent a coastline). Each
; press the Select
Watershed icon watershed in this case has neither inflow from an
button at the top of the upstream watershed nor outflow to a downstream
View window watershed, as indicated by the lack of check marks
; left-click with the mouse
inside the large central
in the Outflow and Inflow columns in the window.
watershed polygon Watersheds that drain beyond the edge of the raster
in the same direction may in fact join downstream
The selected polygon is and form parts of larger regional watersheds.
highlighted in color in the
View and in the Watershed The watershed attributes include elevation values
Attributes window. (minimum and maximum elevations within the wa-
tershed, plus minimum
boundary elevation), and the
area (in square meters) and
perimeter (in meters).
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Modeling Watersheds
page 7
Modeling Watersheds
page 8
Modeling Watersheds
Cursor marking
prospective seed
point location
Computed basins
and flow paths for
two seed points.
page 9
Modeling Watersheds
page 10
Modeling Watersheds
Stream Order
Since stream segments in each watershed join down- STEPS
; turn off the Show Table
stream to form larger streams, the relative importance
checkboxes for the
of each segment can be expressed as a numerical rank STREAM_PROPERTIES and
or order within the stream network. The Watershed STREAM_DISTANCES tables
process computes stream order for each line element ; turn on the Show Table
checkbox for the table
in the standard flow path vector object using four STREAM_ORDER
different ordering systems that are described and il- ; in the STREAM_ORDER table
lustrated below. The resulting values are stored in window, select Switch to
the STREAM_ORDER table. Single Record view from
the Table menu
Strahler: The smallest headwater segments are assigned ; press the Select
order 1. Order increases downstream by 1 whenever two icon button in the
streams of equal order join. For example, two streams of View window and
order 2 join to form a third-order stream. But the order select a segment of the
number does not increase when a higher-order stream is stream that drains
joined by a lower-order stream. toward the lower right
Horton: This system begins with the same ordering corner of the DEM as
scheme as the Strahler system, but the main stream shown in the illustration
maintains the same order number all the
way upstream to a single headwater
source. The order of major tributaries is
treated in the same way. At each junction
where two segments of equal Strahler order
meet, the longest or most direct upstream
segment is renumbered to the higher order
of the main stream or branch.
Shreve: The order or “magnitude” of a
stream segment formed at a junction is the
sum of the magnitudes of the two tributaries. For example,
the confluence of a magnitude 1 and magnitude 3 stream
; close the STREAM_ORDER
forms a magnitude 4 stream. The magnitude of any stream
table
segment equals the number of its magnitude 1 sources,
which means that the Shreve magnitude is more simply
related to predicted flood flow than other ordering systems.
Scheidegger: This system defines for each segment an “associated integer” (shown in
the STREAM_ORDER table) that is twice the Shreve magnitude. The Scheidegger stream
order is the logarithm to the base 2 of the associated integer.
1 2 2
1
1 1 1 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
1 1 3 1 2
2 2 2 4
1 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 3 2 6
2 2 2 4
2 3 2 2 4 4 8
2 2
3 3 4 8
1 3 1 8 1 16
3
Strahler 3 Horton 3 Shreve 9 Scheidegger 18
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Modeling Watersheds
Basin Length: maximum polygon dimension measured from the stream outlet.
Form Ratio: polygon area divided by the square of the basin length.
Elongation Ratio: ratio of the diameter of a circle with area equal to the basin area to the
basin length.
Ruggedness Number: basin relief times drainage density.
Bifurcation Ratio: the mean (for all stream orders) of the number of streams of a given
order divided by the the number of streams of the next higher order.
Length Ratio: the mean (for all stream orders) of the average stream length of a given
stream order divided by the average length of the next higher order.
page 12
Modeling Watersheds
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Modeling Watersheds
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Modeling Watersheds
page 15
Modeling Watersheds
Adjusted Elevation
STEPS Depressions are areas in a DEM that are completely
; use the Layer Manger
surrounded by higher elevation values. Some natu-
controls to hide the
raster objects examined ral processes can form sizeable natural depressions,
on the previous page and human activities such as mining and quarrying
and show the ADJUSTED create smaller depressions. But natural depressions
ELEVATION raster (which
will display without relief
are rare in common landscapes that are shaped pri-
shading) marily by stream flow, and consequently most
depressions in a DEM do not represent real land-
scape features. They are data errors, or result from
DEM_W1 includes no large the averaging involved in assigning elevation values
natural depressions like the
one illustrated below. It to cells of finite area. These spurious depressions
does have many small interfere with the correct routing of flow paths dur-
spurious depressions, but ing the watershed analysis, especially in areas of low
you would need to look very relief.
closely to see any notice-
able differences between it The Watershed process solves this problem by first
and the depressionless
DEM.
locating and “filling” the depressions. It increases
the values of cells inside each depression to the el-
evation of the lowest bounding cell (the pour point
or outlet), simulating the natural filling of depres-
sions with water to form ponds and lakes. When
you run the Watershed process with the Fill Depres-
sions option turned on, a depressionless version of
the DEM (ELEVATION, with object description “Ad-
justed elevation”) is created. This depressionless
DEM is used to compute the flow paths, basins, and
watersheds.
Perspective view of a relief- Perspective view of the Computed flow paths over-
shaded DEM with a large corresponding area of the laid on the depressionless
natural depression partially depressionless DEM. El- DEM. Flow paths are routed
filled by water to form a pond evations in the depression across the flat areas created
(uniform gray surface in have been raised to the by filling depressions, linking
center). The water level is level of the lowest pour inlet streams and outlet
lower than the lowest natural point, simulating complete streams.
outlet (pour point). filling with water.
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Modeling Watersheds
Filling Depressions
The filling of depressions is controlled by area and STEPS
depth thresholds that you set on the Depressions ; press the Open
icon button, then
tabbed panel. The Area and Null Area fields allow [No] in the Question
you to set the maximum number of cells and the maxi- window
mum number of null cells, respectively, for a ; in the Select Object
window, choose object
depression to be filled. The Depth field sets the
DEM_WFD and press [OK]
maximum depth allowed for a depression to be filled. ; on the General panel,
An additional depth parameter sets the threshold de- turn off all of the toggle
pression size above which the depth limit is applied; buttons except Fill
Depressions and
smaller depressions of any depth are filled. Flowpaths
The DEM in this exercise includes a shallow depres- ; on the Depression panel
turn off the Put null cell
sion in the upland area between the major drainages. at bottom of unfilled
This depression is larger than the Area value we depressions toggle
intially set (5000 cells) and so is not filled in the first ; in the Fill Maxima Per
Depression control group
Run. With the Put null cell at bottom of unfilled
set the Area value
depressions toggle turned off, the result is that no to 5000
flowpaths are computed and only watershed poly- ; press the Run icon
gons are displayed. The watershed polygon with the button
; note the watershed with
yellow point symbol on its northern boundary in- yellow pour point in left
cludes the unfilled depression. You can examine the center of the area
Depression attributes (see page 25) to investigate ; increase the Area
depression size. In this case increasing the Area value to 10000
; press the Run icon
threshold in the second run fills the depression and button, then [No] in the
allows flowpaths to be computed. Question window
Watershed with
unfilled depresssion
page 17
Modeling Watersheds
Draining Depressions
STEPS The DEM in this exercise includes several natural
; press the Open
depressions caused by chemical weathering of the
icon button, then
[No] in the Question limestone that underlies the area and which is ex-
window posed at lower elevations. Within these depressions,
; in the Select Object surface water drains inward and some streams dis-
window, choose object
DEM_WDD and press [OK]
appear into sinkholes that connect to cave systems.
; on the Depression panel, In order to replicate the internal drainage of these
turn on the Put null cell
at bottom of unfilled depressions in the Watershed process, we have ad-
depressions toggle justed the depression-filling settings to prevent these
; in the Fill Maxima Per small depressions from being automatically filled
Depression control group
(reduced the maximum depression area and the
set the Area value to 500
; set the cell number threshold for triggering the depth limit). We’ve also
threshold for the Depth toggled on the option to put a null cell at the bottom
setting to 100 of unfilled depressions. When flowpaths are found,
; press the Run
icon button
each of these null cells acts as an outlet or drain to
; turn on the Watershed nucleate a drainage network within the depression
polygons vector layer (see the following
page).
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Modeling Watersheds
page 19
Modeling Watersheds
page 20
Modeling Watersheds
page 21
Modeling Watersheds
page 22
Modeling Watersheds
page 23
Modeling Watersheds
Watershed Relationships
STEPS When depressions remain in the adjusted elevation
; press the Select
raster, a single large watershed may be divided into
Watershed icon
button at the top of the a number of individual watershed polygons. A par-
View window ticular watershed polygon may have one or more
; left-click with the mouse upstream watersheds that would drain into it if their
inside the large
depressions were filled. The same watershed may
watershed polygon at the
center of the DEM also drain into a downstream watershed (or less com-
; press the monly more than one) if its depression is filled. These
Watershed relationships are displayed graphically when you use
Attributes icon
button on the Watershed
the Select Watershed tool to select a watershed poly-
Analysis window gon. The active watershed and its upper and lower
neighbors are shown in different highlight colors.
selected upper One neighboring upper watershed
watershed and pour (if any) is automatically designated
point (magenta) the selected upper watershed and
shown in a different highlight color
than the remaining upper water-
sheds; the same system is used for
multiple lower watersheds.
active You can use the icon buttons on the
watershed Watershed Attributes window (illus-
trated below) to use these hydrologic
selected lower relationships to change the active
watershed and
pour point
watershed selection.
upper watershed and
pour point (purple) (bright green)
Move Through
Lower Pour
Next Lower Pour
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Modeling Watersheds
Identification numbers of the upper and lower pour ; press the Pour
Attributes icon
points for the active watershed are highlighted in the button
Pour Attributes window in the appropriate colors. ; scroll down in the Pour
The columns Left and Right list the numbers of the Attributes window to
show the two pour points
watersheds that lie on the respective sides of the vec-
whose entries are
tor line separating them (relative to the arbitrary highlighted in color
direction of that line in the vector topology). The
arrows indicate the direction
of potential flow through the
pour point. In this example,
pour point 10 is the selected
lower pour point for watershed
19, which drains to watershed
18. The upper pour for water-
shed 19 is number 13, which
drains into watershed 19 from
watershed 23.
page 25
Modeling Watersheds
page 26
Modeling Watersheds
page 27
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Modeling Watersheds
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Index
adjusted elevation.................................16 hydrologic connectivity...................13
basin inlet parameter...........................................7
from seed point..................................9 mask raster.......................................20
parameter..................................8 null cells......................................18,19
polygons..............................5,8,9,12,13 outlet parameter.........................................7
branch parameter........................................7 pour point............................................23-27
depression....................................4,16,23-27 attributes.......................................25,27
attributes............................................25 double.........................................27
double................................................27 ridges.........................................................14
draining.................................18 seed points, watershed...............................9
filling...................................4,16,23-27 segment flow paths
sequential filling....................23-27 by elevation...........................21
flow accumulation.........................7,8,14,22 by flow accumulation.................22
flow directions..........................................14 stream order...............................................11
flow path....................................5,7,8,19 watershed polygons..........5,6,12,17-18,23-27
from seed point...................................9 attributes.......................................6,12
selecting........................................6,24
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