1
ITTC’57 Correlation Line
0.02
0.018
Institutt for marin teknikk
0.016
ITTC'57 Friction line CF
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10
Reynolds number Rn
2
Friction lines
(formulas to calculate the frictional coefficient)
Turbulent flow
Institutt for marin teknikk
3
Institutt for marin teknikk
4
Scaling of Resistance
= Calculated from
empirical formulas
Institutt for marin teknikk
=
Measured resistance of model Correlation allowance
- +
Viscous resistance, model Viscous resistance, ship
- +
Air resistance, model Air resistance, ship
= +
Residuary resistance, model = Residuary resistance, ship
5
Ship Resistance Scaling
resistance components
Measured model resistance Air resistance Transom stern drag
Institutt for marin teknikk
Model scale
CRm = CTm − (1 + ko ) ⋅ CFm − CAAm − CBDm = CRs
Viscous resistance
resistance components
Correlation coef. Transom stern drag
Full scale
CTs = CRm + (CFs + ∆CF ) ⋅ (1 + ko ) + CA + CAAs + CBDs
Full scale resistance Viscous resistance Air resistance
6
Calculated resistance components
RTm
• Total resistance coef., model CTm =
ρm
⋅Vm2 ⋅ Sm
Institutt for marin teknikk
2
AT ⇒ C ≈0.8
• Air resistance coefficient CAA = 0.001⋅ D
S
• Appendage resistance
7
Viscous Resistance
• Frictional Resistance
Institutt for marin teknikk
0.075
CF = (ITTC’57)
(log Rn − 2)2
• Form factor
• [ ]
Roughness allowance ∆CF = 110.31⋅ ( H ⋅Vs )0.21 − 403.33 ⋅ CFs
2
8
Determining the form factor
9
Prohaska’s metode for å finne
formfaktor
1.8
Institutt for marin teknikk
1.6
1.4
y = 62.981x + 1.251
1.2
1
CT/CF
0.8
0.6 (1+k)=1.251
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005
Fn4/CF
10
Prohaska’s
method
Institutt for marin teknikk
11
MARINTEK Form Factor
• Based on a regression, instead
of measurements on each
model
12
Correlation Coefficient CA
13
Propulsion Test
Institutt for marin teknikk
Measurement of:
Torque Q Tow rope FD
Thrust T
Rate of revolutions n
Dynamometer
T
Thrust coefficient KT =
ρ ⋅ n 2 ⋅ D4
Q
Torque Coefficient Q
K =
ρ ⋅ n2 ⋅ D5
14
Open Water Test
Measurement of:
Torque Q Efficiency η
Institutt for marin teknikk
KT, 10*KQ
Thrust T
Rate of revolutions n 10*KQ
Speed V
KT
T
KT = thrust coefficient
ρ ⋅ n2 ⋅ D4
Q
KQ = torque coefficient
ρ ⋅ n 2 ⋅ D5 VA
Advance number J =
n⋅D
KT ⋅ J
ηO = propeller efficiency in open water
KQ ⋅ 2π
15
Analysis of Propulsion Test
KT, 10*KQ
JO
Wake fraction: w =1 −
10*KQ V
n⋅ D
KQ0 KT KQO
Relative rotative efficiency: ηR =
KQ
Enter with KT
from propulsion test 1− t
Hull efficiency: ηH =
1− w
to find J0
RT − FD
Thrust deduction fraction: t = 1−
T
VA
Advance number J =
16
n⋅D
Performance Prediction
17
Performance Prediction (cont.)
60⋅ (1 − ws ) Vs
• Rate of revolutions RPM = ⋅
D J*
Institutt for marin teknikk
This KQ is found from the full scale open water diagram for J
2π RPM 3 KQ
• Delivered power PD (kW ) = ⋅ ρ ⋅ D ⋅(
5
) ⋅
1000 60 ηR
PD
• Brake power PB (kW ) =
ηM
18
Load-varied propulsion tests – British
method
• Thrust T, torque Q and propeller speed n in model scale is
Institutt for marin teknikk
19
Multiple-screw propulsion
propulsion point
• If the propulsors aren’t equal: do a separate analysis of each
propulsor, finding it’s full scale RPM and power
– Problem: special tests are generally required to determine the part
of the resistance carried by each propeller
Possible solution: make an assumption about how the thrust
deduction is distributed between the propulsors
– Example: A double-ended ferry using both forward and aft
propulsors during transit.
The forward propulsor will have much higher thrust deduction that
the aft propulors. Tests running each propulsor separately can be
used to determine the thrust deduction of each unit
20