Building & Structural Surveying N4 , Lecture 3

Minor Measuring Instruments, Irregular Areas & Obstacles to Chaining

Lecturer: Tinashe Mambariza

Noticeboard
Today We will Cover…

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LECTURE, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• IDENTIFIY EQUIPMENT USED FOR LEVELING
– BONNING ROD
– SURVEYORS STAFF
– STAFF BUBLE
– CHANGE PLATE
– TRIPOD
– DUMPY LEVEL
• IDENTIFY EQUIPMENT USED FOR SETTING RIGHT ANGLES
• IDENTIFY EQUIPMENT USED FOR MEASURING SLOPE ANGLES
• IDENTIFY EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING DIRECTION
• IDENTIFY EQUIPMENT FOR MARKING SURVEY STATIONS
• CALCULATION OF IRREGULAR AREA
• CORRECTION TO DISTANCES
– TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
– SLOPE CORRECTION
– PULL / TENSION CORRECTION
– SAG CORRECTION
• OBSTACLES TO CHAINING
LEVELLING EQUIPMENT

BONNING ROD LEVEL BUBBLE CHANGE PLATE

LEVELLIG EQUIPMENT

• SIMPLY A LARGE RULER AVAILABLE IN 3,4 OR 5m

• GRADUATED IN METERS AND CENTIMETERS
• E – PATTERN DESIGNED TO MAKE IT EASY TO READ
SMALL SECTIONS OF THE GRADUATIONS
• MAJOR GRADUATIONS ON THE E- PATTEN OCCUR AT
100mm INTERVALS & THE E PATTEN IS 50mm HIGH
LEVELLIG EQUIPMENT

DUMPY LEVEL

AUTOMATIC LEVEL

TILTING LEVEL
 EQUIPMETNT FOR SETTING-OUT RIGHT ANGLES

• This instrument is used for 3-4-5 METHOD USING A TAPE MEASURE

setting out lines at right angle
to main chain line.
• It is used where greater
accuracy is required. There are
two types of optical square,
one using two mirrors and the
other a prism.
 ABNEY LEVEL / CLINOMETER
• This instrument is generally used to obtain
roughly the slope angle of the ground. It
consists of a rectangular, telescopic tube
(without lenses) about 125mm long with a
graduated arc attached. A small bubble is
fixed for levelling.
• Vernier arm, once the image of the bubble
is seen reflected in the eyepiece the angle
of the line of sight can be read off with the
aid of the reading glass.
• CARE FOR THE ABNEY LEVEL
– HANDLE WITH CARE
– CLEAN & DRY THE INSTRUMENT AFTER
USE
– KEEP THE INSTRUMENT IN THE STORAGE
CASE WHEN NOT IN USE
 DIRECTION MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

• A COMPASS IS AN INSTRUMENT WHICH

MEASURES THE DIRECTION OF A LINE OF
SITE WITH REFERENCE TO THE MAGNETIC
MERIDIAN
• 2 TYPES OF MAGNETIC COMPASS
– PRISMATIC COMPASS ( SMALL HAND
HELD INSTRUMENTS FOR LESS
ACCURATE WORK)
– SURVEYORS COMPASS ( LARGE AND
MORE ACCURATE AND USUALLY Prismatic compass
SUPPORTED ON A TRIPOD.)
STATION MARKING EQUIPMENT
Ranging Rods:
• These are poles of circular
section 2m, 2.5m or 3m long,
painted with characteristic red
and white bands which are
usually 0.5m long and tipped
with a pointed steel shoe to
enable them to be driven into
the ground.
• They are used in the
measurement of lines with the
tape, and for marking any points
which need to be seen.
 STATION MARKING EQUIPMENT
PEGS
• Pegs are made of wood 50mm x
50mm and some convenient
length. They are used for points
which are required to be
permanently marked, such as
intersection points of survey lines.
• Pegs are driven with a mallet and
nails are set in the tops.
ARROWS:
Arrow consists of a piece of steel wire about 0.5m long, and
are used for marking temporary stations.
A piece of coloured cloth, white or red ribbon is usually
attached or tied to the end of the arrow to be clearly seen
on the field.
CALCULATION OF AREAS
INCLUDE THE
CALCULATION OF AREA
FOR THE FOLLOWING
CATEGORIES
• REGULAR SHAPES
• IRREGULAR SHAPES
 CALCULATION OF IRREGULAR AREAS
THE FOLLOWING
METHODS ARE APPLIED
• MID ODINATE RULE
• TRAPEZIUM RULE
/TRAPEZODIAL
• SIMPSONS 1/3 RULE
SIMPSONS 1/3 RULE FOR CALCULATING IRREGULAR AREAS
 PRACTICAL SCENARIO
• CACULATE THE
AREA OCCUPIED BY
THE POND

• CALCULATE THE
SQUARE METERS OF
PAVING REQUIRED

• CACULATE THE
TOTAL AREA OF THIS
STAND
TAPE CORRECTIONS (TEMPORARILY INCORRECT)
TAPE CORRECTIONS
OBSTACLES TO CHAINNING
OBSTACLES TO CHAINNING
Next Lesson Preparation & Further study

• Further study
– SETTING OUT ANGLES WITH TAPE
– MAP CALCULATION
– PLANIMETER
– VOLUME CALCULATION

• Next lesson will cover:

– PRACTICAL SURVEY WORK