​ ​Shauna Freeman

Angela Lopez(partner)
March 7, 2018
​Titration Labs
Purpose :
To determine the concentration of a weak acid using titration

Pre lab:
1. Standardization is to compare to a known standard.
2. A primary standard is typically a reagent which can be weighed easily. Reacts to a one to
one ratio and has a relatively high molar mass.
3. KHP= 204.22g/mol KC​8​H​5​KO​4
4. Accurately weigh out approximately 4g of NaOH means to weigh NaOH as closely as
possible to 4g.
5. HC​8​H​4​O​4​-(aq) + OH-(aq) → C​8​H​4​O​4​2-​(aq) + H​2​O(l)
6. CH​3​COOH + NaOH ​→​ H​2​0 + CH​3​COONa
7. All the stoichiometries have a 1 to 1 ratio

Procedure :
We followed the procedure on the handout called “Titration Labs” displayed by Mr. Morgan on
March 2, 2018. No changes were made.

Data :

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Mass of KHP Used 0.722g 0.761g 0.785g

Initial Buret Reading 0.21 ml 0.11g 0.12

Final Buret Reading 41.72 ml 46.90 ml 43.99 ml

Volume of NaOH used 41.51ml 46.51ml 46.79ml

Moles KHP Present 0.00354mol 0.00373mol 0.00384mol

 Molarity of NaOH 0.0853M 0.0797M 0.0875M

Average Molarity of NaOH 0.0825M

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

ml of acetic acid 5.1 5.2 5.1

Moles of acetic acid 3.936 3.728 3.847

Initial Buret Reading 0.11 0.12 0.11

Final Buret Reading 32.61 34.59 31.763

Volume of NaOH used 32.50 ml 34.47 ml 31.65

Moles of acetic acid used 0.002737 0.002840 0.002665

percentage Molarity of NaOH 4.18% 4.58% 4.17%

Post lab:
1. The average concentration of the standardized NaOH solution is 0.0825 M.
2. The average percentage of acetic acid in the vinegar used in this lab is 4.31%.
3. If the Buret is rinsed with distilled water and not NaOH the solution will be diluted
causing your average to go down.
4. If extra water is added to the sample of KHP the NaOH will be diluted making less
collisions between the reactant molecules.
5. The bubble in the buret will push the volume up slightly giving an inaccurate reading of
the NaOH.
6. If an air bubble passes unnoticed through the tip of the buret during the titration the
calculated mass would be too high.
 7.
Sample 1 (correct) incorrect

Mass of KHP used 0.722g 0.722g

Initial buret reading 0.21mL 0.21mL

Final buret reading 41.72 mL 41.72 mL

Volume of NaOH 41.51mL 41.51mL

Moles of KHP present 0.00354 mol 0.0102 mol

Molarity of NaOH 0.0852 M 0.246 M

8.

Sample 2 incorrect

Mass of KHP used 0.7610g 0.7061g

Initial buret reading 0.11mL 0.11 mL

Final buret reading 46.90mL 46.90 mL

Volume of NaOH 46.79mL 46.79 mL

Moles of KHP present 0.00373 mol 0.00346 mol

Molarity of NaOH 0.0797 M 0.0739 M

Conclusion
The average percentage of acetic acid in the vinegar is 4.31%
Freeman, Shauna
American Literature/Contemporary Composition
Period 4
February 26, 2018

The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell

Malcolm Gladwell’s novel, ​The​ ​Tipping Point ​(2015), asserts that all trends must
have a “tipping point”, which means that when something is unknown and not heard of can
suddenly become popular in an instant. Gladwell backs up his claim with the three rules of an
epidemic law of the few, stickiness factor and the power of context each one provides you the
direction on how to reach a tipping point. Gladwell finds out why some ideas become epidemics
and others don't in order to understand how to control them and create one of his own. Given the
tone of the novel, Gladwell is writing to uninformed audience eager to learn about why it is
somethings can become trends and why other can’t.
For ethos, the author establishes his credibility with evidence of studies and
observations. Gladwell is searching for the answer as to why some ideas become epidemics,
while other don’t. The reason why he's researching this topic is for the soul purpose of
understanding how they work to control them for his own benefit. An example of an epidemic
that tipped was syphilis. He explains the leading cause for the outbreak of syphilis in the quote,
“According to the centers for disease control, the problem was crack cocaine” (Gladwell 15). He
expands on how it increases risky sexual behavior that leads to HIV and syphilis. The cocaine
brings people into poor areas to buy the drugs, which will increase their chances of bringing an
infection back with them. Gladwell gathered his information from credible people to support his
research. The person who supported Gladwell's research on the epidemic of syphilis is John
Zenilman of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore who is an expert on sextually transmitted
diseases. For logos, Gladwell conducts a study to see who are most likely to be connectors and
who aren’t. He tests people of all ranges of age to see how many people they knew who had the
same last names. He found that the older you are scored higher than those who were younger. In
this quote Gladwell proves the difference in number of acquaintances through age, “This group
were mostly in their forties and fifties, largely white, highly educated many had Ph.D.’s and
wealthy. Their average score was 39” (Gladwell 40). Students in their late teens and early
twenties average score was 20.96. Then he did a sample test of people in late twenties and
thirties their average score was 41. These people were professionals, journalists, and
acquaintances. This study proves that the older you are the type of job you have can affect the
amount of people you meet and know.
The secondary source I chose is “Why Can’t I Walk 5 Blocks Without Seeing a
Carhartt Beanie? (2018)” by Lauren Levy. This news article is about how simple Beanie used for
skaters primarily became a full-blown trend instantly out of nowhere. Levy assert, that the main
cause for the outbreak was when the skaters started to wear them. This quote justifies levy’s
argument, “​Then things ​really​ started to spike about three years ago, says Tony Ambroza,
Carhartt’s chief brand officer, when skate culture began its march into the mainstream” (Levy).
This news article related to the book “​The Tipping Point”​ because it focuses on a product and
how it became a major trend addressing what the cause was who the sales people were that
started it. An example of this in the book is, “Hush Puppies had suddenly exploded, and it all
started with a handful of kids in the east village and Soho” (Gladwell 4). These two products
both started out in a group of people, which then escalated into a social epidemic. The question
you may be asking is why? Well there was someone with that group of kids from Soho or the
east village and in the skater community that was a maven that then told a person who is
connector, which resulted in a huge social epidemic resulting in the tipping point of the Hush
Puppies and Carhartt Beanies.
Gladwell concludes that the world is not immovable but in fact constantly tipping
in different directions based off the laws of social epidemics. The call to action Gladwell
proposes is, “Why is it that some ideas or behaviors or products start epidemics and others don’t?
And what can we do to deliberately start and control positive epidemics of our own” (Gladwell
14). This quote means Gladwell want to understand how these factors of the social epidemic
work to use them to create his own. This book describes the ways these social epidemics affect
America whether it’s good or bad. He believes if he can learn how to create a social epidemic it
could allow him to make a positive impact on the people who live in America changing how we
think or see thing depending on how many people it can reach.
 Works cited

Gotcha Images / Splash News/Gotcha Images / Splash News, Lauren. “Why Can't I Walk 5
Blocks Without Seeing a Carhartt Beanie?” ​The Strategist​, 26 Feb. 2018,
nymag.com/strategist/2018/02/carhartt-beanies-are-everywhere-heres-why.html.

Gladwell, Malcolm. ​The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference​. Abacus,
2015.