Electronic Converters (ELEIM17204)

Vilnius, 2018
VGTU ID: 20174503

VGTU E–MAIL ADDRESS: andrei.simion@stud.vgtu.lt

Teacher: Assoc. Prof. Audrius GRAINYS

Student: Andrei–Cristian SIMION
Group: ISKfu–15
DC–to–DC Converter in Maximum Power Point Tracking
THE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM

Main tasks
1. Description
2. Schematics
3. Simulations
4. Calculations
5. References

The Buck–Boost Converter is used for this project

 1. Description
1.1 Buck–Boost Converter
➔ The Buck–Boost Converter is a type of DC–to–DC converter that has an
output voltage magnitude that is either greater or less than the input
voltage magnitude.
➔ The output voltage is of the opposite polarity than the input (inverting
topology).
➔ The output voltage is adjustable based on the duty cycle.

1.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

➔ MPPT is a technique used commonly with wind turbines and
photovoltaic (PV) solar systems to maximize power extraction under
all conditions.
➔ MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter
system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and
regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries,
or motors.
 1.3 The Photovoltaic Power System
➔ The phenomenon in which, irradiated energy convert into electric
energy without mechanical mechanism is called photovoltaic
phenomenon.
➔ Photovoltaic system mainly consist of three parts. First is solar panels
or module (solar irradiation energy to electric energy), second is
interface part or desire power section, to manages and induces electric
energy obtained from photovoltaic system which are designed
proportion to need of consumer and third one is electric load.
 2. Schematics
2.1 Buck–Boost Converter

2.2 PV Cell Circuit Model

➔ I: Solar cell current

➔ V: Solar cell output voltage
➔ ID: Diode saturation current
➔ Rs: Solar cell series resistance
➔ Rsh: Solar cell shunt resistance
3. Simulations
3.1 Buck–Boost Converter
3.2 The Photovoltaic Power System

Input voltage
 Output voltage

Oscilloscope view
 4. Calculations
4.1 Buck–Boost Converter
4.1.1 Continuous mode
➔ If the current through the inductor L never falls to zero during a
commutation cycle, the converter is said to operate in continuous
mode.
➔ The current and voltage waveforms in an ideal converter:

➔ From 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 𝐷𝑇, the converter is in On–State, so the switch is

closed.
➔ The rate of change in the inductor current:
𝑑𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑖
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
➔ At the end of the On–State, the increase of 𝐼𝐿 is therefore:
𝐷𝑇 𝐷𝑇
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐷𝑇
∆𝐼𝐿𝑂𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝐼𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
0 0 𝐿 𝐿
 D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation
period T during which the switch is On.
Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).
➔ During the Off–state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current
flows through the load. If we assume zero voltage drop in the diode,
and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain constant, the
evolution of 𝐼𝐿 is:
(1−𝐷)𝑇 (1−𝐷)𝑇
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇
∆𝐼𝐿𝑂𝑓𝑓 = ∫ 𝑑𝐼𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
0 0 𝐿 𝐿
➔ Energy in an inductor is given by:
1
𝐸 = 𝐿𝐼𝐿2
2

The sum of the variations of 𝐼𝐿 during the on and the off states must
be zero:
∆𝐼𝐿𝑂𝑛 + ∆𝐼𝐿𝑂𝑓𝑓 = 0

𝑉𝑖 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑖 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇
∆𝐼𝐿𝑂𝑛 + ∆𝐼𝐿𝑂𝑓𝑓 = + =0
𝐿 𝐿

This can be written as:

𝑉𝑜 −𝐷
=
𝑉𝑖 1 − 𝐷

This in return yields that:

𝑉𝑜
𝐷=
𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖
4.1.2 Discontinuous mode
➔ In this case, the current through the inductor falls to zero during part
of the period.
➔ The only difference in the principle described above is that the
inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation
cycle:

➔ Because the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle is zero, its
maximum value is:
𝑉𝑖 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐿

During the off-period, 𝐼𝐿 falls to zero after δ.T:

𝑉𝑜 𝛿𝑇
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 + =0
𝐿
 Using the two previous equations, δ is:
𝑉𝑖 𝐷
𝛿=−
𝑉𝑜
The output current can be written as:
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼𝑜 = 𝛿
2
The output voltage gain can be written as:
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑖 𝐷2 𝑇
=−
𝑉𝑖 2𝐿𝐼𝑜
➔ In discontinuous operation, the output voltage not only depends on
the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage and
the output current.
4.1.3 Limit between continuous and discontinuous modes
➔ The converter operates in discontinuous mode when low current is
drawn by the load, and in continuous mode at higher load current
levels.
➔ The limit between discontinuous and continuous modes is reached
when the inductor current falls to zero exactly at the end of the
commutation cycle.

𝐷𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇 = 𝑇
𝐷+𝛿 =1
4.2 The Photovoltaic Power System
4.2.1 V–I and P–V characteristics of the PV Cell

The current through diode:

𝑞 (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 )
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼[exp ( ) − 1]
𝐾𝑇
The solar cell output current:
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ

q: electron charge (1.6 × 10−19 𝐶)

𝐽
K: Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10−23 )
𝐾

T: cell temperature in Kelvin [K]

5. References
➔ For description, calculations and images of Buck–Boost converter:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck–boost_converter
➔ For description of Maximum Power Point Tracking:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking
➔ For description, calculations and images of PV power system:
http://www.rroij.com/open-access/dc-to-dc-converter-in-maximum-
power-pointtracker.php?aid=42984
➔ For solar panel used in Multisim:
https://forums.ni.com/t5/National-Instruments-Circuit/New-Models-
for-Photovoltaic-Cells-in-Multisim/ba-p/3473652

Software programs used in this project: NI Multisim 14.1, LTspice XVII